tets

Abbasid Gov

1. Abbasids ruled over a cosmopolitan empire 2. Not dominated by Arabs o Arabs minority in own empire because conquered land contain many languages and religions ●State promoted Sunni version of Islam ● Importance of Sharia ● Ulama (scholars of the Quran) and Qadis (scholars of the sharia) were extremely important ● Treatment of non-Muslims o "Peoples of the Book" -- CHRISTIANS, JEWS, ZOROASTRIANS o Allowed to practice their own religion, but HAD TO PAY JIZYA (DHIMMIS) ● Built a large capital at Baghdad ● Ruled by powerful caliphs ● Central government appointed provincial governors throughout the empire ● Maintained large bureaucracy ● Maintained system of roads that ran throughout the empire

sinification in japan

17 article constitution - Chinese style emperor, bud and Confucian values, Chinese court rituals,, capital based on chang an budd never complete replaces native beliefs (shinto) animistic women escaped oppression of confucian, inherit property

caesaropapism

A political-religious system in which the secular ruler is also head of the religious establishment, as in the Byzantine Empire.

Developments in Dar al-Islam - Changes to Islam: Cultural

Caliphs went from modest arab chiefs to absolute monarchs, sunni / shia → result of Muhammad's death

Sinifcation in Korea

Cul: Buddhist monks brought back popular Buddhism, cultural effect on peasants was sim; Confucianism completely changed women's lives (relative freedom → patriarchal Confucianism) (ex. No "free-choice" marriage, no divorce, primary and secondary wivesm etc.) Gov: capital modeled after chang'an; Aristocratic hold on bureaucracy didn't change with sinification

Sahara - Expansion of empires: Governance, Economic, Cultural

Cul: Islam accompanied trade Eco: demands for luxury goods increased trade (gold, ivory) Gov: monarchies with elaborate court life, taxed merchants Cites and empire in Afro-Eurasia (ex. Ghana, Mali, Songhay)

Buddhism: Cultural, Governance

Cul: buddhist monastiers have many social services = magical entity, conflict w confuciansm Gov: state supported; monasteries become exempt from taxation; eventually imp decree made monks/nuns return to tax-paying citizens

Neo-Confucianism: Cultural, Social

Cul: combined values of Buddhist (nature of the soul and cosmos) and Confucian (social harmony and behavior) Soc: focus on traditional Confucian values of harmony and high moral standards

Byzantine Empire: Cultural, Governmental

Cul: orthodox (East) Christianity promoted as state religion, more cosmopolitan and urbanized than west Gov: large burearcy, state tied to the church, emperors had political and religious control, primary focus on tax, order and invasions,

Exchange in the Indian Ocean - Sailing technology: Innovations in

Dhow wih lateen (triangle) sail and junk ships, astrolabe (tells latitude), compass

feudal system in japan

EMPEROR -- held the highest rank in society but had no political power SHOGUN -- actual ruler, defeated other daimyo to gain control DAIMYO -- elite landowners SAMURAI -- warriors loyal to a daimyo PEASANTS -- farmers, ¾ of the population MERCHANTS -- low social status, but gradually gained influence ARTISANS -- make products for trade

Connections to trade: Economic

Eco: (Silk Road flowed through Mongol Empire); Mongols taxed merchants and facilitated trade

Diasporic communities: Economic, Cultural, Environmental

Eco: Roman merchants set up in South Asia Cul: Muslim merchants set up in East Africa Env: set up communities along coast

Manorialism: Economic, Environmental

Economic system - self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land. Environmental: lords and peasants shared the land, protection

Increased urbanization

Formation of the Byzantine Empire and Western Europe Cul: patriarchy - Bgeines: group of women who helped the sick and poor through charity and service. But shut down by men die to patriarchy - Anchoress: locked in a cell to worship / pray / fast Pol: focus on family → focus on state power; absolute monarchs return Eco: towns attract new people (merchants, scholars, bankers, artisans) → specialization and guilds of people

Song Dynasty: Governance, Economic

GOV: exam system had cheaters and elites who payed, # of available positions did not increase weaker military = lost control of great wall, changed capital, lose great wall ECON: economic revolution - got drought resistant rice from viet = increase in popualtion trade = urbanized more industry production and very commercialized but lose land trade route but sea trade

Delhi Sultanate: Governance, Economic, Cultural

GOV: only hindus allowed to participate in gov Eco: non-converts LEFT THEM ALONE AS LONG AS THEY PAID THE HEAD TAX Cul: MUSLIMS ONLY 20-25% OF THE POPULATION because so Hindu-dominant

Russia: Governance

Gov: Heavy Taxation, craftsmen deported, princes left alone if payed tax Governed from the steppe and did not occupy land.

european feudalism GOV AND SOC

Gov: all power to lords, king is figurehead, lords (vassals to king), knights, peasants(serfs) mutual ties and obligations Social: based on land ownership, vassals → owe loyalty

Swahili Coast: Governance, Economic, Cultural

Gov: city-states Eco: commercial centers (cities) that accumulated and exchanged goods, Indian ocean trade Cul: Arab, Indian, Persian merchants → multicultural

