testing and intelligence

crystallized intelligence

- the ability to use learned knowledge and experience -One's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

IQ test

-Alfred Binet and Theophile Simon developed a test that consists of 30 items, ranging from the ability to touch one's nose and ear on command to the ability to draw designs from memory and to define abstract concepts -binet developed the concept of mental age, which is an individual's level if mental development relative to that of others

savant syndrome

-a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing

intellectual disability

-a condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has a low IQ, usually below 70 on a traditional intelligence test, and has difficulty adapting to everyday life

normal curve

-a frequency curve where most occurrences take place in the middle of the distribution and taper off on either side

factor analysis

-a mathematical way to reduce a large number of variables to a smaller number of variables for an experiment

cultural familial intellectual disability

-a mental deficit with no evidence of organic brain damage, IQ of 55 and 70 -results from growing up in a below-averaged intellectual environment

intelligence test

-a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores

evaluation

-a number of psychologists think that the proponents of multiple intelligences have taken the concept of specific intelligences too far -argue that they haven't emerged

flynn effect

-a phenomenon that was shown in rapid increasing IQ tests around the world

stereotype threat

-a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

psychological tests

-a standardized measure of a sample of a person's behavior

normal distribution

-a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve, with a majority of the scores falling in the middle of the possible range and few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range

aptitude test

-a test designed to predict a person's future performance

achievement test

-a test of developed skill or knowledge -is designed to assess what a person has learned

analytical intelligence

-ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast

musical

-ability to be sensitive to pitch, melody, rhythm, and tone -occupations: composer, musician

mathematical

-ability to carry out mathematical operations -occupations: scientist, engineer, accountant

creative intelligence

-ability to create, design, invent, originate, and imagine

existentialist

-ability to grapple with the big questions of human existence, such as the meaning of life and death, with special sensitivity to issues of spirituality -occupation:probably a philosopher

bodily-kinesthetic

-ability to manipulate objects and to be physically adept -occupations: surgeon, craftsperson, dancer, athlete

naturalist

-ability to observe patterns in nature and understand natural and human-made system -occupations:farmer, botanist, ecologist, landscaper

verbal

-ability to think in words and use language to express meaning -occupations: author, journalist, and speaker

spatial

-ability to think three-dimensional -occupations: architect, artist, sailor

interpersonal

-ability to understand and interact effectively with others -occupations: teacher, mental health professional

intrapersonal

-ability to understand oneself -occupations:psychologist, theologian

practical intelligence

-ability to use, apply, implement, and put ideas into practice

garder's comment

-according to him, everyone has these nine intelligences

multiple intelligence

-all people have different kinds of intelligences

lewis terman

-altered Binet's IQ test, calling it the Stanford-Binet

intelligence

-an all-purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience

mental age

-an individual's level of mental development relative to that of others

intelligence quotient

-an individual's mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100

continued genetics

-as we age, our interactions with the environment are shaped less by others and more by our ability to choose environments that allow the expression of genetic tendencies we've inherited -statistics describe groups, not individuals -if a group of people live in the same advantageous settings, heritability estimates for intelligence may be high -if a group lives in a highly variable environment, genetic characteristics may be less predictive of differences -one effect of intelligence is evident in rapidly increasing IQ test scores around the world, a phenomenon called the flynn effect

charles spearman

-brought the idea that intelligence captures or is a common general ability that's reflected in performance on various cognitive tests;this, he called g

person's level of adaptive behavior in three life domains

-conceptual skills: literacy and understanding of numbers, money, and time -social skills: interpersonal skills, responsibility, self-esteem, and ability to follow rules and obey -practical skills: activities of daily living such as personal care, occupational skills, health care, travel/transportation, and use of the telephone

alfred binet

-developed an intelligence test, along with theophile simon that consisted of 30 items ranging from the ability to touch one's nose or ear on command to the ability to draw designs from memory and to define abstract concepts -developed the concept of mental agepioneer in intelligence (IQ) tests, designed a test to identify slow learners in need of help-not applicable in the U.S. because it was too culture-bound (French)

david wechsler

-developed several assessments, including the wechsler intelligence scale for children and the wechsler adult intelligence scale -established the use of the deviation IQ;he determined how far a person's score deviates from a bell-shaped normal distribution of scores

francis galton

-developed the statistical concept of correlation and was the first to demonstrate that the "normal distribution" could be applied to intelligence.

