TExES Special Education 161 (Review Set)
muscular dystrophy (MD)
an inherited condition in which the muscles degenerate and are replaced by fatty tissue; most common form, Duchenne, is progressive, affects mainly males, and is almost always fatal.
Classwide peer tutoring
an instructional procedure in which all students in the class are involved in tutoring and being tutored by classmates on specific skills as directed by teacher
Full inclusion
an interpretation (not law) that states that the least restrictive environment for all children with disabilities is the general ed classroom
spina bifida occulta
an opening in one or more of the vertebrate bones of the spinal column without apparent damage to the spinal cord.it's a birth defect, casing around spinal cord fails to close
For children transitioning from a Part C program (ECI), the school should
consider the student's Individual Family Service Plan (IFSP) and may use the IFSO as the IEP if agreed to by the school and the parents.
functional routines
contain several complete acts in a chain, initiated by a natural cue, and are finished when the student experiences the natural consequence that serves as a reinforcer for the entire event
Title 19 Texas Administrative Code (19 TAC)
contains all rules for all state agencies in TX, Title 19 includes all rules concerning education. passed by the State Board of Education
code of federal regulations (CFR)
contains the rules of the federal government, all agencies receiving funds under a federal law must follow these rules, this includes all local school districts accredited by the agency.
Parten's Developmental Stages of Play 4 1/2 and older
cooperative play= child joins activities or group of children in organized efforts, games, etc. there is a sense of belonging, division of labor, assignment of roles, a leader and followers, some arbitrary rules about admitting other to play group.
What's transition?
coordinated set of activities for a student with a disability desgined with an outcome-based process, promotes movement from school to post school services
The best way for dealing with a student who acts silly and talks loudly throughout class time is to
create a leadership role for this student
Treatment of AD/HD?
create program to fit needs, help child manage behavior medication if parent/doctor feel helpful
congenitally deaf
deafness that is present at birth, can be caused by genetic factors, injuries during fetal development or by injuries occurring at birth
anoxia
deprivation of oxygen, can cause brain injury, before or after birth
Manifestation determination
determination that a student's misbehavior is or is not a manifestation of a disability
Types of Assistive Technology
devices used for seating and positioning, mobility, augmentative communication, computer access and instruction, environmental control, adaptive toys and games, visual and listening aids, self-care.
voice disorder
diagnosed by speech therapist, falls under speech impairment if severe, a variation from accepted normal ranges in voice quality, pitch or loudness, i.e. some call it the "coach" voice, loud, constant hoarseness, gravelly, etc.
Causes of Orthpedic or Health Impairments
falls, accidents, sports injuries, child abuse, prenatal or postnatal disease or infections, hereditary conditions, and congenital abmormalities among the causes
It is important for students to develop procedural fluency in math so students can
focus on learning higher order math skills
adult student
for special ed purposes, a student becomes a legal adult when he or she reaches 18 years of age, unless a court has declared student incompetent. adult student assumes all rights of parents (even if MR) if no court declaration. parents can continue to attend with student permission
adult student
for special ed purposes, a student becomes a legal adult when he or she reaches 18 years of age, unless a court has declared the student incompetent
tonic or clonic seizures
formerly known as grand mal seizures, characterized by a loss of consciousness and contractions of the muscles, child usually loses bladder control and becomes very drowsy when the seizure ends.
Absence seizures
formerly known as petit mal seizures, characterized by periods of inattention or daydraming which may be acompanied by slight repetitive muscle movements
A student with dyslexia would benefit
from Recorded books.
collaborative teaching
general ed and special ed teachers working together to meet the needs of special needs students
co-teaching
general ed and special education teachers teaching together in the same room, for all of or part of the school day
most common cause of MR
genetic causes account for 60% of severe mental retardation
What are four causes of MR?
genetic conditions, problems during pregnancy, problems at birth, health problems
procedural safeguards
given to parent when child is first referred for evaluation, re-evaluated and notified of IEP meeting
Social skills Self-help skills
good grooming good table manners good eating behaviors planning dressing appropriately for occasion
What's fading?
gradually reducing the physical or verbal or gestural prompts required by learner
In order to build a student's fluency, an appropriate prereading strategy would be to:
have students scan the text and then predict what the text will be about
Individual Transition Plan
individual plan to help student transition from school to work by age 16
ITP
individual plan written in long form to help student transition from school to work by age 16
What's a IFSP?
individualized family service plan ( for students birth to 2 yr. 11 mo.)
postlingual deafness
loss of hearing after spontaneous speech and language have developed, i.e. child is gifted and seven, has encephalitis and loses all hearing, that's postlingual deafness.
glaucoma
loss of vision due to pressure build-up of fluid in the eye, even young children may have this condition
PL 101-476
mandated (IDEA 1990) assistive technology and transition services, added AU and TBI
PL 94-192 - Education for All Handicapped Children Act (1975)
mandated a free appropriate public education for all children with a disability, ensured due process rights, mandated education in the least restrictive environment and required that students receiving special education services have an individual education plan.
Child Find
annually identify and locate all children with disabilities in one geographic area
internalizing behavior
anxiety, shyness, withdrawn, emotions/behaviors of emotionally disturbed student directed toward self, involves mental and emotional conflicts, dimensions not mutually exclusive, you can have both internalizing and externalizing behaviors
error correction
any procedure that causes the behavior to occur correctly when a student either does not respond or gives an incorrect response
self-stimulation
any repetitive stereotyped activity that seems only to provide sensory feedback
prompts
any teacher behavior that cause the student to know how to do a behavior correctly, they increase the probability of correct responding
Two General Purposes of the IEP
1) To establish measurable annual goals for the child 2) To state the SP ED and related services and supplementary aids and services that the public agency will provide to or on behalf of the child.
Guardianship
A legal term giving a person legal authority to make decisions, for another person. It can apply to parents who have children with severe disabilities.
Which of the following must be provided in a written notice to parents when proposing a child's educational placement? (Skill 6.03) (EASY)
A list of parental due process safeguards
According to IDEA guidelines, which of the following elements is NOT required to be included in a Behavior Intervention Plan:
A list of the students strengths, abilities, academic grades, and standardized test scores.
Dysphagia
A medical condition that hampers swallowing
Regulating
A meta cognitive process in which a reader guides his own reading process.
Behavior Modification
A method of behavior change, which focuses on the control of environmental events, particularly consequences. Based on the assumption that behaviors are predictable, observable and measurable.
Supported Employment
A method of integrating people with disabilities who cannot work independently into competitive employment; includes the use of job coach who helps the person with disabilities train for and succeed on the job.
Synthetic Phonics
A method of teaching reading in which sounds within words are taught as sounds and then synthesized into words. For example; "listen to the 'sssss' sound.
Analytic Approach
A method of teaching reading in which students study sounds within the the context of whole words. For example; /s/ is taught as the beginning sound of "sun.'"
Prime Number
A natural number that has exactly 2 factors, 1 and itself.
