TExES Core Subjects EC-6 (291): Science

Three types of Sedimentary Rocks

1) Clastic sedimentary rocks are made when pieces of rock, mineral, and organic material fuse together. These are classified as conglomerates, sandstone, and shale. 2) Chemical sedimentary rocks are formed when water rich in minerals evaporates, leaving the minerals behind. Some common examples are gypsum, rock salt, and some limestone. 3) Organic sedimentary rocks are made from the remains of plants and animals. -For example: coal is formed when deal plans are squeezed together. A from of limestone rock composed of the remains of organisms that lived in the ocean.

Science Thinking Skills:

1. Observing: Using the senses to obtain information from the environment. 2. Communicating: Talking, drawing, electronic information sharing. (e.g, email, texts, blogs) and acting. 3. Comparing: Pairing, judging similarities and differences, and seeking one-to-one correspondence. 4. Organizing: Grouping, seriating, and sequencing. 5. Relating: Determining cause-and-effect, connecting concepts, and grouping information. 6. Inferring: Using super-ordinate/subordinate classification, using data to make assumptions, employing if/then reasoning, and developing scientific laws. 7. Applying: Using knowledge to develop strategic plans, invent new concepts and processses.

Continental Drift

1912: German scientist Alfred Wegener proposed that a; the continents were previously one large continent but then broke apart and drifted through the ocean floor to their present location. His theory os the basis of today's concept of plate tectonics. -Supercontinent called Pangaea

Reproduction

An organism may consist of only one cell, or it may comprise many billions of cells of various dimensions. -Ex: cells are complete organisms, such as the unicellular bacteria; others, such as muscle cells, are parts of multicellular organisms. All cells have an internal substance called cytoplasm-a clear gelatinous fluid-enclosed within a membrane. Each cell contains the genetic material containing the information for the formation of organisms. Cells are composed of primarily of water and the elements of oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and notrogen.

Animal Cells

Animal and plant cells are similar in appearance. Animal cells contain mitochondria, small round or rod-shaped bodies found in the cytoplasm of most cells. Mitochondria is to produce the enzymes for the metabolic conversion of food to energy. This process consumes oxygen and is termed aerobic respiration.

Meiosis

Another form of cell division occurring in humans and many other organisms, particularly mammals, occurs only in the reproductive organs (ovaries, testicles) where the DNA is replicated/copied. However, the cell divides twice in a process called meiosis. Meiosis is how sperm and egg cells are fromed through a series of steps.

Compounds

Are when you have two or more different kinds of atoms in the molecule and you have a given amount of that substance. -compounds consist of matter composed of atoms that are chemically combined with another in molecules in definite weight proportions. Example of a compound is water. Water is oxygen and hydrogen combined with the ratio of two hydrogen molecules to one molecule of oxygen H2O. So, you can call it one H2O molecule.

Atoms

Atoms are made up of particles called electrons, neutrons, and protons. -The mass of an atom is located mostly in the nucleus, which is made up of protons and neutrons. -The electron contains little mass and follows an orbit around the nucleus.

Conduction

Conduction is the transfer of energy in the form of hear or electricity from one atom to another within an object by direct contact. Conduction occurs in solids, liquids, and gases. However, solids transfer energy more efficiently since the molecules in solids are more tightly packed, and the molecules are closer together. For liquids and gases, the density of the particles are generally lower than those of solids and the particles are farther apart, so the energy transfer is less efficient.

Two main types of Conduction:

Conduction of Heat: occurs when molecules increase in temperature; they vibrate, and this vibration and movement passes the heat energy to the surrounding molecules. -Some examples of conduction of heat are accidentally touching a hot pot, or when a heating pad is applied to you directly and warms your muscles. Conduction of Electricity: occurs due to the movement of electrically charged particles through a medium. This movement can result in an electric current, which may be carried by electrons or ions. -An example of electrical conduction is when you accidentally get electrocuted when you touch a live wire because your body contains water, which is a conductor of electricity. -Another example is when electricity passes through wires, which are conductors, so we can watch TV or use a PC.

Heat is transferred by

Conduction, convection, and radiation

Plant cells

Contain mitochondria which allow them to carry on respiration where they use oxygen (O) to burn glucose (C6H12O6). and excrete carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). Plants also have specialized organelles called chloroplasts used for capturing sunlight and use this energy, along with CO2 taken into leaves from the atmosphere and H2O taken up from the roots to make glucose (C6H12O6). Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll in the food-making process called photosynthesis.

