Test2- Nurse 106- Immunology
Acquired Immunity
- Result of prior exposure to an antigen through vaccination (artificial) or by contracting a disease natural) - Ex.: 2 weeks AFTER EXPOSURE to disease or vaccine, body produces "immunity" or immune response that's sufficient to defend against the disease on re-exposure
Prevention and Treatment of Anaphylaxis
- Screen and prevent! - Treat respiratory problems, oxygen, intubation, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation as needed - Epinephrine 1:1,000 SQ - Auto injection system: epiPen - May follow with IV epinephrine - IV fluids
Primary immunodeficiency
- Usually seen in INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN -Genetic -May effect phagocytic function, B cells and/or T cells, or the complement system
s/s of anaphylaxis
- Widespread histamine release - Bronchoconstriction/spasm: stridor, WHEEZING , respiratory arrest - Hypotension, tachycardia, cardiac arrest
Ig G
- autoimmune disease, allergies
Type IV: Delayed or Cellular Reaction
- ex: dermatitis graft-host disease
Humoral response
- immediate -provides protection against acute, rapidly developing bacterial and viral infections
Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)
- is an disorder involving a complete absence of humoral and cellular immunity -- Less severe primary immunodeficiency may present as improper or no function in one or several immune system chemicals or cell types
Cellular response
- is delayed ( delayed hypersensitivity) -Active against slowly developing bacterial infections -is involved in autoimmune response. -Some allergic reactions, and rejection of foreign cells.
seminal fluid
- mixed with sperm, aids in sperm transport by lubricating passageway
lymphocytes are
- produced in the bone marrow -migrate to lymphoid tissue, where they remain dormant until they need to form sensitized lymphocytes for cellular immunity or antibodies for humoral immunity
SICD is resulting from
- resulting from an X-linked or autosomal genetic abnormality.
Type III: Immune Complex Reaction
- rheumatoid arthritis -rheumatic fever
s/s of allergic rhinitis
- sneezing and nasal congestion -clear watery discharge, nasal itching, - itching of throat ands soft palate, dry cough, hoarseness, headache May affect the quality of life, producing fatigue, loss of sleep, poor concentration
Patient Teaching
--- Signs and symptoms of infection ---- Medication teaching ----Prevention of infection -Handwashing -Avoid crowds and persons with infections -Hygiene and cleaning ----Nutrition and diet ----Lifestyle modifications to reduce risk ----Follow-up care
Clinical Manifestations of HIV/AIDS: Oncologic
--------Kaposi's sarcoma Cutaneous lesions, but may involve multiple organ systems Lesions cause discomfort, disfigurement, ulceration, and potential for infection ------B-cell lymphomas
Response to Invasion
--------Recognition Stage Role of lymph nodes and lymphocytes --------Response/Proliferation Stage T & B enlarge, divide and proliferate T lymphocytes differentiate into cytotoxic (killer) cells=directly attack antigen on particle surface B (plasma) lymphocytes begin to produce antibodies - transform to memory cells - these can clone when re-exposed to same antigen -----------Effector Stage Destruction or neutralization of antigen. The antigens are marked and destroyed by cytotoxic and antibodies.