Tourette's Syndrome
A neurological disorder characterized by recurrent involuntary movements, including multiple neck jerks and sometimes vocal tics, as grunts, barks, or words, especially obscenities.
Composite Number
A number that is a multiple of at least two numbers other than itself and 1.
A few short vowel sounds so the students can begin reading common CVC pattern words.
An elementary resource teacher is instructing her students in letter-sound association by teaching students the consonant sounds for t, b, s, and m. What is the most logical concept to teach next?
Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA)
An evaluation consisting of finding out what purpose a particular behavior serves, what triggers the behavior, and what features of a setting maintains the behavior. This information helps educators plan appropriate strategies and interventions to address inappropriate student behavior.
IDEA Auditory Impairment
An impairment in hearing that adversely affects a children's educational performance. Must include an otological exam.
A teacher in an ALE classroom provides each student with a plastic 10-frame and 10 small plastic rectangles that fit on the 10-frame. The math concept of the teacher is most likely planning to teach with this manipulative is
Addition
Zero Reject requires all children with disabilities be provided with what? (Skill 6.03) (AVERAGE)
Adherence to the annual local education agency (LEA) reporting & Free, appropriate public education
Accommodations
Adjustments made in how a student with a disability is taught or tested. They do not change what the student is taught or what he is expected to know.
Modifications
Adjustments to the General Education Classes including adjusting amount of work or type of task required
What does ARD stand for?
Admission, Review, and Dismissal
In Texas, the student suspected of having a disability is referred to a multidisciplinary team called the
Admission, Review, and Dismissal Committee (ARD)
ARD Committee
Admissions, Review and Dismissal Committee This committee exists for each student who is receiving SPED services. They are responsible for developing an appropriate educational program, and have sole authority to review and change a SPED student's eligibility for services, educational placement or IEP.
10 Day Rule Disciplinary Removals CFR 300.520
After a child with a disability has been removed from placement for more than 10 school days in same school year, then the child must receive sped services for any days of removal subsequent to this, basically if child goes to ISS or alternative school, he/she should continue to receive sped services outlined in his/her ARD/IEP document.
At what age can a NCEC diagnosis no longer be used?
After age 5
Which of the following transition goals meets IDEA 2004 requirements? EXAMPLE
After school, student A will lean janitorial skills for placement in a supported employment position.
At what age is a statement of required transition services be included in the IEP?
Age 16
Autism is generally identified by
Age 3
Age Equivalent and Grade Equivalent Scores
Age Equivalent are expressed in years and months. Grade Equivalent are expressed as grade level and grade month.
What must be administered to the student with a disability before a transition plan can be written for the student's IEP?
Age-Appropriate transition assessments
Supplementary Aids and Services
Aids, services, and other supports provided in the regular education classes that enabl a student with a disability to be educated with students who do not have disabilities. (Example: multipication chart)
Standards-Based IEP
All students are required to have enrolled, grade-level, standards-based, measurable, annual IEP goals. Standards-based goals are aligned ot enrolled grade-level TEKS, the general curriculum in Texas. IEP goals should reflect and link directly to specific grade-level TEKS for all students, including students who are taking modified and alternate assessments.
Accommodation
Altering one's existing schemas, or ideas, as a result of new information or new experiences. New schemas may also be developed during this process. Concept developed by Jean Piaget.
Types of AEPs
Alternative Education Program, Disciplinary Alternative Education Program, Juvenile Justice Alternative Education Program
Authentic Assessment
Alternative form of assessment that reflects actual learning. It places an emphasis on a product (i.e, research paper, power point). Uses rubrics, observations, samples of work, anecdotal records, and portfolios.
ADA
American with Disabilities Act prohibits discrimination on basis of disability
Microcephalus
An abnormally small head and underdeveloped brain. Because of the size and shape of the brain, proper development is impeded and some degree of MR.
IDEA Traumatic Brain Injury
An acquired injury to the brain caused by an external physical force, resulting in total or partial functional disability or psychosocial impairment.
Right Angle
An angle that measures 90*
Acute Angle
An angle that measures less than 90*
Obtuse Angle
An angle that measures more than 90*
Which of the following examples would be considered of highest priority when determining the need for the delivery of appropriate special education and related services? (Skill 10.06) (RIGOROUS)
An eight-year-old boy is repeating first grade for the second time and exhibits problems with toileting, gross motor functions, and remembering number and letter symbols. His regular classroom teacher claims the referral forms are too time-consuming and refuses to complete them. He also refuses to make accommodations because he feels every child should be treated alike.
Admission, Review Dismissal Committee Pointers
If initial ard, parent must give consent for the child to be placed in special education. If parent refuses consent to place, the school can request due process hearing.
What is untrue about the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)? (Skill 10.01) (EASY)
If reauthorized the discretionary programs of EHA
IDEA Visual Impairments
Impairment in vision that, even with correction, adversely affects performance
Portfolio assessment
In Mr. Hodge's class, the students evaluations are based on work samples and classroom assignments that they choose, as well as art projects and other work that the children produce. This is called:
Parents of a child with math learning disabilities want tips on how to help their child with homework. Which Special Education journal would have articles that would be most appropriate to share with these parents?
TEACHING Exceptional Children from CEC
Students who will most likely benefit from an assistive technology device like paper-based computer pen:
Tactile learner with memory challenges
When talking to parents on the phone or at a parent-teacher conference, the most important thing a teacher can do is to:
Take the time to listen to the parents' responses and concerns, and note anything that requires follow-up.
Children with disabilities are least likely to improve their social-interpersonal skills by: (Skill 6.06) (RIGOROUS)
Talking with their sister or brother
Which of the following would be classified as direct rather than indirect services that a specially trained special education teacher would provide to regular education teachers? (Skill 2.10) (RIGOROUS)
Teach a math unit on measurement
All of the following are suggestions for altering the presentation of tasks to match the student's rate of learning: (Skill 12.02) (AVERAGE)
Teach in several shorter segments of time rather than a single lengthy session, Watch for nonverbal cues that indicate students are becoming confused, bored, or restless, & Avoid giving students an inappropriate amount of written work.
Cognitive learning strategies include: (Skill 5.12) (RIGOROUS)
Teaching students how to manage their own behavior in school
Systematic Instruction
Teaching that involves instructional prompts, consequences or reinforcement, for performance, and transfer of stimulus control. Usually used with MR individuals.
Which electronic device enables persons with hearing impairments to make and receive phone calls? (Skill 4.06) (AVERAGE)
Telecommunication Device for the Deaf (TDD)
Which of the following is an example of an Alternative Assessment? (Skill 2.05) (RIGOROUS)
Testing skills in a "real world" setting in several settings.
Assessment
Tests given to all students in the state to evaluate learning
Assessment
Tests given to all students in the state to evaluate learning. Most common in Texas is the STAAR, previously known as TAKS. Students receiving special education take the same state and district-wide ________ given to all students, unless their ARD committee determines a particular test is not appropriate. In this situation, the ARD committee will determine whether the student will take STAAR modified or alternate.