Plate Tectonics

Continents on Earth today were long ago formed together in a single landmass

Hereditary Material

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) is the hereditary material of living organisms. DNA has as its smallest complete component what is called a nucleotide. -A single nucleotide consists of the sugar deoxyribose, a phosphate molecule, and a nitrogen base molecule. There are 4 nitrogen basses that are paired in the double-helix structure of DNA. The nitrogen bases are -Adenine (A)---always pairs with Thymine: AT -Thymine (T)---always pairs with Adenine: TA -Guanine (G)---always pairs with Cytosine GC -Cytosine (C)---always pairs with Guanine CG

Phases of the Moon

During each lunar orbit around Earth (28 days), the Moon appears to go through several stages based on the portion of the Moon visible to the Earth. -The moon does not have its own source of light but reflects the light from the Sun. The shape of the Moon varies: -Full Moon occurs when Earth is between the Sun and the Moon -New moon occurs when the Moon is located between the Sun and Earth. New Moon: The Moon is not visible to Earth because the side of the Moon facing Earth is not being lit by the Sun. -The Moon is located between the Sun and Earth Crescent Moon: At this stage between the half Moon and the new Moon, the shape of the Moon looks like a banana Half Moon-First Quarter: During this stage half of the moon is visible. Gibbous Moon: In this stage, about three quarters of the Moon is visible. Full Moon: The whole moon is visible -Occurs when Earth is between the Sun and the Moon. Blue Moon: Describes the appearance of two full moons in a single calendar month. "Once in a blue moon" expression refers the infrequent event.

Principles of Energy

Energy is available in many forms, including heat, light, solar radiation, chemical, electrical, magnetic, sound, and mechanical energy. It exists in three states: Potential, Kinetic , and activation energies. All three states of energy can be transformed from one to the other.

The 5-E Mode of Instruction

Engage Explore Explain Extend/Elaborate Evaluate

Force and motion, as well as changes in motion, may be measured through hands-on activities in which variables such as time, speed, distance, and direction can be recorded and graphed, and teachers need to know how to do so.

For example, teachers can have students experience and record what happens when an object with higher mass (such as a large marble or ball bearing), collides with an object with less mass (e.g., a small marble or ball bearing.) Teachers should also know what happens when the rate of speed is high when the objects collide compared to when the rate of speed is low. -The game of pool or billiards is a good example. When forces are unbalanced, it may cause the object to change its motion or potion.

States of Matter: Gas

Gases have mass, do not have a definite volume, have no definite shape but take the shape of their container, and are the least dense of the three states of matter.

Adaptations

Genetics play an important role in the ability of organisms to be able to survive and thrive in their environment and, ultimately, produce new offspring where they can pass on similar genetic material, like that which allowed them to survive and thrive. Some inherited traits, called adaptations, allow the organisms to best survive in their environment and others do no, may even lead to their demise (and those prevent the prospect of future offspring). Adaptations do not suddenly arise or develop in the lifetime of organisms. They occur gradually in the species over time.

Mitosis

Growth in most organisms is caused by nuclear cell division-mitosis. In mitosis, the chromosomes (containing DNA which is the genetic material of the cell or blueprint) first replicate. In humans the 46 chromosomes in the cell double. The cell then divides through a series of steps resulting in 2 new cells that each has the original 46 chromosomes or the exact copy of the original. Through mitosis, new cells are made. Mitosis occurs in growth as well as the formation of scars, new bone cells, muscle cells, blood cells

Heat and Temperature

Heat is a form of energy. Temperature is the measure of heat. The most common device used to measure temperature is the thermometer. Thermometers use heat-sensitive substances-mercury and alcohol-that expand when heated.

States of Matter: Solids

Solids have mass, occupy a define amount of space or volume or have a definite shape, and are more dense than liquids.

The Earth's Atmosphere

The Earth is surrounded by a large mass of gas called the atmosphere. Roughly 348miles thick, the gas mass supports life on the Earth and separates it from space. Among the many functions of the atmosphere are these: -Absorbing energy from the Sun to sustain life. -Recycling water and other chemical needed for life. -Maintaining the climate, working with electric and magnetic forces -Serving as a vacuum that protects life. The atmosphere is composed of 79% nitrogen 20% Oxygen 1% of other gases (argon, water, carbon dioxide) The Earth's atmosphere has 5 layers: The layer closest to the Earth is called the Troposphere and the weather we experience occurs in this layer. Exosphere Thermosphere Mesosphere Stratosphere Troposphere

The Earth's Surface and Position as a Factor in Weather and Climate

The Earth's surface is primarily water, and bodies of water affect the weather and climate of an area. Water has a high specific heat, which means it takes longer to take in heat and longer to release the heat it has absorbed than any other material on Earth. -Coastal areas tend to be warmer than areas inland or away from water because the water moderates the temperature

Components of our Solar System: Solar System

The Sun is the center of our solar system, which is composed of nine planets, many satellites that orbit the planets, and a large number of smaller bodies like comets and asteroids. -Planets are large bodies orbiting the Sun -Dwarf planets are small bodies orbiting the Sun. -Satellites are moons orbiting the planets. Earth has one moon whereas other planets may have no moons. -Asteroids are small dense objects or rocks orbiting our star, the Sun. The Asteroid Belt of our own solar system is located between Mars and Jupiter. Some theorize that the asteroids could be the remains of an exploded planet. -Meteorites are fragments of rock in space, most originating from the debris left behind by comets that burn up/vaporize upon entering Earth's atmosphere due to friction from the air molecules. -Comets are small icy objects traveling through space in an elongated, elliptical orbit around the Sun.

