TExES 7-12 Social Studies, World History
Golden Horde
This became the last faction of the Mongol Empire in the Caucasus and the Crimean peninsula until the 15th century
Italian Renaissance
This began in Florence, Italy that was financed by wealthy Italians
Atlantic Slave Trade
This came as a demand for cheap labor to work on plantations and mines in the New World
Disease
This contributed greatly to the decline of native peoples in the Americas
Mughal Empire
This empire began to decline as Emperors abandoned policies of religious tolerance and the arrival of Europeans posing a serious challenge to their rule
Safavid Empire
This empire consolidated their control over modern-day Iran ruling until 1736
Mughal Empire
This empire granted concessions to allow the British to trade in India
Safavid Empire
This empire was responsible for establishing the Shiite sect of Islam as the official religion
British East India Company
This established forts in Madras and Bombay to protect its commercial interests and controlled trade in India
Protestant Reformation
This extended beyond Germany into England and Switzerland
Taj Mahal
This is a tomb built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife who died giving birth
Atlantic Slave Trade
This is often referred to as the Triangular Trade from linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas
Technology
This made it possible for Cortes and Pizarro to conquer the Aztecs and Incas
Mongol Christian Diplomacy
This resulted in renewed use of the Silk Road reestablishing trade between East ASia and Europe
Black Death
This spread from China to Europe through fleas on rats which was spread through the silk road and Mongol campaigns
Italian Renaissance
This stressed human achievements, specifically humanism
Columbian Exchange
This was a global exchange between New and Old Worlds with slavery and disease being brought over from Europe having the greatest impact
Columbian Exchange
This was a primary cause of disease for the Aztecs where 90% of the population were affected after the arrival of the Spanish
Mughal Empire
This was an Islamic Empire established in India following the defeat of the Delhi Sultanate
Songhay Empire
This was an Islamic empire established in Africa following the decline of the Mali Empire
Italian Renaissance
This was an attempt to imitate the artistic qualities of the Ancient Greeks and Romans
Constantinople
This was famed for its architectural masterpieces to include the Hippodrome, the Golden Gate and the Hagia Sophia
Battle of Chaldiran
This was fought against the Ottoman Turks leading to the establishment of the Safavid Empire and Iran
Kingdom of Kongo
This was located in Central Africa along the Congo River and was established as a strong centralized state
Timbuktu
This was located near the Niger River and was one of the wealthiest cities in West Africa and one of the most important cultural centers
African Slavery
This was practiced across Africa and was a well established commercial venture before the arrival of the Europeans
Karakorum
This was the Mongol capital
Constantinople
This was the bastion of Christianity which later fell in 1453 to Muslim conquest
Gao
This was the capital city of the Songhay Empire
Protestant Reformation
This was widespread across Germany where many churches adjusted their religious services to reflect this doctrine
95 Theses
This was written by Martin Luther which was a list of arguments directed against the Roman Catholic Church's practice of selling indulgences (pardoning of sins)
Mongol Christian Diplomacy
Trading networks made it necessary to establish _____ _____ _____.
Mongol Christian Diplomacy
United through this, Europeans and Mongols attacked Muslims in Jerusalem
Ghengis Khan
Using equestrian skills he honed cavalry units uniting central Asia by attacking Tibet, northern China, Persia, and central Asian steppes.
Kingdom of Kongo
They were converted to Christianity by the Portuguese but were also raided for slave labor in the sugar mills of Brazil
Roman Inquisition
They were given authority to arrest, imprison, and/or excommunicate Catholics in an attempt to end heresy
Atlantic Slave Trade
This accounted for 11 million Africans that made the Middle Passage to arrive in the Americas
African Slaves
They were most often POWs, was viewed as a symbol of wealth and power, and were traded with Muslims across Europe, middle East, and India
Anglican Church
In England the Protestant Reformation took hold leading Henry the VIII to establish this naming himself as the highest religious authority in the land, and to divorce
Aztecs Incas
After the conquest of these two tribes Spain established colonies in the New World
Black Death
As a result of this the population recovered through regeneration after 100 years when 1/3 of European population was wiped out and disrupted trade.
Council of Trent
Assembled members of church clergy met here seeking to reform the Catholic Church and to define church doctrine
Ottoman Empire
By the mid 1500s this became the largest and most powerful empire in Europe and the Middle East
Millets
They were permitted to maintain their own traditional religious beliefs, in exchange for not undermining the sultans authority, in Judaism, Greeks and Armenians
Kingdom of Kongo
They were sacked by the Portuguese when they appealed for an end to slave trade.
Safavid Empire
Constant conflict with the Ottomans coupled with the threat of an increasingly stronger Russian Empire and the Mughal Empire to the South led to its decline.