Vijayanagara: Governance, Economic, Cultural

Gov: controlled most of South India from its capital city, formed to resist muslim incursions Eco: Muslim merchants in many trading ports Cul: peaceful muslim/hindu encounters

Inca: Governance, Innovations

Gov: large bureaucracy, divided into 80 provinces with each own governor, no tribute but subject to mita(work on farms and repair roads) Inno: terrace farming bc of mountains, network of roads, quipus → way to record information with knotted strings

Srivijaya: Governance, Economic, Cultural

Gov: monarchs, legitimacy through Buddhism → "higher level of magic for rulers" Eco: crucial point of Indian Ocean trade, plentiful gold and spices, taxed passing ships Cul: Buddhism but accepted many religions, mostly still animistic

indian ocean - Trade fosters the growth of new states: Governance, Economic

Gov: revival of Tang and Song China, vast Arab empire from E africa to s asia Eco: large market for goods in China, luxury goods, increased product production

Persia: Governance, Cultural

Gov: taxed (20-30 times a year) bc not many goodes; let the persians run their bureaucracy Cul: Mongols became Muslim and learned the language

Aztec: Governance, Economic, Innovations

Gov: use military to conquer peoples, they had to pay tribute with goods Eco: market places and long-distance merchants, had a labor system of slaves Inno: floating gardens that supported agriculture

Ethiopia: Governance, Culture

Gov: used Christianity for legitimacy, ancestry to Jesus Cul: mountains and distance from centers of Islamic power stopped spread of Islam to them

Mali: Governance Cultural, Economic

Gov: used conquered kings for tribute and taxed merchants Cul: Mansa Musa educated his people in Arabic so they could understand Quran, Islamic Eco: monopolized on goods like gold and copper (reserves), grew because of interregional trade, monopoly on the import of horses

Yuan Dynasty: Governance, Social

Gov: used taxation systen; support artisans and merchants for trade and tax; used buraucracy, used dynasty name Soc: built daoist temples and liked buddhism, some accomodation to culture but few learned chinese and ignored exam system

Travelers who wrote about their journeys: Cultural, Economic

Ibn Battuta Cul: Told stories of his travels through Dar-Al Islam. Riches, wealth, kind, journey to Mecca. Eco: increased in mentiond areas Marco Polo: Cul: Tells Europe about the SR. Eco: more people travel it

SR - Types of goods traded: Economic

Luxury goods → silk, porcelain, paper

Chinese Tribute System

Other kingdoms had to recognize Chinese dominance and give gifts/taxes to China's government in order to maintain trade relations

How was the process of conversion to Islam in Persia different from other areas?

Persia converted but not culturally - no Arabization

Which empires were conquered by the Arab armies?

Persian and Byzantium

House of Wisdom: Innovation

Scholars from all over, translated greek philos into Arabic, algebra, trig and astronomy developments, Arabic numerals, studies of anatomy, optics, paper

sharia

THE BODY OF ISLAMIC LAW DEVELOPED BY RELIGIOUS SCHOLARS, GAVE THEM GUIDANCE ON HOW MUSLIMS SHOULD LIVE THEIR LIVES

Sufi

The branch of Islam that believes in a more mystical connection with Allah, renunciation of material world and meditation (un-orthodox)

Trans-Saharan Trade Routes - innovations

Travelled at night, camels / caravans

Indian ocean - Types of goods traded: Economic

Wine, ivory, nutmeg, porcelain, gold, tea, cotton textiles, slaves, cloves ( luxury and regular commodities)

Silke road -Banking practices: Economic

banks as investment brokers, currency exchanges, banks with multiple branches that honored letters of credit known as sakk

The Silk Roads - Changes to travel: Innovations

camel saddles and caravanserais, learned to travel at night

song dynasty women

confucianism ideals = women restricted to "inner quarters" footbinding

Cultural and intellectual transfers: Cultural, Economic

cul- transfered 1ks of craftsmen and people to distant lands, mongol capital was a cosmopolitan city w many religions economic - chinese techniques of painting,printing,gunpowder flowed westwards

Diffusion of disease and crops

diffusion of crops leads to deforestation, overuse of land, and pollution. Diffusion of diseases lead to people looking to church instead of government, and authority no longer accepted without question. Also tensions between working/elite class bc less people

diff between euro/japan feudalism

euro no central figure like shogun, no merchants bc no trade

Decline of urbanization

in western europe, manorialism led to serfdom instead of city peasantry. In europe cultivated land decreased, and urban life crumbled. little trade. Also the black plague killed everyone so that sucked.

church and crusades

motivations - knights want to fight, want for land, serfs get sins /debt erased Eco: wanted to increase trade, new lands to conquer Cul: launched against forces of Islam Innovation: new agricultural products (sugar, silk, coffee), greek scholarship reintroduced

caliphs

o A caliph was SUCCESSOR TO MUHAMMAD, POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS LEADER o Positioned as "shadows of God on earth" (ABSOLUTE MONARCHS)

syncretism

result of blending of different beliefs/cultures (creation)

sunni vs shia belief on caliphs

sunni - selected by islamic community because democracy shia - derive from blood relatives of muhammad because monarch

Sinification

the spread of Chinese culture to other areas

un sinification in japan

use of samurai, chinese value intellect so disapprove the bushido code, which values martial skill