Layers of the Earth

The average circumference of the Earth at the equator is 25,902 miles, and the radius is about 3, 959 miles. The Earth is divided into three main parts: -Crust: the outer portion in which we live. Thickness varies from 3 miles to 40 miles. It contains various types of soil, metals, and rocks. The crust is broken down into several floating tectonic plates. Movements of these plates cause earthquakes and changes in landforms. -Mantle: the thickest layer of the Earth located below the crust. It is composed of mostly of rocks and metals. The heat in the mantle is so intense that the rocks and metals melt, creating magma and the resulting lava that reaches the surfaces. -Core: is the inner part of the Earth. It is composed of solid inner core and an outer cire that is mostly liquid. The middle core is made of solid iron and niclke. Despite temperatures in the inner core that resemble the heat on the surface of the sun, this portion of the Earth remains solid because of the intense pressure there.

Cell System

The cell is the basic unit of living organisms and the simplest living unit of life. Living organisms are composed of cells that have the following common characteristics: -Have a membrane that regulates the flow of nutrients and water that enter and exit the cell. -Contain the genetic material (DNA) that allows for reproduction. -Require a supply of energy, -Contain basic chemicals to make metabolic decisions for survival. -Reproduce and are the result of reproduction.

Chemical Properties of Matter

The chemical properties of one type of matter (element) can react with the chemical properties of other types of matter. In general, elements from the same groups will not react with each other, while elements from different groups may differ. The more separated the groups, the more likely they will cause a chemical reaction when brought together. A type of matter can be chemically altered to become a different type of matter; for example, a metal trash will rust if left out in the rain.

Weather

The elements of weather include interactions between wind, water, wind speed and direction, air pressure, humidity. and temp. Wind is caused by air masses that have different amounts of heat, where they may be warm air mass that is moving toward cold air mass. Air pressure is related to both the amount of water in the air mass and it's temp (heat content), in that warm air has higher pressure than cold air-warm, high pressure air masses move toward cold, low pressure air massess. -One simple rule is that energy always moves from warmer to colder. Opening a window allows for heat to come in not cold air to come out. Humidity is a measure of the % of water that is in the air. -Dew point is the temp at which the air needs to be for the water to condense out of the air in liquid form as precipitation.

Activation Energy

The energy necessary to transfer or convert potential energy into kinetic energy is called activation energy.

Digestive and Excretory Systems

The energy required for sustenance of the human body is supplied through the chemical energy stored in food. To obtain energy from food, it has to be fragmented and digested. Digestion begins at the moment that food is placed in the mouth and makes contact with saliva. Fragmented and partially digested food passes down the esophagus to the stomach, where the process is continued by the gastric and intestinal juices. Thereafter, the mixture of food and secretions make its way down the small intestine, where the nutrients are extracted and absorbed into the bloodstream. The unused portion of the food goes to the large intestine and eventually is excreted from the body through defication.

Potential energy

The energy than an object has as the result of its position or condition is called potential energy. A vehicle parked in a garage has potential energy.

Land Characteristics

The formation of deserts, mountains, rivers, oceans, and other landforms can be described in terms of geological processes. Mountains are formed by colliding plates. Ex: The Appalachian Mountains in the US were formed 250 million years ago when the tectonic plate carrying the continent of Africa collided with the plate carrying the North American continent. Rivers and natural lakes form at low elevations where rainfall collects and eventually runs down to the sea. -The sediment gathered by the rivers, in turn, accumulates at river mouths to create deltas. There are both constructive and destructive processes that form the Earth. -Constructive processes include those that build mountains, such as the gradual (over millions of years) collision and crushing together of the Earth's tectonic plates. -Destructive processes include weathering and erosion-the wearing down of mountain and rock by forces such as water, wind, and ice.

Rock Cycle

The formation of rock follows a cyclical process. -Rocks can be formed when magma or lava cools down, creating igneous rocks. -Igneous rocks exposed to weathering can break into sediment, which can be compacted and cemented to form sedimentary rocks. -Sedimentary rocks are exposed to heat and pressure to create metamorphic rocks. -Metamorphic rocks can melt and become magma and lava again.

Musculosketal System

The human skeleton consists of more than 200 bones held together by connective tissues called ligaments. Movements are affected by contractions of the skeletal muscles that are arranged in pairs. Skeletal muscles are attached to bones with specialized connective tissue called tendons.