What do the 9th and 10th Amendments of the U.S. Cosntitution state about education? (Skill 12.09) (RIGOROUS)
That education is free
Who decides what version of the TAKS a student will take?
The ARD committee
Of the listed theoretical explanations for behavior disorders, which theory promotes the use of "drug therapy?"
The Biophysical Perspective (emphasizes the relationship between physical and biological factors)
Who develops the IEP?
The IEP is developed by a team of school personnel and the child's parents. This team meets as least once a year and more often, if necessary.
Extra IEP content for Students approaching 16 years of age.
The IEP must also include statements about transition services. 1) Measurable postsecondary goals based upon age-appropriate transition assessments related to training, education, employment and where appropriate, independent living skills 2)Transition services (including course of study) needed to assist the child in reaching those goals. 3) A statement that the child has been informed of the child's rights under Part B of IDEA that will transfer to the child on reaching the age of majority.
Interviews
The Individualized Education Program (IEP) includes:
Consultant Teaching
The Special Education Teacher does not directly work with the students with disabilities, but provides support for the General Education Teacher
Winkelman v. Parma City School District 05-983 (2007)
The Supreme Court decided parents, although not licensed attorneys may pursue IDEA claims on their own behalf. These rights are independent of their child's rights. www.specialeducationadvisor.com
Written language conveys meaning
Joey, a first grade student with learning disabilities, is in the reading center with a book. He is 'reading' the book to a peer by re-telling the story. What aspect of literacy development does Joey display?
Document the instances of Joey's behavior to see if any patterns emerge.
Joey, a first grade student, is constantly out of his seat. He has difficulty staying on task and rarely completes his work. Which of the following suggestions would be a good first step for Joey's teacher?
You are monitoring the cafeteria and you noticed Joshua stuffing his pockets with food. Not just snack food, but lunch items as well. (Skill 10.07) (AVERAGE)
Joshua may not be getting fed at home.
Students with autistic tendencies can be more successful academically when the teacher: (Skill 7.02) (AVERAGE)
Keeps a calendar on the board of expected transitions
Have her work with manipulative counters instead of the worksheet
Keira is having difficulty completing the addition and subtraction problems on her math worksheet. What is the best option for her teacher to try?
Commonly Used Individual Assessment Instruments for arithmetic
Key Math Diagnostic Arithmetic Test Stanford Diagnostic Mathematics Test
Bloom's Taxonomy
Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, Evaluation
Genetic Factors
LD can run in families. A direct inherited link has yet to be scientifically established. A genetic predisposition to certain types of LD has been noted to run in families.
Characteristics of Children with Mild Learning, Intellectual, and Behavioral Disabilities
Lack of interest in schoolwork Prefer concrete rather than abstract lessons Possess weak listening skills Low achievement; limited verbal and/writing skills Respond better to active than passive learning tasks Have areas of talent or ability often overlooked by teachers higher dropout rate than typically developing peers Require modification in classroom instructions and are easily distracted.
What is likely an underlying cause of bullying behavior?
Lack of sense of control
Oberti v. Board of Education (1993)
Landmark case that stated that children with Down Syndrome have the right to be educated in the general education classroom.
Oberti v. Board of Education (1993)
Landmark cases that stated that children with Down Syndrome have a right to be educated in the general education classroom.
Semantics
Language content and meaning
Voluntary language
Language output is not classified as
dysgraphia
Learning disabilities include
A functional curriculum includes: (Skills 6.10) (AVERAGE)
Life Skills
STAAR- Alternate
Life-Skills
A Special Education teacher working with a student with multiple disabilities moves the student to be part of the class's circle time as part of the student's IEP. The teacher can ensure her own safety and the safety of the student during the lift and transfer by
Lifting with her legs, not her back
Some environmental elements which influence learning styles include: (Skill 5.02) (RIGOROUS)
Light, Temperature, & Design.
Education Service Centers (ESCs)
Located in each of 20 geographic regions covering the state, their main function is to provide training and technical assistance to the school districts located in their region. Must also include parents in some of its training.
PL 94-142 Education for all Handicapped Children Act (EAHCA) (1975)
Mandated a free appropriate public education for all children with a disability, ensured due process rights, mandated education in the least restrictive environment and required that students receiving special education services have an individual education plan.
PL 99-457 Education for Handicapped Children Act (EHA) of 1986
Mandated services for preschoolers with disabilities and called for the development of statewide systems of early intervention services for infants and toddlers, birth to age 3.
No Child Left Behind Act of 2001
Mandates that schools must test all students, including students with disabilities.
Characteristics of Emotional and Behavioral Disturbances: Gender
Many more boys than girls are identified as having this, especially hyperactivity, attention deficit disorder, autism, and childhood psychosis. Boys typically are identified as having problems with control, such as aggression and socialized aggression more often than are girls. Girls, tend exhibit more difficulty with over control, such as withdrawal and phobias.
Legislation in Public Law 94- 142 attempts to: (Skill 10.01) (RIGOROUS)
Match the child's educational needs with appropriate educational services, Include parents in the decisions made about their child's education, & Establish means by which parents can provide input.
Continuum of Services
Matching the needs of the student with an appropriate placement on an individual basis
Order of Operations
Mathematical expressions with more than one operation use the order PEMDAS, always working right to left (paenthesis, exponent, multiplication, division, addition, subtraction.)
A parent tells you her/his child has dyscalculia. In which academic area would you anticipate the student to have difficulties?
Mathmatics
What kind of goals must a Special Education student's Individualized Education Program (IEP) include?
Measurable and Annual
Multiple Baseline Design
Measure a behavior, apply intervention and measure again, take away intervention and remeasure. This ensures that the change in behavior is related to the intervention.
The purpose of a standardized achievement test is to:
Measure the amount of knowledge and skills a student has acquired in comparison to a larger group.
A third-grade teacher displays the following words on a prominent bulletin board in her class room: acute, right, obtuse, area, perimeter, symmetry, and volume. What kind of math unit is the teacher most likely preparing to present?
Measurement
Adaptive Behavior Inventory
Measures daily living skills, self-help, communication, leisure, recreation and vocation
Adaptive Behavior Inventory
Measures daily living skills, self-help, communication, leisure, recreation and vocation.
Admission, Review Dismissal Committee Pointers
Meeting (with parent) must have an interpreter present at ARDC meeting if the parent is hearing impaired or has native language other than English.
Admission, Review Dismissal Committee Pointers
Meetings scheduled by school at least once a year to review progress, but parent may request ARD at any time to discuss concerns over placement, IEP goals,etc. but parent can confer with SE personnel before asking for formal meeting. BUT any change in IEP must be made by ARDC.
Characteristics of Emotional and Behavioral Disturbances: Schizophrenia and Psychotic Behaviors
Mental illness and multiple personality disorders may manifest between the ages of 15 and 45. The younger the onset the more severe the disorder. They manifest bizarre delusions, hallucinations, incoherent thoughts, and disconnected thinking. They usually require intensive treatment beyond the scope of the regular classroom setting.