Mughal Empire
During this empire they were responsible for the golden age of Islamic art and architecture as evidenced of the Taj Mahal
Martin Luther
Forwarded the belief that faith in God alone would allow people into heaven and that no authority on Earth could pardon people for their sins with the Bible as the only source or religious truth
Sepoy Rebellion
Following this event the British government took control of trade and replaced the Mughals as the ruling authority in India in 1857
Kublai Khan
Grandson of Ghengis, he consolidated Mogul rule in China but failed to conquer Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma, Java and Japan
Temujin
He accrued power by allying several clans and brought the Mongol tribes under a single confederation and was proclaimed Ghengis Khan
Pizarro
He conquered the Incan Empire in South America
Akbar the Great
He eliminated the jizya tax imposed on Hindus and allowed them to rise to positions of power in the Mughal government
John Calvin
He established a Protestant community in Switzerland
Da Vinci
He has often been described as the archetype of the Renaissance Man having expertise in a significant number of different subject areas and was a great thinker of the Italian Renaissance
Shah Abbas the Great
He moved the capital of the Safavid Empire to Isfahan, modernized the army and flourished in long distance trade
Marco Polo
He traveled from Italy to China during Mongol times and was introduced to Kublai Khan
Marco Polo
He traveled to remote parts of China from Venice on land and upon returning by sea he went to Sumatra, Ceylon, India, and Arabia
Martin Luther
He was a German monk credited with starting the Protestant Reformation in Europe
Suleyman the Magnificent
He was a sultan of the Ottoman Empire responsible for expanding it into southern Europe, modernizing the army and known for religious tolerance.
Martin Luther
He was excommunicated from the Catholic Church but his ideas spread across northern Europe due to the printing press
Sunni Ali
He was from the Songhay Empire who successfully led a campaign of expansion to include the city of Timbuktu
Suleyman the Magnificent
He was known as the Lawgiver for improving the legal system in the Ottoman Empire where laws were based on sharia, or Islamic law
Da Vinci
He was revered for his technological ingenuity conceptualizing the flying machine, armored vehicle, solar power, double hull, and an adding machine.
Akbar the Great
He was ruler of the Mughal Empire who established the absolute authority of the emperor and a policy of tolerance toward the many religions in his empire
Martin Luther
He was the founder of the Protestant denomination Lutheranism
Machiavelli
He wrote The Prince which was a guide to gain and keep power through any means necessary and was pat of the Italian Renaissance
Kublai Khan
His death signaled a decline in the Mongol Empire as a result of financial difficulties.
Da Vinci
His genius epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal with his works the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, Vitruvian Man,
Marco Polo
His travels inspired Columbus and others to attempt to find a passage to the East.
Millet System
In the Ottoman Empire these were legally protected religious communities of non-Muslims
Constantinople
It was famed for its defenses and was built on 7 hills, the Golden Horn and the Sea of Marmara
Constantinople
It was plagued by earthquakes, Black Death, and lost many of its key economic resources leading to its demise.
Protestant Reformation
Led by Luther who found support after writing his 95 Theses to reform the Catholic Church
Janissaries
Many of these were young Christian boys taken from the Balkans and forced into the Sultans service, to convert to Islam in return for great privileges and honor
Songhay Empire
They wound up controlling the trans-Saharan trade routes
Council of Trent
New religious orders were founded and dedicated to the doctrines of the Catholic Church during this
Janissaries
Over time, this group sought to gain influence and control over the Ottoman government
Pax Mongolica
Period of peace between the Mongols and Europeans influenced by the reestablishment of the Silk Road
Columbian Exchange
Smallpox, influenza, and measles caused far reaching epidemics in the New World
Ottoman Empire
This Islamic Empire spread quickly as they took control of much of the Middle East extending their control into the Balkans and Crimean Peninsula creating a multinational empire
Counter Reformation
The Roman Catholic Church established this in response to the Protestant Reformation
Kingdom of Kongo
The arrival of the Portuguese in this kingdom became its first contact with Europeans with devastating results
Timbuktu
The collapse of the Songhay Empire and the establishment of European trading posts along the coast of Africa led to its decline
Mughals
They were an Islamic minority ruling over a Hindu majority in this empire
Pax Mongolica
The establishment of the Yuan dynasty ushered in a period of peace known as this.
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of new fod products through this led a population increase across the globe
Manila
The founding of this city marked the birth of world trade due to the demand for silver
Food Crops
The introduction of these in Africa stabilized the African population and may have even led to its increase
Marco Polo
The stories of his travels were immortalized when taken prisoner of war during the feuds of Venice and Genoa where a romance writer translated his tales of travel along the Silk Road
Ottoman Empire
Their success came from their command of gunpowder technology which was diffused from China
Janissaries
These were soldiers in the Ottoman Empire that were trained to protect and serve the sultan
Moroccan Army
They attacked and seized the Songhay Empire
Jesuits
They emerged as a result of the Counter Reformation and played a significant role as missionaries to stop the spread of Protestant ideas
Golden Horde
They overran Russia and explored Poland, Hungary, and Eastern Germany
Ottoman Empire
They sacked and conquered Constantinople following a 7 week siege and was established Istanbul as the capital of this empire.
Mughal Empire
They unified much of the subcontinent in India and under the leadership of Akbar established a strong empire in the region
Da Vinci
Widely considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time with his innovations in painting influencing the course of Italian art
African Diaspora
With the forced migration of millions of Africans to the New World this occurred as a result
Cortes
Within two years of his arrival he had conquered the Aztecs