Natural vs. Acquired Immunity
-------Natural (innate) immunity: - nonspecific response to any foreign invader -Rapid, broad spectrum of defense --------Acquired (adaptive) immunity: specific response to a foreign invader
Immunity is
the body's specific protective response to invading foreign agent or organism (refer to course hematology material for review of general leukocyte function in immune responses)
Immunopathology is
the study of diseases that result from dysfunction of the immune system
Hypersensitivity Reaction
- A disorder of the immune system - abnormal reaction to a stimulus; allergies
Nursing Process: Allergic Rhinitis—Planning
- -----Goals may include: ---- Restoration of normal breathing pattern : -Modify the environment to reduce allergens - Reduce exposure to people with URI - Take deep breaths and cough frequently --- Increased knowledge about the causes and control of allergic symptoms: minimize allergens, medications, desensitization --- Improved coping with alterations and modifications --- Absence of complications
HIV transmitted by
- -----body fluids containing HIV or infected CD4 LYMPHOCYTES -BLOOD, SEMINAL FLUID, VAGINAL SECRETIONS, AMNIOTIC FLUID, and BREAST MILK -Most prenatal infections occur during delivery ------Casual contact does not cause transmission ------Breaks in skin or mucosa increase risk
IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISORDERS includes
- Primary Immunodeficiency. -Secondary immunodeficiency
Assessment of Immune System
- Age & gender - Nutrition ( lack of nutrition --> lack of protein for immune system) , lifestyles - Presence of conditions or disorders: cancer/neoplasm, chronic illness, autoimmune disorders, surgery/trauma --> less protein to heal and for immune system. - Allergies - History of infection or immunization - Medications and transfusions
ALLERGIC DISORDERS include
- Anaphylaxis -Allergic Rhinitis -Contact Dermatitis -Atopic Dermatitis -Dermatitis Medicamentosa ( Drug Reactions) -Urticaria and Angioneurotic edema -Hereditary Angioedema -Food Allergy -Latex allergy
Immunoglobulins
- Antibodies (IgE, IgD, IgG, IgM, and IgA) react with specific effector cells and molecules, and function to protect the body - IgE antibodies are involved in allergic disorders - IgE molecules bind to an allergen and trigger mast cells or basophils - These cells then release chemical mediators such as histamine, serotonin, kinins, SRS-A, and neutrophil factor These chemical substances cause the reactions seen in allergic response
Promoting Usual Bowel Pattern
- Assess bowel pattern and factors that may exacerbate diarrhea - Avoid foods that act as oral/gastric/enteric irritants, such as raw fruits and vegetables, carbonated beverages, spicy foods, and foods of extreme temperatures - Small, frequent meals - Administer medications as prescribed - Assess and promote self-care strategies to control diarrhea
Maintaining Thought Processes
- Assess mental and neurologic status - Use clear, simple language if mental status is altered - Establish and maintain a daily routine - Orientation techniques - Ensure patient safety and protect from injury - Strategies to maintain and improve functional ability - Instruct and involve family in communication and care
Other Interventions
- Assess therapeutic and adverse effects - - Improving airway clearance - Position in semi-Fowler's or high Fowler's - Pulmonary therapy; coughing and deep breathing, postural drainage, percussion, and vibration - Ensure adequate rest - Pain - Medications as prescribed - Skin and perianal care
Complement System
- Defends body against bacterial infection - Bridges natural & acquired immunity - Consists of small plasma proteins found in the blood, generally synthesized by the liver - Cause lysing (bursting) of cells and signal to phagocytes that a cell needs to be removed
Skin Integrity
- Frequent routine assessment of skin and mucosa - Encourage patient to maintain balance between rest and activity - Reposition at least every 2 hours and as needed - Pressure reduction devices - Instruct patient to avoid scratching - Use gentle, nondrying soaps or cleansers - Avoid adhesive tape - Perianal skin care
Secondary (Acquired) immunodeficiency
- HIV/AIDS, - Related to underlying disorders, diseases, toxic substances, or medications
Allergic Rhinitis is
- Hay Fever, seasonal allergic rhinitis - A common respiratory allergy presumed to be mediated by a type I hypersensitivity - Affects 10-25% of the population Symptoms include sneezing and nasal congestion, clear watery discharge, nasal itching, itching of throat ands soft palate, dry cough, hoarseness, headache May affect the quality of life, producing fatigue, loss of sleep, poor concentration
Nursing Process: Allergic Rhinitis—Assessment
- Health history: personal and family - Allergy assessment - Subjective: symptoms and how the patient feels before symptoms become obvious - Note relationship between symptoms and seasonal changes, emotional problems, or stress - Identify nature of antigens, seasonal changes in symptoms, and medication history
High risks group for AIDS
- Heterosexual or homosexual contact with high risk individuals -sex (not protected), older gay men, IV drug users, blood/organ transplant -Intravenous drug abusers -Persons receiving blood products -HCP -Babies born to infected mothers.