Peer tutoring
Method used to integrate students with disabilities into GEN ED settings. Research shows that students can effectively tutor one another. It maximizes active student engagement with an academic task and can improve social communication skills.
Ask for a functional behavior assessment
Mia, a fourth grade student, is a constant disruption in class, refuses to complete her work, and is noncompliant, despite Ms. Able's interventions. What is the logical next step for Ms. Able to take?
Students who receive special services in a regular classroom with consultation, generally have academic and/ or social- interpersonal performance deficits at which level of severity? (Skill 7.04) (EASY)
Mild
Mental retardation levels
Mild= 50-55 to 70 IQ Moderate= 35-40 to 50-55 Severe= 20-25 to 35-40 Profound= below 20 or 25
Error Analysis
Mistakes on an individual's assessment are noted and categorized by type
The social skills of students in programs for children with mental retardation are likely to be appropriate for children of their mental age, rather than their chronological age. This means that the teacher will need to do all of the following: (Skill 5.08) (EASY)
Model desired behavior, Provide clear instructions, & Adjust the physical environment when necessary.
Adaptation Stage of Learning
Modifications of the task to meet new needs and demands of varying situations
Five-year-old Tom continues to substitute the "w" sound for the "r" sound when pronouncing words; therefore, he often distorts words e.g., "wabbit" for "rabbit" and "wat" for "rat." His articulation disorder is basically a problem in: (Skill8.01) (AVERAGE)
Morphology
PL 108-446 IDEA 2004
Most recent special education law emphasizing inclusion of students with disabilities in high-stakes testing or district testing with accommodation or in alternate assessments, required special education teachers be highly qualified.
Tobacco, Alcohol and other drug use
Mother's use of drugs, alcohol or tobacco can damage the unborn child, may cause underweight at birth babies, premature infants with a higher risk of developmental delays than full term infants or fetal alcohol syndrome.
By having the students determine which information is fact and which is opinion
Mr. Cho wants his fifth grade students to think critically about information articles they read on the internet. How can he best achieve this?
Promote a classroom environment of acceptance and understanding of individual differences
Mr. Ford notices that his sixth grade social studies class had developed several cliques. The two students with mild disabilities are being excluded, however, and are socially rejected by their peers. Mr. Ford's best course of action is to:
Receptive Language disorder
Mr. Soto notices that Becky, a first grade student, seems to have difficulty following oral instructions, cannot retain information presented orally, and does not respond to questions appropriately. These characteristics may indicate a:
They expend too much energy on word identification.
Mrs. Garcia notices her elementary reading resource students with slower reading rates have greater difficulty with reading comprehension. What is most likely the reason for this?
Take the students to a supermarket to shop
Mrs. Hope, a high school life skills teacher, notices many of her students' IEPs call for learning to grocery shop. What is the best strategy for Mrs. Hope to use to accomplish this goal with her students?
How do you find the area of a triangle in easy terms?
Multiply the base times the height and then divide that number by 2.
IDEA Emotional Disturbance
Must exhibit one or more defined characteristics for a prolonged period of time and to a marked degree that adversely affects a child's educational performance.
Highly Qualified Teachers
NCLB and IDEA require each state to require all teachers, including special education teachers, who teach in "core academic subjects" to be "__________".
Anecdotal Record
Narrative of events taking place during an observation which includes the date, time and length of activity occurring.
Forest Grove School District v. T.A. (2009)
The Supreme Court decided that IDEA allows reimbursement for private special education services, even when the child did not previously receive special education services from the public school. www.specialeducationadvisor.com
Which of the following activities best exemplifies a kinesthetic exercise in developing body awareness? (Skill 2.08) (AVERAGE)
Singing with motions "Head and Shoulder's Knees and toes."
An example of a child's gross motor capabilities:
Skipping along a sidewalk
Morpheme
Smallest semantically meaningful unit of language
Phoneme
Smallest unit of sound that distinguishes one word from another. /b/, /i/,/t/ for bit=3 phonemes
Johnny just hit Sarah for no apparent reason. What condition listed below could allow a conclusion that this action was related to his disability? (Skill 1.06) (RIGOROUS)
Social Pragmatic Disorder
Adaptive Behavior
Social, behavioral and practical skills used to function in everyday life. Used to adjust to another type of behavior or situation. This is often characterized by a kind of behavior that allows an individual to change an unconstructive or disruptive behavior to something more constructive. These behaviors are most often social or personal behaviors.
Characteristic Emotional and Behavioral Disturbances: Lower Academic Performance
Some children have above average scores in IQ tests, the majority though are behind their peers. Many have learning problems that exacerbate their acting out or "giving up" behavior. As the child enters secondary school, the achievement gap between the child and his peers widens until the child may be two to four years behind in reading and/or math skills by high school.
Free Appropriate Public Education
Special Education and/or related services designed to meet the individual needs of each student at no cost to the parents, guarenteed to all students with disabilities by the IDEA.
Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE)
Special education and/or related services designed to meet the individual needs of each student at no cost to the parents, guaranteed to all students with disabilities by IDEA.
Which is a less than ideal example of collaboration in successful inclusion? (Skill 12.01) (RIGOROUS)
Special education teachers are informed of the lesson before hand and assist regular education teachers in the classroom
Michael's teacher complains that he is constantly out of his seat. She also reports that he has trouble paying attention to what is going on in class for more than a couple of minutes at a time. He appears to be trying, but his writing is often illegible, containing many reversals. Although he seems to want to please, he is very impulsive and stays in trouble with his teacher. He is failing reading, and his math grades, though somewhat better, are still below average. Michael's Full and Individual Evaluation (FIE) Should include assessment for: (Skill 1.01) (AVERAGE)
Specific learning disabilities
What does SLP stand for?
Speech Language Pathogist
Invented Spelling
Spelling the novices create before learning conventional writing systems. Sometimes referred to as developmental, temporary or transitional spelling.
What kind of score indicates how far a particular score is from the average score for that test?
Standard Score
An achievement test can be classified as a diagnostic if what can be delineated form results
Strengths and Weaknesses
When teaching a student who is predominately auditory, to read, it is best to: (Skill 5.04) (RIGOROUS)
Stress phonetic analysis
What characterizes the work of a late-stage emergent writer?
Strings of unrelated letters (patterned letters)
The effective teacher varies her instructional presentations and response requirements depending upon: (Skill 5.04) (EASY)
Student needs, The task at hand, & The learning situation.
