Texas History
President Anson Jones, 1844-1845
"Architect of Annexation" 4th president of the republic of Texas
Moses Austin
American businessman who played a large part in the development of the lead industry in the U.S. He was the father of Stephen F. Austin, a leading American settler of Texas, then part of Mexico.
Stephen F. Austin
American empresario. Known as the "Father of Texas", and the founder of Texas,[1][2] he led the second, and ultimately, the successful colonization of the region by bringing 300 families from the United States to the region in 1825.
Austin's Colony
Austin had brought the first 300 families to his settlement, the Austin Colony; these 300 are now known in Texas history as the Old Three Hundred. Austin had obtained further contracts to settle an additional 900 families between 1825 and 1829
Tenochtitlan, 1325-1521
Aztec capital. Greatest city of its time. Now known as Mexico City
Cahokia, 1100
Cahokia was the largest and most influential urban settlement of the Mississippian culture that developed advanced societies across much of what is now the central and southeastern United States, beginning more than 1000 years before European contact.[5] Today, Cahokia Mounds is considered the largest and most complex archaeological site north of the great pre-Columbian cities in Mexico.
Comanche arrive in Texas, 1740's
Came through the panhandle. Were one of the 5 civilized tribes.
Mexican State of Coahuila y Tejas
Coahuila y Tejas (Coahuila and Texas) was one of the constituent states of the newly established United Mexican States under its 1824 Constitution.
Coahuiltecan
Coahuiltecan people is a collective name for the many small, autonomous bands of Native Americans who inhabited southernmost Texas, the Rio Grande valley and adjacent Mexico. The Coahuiltecans were hunter-gatherers.
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
Ended Mexican American War
Mexican Revolution and Miguel Hildago
Father Miguel Hidalgo kicked off Mexico's war for independence from Spain on September 16, 1810, when he issued his famous "Cry of Dolores" in which he exhorted Mexicans to rise up and throw off Spanish tyranny. For almost a year, Hidalgo led the independence movement, battling Spanish forces in and around Central Mexico. He was captured and executed in 1811, but others picked up the struggle and Hidalgo is today considered the father of the country.
Battle of Medina
Fought 20 miles south of San Antonio, Spanish forces fought Mexican and Tejano forces as part of the Mexican War of Independence (1813). It was the deadliest battle in Texas history.
Francisco Coronado, 1541
Francisco Vázquez de Coronado y Luján (1510 - 22 September 1554) was a Spanish conquistador and explorer who led a large expedition from Mexico to present-day Kansas through parts of the southwestern United States between 1540 and 1542.
Treaties of Velasco
Gave Texas independence
Hernando de Soto, 1542
Hernando de Soto was a Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the first European expedition deep into the territory of the modern-day United States. He is the first European documented as having crossed the Mississippi River.
President Sam Houston, 1836-1838
Houston was twice elected President of the Republic of Texas. In the 1836 election, he defeated Stephen F. Austin and Henry Smith with a landslide of over 79% of the vote. Houston served from October 22, 1836, to December 10, 1838.
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
I hate this man
Rene-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, 1684
LA SALLE EXPEDITION. René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, sailed from Rochefort, France, on August 1, 1684, to seek the mouth of the Mississippi River by sea
Juan de Onate, 1598
Juan de Oñate y Salazar (1550-1626) was a conquistador from New Spain, explorer, and colonial governor of the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México in the viceroyalty of New Spain. He led early Spanish expeditions to the Great Plains and Lower Colorado River Valley, encountering numerous indigenous tribes in their homelands there. Oñate founded settlements in the province, now in the Southwestern United States. Today Oñate is known for the 1599 Acoma Massacre. Following a dispute that led to the death of thirteen Spaniards at the hands of the Acoma, including Oñate's nephew, Juan de Zaldívar, Oñate ordered a brutal retaliation against Acoma Pueblo. The Pueblo was destroyed.[2] Around 800-1000 Acoma were killed.[3]
Karankawaka
Karankawa (also Karankawan, Comanches, Cocos, and called in their language Auia) are a tribe of Native Americans, now a restored nation, who played a pivotal part in early Texas history. Inhabited from Galveston Bay to Corpus Christi
Los Adaes, 1721
Los Adaes was the capital of Tejas on the northeastern frontier of New Spain from 1729 to 1770. It included a mission, San Miguel de Linares de los Adaes, and a presidio, Nuestra Señora del Pilar de Los Adaes
Spanish Louisiana
Louisiana was the name of an administrative district of the Viceroyalty of New Spain from 1762 to 1802 that consisted of territory west of the Mississippi River basin, plus New Orleans.