L.L.Thurstone

-developed the theory of primary mental abilities -developed the statistical approach to multiple-factor analysis -intelligent behavior doesn't rise from a general factor but rather from seven factors

robert sternberg

-developed the triarchic theory of intelligence

william stern

-devised the team intelligence quotient which consists of an individual's mental age divided by chronological multiplied by 100 --if mental age is the same as chronological age, its 100 (average) --if its above, its more than 100 (above average) --if its low, its less than 100 (below average)

reaction range

-genetically determined boundaries or limits on IQ. Estimated to be 20-point range for each of us. Enriched environments can increase or decrease IQ within the range

flexibility and playful thinking

-gives rise to the paradox that, although creativity takes hard work, the work goes more smoothly if it's taken lightly (like when you're joking around)

factors in thinking creatively

-individuals who think creatively show: --flexibility and playful thinking --inner motivation --willingness to face risk --objective evaluation of work

intellectual disability people

-intellectual disabiliy (mental retardation) is a condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has a low IQ, usually below 70 on a traditional intelligence test, and has difficulty adapting to everyday life -intellectual disability may have an organic cause (refers to the tissues or organs of the body so there's also physical damage), or it may be cultural and social in origin -down syndrome is one form of organic disability,usually with an iQ of 0 to 50 -cultural familial intellectual disability

intelligence slide

-intelligence -the idea that intelligence captures a common general ability that's reflected in performance on various cognitive tasks was introduced in 1904 by charles spearman -this, he called g -general intelligence underlies performance in a variety of areas, whether its in math, verbal ability, or abstract reasoning

culture-fair tests

-intelligence tests that are intended to be culturally unbiased

cultural bias in testing

-many early intelligence tests were culturally biased, favoring people who were from urban than rural environments, of middle rather than low socioeconomic status, and white over african americans -they started using culture-fair tests to make it unbiased -they said there were no culture-fair tests, only culture-reduced tests -all cultures have different meanings for different things

idea of normal distribution

-once people reach 16, mental age loses its meaning -normal distribution -the stanford binet test is taken by people from ages 2 to adulthood, and includes a variety of items, some requiring verbal and nonverbal responses

down syndrome

-one form of organic intellectual disability, occurs when an extra chromosome is present in the individual's genetic makeup

grit

-passion/perseverance in pursuit of long term goals

gifted people

-people who are gifted have high intelligence (an IQ of 130 or higher) and/or superior talent in a particular area -gifted people are not only academically gifted, but also socially well-adjusted

inner motivation

-people who are often motivated by the joy of creativity -tend to be less motivated by grades, money, or favorable feedback from others -inspired more internally than externally

gifted

-possessing high intelligence (an IQ of 130 or higher) and/or superior talent in a particular area

personality tests

-psychological tests that measure various aspects of personality, including motives, interests, values, and attitudes

measuring intelligence

-psychologists measure intelligence using tests that produce a score, known as the person's intelligence quotient -validity: the extent to which a test measures what it's intended to measure --one of the most important indicators of validity is the degree to which it predicts an individual's performance when that performance is assessed by other measures, or criteria, of the attribute -reliability -standardization --norms tells us which scores are considered high, average, low

general intelligence

-refers to the existence of a broad mental capacity that influences on cognitive ability measures -a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.

genetic and environmental factors in intelligence

-researchers have found unique genetic locations, called genetic markers, for intelligence on specific chromosomes -genotype is an organism's genetic material -phenotype is the actual characteristic of the organism -heritability is the proportion of observable differences in a group (phenotype) that can be explained by differences in the genes of the group's members (genotype) -for intelligence, it means that heritability tells us how much of the differences we observe in intelligence is attributable to differences in genes

theory of multiple intelligences

-robert sternberg and howard gardner have developed influential theories presenting the viewpoint that there are multiple intelligences -robert sternberg created the triarchic theory of intelligence which comes in three forms --analytical intelligence --creative intelligence --practical intelligence

-wechsler adult intelligence scale

-standard test to measure adult IQ, involving verbal and performance scales, each of which is made up of various subtests

test norms

-standards that provide information about where a score on a psychological test ranks in relation to other scores on that test

triarchic theory of intelligence

-sternberg's theory that intelligence comes in three forms: analytical, creative, and practical

howard gardner

-suggests there are nine types of intelligences or "frames of mind" :verbal,mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist, and existentialist

emotional intelligence

-the ability to perceive emotions in ourselves and others accurately

creativity

-the ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and to devise unconventional solutions to problems

standardization

-the development of uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test, and the creation of norms (performance standards for a test)

predictive validity

-the extent to which a score on a scale or test predicts scores on some criterion measure

validity

-the extent to which a test measures what's intended to measure

reliability

-the extent to which a test yields a consistent, reproducible measure of performance

fluid intelligence

-the general ability to think abstractly, reason, identify problems, and discern relationships

heritability

-the proportion of observable differences in a group that can be explained by differences in the genes of the group's members

stanford binet test

-the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test -includes a variety of items, some requiring verbal responses and some nonverbal

willingness to face risk

-they make more mistakes than their less imaginable counterparts because they come up with more ideas and more possibilities -know that being wrong isn't a failure

objective evaluation of work

-they strive to evaluate their work objectively -may use established criteria to make judgements or rely on other people's judgements

creativity slide

-think of creative people in two ways: --divergent thinking and convergent thinking -people do both -people who use divergent thinking brainstorm, which is when a group of people throw out a range of possible solutions to a problem, but they still have to find one right solution, which is where convergent thinking comes in

divergent thinking

-thinking that produces many solutions to the same problem

convergent thinking

-thinking that produces the single best solution to a problem

howard gardner's nine types of intelligences

-verbal -mathematical -spatial -bodily-kinesthetic -musical -interpersonal -intrapersonal -naturalist -existentialist