Vocational training programs are based on all of the following ideas: (Skill 5.08) (AVERAGE)
Students acquire specific training in job skills prior to exiting school, Students need specific training and supervision in applying skills learned in school to requirements in job situations, & Students obtain needed instruction and field-based experiences that help them to be able to work in specific occupations
Adult Students
Students age 18 and older are considered to be this, unless the student's parent or other individual has been granted guardianship of the student under the Texas Probate Code
Adult Students
Students age 18 and older; unless the student's parent or other individual has been granted guardianship of the student under the Texas Probate Code
Non-categorical (NCEC)
Students between the ages of three and five who may meet eligibility requirements under the disability area of MR, ED, LD, or AU. This is a temporary diagnosis
Characteristic Emotional and Behavioral Disturbances: Social Skills Deficits
Students may be uncooperative, selfish in dealing with others, unaware of what to do in social situations, or ignorant of the consequences of their actions. A lack of prior training, lack of opportunities to interact appropriately with others, and dysfunctional family value systems.
What is severe or multiple disabilities (also know as multiply handicapped)
Students requiring extensive support in more than one major life activity, 3 or more disabilities
For which students was the STAAR Alternate designed for?
Students with significant cognitive disabilities
Scaffolding
Support and guidance provided by an adult that helps a student function/achieve at a higher level; often used to assist initial learning, but is gradually reduced until learning is independent.
What was determined in Tatro v. Irving ISD?
Supreme Ct. rules if medical services (cath) were needed and didn't need Dr., then school was to provide
What type of error is "Along they way sees Jesse a cat" ?
Syntax Error
Phonology
System of rules about sounds and sound combinations.
Contingency Management
Systematic use of reinforcement and punishment intended to develop, maintain, and change behavior
What percent of students with disabilities can take TAKS M or TAKS ALT
TAKS M= 2% of all students grade 3-8 & 10 on day of testing TAKS ALT= 1% TAKS testing is Texas State testing mandated by law for grades 3-8, 10th and exit level
Options for TAKS testing
TAKS Standard, TAKS-Accommodated, TAKS-Modified, TAKS-Alternate
Texas state assessments for students with disabilities
TAKS, TAKS Accommodated, TAKS M, TAKS ALT
Procedural Safeguards & ARD Guide
Two other documents about the rights of parents that must be given to every parent of a child receiving special education services.
How is mental retardation diagnosed?
Two things assessed: intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior skills, both 2 SD below mean
Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP)
Under NCLB, all schools, school districts and states are required to show progress in: reading/language arts, math, and either graduation rates or attendance rates. There are consequences for failing to meet the criteria for two consecutive years.
Adequate Yearly Progress
Under No Child Left Behind, all schools, school districts and states are required to show progress in: reading/language arts, math, and either graduation rates or attendance rates.
Domain I
Understanding Individuals with disabilities and evaluating their needs.
Domain I
Understanding individuals with disabilities and evaluating their needs.
Bloom's Taxonomy - Comprehension
Understanding information
What is a warning sign for an epileptic seizure?
Unexplained confusion, sleepiness, or weakness
Modifications
Unlike accommodations, these change the level of instruction provided or tested. Create a different standard for the student receiving them. The most common _________ are those made to the general education curriculum for a student with a cognitive disability. These should be in the student's IEP.
Parten's Developmental Stages of Play 0 to 2 trs
Unoccupied behaviors= no apparent play behaviors, enjoyment derived from watching anything that occurs around them for short periods, explores hands, toes, feet, fingers, etc. follows an adult visually and motorically
IDEA 2004 states that evaluations of student eligibility should? (Skill 2.09) (AVERAGE)
Use a variety of assessment tools and strategies
Bloom's Taxonomy - Application
Use of information
Bloom's Taxonomy - Synthesis
Use old ideas to create new ones
Multidisciplinary Evaluation
Used when instructional modifications in the regular classroom have not proven successful
The extent to which a test measures what its authors or users claim that it measures is called its: (Skill 2.01) (RIGOROUS)
Validity
What TWO student behaviors are indicative of a possible crisis? (Skill 6.11) (AVERAGE)
Victim of violence and uncontrolled anger
Commonly Used Individual Assessment Instruments for Adaptive Behavior
Vineland Scales AAMD Adaptive Behavior Scale Adaptive Behavior Inventory for Children
An individual with disabilities in need of employability training, as well a job, should be referred to what governmental agency for assistance? (Skill 12.04) (AVERAGE)
Vocational and Educational Services for Individuals with Disabilities (VESID)
Following are postsecondary options included in IDEA 2004's definition of postschool activites:
Vocational education Independent living Integrated employment
If a student is predominately a visual learner, he may learn more effectively by: (Skill 12.02) (EASY)
Watching a DVD
Commutative Property of Addition
We can add numbers in any order without changing result.
Commutative Property of Multiplication
We can multiply numbers in any order without changing result.
Commonly Used Individual Assessment Instruments for intelligence/cognitive
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children IV Woodcock Johnson Psycho-educational Battery Stanford-Binet
10 Day Rule Disciplinary Removals CFR 300.520 ARD addresses questions such as:
Were child's IEP appropriate and implemented? Did the child's disability impair his ability to understand the impact and consequences of the behavior? Does the disability impair the ability of the child to control the behavior being addressed? If the behavior is not a manifestation of the disability, then the student may receive the same discipline as any other student.
A four year old that doesn't talk
What circumstances may call for a referral to special education
What is TBI?
What is TBI? injury to the brain caused by the head being hit or shaken violently (not born with it).
Vertical Angles
When 2 lines intersect, four angles are formed. These are the angles that are opposite one another.
Distributive Property
When an expression involving addition is then multiplied by something, we can add and then multiply or multiply and then add.
Positive Transfer
When experience enhances learning in a new situation
Negative Transfer
When experience hinders learning in a new situation
89.1053 Use of restraint and time out
When restraint is used, campus administrator must be notified verbally or in writing, parent also should ber verbally notified on day of restraint
Six IDEA Principles: Lease Restrictive Environment
When the Individualized Education Program (IEP) is written, a determination is made regarding the amount of time each student with disabilities will spend with nondisabled peers both in the classroom and al other school activities.
Characteristics of Emotional and Behavioral Disturbances: Age Characteristics
When they enter adolescences, girls tend to experience affective or emotional disorders such as anorexia, depression, bulimia, and anxiety at twice the rate of boys, which mirrors the adult prevalence pattern.
Digraphs
When two letters are used to spell a single sound i.e, /ph/=F
Describing services available in the community to the young adult after he/she leaves school
Which of the following best describes an outside agency's role in transition planning for a student with disabilities who is moving from school to adult life?
A word processing program on a computer
Which of the following best utilizes assistive technology for a child with a learning disability in written expression?
The special education teacher observes the student in class and makes recommendations to the general education teacher.
Which of the following describes the best method of collaboration between a general education teacher and a special education teacher for a child with a learning disability in reading?