Nacogdoches mission, 1716
Nacogdoches was established in 1716 in East Texas to serve the Nacogdoche tribe.[13] It closed several years later because of threats from French Louisiana but reopened in 1721. The mission continued until 1773, when the Spanish government ordered all of East Texas to be abandoned. In 1779, Antonio Gil Y'Barbo led a group of settlers who had been removed from Los Adaes to the area to settle in the empty mission buildings. This began the town of Nacogdoches, Texas.
President Mirabeau Lamar, 1838-1841
Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar (August 16, 1798 - December 19, 1859) was a Texas politician, poet, diplomat and soldier who was a leading Texas political figure during the Texas Republic era. He was the second President of the Republic of Texas after David G. Burnet (1836 as ad-interim president) and Sam Houston.
Apache
Nomadic warrior tribe in the southwestern United States. Great warriors who fought foreign settlers
San Antonio de Bexar, 1718
Presidio San Antonio de Béxar was a Spanish fort built near the San Antonio River, located in what is now San Antonio, Texas, USA. It was designed for protection of the mission system and civil settlement in central Texas.
Siege of the Alamo and Goliad
Remember the Alamo and white and black beans
Sam Houston
Sam Houston was an American soldier and politician. His victory at the Battle of San Jacinto secured the independence of Texas from Mexico in one of the shortest decisive battles in modern history. First president of the Republic of Texas.
Santa Fe County
Santa Fe County, established on March 15, 1848, included practically all of the area of New Mexico claimed by the Republic of Texas and later by the state of Texas
Compromise of 1850
Senator Henry Clay introduced a series of resolutions on January 29, 1850, in an attempt to seek a compromise and avert a crisis between North and South. As part of the Compromise of 1850, the Fugitive Slave Act was amended and the slave trade in Washington, D.C., was abolished.
Sistema de Castas
Sistema de Castas (or Society of Castes) was a porous racial classification system in colonial New Spain (present-day Mexico)
Nueces Strip
Texas between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande. The Republic of Texas claimed the Rio Grande as its southern border; Mexico claimed the Nueces River (150 mi or 240 km north of the Rio Grande). The area between the two rivers became known as the Nueces Strip.
statehood, 1845
Texas was annexed by the US in 1845. It was part of James Polk's presidency
Tejanos and Texians
Texians were residents of Mexican Texas and, later, the Republic of Texas. Today, the term is used specifically to distinguish early Anglo settlers of Texas, especially those who supported the Texas Revolution. Mexican settlers of that era are referred to as Tejanos, and residents of modern Texas are known as Texans.
Adams-Onis Treaty
The Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819, also known as the Transcontinental Treaty, the Florida Purchase Treaty, or the Florida Treaty, was a treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819 that ceded Florida to the U.S. and defined the boundary between the U.S. and New Spain.
Age of Revolution
The Age of Revolution is the period from approximately 1774 to 1849 in which a number of significant revolutionary movements occurred in many parts of Europe and the Americas. The period is noted for the change in government from absolutist monarchies to constitutionalist states and republics.
San Antonio de Valero, 1718
The Alamo Mission in San Antonio is commonly called The Alamo and was originally known as Misión San Antonio de Valero
Caddo
The Caddo Nation is a confederacy of several Southeastern Native American tribes. Their ancestors historically inhabited much of what is now East Texas, Louisiana, and portions of southern Arkansas and Oklahoma. In the early 19th century, Caddo people were forced to a reservation in Texas, then removed to Indian Territory in 1859
Teotihuacan, 100-600
The early history of Teotihuacan is quite mysterious, and the origin of its founders is uncertain. Around 300 BC, people of the central and southeastern area of Mesoamerica began to gather into larger settlements.[10] Teotihuacan was the largest urban center of Mesoamerica before the Aztecs
Mexico's Constitution of 1824
The Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1824 (Spanish: Constitución Federal de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos de 1824) was enacted on October 4 of 1824, after the overthrow of the Mexican Empire of Agustin de Iturbide. ... It was replaced by the Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857.
Republic of Fredonia
The Fredonian Rebellion was the first attempt by Anglo settlers in Texas to secede from Mexico. The settlers, led by Empresario Haden Edwards, declared independence from Mexican Texas and created the Republic of Fredonia near Nacogdoches.
French and Indian War, 1763
The French and Indian War comprised the North American theater of the worldwide Seven Years' War of 1756-63. It pitted the colonies of British America against those of New France.