Water Cycle

The hydrologic cycle describes a series of movements of water above, on, and below the surface of the Earth. This cycle consists of four distinct stages -storage -evaporation -precipitation -runoff. It is the means by which the Sun's energy is used to transport water from the rivers and oceans to land masses, and through the atmosphere. The heat of the Sun evaporates the water and takes it to the atmosphere from which through condensation, it falls as precipitation. As precipitation falls, water is filtrated back to underground water deposits called aquifers, or it runs off into storage in lakes, ponds, and oceans.

Immune System

The main function of the body's immune system is to defend itself against foreign proteins and infectious organisms. When the body is attacked, it develops what we know as a fever. Fever is the body's way of fighting invading molecules. The raised temperature of a fever will kill some bacteria.

Heat and Light

The most common form of energy comes from the Sun. Solar energy provides heat and light for animals and plants. Through photosynthesis, plants capture radiant energy from the Sun and transform it into chemical energy in the form of glucose.

Earthquakes and Geologic Faults

The movement of the Earth's plates has forced rock layers to fold, creating mountains, hills, and valleys. This movement causes faults in the Earth's crust, breaking rocks and reshaping the environment. -When forces within the Earth cause rocks to break and move around geologic faults, earthquakes occur. -A fault is a deep crack that marks the boundary of two plates. The San Andreas Fault in central California is a well-known origin of earthquakes in the area. -The epicenter of an earthquake is the point of the surface where the quake is the strongest. -The severity of an earthquake runs from 0 to 9 on the Richter scale. Volcanoes: are formed by the constant motion of tectonic plates. This movement creates pressure that forces magma from the mantel to escape to the surface, creating an explosion of lava, fire, and ass.

Planets

The objects in our solar system revolve around our star, the Sun. -Inner solar system contains the planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars in this order. -Outer solar system comprises the planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune and a number of dwarf planets including Pluto, Ceres, Eris etc. Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupitar Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto

Scientific Inquiry

The ongoing process of discovery in science; the diverse ways in which scientists study the natural world on propose explanations based on evidence they gather.

Physical Properties of Matter

The physical properties of matter are the way matter looks and feels. It includes qualities like color, density, hardness, and conductivity. Color represents how matter is reflected or perceived by the human eye. Density is the mass that is contained in a unit of volume of a given substance; it is a measure of how much matter is packed into a certain amount of space, or mass divided by volume. (D=M/V) Hardness represents the resistance to penetration offered by a given substance Conductivity is the ability of substances to transmit thermal or electric current.

Competency 013: Adaptations and Evolution

The teacher understands adaptations of organisms and theory of evolution.

Competency 016: Cycles in Earth Systems

The teacher understands cycles in Earth systems.

Competency 009: Energy and Interactions: .

The teacher understands energy and interactions between matter and energy

Compotency 007: Forces and Motion

The teacher understands forces and motion and their relationships. The key univeral forces included in this section are gravity, electricity, and magnetism.

Competency 012: Reproduction and the Mechanisms of Heredity:

The teacher understands reproduction and the mechanisms of heredity

Competency 018: Solar System and the Universe

The teacher understands the characteristics of the solar system and the universe

Competency 017: Energy in Weather and Climate

The teacher understands the role of energy in weather and climate.

Competency 015: Structure and function of Earth Systems

The teacher understands the structure and function of Earth Systems.

Tectonic Plates

Theory of tectonic plates is that the surface of the Earth is fragmented into large plates. These plates are in continuous motion, floating on the liquid mantle and always changing in size and position. -The edges of these plates, where they move against each other, are sites of intense geologic activity, which results in earthquakes, volcanoes, and the creation of mountains. -The plates that cover the surface of the Earth are constantly colliding because of the ocean floor spreading initiated and the mid-Atlantic ridge. The boundaries of the plates may be convergent or divergent. -Convergent plates are coming together, whereas divergent plates are moving apart. When a convergent plate moves underneath another plate, it is called subduction or a subduction zone. -A subduction zone creates a deep trench, such as that the ocean trench located of the western coast of South America. When one convergent plate cannot move beneath another, the plates still collide, but in this case uplift occurs, which forms mountain ranges. -This type of convergent zone is called collisional boundary and can be found for example in Nepal where the Himalayan Mountains are the result of two plates converging/colliding. The mid-Atlantic ridge, where ocean floor spreading is occurring, is a divergent zone.

Matter

There are 118 basic kinds of matter, called elements. -They are organized into the periodic table.

Climate

Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at a given relatively short period of time. Climate is the weather conditions in an area on a continuous, seasonal basis. -The climate is more complex and can be measured by the average variety of weather conditions, such as temp and precipitation, that occur seasonally in the geographic region of the world over a long period of time.

Tides `

Word used to describe the alternating rise and fall in sea level with respect to the land, produced by the gravitational attraction of the Moon and the Sun. -Additional factors such as the configuration of the coastline, depth of water etc.

Circulatory System

follows a cyclical process in wich the heart pumps blood through the right chambers of the hearts and through the lungs, where it acquires oxygen.