Anaphylaxis is
- IMMEDIATE, SEERE SYSTEMIC hypersensitivity reaction; -widespread histamine release --> shock - potentially life threatening -can be systemic or cutaneous (localized)
Nursing Process: Diagnosis for AIDS
- Impaired skin integrity - Diarrhea - Risk for infection - Activity intolerance - Disturbed thought processes - Ineffective airway clearance - Pain - Imbalanced nutrition - Social isolation - Anticipatory grieving - Deficient knowledge
Nursing Process: Allergic Rhinitis—Diagnoses
- Ineffective breathing pattern related to allergic reaction - Deficient knowledge about allergy and the recommended modifications in lifestyle and self-care practices - Ineffective individual coping with chronicity of condition and need for environmental modifications - Anaphylaxis - Impaired breathing - Nonadherance to therapeutic regimen
Humoral - Role of Antibodies
- Lock & key fit - Agglutination of antigens - Opsonization - Promote release of vasoactive substances; activation of complement system & phagocytosis - DO NOT ACT ALONE Act in concert with other components of the immune system - Types of immunoglobulins: IgG, IgE, IgA, IgM & IgD
Nursing intervention for anaphylaxis
- MAINTAIN AIRWAY! CHECK TOUNGE FOR SWEELING -Oxygen -EPINEPHRINE (adrenaline) or diphenhydramine (Benadyl) -Antihistamines -Corticosteroids -Vasopressors -Mechanical ventilation -NURSING CARE: Early recognition!
Activity Intolerance
- Maintain balance between activity and rest - Instruction regarding energy conservation techniques - Relaxation measures - Collaboration with other members of the health care team
s/s of AIDS
- Malaise, fever, fatigue, night sweats. -Anorexia, wt, influenza like symptoms -Lymphadenopathy for at least 3 months -Leukopenia -Diarrhea -Presence of opportunistic infections -Protozoan infections, a major source of mortality -Neoplasms ( Kaposi's sarcoma, purplish- red lesions of internal organs and skin, B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, cervical cancer) -Fungal infections ( candidiasis, histoplasmosis) -Viral infections (cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex) -Bacterial infections
Nutrition
- Monitor weight, I&O, dietary intake, and factors that interfere with nutrition - Dietary consult - Control of nausea with antiemetics - Oral hygiene - Treatment of oral discomfort - Dietary supplements - May require enteral feedings or parenteral nutrition
Natural immunity
- Physical barriers: sweat, stomach -Chemical barriers
Clinical Manifestations of HIV/AIDS: GI
------Oral candidiasis -May progress to esophagus and stomach -Treatment with Mycelex troches or nystatin, ketoconazole ------Diarrhea related to HIV infection or enteric pathogens Octretide acetate for severe chronic diarrhea ------Wasting syndrome -10% weight loss and chronic diarrhea or chronic weakness and fever with absence of other cause -Protein energy malnutrition -Anorexia, diarrhea, GI malabsorption, and lack of nutrition may contribute
Clinical Manifestations of HIV/AIDS: Respiratory
------Pneumocystic carini pneumonia (PCP): - Most common infection - Initial symptoms may be nonspecific and may include nonproductive cough, fever chills, dyspnea, and chest pain - If untreated, progresses to pulmonary impairment and respiratory failure - Treatment: TMP-SMZ or pentamidine, prophylactic TMP-SMZ ------Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) -----Tuberculosis
Treatment of HIV
------Treatment and protocols are continually evolving At what Stage should tx start? ---Antiretroviral agents ---Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) ---Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) ---Protease inhibitors (PIs) ----Fusion inhibitors ----Use of combination therapy (HARRT) ---Management also focuses upon the treatment of specific manifestations and conditions related to the disease
Management of Patients -Allergic Disorders
-----Comprehensive health/allergy history ------Diagnostic tests - CBC—EOSINOPHIL COUNT - Total serum IgE - Skin tests—note precautions! -------Screening procedures --------Oxygen, if respiratory need -------Medications: epinephrine, antihistamines, corticosteroids
Manifestations of HIV/AIDS: Neurologic
-----HIV encephalopathy Progressive cognitive, behavioral, and motor decline Probably directly related to the HIV infection ----Cryptococcus neoformans -----Other neurologic/psychologic disorders -----Depression
Stages of HIV
-----stage 1- replication and destruction of T-cells, antibody production. Normally hits viral set point where there is a balance btwn viral replication and t-cell/antibody production. ------Stage 2 occurs when T cells drop below 200/mm3 of blood (this is AIDs). -----stage 3 is just more severe than 2. Less than 200 CD4+ lymphocytes/mm3 As levels drop below 100 cell/mm3 the immune system is significantly impaired
Medications
--A common second-generation nonsedating antihistamine used to treat allergies is cetirizine (Zyrtec). ---First-generation antihistamines include chlorpheniramine (Chlor-Trimeton), diphenhydramine (Benadryl), and hydroxyzine (Atarax).