Cultural background
Which of the following factors is most likely to have an impact on how a family responds to their child with a disability?
acquisition
ability to perform a newly learned response to a certain criterion
Maintenance
ability to perform a response over time without reteaching
generalization
ability to perform the behavior in untrained situations,i.e. the child ties his shoes in the class, and also can do it in PE, or at lunch or at home.
working memory
ability to remember information, while also performing other cognitive operations
fetal alcohol effect
abnormalities that are most subtle than those of FASm caused by themother drinking alcohol during pregnancy
advocacy
action that is taken on behalf of oneself or others; a method parents of students with disabilities can use to obtain needed or improved services
Accomodation
adjustments made in how a student with a disability is taught or tested. These do not change what the student is taught or what he is expected to know. Common examples are: highlighted textbooks, extensions of time for a student who writes slowly, or seating close to the teacher.
mental age
age level in which a person performs on an IQ test, used in comparison to chronological age, i.e. he's 7 but has the mind of a 3 year old, mental age of 36 months
Prompting
along with the learning task in order to increase chances that the correct response will be made Can be: physical prompts=hand on hand verbal prompts= oral directions gestural prompts= physical actions do not involve touching, like touching the table, pointing
functional vision assessment
an appraisal of an individual's use of vision in everyday situations
collaborative consultation
an approach in which a special educator and a regular ed teacher collaborate to come up with teaching strategies for students with disabilities, relationship based on the premises of shared responsibility and equal authority.
Visual impairments, including blindness are:
an example of a low-incidence disability
According to IDEA 2004 and CFR 300.43, transition services must be based on:
an individual student's needs, taking into account strengths, preferences, and interests.
audiologist
an individual trained in audiology, the science dealing with hearing impairments, their detection and remediation
ecological inventory
an individualized functional curriculum for teaching students with severe handicapps to perform vocational, domestic, recreational and day to day life skills (approximating independent living skills) in a natural environmental, i.e. can he sort clothes, wash clothes in washing machine, fold
Other facts about Cerebral Palsy
types of motor impairment: spasticity (the most common); athetosis, ataxia, rigidity; tremor; atonia and mixed
Retinal defects
types of visual diagnoses under visual impairment, such as diabetic retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, and macular degeneration
Refractive errors
types of visual impairments, myopia(nearsightedness),hyperopia (farsightedness) and astigmatism (blurred vision due to irregularities in eye surfaces)
Convulsive disorders
under Other health impairment, occurs with other neurological conditions or could be independent
What is prevalence of VI?
under age of 18, 22.2 per 100,
PL 99-457- Education for Handicapped Children Act (1986)
mandated services for preschoolers with disabilities and called for the development of statewide systems of early intervention services for infants and toddlers, birth to age 3
Communication Needs
must consider the communication needs of a student who is deaf or hard of hearing.
prosthesis
p- a device designed to replace, paritally or completely, a part of the body
Parten's Developmental Stages of Play 2 1/2 to 3 1/2
parallel play= enjoys being near other children playing along and beside them, very much involved in own play
Admission, Review Dismissal Committee Notice of meeting
parent must receive written notice of meeting at least five BUSINESS days before meeting, unless parent agrees otherwise. Notice must tell parents purpose, time, location, who will attend and what services may be discussed or proposed.
types of related services
parent training; counseling; occupational therapy, physical therapy, special transportation, audiological services, psychological services
Consent
parent's written permission is required before the school tests for sped the first time and to place your child in sped, written consent also needed to release confidential information from educational records, consent is voluntary and can be revoked in writing at any time.
participants of ARD meeting
parent, administrator, regular ed teacher, special ed teacher, related service providers
Before districts can share personal information about students with community agencies providing or paying for transition services, IDEA requires
parental consent, or the consent of an eligible child who has reached the age of majority.
Idea Part C
part of federal law that outlines services for birth to 3 students with disabilities, early intervening services
Texas State Curriculum (Chapter 75)
passed in 1981, a well-balanced must be provided to every student, includes 13 subject areas for K thru 12th, essential knowledge that is mandated is in Ch. 75
Diability rights movement
patterned after the civil rights movement of the 1960s, this is a loosely organized effort to advocate for the rights of people with disabilities thru lobbying legislators, they view people with disabilities as an oppressed minority
job coach
person who assists adult workers with disabilities, providing vocational assessment, instruction, overall planning, and interaction assistance with employers, family and related government and service agencies
legally blind
person who has visual acuity of 20/200 or less in the better eye even with correction or has a field of vision so narrow that its widest diameter subtends an angular distance no greater than 20 degrees
89.1053 Time Out and Restraint
personnel called upon to restrain in an emergency and who HAS NOT received prior training, has 30 school days following restraint to get the training
differential diagnosis
pinpointing atypical behavior, explaining it, and distinguishing it from similar problems of other children with handicaps, evaluating a student to rule in certain conditions and rule out others
Characteristics of Down Syndrome
poor muscle tone, slanting eyes with epicanthal folds, hyperflexibility, low-set ears, small head, broad feet. 1/3 have heart defects, lowered resistance to infections
A Special Education teacher is planning a lesson on teaching the meaning of common outdoor signs to an Applied Learning Environment (ALE) class. One of the students is nonverbal. One way the teacher can ensure that the nonverbal student can fully participate in the lesson in to:
provider response cards with pictures of the signs for the student to hold up to indicate his/her answer.
Orientation and Mobility specialist
provides related service to VI students to help them ambulate and navigate their environments
Adderall
psychostimulant for ADHD; its effects are longer acting than those of Ritalin
resource room
pull out programming, students attend a regular class most of the day but goes to sped class several hours per day or for blocks of time each week
Continuum of services
range of services for special education in public schools, ranging from least restrictive to most restrictive, districts/schools must have a full continuum of services, they cannot say "we don't do resource,"
Pull in Programming
rather than having students with disabilities leave the general ed class for special ed or for related services, delivering those services to them in the general ed classroom
Marie Carbo
reading proponent who stated phonics is not for everyone
PL100-407 - The Tech Act
recognizes that students with disabilities need special equipment to perform better and more independently
Bipolar Disorder
recurrent episodes of depression, mania and/or mised sysmptoms with unusual, extreme changes in mood, energy and behavior
reliability
referring to the repeatability and accuracy of a measurement
self-regulation
refers generally to a person's ability to regulate his or her own behavior; an area of difficulty for person who are MR
Least Restrictive Environment
refers to a student's right to be education to the maximum extent appropriate with students who do not have disabilities and as close to home as possible
Extended School Year
refers to education services provided in the summer (or over holiday break)
validity
refers to the ability of the measurement to measrue what it claims or purports to measure
If a child cries easily, does not want to interact with peers, and does not like coming to school on a consistent basis, the best course of action to take would be to:
report it to the school counselor and recommend behavioral observation by a school psychologist.
surrogate parent
represents the student as a parent would in all matters of identification, evaluation, placement and provision of FAPE, this is required when a minor child's parents are unknown or cannot be found or when the state is the managing conservator of the student, school districts decides when one is needs and assigns one to student, and trains them.
PL 101-392 Carl Perkins
required vocational education for students with disabilities be provided
Child Find
requires states to identify, locate and evaluate all children with disabilities who are in need of early intervention and special education services between the ages of birth to 21
Penn Assoc. for Retarded Citizens v. Commonwealth of Penn (1972)
ruled that children with mental retardation have the right to a free and appropriate public education and that parents who are dissatisfied with their children's placement have the right to a due process under the law.