Canary Islanders (Los Islenos), 1731
The Isleños of Louisiana are an ethnic group living in the U.S. state of Louisiana, consisting in people of primarily Canarian Spanish descent. Most of its members are descendants of settlers from the Canary Islands
Jumano
The Jumanos were a prominent indigenous tribe or several tribes, who inhabited a large area of western Texas, adjacent New Mexico, and northern Mexico. Known for their Adobe Pueblos.
James Long, 1819
The Long Expedition was an 1819 attempt to take control of Spanish Texas by filibusters. It was led by James Long who was accompanied by Jean LaFitte, James Bowie, and Ben Milam. Long's army successfully established a small independent republic government, known as the "Republic of Texas" being the first use of the sovereign name and also called the Long Republic (distinct from the later Republic of Texas created by the Texas Revolution). The expedition crumbled later in the year, as Spanish troops drove the invaders out. Long returned to Texas in 1820 and attempted to reestablish his control.
Mexican-American War
The Mexican-American War, also known as the Mexican War and in Mexico the American intervention in Mexico, was an armed conflict between the United States of America and the United Mexican States from 1846 to 1848
Mier expedition
The Mier expedition was an unsuccessful military operation launched in November 1842 by a Texian militia against Mexican border settlements; it was related to the Somervell expedition
La Bahia (Goliad), 1721
The Presidio Nuestra Señora de Loreto de la Bahía, known more commonly as Presidio La Bahia, or simply La Bahia is a fort constructed by the Spanish Army that became the nucleus of the modern-day city of Goliad, Texas, United States
Pueblo Revolt, 1680
The Pueblo Revolt of 1680—also known as Popé's Rebellion—was an uprising of most of the indigenous Pueblo people against the Spanish colonizers in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, present day New Mexico. Won by the Pueblos but then the Spanish came back and won
Reconquista, 1492
The Reconquista[a] (Spanish for the "reconquest") describes the period of history of the Iberian Peninsula spanning approximately 780 years between the Islamic conquest of Hispania in 711 and the fall of the last Islamic state in Iberia at Granada to the expanding Christian kingdoms in 1492. The Reconquista was completed just before the European discovery of the Americas—the "New World"—which ushered in the era of the Spanish colonial empires.
Republic of Texas
The Republic of Texas was an independent sovereign country in North America that existed from March 2, 1836, to February 19, 1846.
slavery power in U.S.
The Slave Power or Slaveocracy was the perceived political power in the U.S. federal government held by slave owners during the 1840s and 1850s, prior to the Civil War. Antislavery campaigners during this period bitterly complained about what they saw as disproportionate and corrupt influence wielded by wealthy Southerners. The argument was that this small group of rich slave owners had seized political control of their own states and were trying to take over the federal government in an illegitimate fashion in order to expand and protect slavery. The argument was widely used by the Republican Party that formed in 1854-55 to oppose the expansion of slavery.
Hernan Cortes in Mexico, 1521
The Spanish campaign declared victorious on August 13, 1521, when a coalition army of Spanish forces and native Tlaxcalan warriors led by Hernán Cortés and Xicotencatl the Younger captured the emperor Cuauhtemoc and Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec Empire.
archive war
The Texas Archive War was an 1842 dispute over an attempted move of the Republic of Texas national archives from Austin to Houston and, more broadly, over then-president Sam Houston's efforts to make Houston the capital of Texas
Treaty of Cordoba
The Treaty of Córdoba established Mexican independence from Spain at the conclusion of the Mexican War of Independence. It was signed on August 24, 1821 in Córdoba, Veracruz, Mexico.
Wilmot Proviso
The Wilmot Proviso proposed an American law to ban slavery in territory acquired from Mexico in the Mexican War.
Ysleta mission at El Paso, 1682
The Ysleta Mission, located in the Ysleta del Sur Pueblo within the municipality of El Paso, Texas, is recognized as the oldest continuously operated parish in the State of Texas. The Ysleta community is also recognized as the oldest in Texas and claims to have the oldest continuously cultivated plot of land in the United States.[2][3][4][5]It is also the oldest parish in the state of Texas
Nueces River border
The disputed territory along the Texas-Mexico border is shaded above. The boundary along the right is the Nueces River (the border which Mexico recognized) and the one along the right is the Rio Grande (which was recognized by the United States). The Mexican government was livid.
Santa Fe expedition
The expedition was unofficially initiated by the then President of Texas, Mirabeau B. Lamar, in an attempt to gain control over the lucrative Santa Fe Trail and further develop the trade links between Texas and New Mexico.
slavery in Mexico vs. slavery in the United States
The history of slavery in Texas began slowly, as the Spanish did not rely on it for labor during their years of control. The use of slavery expanded in the mid-nineteenth century as British-American settlers from the Southeastern United States crossed the Mississippi River and brought slaves with them
mission and presidio system, 1690's
The missions were the most important, for they became the granaries and the educational, religious, and cultural centers for the Indians who lived in areas surrounding them. Several cities grew up around the missions.