Allergy
-An inappropriate often harmful response of the immune system to normally harmless substances -Hypersensitive reaction to an allergen initiated by immunological mechanisms which is usually mediated by IgE antibodies
Primary immunodeficiency includes
-Genetic - Phagocytic Dysfunction - B- Cell deficiencies -T- cell deficiencies -Combined B cell and T- cell deficiencies. -Deficiencies of the complement system
Immune disorders
-Hypersensitivities -Immune deficiencies: primary and secondary -Autoimmunity
Manifestation of primary immunodeficiency
-Manifestations: vary according to type, severe or recurrent infections, failure to thrive or poor growth, positive family history
Nursing Management for immunodeficiency
-Monitor for signs and symptoms of INFECTIONS (by lab values) -Note symptoms of inflammatory response may be blunted -Monitor lab values -Promote good NUTRITION -Address anxiety, stress, and coping -Strategies to reduce risk of infection -HANDWASHING, STRICT ASEPTIC TECHNIQUE -Patient protection and hygiene measures: skin care, promote normal bowel and bladder function, pulmonary hygiene -Wear Medic- Alert bracelet.
The syndrome of AIDS is
-manifested clinically by opportunistic infection and unusual neoplasms -has a long incubation period sometimes 10 years or longer
Nursing intervention for HIV
-prevention/treatment of opportunistic infections, -antidiarrheal therapy, antiretroviral therapy. -chemotherapy for cancer - nutrional monitoring - pain management - skin integrity percautions, VS, monitor respiratory and mental status
Potential complications of primary immunodeficiency
-recurrent - severe - potentially fatal infections; -related blood dyscrasias or malignancies
Allergen
-the substance that causes the allergic response
Pt teaching for HIV
-use protection, get tested, monogamy is encouraged -Safer sex practices and safer behaviors -Abstain from sharing sexual fluids ___________ -Reduce the number of sexual partners to one -Always use condoms; latex may be most effective -Do not share drug injection equipment -Blood screening and treatment of blood product
Treatment of primary immunodeficiency
-varies by type, -treatment of infection, pooled plasma or immunoglobulin, -GM-CSF (colonize stimulating factor) or GCSF, thymus graft, stem cell or bone marrow transplant
AIDS ( acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is
-viral disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which destroys T cells--> increasing susceptibility to infection and malignancy. -is a chronic illness
Antiretroviral medications should be offered to individuals with T-cell counts of less than a) 150 cell/mm. b) 50 cell/mm. c) 250 cell/mm. d) 350 cell/mm.
350 cell/mm. Explanation: In general, antiretroviral medications should be offered to individuals with a T-cell count of less than 350 cell/mm or plasma HIV RNA levels exceeding 100,000 copies/mL.
Pathophysiology of hypersensitive
Allergen triggers the B cell to make IgE antibody, which attaches to the mast cell. When that allergen reappears, it binds to the IgE and triggers the mast cell to release its chemicals
Types of Hypersensitivity
Anaphylactic: Type I Cytotoxic: Type II Immune complex: Type III Delayed-type: Type IV
Which of the following allergic reaction is potentially life threatening? a) Urticaria b) Angioedema c) None of the listed allergic reactions is potentially life threatening d) Contact dermatitis
Angioedema Explanation: Angioedema is potentially life threatening. Medical management would include intubation, subcutaneous epinephrine, aminophylline in severe reactions. Angioedema is potentially life threatening. Medical management would include intubation, subcutaneous epinephrine, and aminophylline
A male client is prescribed antihistamines. He asks the nurse about antihistamines administration and its adverse effects. What advice should the nurse offer the client? a) Avoid applying skin moisturizers. b) Avoid exposure to sunlight. c) Avoid alcohol. d) Avoid seafood.
Avoid alcohol. Explanation: The nurse should advise a client taking antihistamines to not take it with alcohol or other central nervous system depressants because additive sedative effects can occur.