Honig v. Doe (1988)
ruled that students couldn't be removed from school if the inappropriate behavior is related to the disability. Schools could suspend a student for up to 10 days, but not more than 10 days without due process.
Mill v. Board of Education (1972)
ruled that students with disabilities have the same right to an education as non-disabled students. Financial problems cannot be allowed to have a greater impact on children with disabilities than on students without disabilities.
SBOE rules
rules from State Board of Education, outlining services, settings, etc. of special education program in Texas, each state has their own set of state rules, these mandates begin with TEC (Texas Education Code)
scoliosis
s= abnormal curvature of the spine
Notice
school must let parents know in writing about any actions or proposed actions the school plans to make, in the parents' native language, in writing if possible, but if not possible then by other means (orally or with interpreter)
Possible causes of LD
seldom possible to determine; possible causes include maturational delays, neurological damage or abnormality; inherited abnormalities; environmental factors such as diet, pollution, additives to food, drinking water, stree, and intoxicants
What is reading rate?
speed at which student read or words per minute
A good communication strategy to use when conducting a parent-teacher conference is to:
start the meeting with a friendly, informal conversation, and share positive details about the student's strengths.
behavioral objectives
statements of actual instructional intent usually for a three to four month period of time for individuals with severe disabilities.
annual goals
statements of yearly program intent, not liable if not met, but must show progress or else amend goals
Social skills Problem Solving and coping skills
staying calm and relaxed listing possible solutions alternative to aggression following directions choosing the best solution taking responsibility staying out of trouble
Socialized aggression
steals in company with others, is loyal to delinquent friends, is truant from school with others, has "bad" companions, freely admits disrespect for moral values and laws.
strabismus
strabismus (cross-eyed), nystabmus (involuntary rapid movement of the eye, usually side to side) and amblyopia (lazy eye) are all types of visual impairments
family systems theory
stresses that the individual's behavior is best understood in the context of the family and the family's behavior is best understood in the context of other social systems
Psychotic behavior
student expresses far-fetched ideas, has repetitive speech, shows bizarre behavior, not in touch with reality, under emotionally disturbed classification
field independent learner
students who are not as dependent on the teacher, other students and the learning environment, in psychobabble it means a student who can focus (despite distractions, music, traffic) and complete a task
field dependent learner
students who learn best with lots of teacher and peer interaction and who rely heavily on the learning environment, in psychobabble it means a student who is distracted by numerous things in environment and must have absolute quiet/order to complete task.
At risk students
students who meet one or more criteria of federal/state, they are not currently identified as disabled, but who are considered at greater than usual risk or chance to have learning difficulties. (can include students involved with CPS, who failed readiness tests, who failed state tests, etc.)Usually there are state criteria, but district can use it or develop their own.
What does "Other Health Impaired" category include?
students with "limited strength, vitality or alertness that is due to chornic or acute health problems.
Modifications
substantial changes in level, content or performance criteria, test formats, and alternate assessments
cochlear implantation
surgical procedure that allows people who are deaf to hear some environmental sounds,
When planning instruction for students with special needs, the best approach is to:
teach to students' strengths
Itinerant teacher
teacher consultant who serves the needs of several schools, such as a HI teacher that goes to many schools, or a VI teacher
itinerant/consultative teachers
teachers who teach students or consult with other in more than one setting or more than one school.
Cooperative learning
teaching approach in which the teacher places student with heterogeneous abilties together to work on assignments
The primary reason for renaming the Education for all Handicapped Children Act to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act in 1990 is
to promote "people first" language, emphasizing the person, not the disability
Domain III
Promoting student achievement in English, Language Arts, and Reading and in Mathematics.
Domain II
Promoting student learning and development
Domain II
Promoting student learning and development.
FACES
A six module approach to teaching functional, age-appropriate skills within integrated school settings and non school settings.
Story Maps
Provide an overview and graphic representation of a story; characters, plot, problem, setting, etc.
Bloom's Taxonomy - Evaluation
Compare and discriminate between ideas
IFSP
Individualized Family Service Plan- early intervention services and planning for an infant/toddler to three years old and their family
In which way is a computer like an effective teacher? (Skill 5.04) (RIGOROUS)
Provides immediate feedback
Acculturation
Similar in educational, socioeconomic, and experiential background to those the student is being compared to
Incidence of spina bifida
40% of all Americans, this seems high, but there are various levels of severity
Prevalence of AD/HD?
5 out of every 100 children
The greatest number of students receiving special services are enrolled primarily in: (Skill 3.06) (AVERAGE)
The regular classroom
Which of the following questions most directly evaluate the utility of instructional material? (Skill 3.07) (RIGOROUS)
Are the materials organized in a useful manner?
Steps Involved
1) Referral 2) Notice of Rights and Consent for Services 3) Full and Individual Evaluation 4) The ARD Meeting 5) The IEP
Behavior Intervention Plan
(part of an IEP) identifies supports and services that will be provided to prevent inappropriate behaviors from occuring and to support desired behaviors.
According to the Council for Exceptional Children'ts code of ethics, Special Educators and related professionals are bound to
-Maintaining challenging expectations for individuals with exceptionalities. -using evidence, instructional data, research, and professional knowledge to inform practice. -advocating for professional conditions and resources that will improve learning outcomes of individuals with exceptionalities
Minimum number of ARD meetings per year
1
IDEA's basic requirements
1) Find and identify students who have a disability 2) Involve parents in decision making 3) Evaluate (test) students in a nondiscriminatory way 4) Develop an IEP for each student 5) Provide special instruction, related services, supplementary aids 6) Provide services in the LRE 7) Maintain education records/files 8) Provide processes for resolving parent complaints/ grievances
Madeline Hunter's Seven Elements of a good lesson design
1) anticipatory set 2) give lesson objective and purpose 3) instruction input 4) modeling 5) checking for understanding 6) guided practice 7) independent practice
What is two-prong test for eligibility for special education?