Washington-on-the-Brazos
Washington-on-the-Brazos is an unincorporated area along the Brazos River in Washington County, Texas, United States.[1] Founded when Texas was still a part of Mexico, the settlement was the site of the Convention of 1836 and the signing of the Texas Declaration of Independence
President Sam Houston, 1841-1844
When his first term ended, he was elected to serve as a representative from San Augustine County in the Republic of Texas House of Representatives. After his term as representative ended, Houston again served as President of the Republic of Texas from December 12, 1841, to December 9, 1844.
Martin Perfecto de Cos
When the Mexican government moved away from a local-level governance Federalist political ideology to creating a Centralist authoritarian government under Santa Anna, Cos became military commander the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas
alcalde
a magistrate or mayor in a Spanish, Portuguese, or Latin American town.
Empresario
a person who had been granted the right to settle on land in exchange for recruiting and taking responsibility for new settlers. The word is Spanish for entrepreneur.
New Spain, 1535
colonial territory of the Spanish Empire in the New World north of the Isthmus of Panama. It was established following the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire in 1521, and following additional conquests, it was made a viceroyalty (Spanish: virreinato) in 1535. The first of four viceroyalties Spain created in the Americas, it comprised Mexico, Central America, much of the Southwestern and Central United States, and Spanish Florida as well as the Philippines, Guam, Mariana and Caroline Islands.
Zacatecas revolt
contextualized war between the struggles of centralism and federalism in the first half of the nineteenth century during the administration of Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. Following the failure of the federal system, centralism gained ground and Congress amended the Constitution of 1824 to create a centralist republic, limiting the power of states and reducing the military. These events led to a rebellion in Zacatecas. The governor himself, Francisco García Salinas, led an army of about four thousand men against the government. To end the rebels, President Santa Anna in person went to fight, leaving the presidency in charge of General Miguel Barragán. García Salinas was defeated in the Battle of Zacatecas (1835). Santa Anna allowed his troops to loot the city, then, and as punishment for the rebellion, the state of Zacatecas lost part of its territory, which formed the state of Aguascalientes.[1][2] This military action removed the final obstacles to centralism and led to the constitution of December 30, 1836, known as Siete Leyes, which limited the right to vote and removed the political and financial autonomy previously held by Mexican states
Baron de Bastrop
engaged in many land deals where he made a fortune but later went broke. He received permission from Spain to form a colony in the Ouachita River valley.[1] His contract with Spanish colonial governor Francisco Luis Héctor de Carondelet provided for European settlement of 850,000 acres on the Ouachita. Although ninety-nine colonists settled in the area, the project was halted when Louisiana realized its government treasury did not have enough funds to see the colonization to fruition
Battle of San Jacinto
fought on April 21, 1836, in present-day Harris County, Texas, was the decisive battle of the Texas Revolution. Led by General Sam Houston, the Texian Army engaged and defeated General Antonio López de Santa Anna's Mexican army in a fight that lasted just 18 minutes.
league and labor
league- 4,428 acres labor- 177 acres
Chaco Canyon, 850-1150
located in northwestern New Mexico, between Albuquerque and Farmington, in a remote canyon cut by the Chaco Wash. Containing the most sweeping collection of ancient ruins north of Mexico, the park preserves one of the most important pre-Columbian cultural and historical areas in the United States.[2]
New Regulations for Presidios. 1772
spanish owned Louisiana now shielded texas from european threats so new regulations of presidios (recommended by marques de rubi) directed pulling back the military/missionary presence in east texas&relocation of settlers of east texas to san antonio in order to strengthen san antonio& implementation of velvet glove policy toward comanches/other northern tribes and iron fist policy toward apaches (rubi believed that peace in texas would be achieved through alliance w comanches and nortenos against apaches)
Runnaway Scrape
the evacuations by Texas residents fleeing the Mexican Army of Operations during the Texas Revolution
"GTT" - Gone To Texas
was a phrase used by Americans emmigrating to Texas in the 1800s often to escape debt incurred during the Panic of 1819. Moving to Texas, which at the time was part of Mexico, was particularly popular among debtors from the South and West.
Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, 1536
Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca was a Spanish explorer of the New World, and one of four survivors of the 1527 Narváez expedition. During eight years of traveling across the US Southwest, he became a trader and faith healer to various Native American tribes before reconnecting with Spanish colonial forces in Mexico in 1536.