The nurse is collecting objective data for a client with AIDS at the clinic. The nurse observes white plaques in the client's oral cavity, on the tongue, and buccal mucosa. What does the nurse understand this finding indicates? a) Candidiasis b) Coccidiomycosis c) Kaposi's sarcoma d) Hairy leukoplakia
Candidiasis Correct Explanation: Candidiasis is a yeast infection caused by the Candida albicans microorganisms. It may develop in the oral, pharyngeal, esophageal, or vaginal cavities or in folds of the skin. It is often called thrush when located in the mouth. Inspection of the mouth, throat, or vagina reveals areas of white plaque that may bleed when mobilized with a cotton-tipped swab. Kaposi's sarcoma is a purple lesion and is an opportunistic cancer. Hairy leukoplakia is also an indication of oral cancer. Coccidiomycosis causes diarrhea in the immunosuppressed client
encephalopathy
Disease of the brain
Kaposi's sarcoma
Endothelial malignancy of skin, mouth, GI, and resp tract. Caused by HHV8, associated with HIV.
Type II: Cytotoxic Reaction
Ex: transfusion reaction pernicious anemia myasthenia gravis
When assisting the patient to interpret a negative HIV test result, what does the nurse tell the patient this result means? a) He is immune to the AIDS virus. b) His body has not produced antibodies to the AIDS virus. c) Antibodies to the AIDS virus are in his blood. d) He has not been infected with HIV
His body has not produced antibodies to the AIDS virus. Explanation: A negative test result indicates that antibodies to the AIDS virus are not present in the blood at the time the blood sample for the test is drawn. A negative test result should be interpreted as demonstrating that, if infected, the body has not produced antibodies (which takes from 3 weeks to 6 months or longer). Therefore, subsequent testing of an at-risk patient must be encouraged. The test result does not mean that the patient is immune to the virus, nor does it mean that the patient is not infected. It just means that the body may not have produced antibodies yet. When antibodies to the AIDS virus are detected in the blood, the test is interpreted as positive
The primary concern for pt with immunodeficiency is
INFECTION
When describing the immunoglobulin most likely involved with allergic reactions, which of the following would the nurse address? a) IgG b) IgM c) IgA d) IgE
IgE Explanation: Immunoglobulins of the IgE class are involved in allergic reactions, with two or more IgE molecules binding together to an allergen and triggering mast cells or basophils to release chemical mediators. IgA protects against respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary infections. IgG activates the complement system. IgM appears as the first immunoglobulin produced in response to bacterial and viral infections and also activates the complement system --High total IgE levels and/or a high percentage of eosinophils may indicate an allergic disorder. However, normal IgE levels do not exclude the diagnosis of an allergic disorder. The level of neutrophils and white blood cell counts are not impacted by allergic disorders. (less)
After teaching a client how to self-administer epinephrine, the nurse determines that the teaching plan has been successful when the client demonstrates which of the following? a) Jabs the autoinjector into the outer thigh at a 90-degree angle b) Maintains pressure on the auto-injector for about 30 seconds after insertion c) Pushes down on the grey release cap to administer the medication d) Avoids massaging the injection site after administration
Jabs the autoinjector into the outer thigh at a 90-degree angle Explanation: To self-administer epinephrine, the client should remove the autoinjector from its carrying tube, grasp the unit with the black tip (injectiing end) pointed downward, form a fist around the device, and remove the gray safety release cap. Then the client should hold the black tip near the outer thigh and swing and jab firmly into the outer thigh at a 90-degree angle until a click is heard. Next, the client should hold the device firmly in place for about 10 seconds, remove the device, and massage the site for about 10 seconds
What is the most common cause of anaphylaxis?
Penicillin Correct Explanation: Penicillin is the most common cause of anaphylaxis, accounting for about 75% of fatal anaphylactic reactions in the United States each year. Opioids, NSAIDs, and radiocontrast agents are some of the medications that are frequently reported as causing anaphylaxis. (less
A client with AIDS is exhibiting shortness of breath, cough, and fever. The nurse most likely would suspect infection with which of the following? a) Mycobacterium avium complex b) Legionella c) Cytomegalovirus d) Pneumocystis jiroveci
Pneumocystis jiroveci Correct Explanation: Although mycobacterium, legionella, and cytomegalovirus may cause the signs and symptoms described, the most common infection in people with AIDS is pneumocystitis pneumonia caused by pneumocystis jiroveci. It is the most common opportunistic infection associated with AIDS
In adults, bone marrow is usually aspirated from which area? a) Ankle b) Posterior iliac crest c) Sternum d) Femur
Posterior iliac crest Correct Explanation: In adults, bone marrow is usually aspirated from the posterior iliac crest and rarely from the sternum. Bone marrow is not aspirated from the femur or ankle.
