Test2

What is an example of objective feedback?

"You saved the company $2,000 by altering that delivery schedule"

What is the bottom-to-top sequence of needs in Maslow's need hierarchy?

1. Physiological 2. Safety 3. Love 4. Esteem 5. Self-Actualization

_________ feedback occurs when individuals compare their own perceived performance with feedback from superiors, subordinates, and peers, and perhaps even customers

360-degree

________ is defined as what an individual is trying to accomplish; the object or aim of an action

A goal

__________ is a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable

A team

When giving feedback, managers should...

Base it on accurate and credible information

_________ is a sense of "we-ness" that helps groups stay longer

Cohesiveness

Role ______ occurs when others have contradictory or inconsistent expectations of the focal person.

Conflict

The key components of effective teamwork are

Cooperation, trust, and cohesiveness

This leadership style is most beneficial in a groups early history.

Directive, structured

An expectancy of 0.0 indicates...

Effort has no anticipated impact on performance

In Maslow's need hierarchy, the _________ need is the desire for reputation, Prestige, and recognition from others

Esteem

According to Vroom's expectancy theory, ___________ represents an individuals belief that a particular degree of effort will be followed by a particular level of performance.

Expectancy

According to the job characteristics model, skill variety, task identity and task signifience lead to the psychological state of...

Experienced meaningfulness

Equity Theory is a motivation model that explains how people strive for __________ in social exchanges and give-and-take relationships

Fairness

___________ lets people know if they are headed toward their goals or if they are off course and need to redirect their efforts

Feedback

The purpose of a(n) ___________ group is to help the organization accomplish its goals, while the purpose of a(n) ___________ is getting together in friendship.

Formal; Informal

Management by objectives is a management system that incorporates...

Goal setting

_________ occurs when a cohesive group is unwilling to realistically view alternatives

Groupthink

Pam is attempting to reduce inequity by attending night school for further job training. In other words, she is trying to...

Increase her inputs

Needs

Internal factors that arouse behavior

The primary objective of the job characteristics model is to increase...

Internal motivation

Personal feelings of self-satisfaction and accomplishment are examples of _________ rewards.

Intrinsic

Vertical loading is associated with...

Job enrichment

Which of the following is a recommended practice when shaping behavior?

Make all rewards contingent on performance

Equity Theory predicts that a student will experience ______________ if a friend of equally scholarly ability studies the same amount but gets a higher grade

Negative inequality

________ help organizational members determine right from wrong and clarify behavioral expectations

Norms

Two people have the same job, but one earns more money. However, the lesser paid employee perceives an equitable relationship because..?

One has more education and experience

Role ________ occurs when the role sender's expectations exceed the abilities of the focal person

Overload

According to Tuckman's five stage theory of group development, the ________ stage is when activity is focused on solving task problems. Conflicts and job boundary disputes are handled constructively and efficiently.

Performing

________ teams require creative problem solving, which often involves the application of specialized knowledge

Project

Being supportive and threatening, setting goals that are under employees control, and explaining why an individuals personal goals support the corporate goals are all ways of...

Promoting goal commitment

__________ are small groups of people from the same work area who voluntarily get together to identify, analyze, and recommend solutions for problems related to productivity and cost reduction.

Quality circles

Schedules of Reinforcement

Random variable schedules work best. Reward workers for good behavior randomly.

According to the Equity Theory, _____________ is an outcome of the employee-employer exchange

Recognition

According to Herzberg's Motivator-hygiene model, what is an example of a movitatior

Responsibility

In Maslow's need hierarchy, the _______ need is the desire to become the best one can be

Self-actualization

Goal commitment may be increased by...

Setting goals that are under the employees control

According to Tuckman's five stage theory of group development the ________ stage is when subgroups take shape and subtle forms of rebellion occur

Storming

According to Herzberg's Motivator-hygiene model, what is an example of a hygiene factor

Supervisor relations

A sense of meaningfulness, a sense of choice, a sense of competence, and a sense of progress represent...

The types of intrinsic rewards responsible for intrinsic motivation

What is true regarding hygiene factors?

They are associated with the work context or environment

__________ refers to the positive or negative value people place on outcomes

Valence

___________ holds that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce desired combinations of expected outcomes.

Victor Vroom's Expectancy Theory

Motivation

a function of fairness in social exchanges

Vertical Job Loading

adding meaningful tasks that will lead to growth -- additional tasks that permit growth and provide motivating factors.

Horizontal Job Loading

adding tasks to a job but not adding any responsibility or challenge -- the meaningless of the job is simply increased. Horizontal loading ought to be avoided!

Maslow's Need Hierarchy: Love

belonging, love and affection (need best met by organizations)

Negative inequity

comparison in which another person receives greater outcomes for similar inputs

Positive inequity

comparison in which another person receives lesser outcomes for similar inputs

David McClelland: NAch (Need for achievement)

desire to accomplish the difficult (greatest driver to an entrepreneur)

David McClelland: NPow (Need for power)

desire to influence, coach, teach, or encourage others to achieve

Throndike's law of effect holds that behavior with ________ consequences tend to ___________, while behavior with ___________ consequences tend to ___________

favorable, be repeated; unfavorable, disappear

Maslow's Need Hierarchy: Physiological

food, water & air

Motivator Factors

long lasting, job content, growth, responsibility, recognition, learning, achievement

Maslow's Need Hierarchy: Safety

protection from physical & psychological harm

Maslow's Need Hierarchy: Esteem

reputation, prestige, & recognition

Maslow's Need Hierarchy: Self-actualization

self fulfillment (a strictly ordered hierarchy, low to high)

Hygiene Factors

short lasting, job context, relationship with boss, working conditions, and often salary.

David McClelland: NAff (Need for affiliation)

social relationships