Nervous System

has two main divisions: the somatic and automatic. The somatic allows the voluntary control of skeletal muscles The automatic (or involuntary) controls cardiac and glandular functions. Voluntary movement is caused by nerve impulses sent from the brain through the spinal cord to nerves to connecting skeletal muscles. Involuntary movement occurs in direct response to outside stimulus. Involuntary responses are called reflexes. -Ex: when an object presents a danger to the eye, the body responds automatically by blinking or retracting away from the object.

Nutrient Cycleing

is among the most critical processes in an ecosystem. It includes carbon and nitrogen cycles. Carbon cycles: is the capture of carbon from carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by plants to make glucose. When this glucose is used as food for the plant or other organisms, it is digested, then by respiration, broken apart again into carbon dioxide and returned to the atmosphere. Nitrogen cycle: it is important to recognize that most of the air we breathe is nitrogen, but it is not useful to use in that form, so it is exhaled. -Lightning causes nitrogen in the air to combine with oxygen.

Gravity

is the force of attraction that exists between objects. It keeps the Earth in its orbit by establishing a balance between the attraction of the Sun and the speed at which the Earth travels around it. -It is also responsible for many of the Earth's forces that change the land. Example is when ice melts at the top of a mountain, it is because of gravity that the water will form streams and river that flow down the mountain, eventually making its way to the lowest point. Some of the functions of gravity are: -Keeping the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and inhabitants from drifting into space. -Pulling the rain to the rivers and eventually to the sea -Guiding the development and growth of plants Affecting the way that our bones and muscles funtion.

Photosynthesis

is the process by which chlorophyll-cotaining organisms convert light energy into chemical energy.

Magnetism

Is the force of attraction or repulsion between objects that results from the positive and negative ionic charges of the objects. -Usually, the objects are metals: such as iron, nickel, and cobalt. Magnets have two poles that have opposing charges or forces: north (+) and south (-). -When the north pole of a magnet is placed close to the north pole of a second magnet, repulsion occurs. -When poles of different kinds (north and south) are placed in close proximity, they attract one another. The strength of the forces depends on the size and the proximity of the magnets. -The charged area around a magnet is called magnetic field. The Earth is like a large magnet, with opposing the forces-the North Pole and the South Pole, and the magnetic field of attraction of Earth. -We know the magnetic field as gravity. Without gravity, all objects on Earth, including the atmosphere, would not be held onto its surface. -Planets and other celestial objects that are more massive than the earth, such as Jupiter, have stronger gravitational forces, and those are less massive and/or dense, such as our moon, have weaker gravitaition forces.

Weight

Is the gravitational force exerted over an object

Work

Is the product of the force acting in the direction of movement and causing displacement.

Natural and Human Influences on Earth Systems

Many natural processes on Earth can change its system.s -ex: earthquakes and volcanoes can be destructive and change the structure and composition of the landscape. Human influences may also change Earth Systems.

Electrical Properties of Matter

Matter can be classified as a conductor or nonconductor of electricity. Conductive matter allows the transfer of electric current or heat from one point to another. -Metals are usually good conductors, while wood and rocks are examples of nonconductive matter.

States of Matter

Matter can exist in four distinct states: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. When substances change from one state of matter to another, such as ice melting, it is a physical change, and not a chemical change.

Properties of Matter

Matter has physical, thermal, electrical, and chemical properties. These properties are dependent upon the molecular composition of the matter.

Competency 008: Physical and Chemical Properties: The teacher understands the physical and chemical properties of and changes in matter.

Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. Mass of a body is the amount of matter in an object or thing. -Mass is also the property of a body that causes it to have weight. Weight: Is the amount of gravitational force exerted over an object. ***It is important not to confuse mass and weight. What students are measuring on their balances in the laboratory is an object's mass. Weight changes as an object goes from one level of gravitation force to another. -Example: from Earth to the Moon, because the amount of "pull" on that object is different, but the mass of the object-how much matter or material is in the object-does not change unless we do something to actually take away or add matter to that object. Volume describes the amount of space that matter takes up.

Thermal Properties of Matter

Matter is sensitive to temperature changes. Heat and cold produce changes in the physical properties of matter; however, the chemical properties remain unchanged. For example, when water is exposed to cold temperature (release of heat), it changes from liquid to solid; and when water is exposed to heat, it changes from solid to liquid. With continued heat, the water changes from liquid to gas (water vapor). Water vapor can be cooled again and turned back into liquid. However, through all these states, water retains its chemical properties-two molecules of hydrogen and one molecule of oxygen or H2O.

Energy and Matter

May be changed from one form to another but are not lost.