A client with HIV will be started on a medication regimen of three medications. Which medication will be given that will interfere with the virus's ability to make a genetic blueprint. What drug will the nurse instruct the client about? a) Hydroxyurea (Hydrea) b) Protease inhibitor c) Integrase inhibitors d) Reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Reverse transcriptase inhibitors Explanation: Reverse transcriptase inhibitors are drugs that interfere with the virus' ability to make a genetic blueprint. A protease inhibitor is a drug that inhibits the ability of virus particles to leave the host cell. The integrase inhibitors are a class of drug that prevents the incorporation of viral DNA into the host cell's DNA. Hydrea is a drug that is used as an adjunct therapy that tries to halt the progression of AIDS
Nursing students are reviewing the pathophysiology of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). They demonstrate understanding of the information when they state which of the following as containing the genetic viral material? a) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) b) Viral core c) Glycoprotein envelope d) Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) Correct Explanation: HIV is a retrovirus that carries its genetic material in the form of RNA rather than DNA. HIV consists of a viral core containing the viral RNA, surrounded by an envelope consisting of protruding glycoproteins
A client in a late stage of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) shows signs of AIDS-related dementia. Which nursing diagnosis takes highest priority? a) Bathing or hygiene self-care deficit b) Ineffective cerebral tissue perfusion c) Risk for injury d) Complicated grieving
Risk for injury Explanation: In a client with AIDS, central nervous system (CNS) deterioration can lead to AIDS-related dementia. This type of dementia impairs cognition and judgment, placing the client at risk for injury. Although Bathing or hygiene self-care deficit and Complicated grieving may be relevant in AIDS, these diagnoses don't take precedence in a client with AIDS-related dementia. Because CNS deterioration results from infection, Ineffective cerebral tissue perfusion isn't applicable
angioedema
SWELLING OF A VESSEL
A female client comes to the clinic and tells the nurse, "I think I have another vaginal infection and I also have some wartlike lesions on my vagina. This is happening quite often."What should the nurse consult with the physician regarding? a) Instructing the client to wear cotton underwear b) Having the client abstain from sexual activity for 6 weeks while the medication is working c) Testing the client for the presence of HIV d) Using a medicated douche in order to keep the vaginal pH normal
Testing the client for the presence of HIV Explanation: Abnormal results of Papanicolaou tests, genital warts, pelvic inflammatory disease, and persistent vaginitis also may correlate with HIV infection. Wearing cotton underwear can help with the prevention of candidiasis but does not address the recurrent vaginal infection that may not be caused by a fungus. Abstaining from sexual intercourse does not address the recurrent vaginal infection. A medicated douche can alter the normal flora of the vaginal wall. (less)
A patient is scheduled to receive an intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) infusion. He asks the nurse about the infusion's administration and its adverse effects. Which of the following choices should the nurse instruct this patient to report immediately a) Tickle in the throat b) Constipation c) Mouth sores d) Sneezing
Tickle in the throat Explanation: Continually assess the patient for adverse reactions; be especially aware of complaints of a tickle or lump in the throat, which could be the precursor to laryngospasm that precedes bronchoconstriction
Cryptococcus neoformans
YEAST. HIV Meningitis. Found in soil and pigeon droppings. Stains with India Ink (stains background). Soap Bubble lesions in the brain.
The nurse working in an allergy clinic is preparing to administer skin testing to a patient. Which of the following routes is the safest for the nurse to use to administer the solution?
You selected: Intradermal Correct Explanation: The intradermal route is the correct route of administration for skin testing and therefore a safe route. Another safe route is epicutaneous. The type of skin testing being performed determines whether the nurse will administer the solution via the epicutaneous or intradermal route
Nursing students are reviewing information about the different manifestations associated with AIDS. The students demonstrate understanding of these manifestations when they identify which of the following as the most common HIV-related malignancy?
You selected: Kaposi's sarcoma Correct Explanation: Although invasive cervical cancer and B-cell lymphomas (which include non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and primary central nervous system lymphoma) are associated with AIDS, Kaposi's sarcoma is the most common HIV-related malignancy
Anaphylaxis
ex: extrinsic asthma reactions to insect stings
Types of T lymphocytes
helper/inducer, suppressor, and cytotoxic/cytolytic
urticarial
hives
B lymphocytes
lie dormant until a specific antigen enters the body, at which time they greatly increase in number and are available for defense
Atopy
refers to the allergic reactions characterized by IgE antibody action and a genetic predisposition