Electric circuits

May be open or closed

Minerals

Minerals are the most common form of solid material found in the Earth's crust. Even soil contains bits of minerals that have broken away from rocks. -To be considered a mineral, a substance must be found in nature and must never have been a part of any living organism. -Minerals can be soft as talc or as hard as emeralds and diamonds. Dug from the Earth, minerals are used to make various products -Jewelry: Gemstones such as amethysts, opals, diamonds, emeralds, topazes, and garnets are examples of minerals commonly used to create jewelry. Gold and silver are another type of mineral that can be used to create jewelry. -Construction: Gypsum boards (drywall) are made from the mineral of the same name. The windows in homes are made from another mineral, quartz -Personal Use: example would be talc which is commonly applied to the body in powder for,.

Single-Celled Organisms: Mitosis

Mitosis is the cell's form of reproduction-making exact copies of the DNA in each of the two daughter cells, and is often called binary fission. This type of reproduction is also called asexual reproduction because only one organisms (the single cell) is involved and there is no exchange of genetic material or DNA. Thus, two offspring cells, or daughter cells, are identical to the original or parent cell.

Mixtures

Mixtures are combinations of two or more substances, where each substance is distinct from the other; that is, made up of two or more types of molecules and not chemically combined. The two substances in the mixture may or may not be evenly distributed, so there are no definite amounts or weight properties. Mixtures may be heterogeneous, which means an uneven distribution of the substances in the mixture throughout. A mixture may be homogeneous, which means the components are evenly distributed throughout. Examples of mixtures include milk, which is a heterogeneous mixture of water and butterfat particles. The components of a mixture can be separated physically. For example, milk producers and manufacturers remove the butterfat from whole milk to make skim milk.

Scientific Models

Models are representations of the natural world and universe in order to help better understand how something appears, its form and/or function. Models in science may be physical, as in a physical model of a cell; conceptional, as in a concept map or an analogy; and/or mathematical as in a formula as in a formula showing relationsips, such as d=m/v (formula for density.)

Molecules

Molecules are two or more atoms bonded together in a chemical bond. -The atoms of a molecule can be more than one of the same kind of atom, as in the naturally occurring oxygen molecule, O2, or a molecule can be two or more different atoms as in carbon dioxide, CO2, ammonia, NH3, and glucose, C6H12O6.

5 Kingdoms

Monera (bacteria) Protista: Fungi: Plants: Animals:

Newton's Law of Motion is important in understanding this competency.

Newton's First Law states that an object at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by an (unbalanced) force, and an object in motion will continue to stay in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an (unbalanced) outside force. This first law is called Inertia. Newton's second law is that acceleration is produced when a force acts on mass and the greater the mass of the object being accelerated, the greater the amount of force needed to accelerate that object. Newton's third law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Force and motion is what keeps the Sun, Moon, and planets in their orbits and explains the structure and changes of the universe.

On Earth, force and motion are found in all geologic processes, explaining phenomena such as tides and tsunamis.

States of Matter: Plasma

Plasma are formed at extremely high temperatures when electrons are stripped from neutral atoms. Stars are predominantly composed of plasmas. Plasma has no definite shape or volume, and is a substance that cannot be classified as a solid, liquid, or gass.

Newton's Laws of Motion: Third Law

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Light

Teavels in waves and in a straight line Light may be refracted or bend and/or reflected.

Newton's Laws of Motion: First Law

An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force. An object in motion continues in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. This is known as the laws of inertia.

Chemical Change

A chemical change is when the substances that were combined are no longer the same molecues-they have changed to new substances. Example: Burning wood, mixing baking soda and vinegar, rusted nail. Chemical changes generally cannot be reversed.

Relationships between Force and Motion: Machines, Space and Geologic Processes.

A machine is something that makes work easier. Machines can be as simple as a wedge or a screw or as sophisticated as a computer or gas engine. Simple machine: has few or no moving parts and can change the size and direction of a force. -a screw, hammer, wedge, and incline plane are examples of simple machines. -Simple machines are part of our daily activities. For example, Children playing on a seesaw are using a simple machine called a lever. Complex machine: is two or more simple machines working together to facilitate work. Some of the complex machines used in daily activities are a wheelbarrorw., a can opener, and a bicycle.

Physical Change

A physical change is a change in a substance that does not change that substance is made of. Example: Melting ice, tearing paper, chopping wood. Physical changes can be reversed.

Kinetic Energy

An object possessing energy because of its ability to move has kinetic energy.

Newton's Laws of Motion: Second Law

Acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass. The greater the amount of force needed (to accelerate the object) -Force equals mass times acceleration. (or f=ma)

Water

Boils at 212 degrees fahrenheit and it freezes at 32 degrees fahrenheit

History of Important Science Concepts: Cell Theory:

All living things are made up of cells and all cells have arisen from other existing cells.

Competency 011: Structure and function of Living thing: The teacher understands the structure and function of living things.

All living things carry on life functions such as respiration, nutrition, response, circulation, growth, excretion, regulation, and reproduction. All living things are composed of the basic unit of life known as cells.

Genes

Along the strands of DNA that exist inside of chromosomes, there are certain locations that direct specific functions of cells, including hereditary traits, called genes. Allele: One member of a pair (or any of the series) of genes occupying a specific spot on a chromosome (called locus) that controls the same trait. -Ex: the gene for eye color and other traits that are the paired chromosomes in the same location are called alleles. -In many alleles, one of the traits directed by the gene on one chromosome is dominant, and the other is recessive. Dominate: the dominant trait is one that typically "shows" or is expressed in the offspring.

Elements

An element is composed of sub-microscopic components called atoms. An element is made up of one kind of atom as listed on the periodic table. For example: Fe is the element of iron, and if you had an item composed of iron, it would be composed of only iron (Fe) atoms.

Predicting Weather

Can be predicted by tracking weather patterns using maps and charts.

Body Structure and Function

Cells are the basic unit of all living things. Within cells are specialized organelles that carry on all of the life functions at a microscopic/chemical level. mitochondria: carry on cell respiration ribosomes assemble proteins for use both inside the cell and out. Order of organizations: Cells --> Tissues-->Organs-->Systems-->Organ Systems-->Organisms.

The Earth-Sun-Mon System: Movements of Planet Earth

Earth performs two kinds of movement: rotation and revolution Rotation describes the spinning of the Earth on its axis. Earth takes about 24 hours to make a complete (360 degree) rotation, which creates day and night. -the length of daylight hours varies from 9-15 hrs depending on Earth's location in its Revolution around the Sun. -Thus Earth spins on its axis or rotates, which causes day and night, and revolves ina n orbit around the sun, which causes seasons with differing hours of day and night. In the winter, and particularly at the winter solstice (around December 21) the ratio is close to 9 hours of daylight and 15 hours of darkness. -In summer, at the Summer solstice (Around June 21) the ratio is reversed, with 15 hours of daylight and 9 hours of night. -In the fall and spring season, the daylight and nightime hours are close to equal 12 and 12. While Earth is rotating on its axis, it is also following an orbit around the Sun. This movement is called revolution. -It takes a year for Earth to complete one revolution. -The tilt of Earth as it moves around the sun and its curvature create climate zones and seasons. -The zones immediate north and south of the equator are called the tropics -Latitude lines are imaginary horizontal lines around the Earth. -Longitude lines are likewise verticle lines around the Earth from Noth to the South Pole. -->These lines form a grid that helps us locate an object (lake, mountain, river, city) by it's position on Earth as determined by longitude and latitude lines.

Newton's Universal Gravity

Every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force directed along the line of centers for the two objects that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the separation between the two objects.

Good Conductors of Heat and Electricity

In general, if an object is a good conductor of hear, it usually follows that the object is also a good conductor of electricity. Materials are classified as good conductors if they allow the flow of charged particles and electrical energy to freely pass through them. Good conductors examples: metals (silver, copper, iron, and aluminum.) Their degree of conductivity differs based on the type of metal. Metals are generally good conductors because at least one electron per atom is free to move about between atoms and transfer heat and electricity. Nonmetallic materials, such as dirt, water, concrete, and graphite, are also conductors.

Chromosomes

In more complex organisms including protista, fungi, animals, and plants, which are all composed of eukaryotic cells, the DNA is arranged in chromosomes. Chromosomes are located in the nucleus. The number of chromosomes in the cells of organisms varies from one species to another-but it is the same for all members of that species.

Matter

Is anything that has mass and takes up space.

Sound

Is caused by vibrations. Sound waves must travel through a medium. Travels best through solids due to the abundance of molecules The two types of wave are: -Longitudinal waves -Transverse waves

Energy

Is defined as the ability to do work; when a tow truck uses forces to pull a car and move it to a different location, energy is used and work is accomplished.

Force

Is defined as the action of moving an object by pulling or pushing it. -Force can cause an object to move at a constant speed or acceleration. -When force is applied over a distance, work is done.

Scientific Inquiry in the classroom

Is promoted through students engaging in hands on activities and experimentation. From their experiences conducting scientific experiments, students acquire information firsthand and develop problem-solving skills.

Mass

Is the amount of matter something contains

Taxonomy of the Cognitive Domain: Use key questioning terms aimed at the full range of the cognitive domain.

Level 1: Knowledge: Recall factual information on command. Examples: -List the five Kingdoms -Label the parts of the cell in the diagram provided -Write the formula for density Level 2: Comprehension: Communicate an idea in a different form. Examples: -Explain heat transfer through conduction -Restate what a habitat is in your own words. -Submit a definition of photosynthesis in your own words Level 3: Application: Use what is known to find new solutions or apply in new situations. Examples: -Restate the concept of convection to lake turnover. -Utilize your understanding of burning to explain why sand works to put out a fire. -Making use of the clothes you are wearing, how can you stay afloat for several hours? Level 4: Analysis: Break things and ideas down into component parts and find their unique characteristics Examples: -Examine blueprints of the electrical circuitry of your school building and explain how it works to bring electricity to your laboratory station. Level 5: Synthesis: Use what is known to think creatively and divergently; make something new or original; pattern ideas or things in a new way. Example: -Create a burglar alarm system for the classroom. -Build a telescope for classroom use. -Develop a plan for cleaning the pollutants in the Trinity River. Level 6: Evaluation: A: Use what is known to make judgments and ratings; accept or reject ideas; determine the worthiness of an idea or thing. Example: -Decide whether you agree with the production of more nuclear power plans and provide justification for your decision. B: Avoid yes/no questions (unless part of a game) and questions with obvious answers. Example: -Showing a picture of a cell=not so good. -Is this a cell?-Better -What is this structure and how do you know? (students watching a chemical reaction in which the solution turns blue)=Not so good. -Did it turn blue?=better -What happened? What did you observe? Why did this happen? C:Use questions beginning with the wors Why, How, What, Where, and When that probe student's thinking. Example: -How do you know? Why do you think that? -Where did you see a change? -What is your explanation for this observation? When did you notice the change occur? -What do you think?

States of Matter: Liquids

Liquids have mass, occupy a definite volume, do not have a definite shape, but instead take the shape of their container.

Homologous Structures

Refers to different living organisms with structural or anatomical features that look or function in a similar way.

Volume

Refers to the amount of space taken up by an object

Respiratory System

Respiration is carried out by the expansion and contraction of the lungs. In the lungs, oxygen enters tiny capillaries, where it combines with hemoglobin in the red blood cells and is carried to the tissues through the circulatory system.

Rock Types

Rocks are made of one or more minerals. Rocks like granite, marble, and limestone are extensively used in the construction industry. Rocks are classified in the way they are formed. Three types of rocks: 1) Igneous rocks are crystalline solids that form directly from the cooling of magma and lava. The composition of the magma determines the composition of the rock. -->Granite is one of the most common types of igneous rocks and is created from magma. Once magma reaches the Earth's surface, it is called lava. The cooling lava forms different rocks depending on composition and rate of cooling. -A rock that has cooled quickly may have a glassy look and is called obsidian. 2) Sedimentary rocks are called secondary rocks because they are often the result of the accumulation of small pieces broken off from preexisting rocks and then pressed into a new form. -Usually formed when sediments in water settle to the floor and are pressed as more layers on top, compacting the sediments into different rock types according to the level of compaction and pressure applied. 3) Metamorphic rocks are also secondary rocks formed from igneous, sedimentary, or other types of metamorphic rock. When hot magma or lava comes in contact with rocks or when buried rocks are exposed to pressure and high temps, the result is metamorphic rocks. -Ex: exposing limestone to high temps creates marble. -The most common metamorphic rocks are slate, gneiss, and marble.

Solutions

Solutions are mixtures that are homogeneous, which means that the components are distributed evenly and there is an even concentration throughout. The solute is the substance in the smaller amount that dissolves and that you add into the substances that is in the larger amount-the solvent. Water is a common solvent. Solids, liquids, and gases can be solutes. Examples of solutions are seawater and ammonia. -Seawater is made up of water and salt, and ammonia is made up of ammonia gas and water. -In these examples, the salt and the ammonia are the solutes; water is the solvent.

Surface Water and Groundwater

Surface water is the water in streams, lakes, and rivers, and all water that is on the surface of the land. Groundwater is water that seeps into the soil until it reaches an impermeable layer of rock. The water stays on top of this layer and is a source of drinking water. This water may be tapped into via aquifers and wells.

Non-Homologous

Sttructures between two organisms are similar in structure and function, but arose independently and not from a common ancestor.

Reproductive System

Students in the upper elementary grades (5 to 6) should know some basic biological facts about human reproduction. They should know that the body matures and develops in order for child-bearing to occur.

Forces that Change the Surface of the Earth

Three main forces and processes change the surface of the Earth: weathering, geological movements, and the creation of glaciers. Weathering: is the process of breaking down rock, soils, and minerals through natural, chemical and biological processes. Two of the most common examples of physical weathering are exfoliation and freeze that: -Exfoliation: occurs in places like the desert when the soil is exposed first to high temperatures, which causes the soil to expand, and then to cold temperatures, which makes the soil contract. The stress of these changes causes the outer layers of rock to peel off. -Freeze-thaw: breaks down rock when water gets into rock joints or cracks and then freezes and expands, breaking the rock. A similar process occurs when water containing crystals gets into the rock. Once the water evaporates, the crystals expand and break the rock. This process is called salt-crystal growth. Weathering can be caused by chemical reactions. Two of the most common examples of chemical weathering are acid formation and hydration. Erosion: after weathering, a second process called erosion takes place. Erosion is the movement of sediment from one location of the other through the use of water, wind, ice, or gravity. The Grand Canyon was created by the processes of weathering and erosion.