1) disability and 2) a need for specialized instruction only provided in special education
To be eligible for the category of ED according to IDEA students must exhibit one or more of:
1. An inability to learn that cannot be explained by other factors 2. An inability to build or maintain relationships 3. Inappropriate behavior or feelings under normal circumstances 4. A general pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression 5. Tendency to develop physical symptoms associated with personal or school issues
Forms that are in a referral packet for special education enrolled in school
1. Basic Demographic information (anmes, address, #s) 2. Information from Educational Records 3. Information from Classroom Teacher 4. Nurse's health screening 5. Information from parent about developmental, medical history, family hisitory, sociological info, behavior, etc. 6. If child is LEP, copy of home language survey and all LPAC tests/scores/information. Forms that are in a referral packet for special education (cont.) 7. Class observation-done by independent observer 8. Referral meeting minutes- where is was finally decided to test and signatures 9. Copies of all previous tried interventions (response to intervention attempts) results, scores, minutes from STAT teams, etc. 10. Consent to test from parent 11. Notice of Assessment- telling parent what tests will be given (not names but
Critical factors to meet transition needs of children with disabilities and their families form culturally and linguistically diverse groups
1. Collaboration 2. Communication 3. Community Context 4. Continuity 5. Family Concerns
Forms in a referral packet for Pre-school students NOT enrolled in public school
1. Nurse's health screening 2. Demographic info 3. Parent information 4. notice of assessment 5. consent for assessment 6. Receipt for Procedural safeguards 7. Notice for Release/Consent to request confidential information 8. Any ECI/birth to 3 services or their records
Cascade of Services by Level
1. Regular Classroom 2. Regular Classroom +supportive services 3. Regular Classroom +part-time special class 4. Full-time Special Class (Self-Contained) 5. Special Stations (Special Schools) 6. Homebound 7. Residential
Three Areas the IEP team considers for the child's involvement and participation in school.
1. The general education curriculum 2. Extracurricular activities 3. Nonacademic activities
Five assumptions of AAMR definition
1. limitations in present functioning considered with community environments 2. valid assessment considers cultural and linguistic diversity 3. limitations coexist with strengths 4.when describing limits also develop a profile of needed supports 5. with appropriate supports over time, the life functioning of MR person will improve
Two assumptions regarding Continuum of Services
1.) A child should be placed in a setting as close to regular setting as possible 2.) Program Exit should be a goal
2 Purposes for Multidisciplinary Evaluation
1.) Determine eligibility for SPED Services 2.) ID Strengths and Weaknesses for IEP planning
ARD Committee tasks
1.) Discuss functional level and results from assessment 2.) Sets goals the student should work towards 3.) Establishes supports, services, and modifications that will be made to help meet those goals 4.) Determines how those services will be given and in what setting
At what age does IDEA 2004 say a transition plan MUST be in place?
16
The individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) was signed into law in and later reauthorized to its current in what years? (Skill 10.01) (EASY)
1990 and 2004
Prevalence of ED in school populations
2%
What is prevalence of MR?
3 out of 100 people have MR 1 out of every 10 in sped are MR.
What percent of limited English profeciency (LEP) students are Hispanic?
3/4
How many days after the evaluation do schools have to hold an ARD meeting?
30 calendar days
A mother is upset that her child is not being helped and asks you about the difference between the 504 Plan and an IEP. What is the difference? (Skill 11.01) (RIGOROUS)
504 plan provides little interventions/services, while an IEP is more intensive providing more services, such as a special class.
Prevalence of LD in school population?
6%
How many days after the initial referral do school have to complete the evaluation of the student?
60 calendar days
Teacher presents the following number pattern: 1,3,9,27 ___ Given this pattern, the next number would be:
81
Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Technical Education Act
A 1998 law that provides federal funds for occupationally-relevant equipment, vocational curriculum materials, materials for learning labs, curriculum development or modification, staff development, career counseling & guidance, academic-vocational integration, supplemental services for special populations, hiring vocational staff, remedial classes and expansion of tech prep programs. It requires schools to distribute funds, to provide vocational training, planning, & placement for students with special needs.
IDEA requires what if a child's placement is modified for disciplinary reasons?
A Functional Behavior Analysis
Cloze Procedure
A Procedure in which a student demonstrates comprehension of reading by supplying missing words. i.e; a teacher reading a story hesitates before a word long enough for students to supply what comes next.
A child is said to have a specific disorder when
A behavior occurs frequently and to a degree that impacts the learning and safety of themselves or others
10 Day Rule Disciplinary Removals CFR 300.519
A change of placement occurs if: removal is for more than 10 consecutive schools days or child is subject to a series of removals that constitute a pattern because they add up to more than 10 school days IN A SCHOOL YEAR
Instructional Modification is:
A change to the content students are learning.
Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA)
A civil rights law for people with disabilities to protect them from discrimination in wide range of activities, such as employment, transportation, public accommodations, and telecommunications. Not educational--IDEA is the law that covers this area.
Portfolio
A collection of work student's work samples, test results, or other information that can be used to evaluate a student's performance.
IDEA Speech Impairment
A communication disorder such as stuttering, impaired articulation, a language impairment, or a voice impairment that affects education
Braille
A communication system in which raised dots on a page allow an individual who is blind to read with their fingertips. It consists of a quadrangular cell containing from 1 to 6 dots. The way the dots are arranged denotes different letters or symbols.
Prader-Willi Syndrome
A congenital condition characterized by obsessive eating, obesity, mental retardation, and small genitalia.
The Adult Performance Level
A curriculum that has been adapted for teaching secondary level SPED students; blends practical academic development with applications to the various demands of community living in adulthood
Which of the following teaching activities is likely to enhance observational learning in students with special needs? (Skill 2.08) (RIGOROUS)
A demonstration of the behavior, followed by an immediate opportunity for the children to imitate the behavior, A simultaneous demonstration and explanation of the behavior, followed by ample opportunity for the children to rehearse the instructed behavior, & Physically guiding the children through the behavior to be imitated, while verbally explaining the behavior
IDEA Autism
A developmental disability significantly affecting verbal and nonverbal communication and social interaction, generally evident before age three, that adversely affects a child's educational performance.
Mental Retardation
A developmental disorder characterized by a subnormal ability to learn and a substantially low IQ, below 70 and also they have a low adaptive behavior skills.
Graphic Organizer
A diagram or chart to show the relationship among words, concepts or ideas.
In general, characteristics of learning disabilities include: (Skill 1.01) (EASY)
A discrepancy between achievement and potential
Which of these factors relate to eligibility for learning disabilities? (Skill 2.04) (EASY)
A discrepancy between potential and performance
Conduct Disorder
A disorder characterized by covert or overt, aggressive behavior or obvious antisocial behavior that includes such things as lying, stealing, destruction of property.
IDEA Learning Disability
A disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, which may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or do mathematical calculations.
Learning Disabilities
A disorder usually affecting school-age children of normal or above-normal intelligence, characterized by difficulty in understanding or using spoken or written language, and thought to be related to impairment or slowed development of perceptual motor skills.
Americans with Disabilities Act
A federal law that gives people with disabilities, including students, protections like those provided to the people on the basis of race, sex, and national origin.
Reciprocal Teaching
A form of cooperative learning in which students learn to use four key reading strategies to improve comprehension-predicting, questioning-summarizing and clarifying.
Cerebral Palsy
A form of paralysis believed to be caused by a prenatal brain defect or by brain injury during birth, most marked in certain motor areas and characterized by difficulty in control of the voluntary muscles.
Six IDEA Principles: Appropriate Education/IEP
A free, appropriate public education to all children who have been identified as needing special education. Program must be tailored to the needs of the student. Includes related services and supplementary aides and services if needed.
Down Syndrome
A genetic disorder, associated with the presence of an extra chromosome 21, characterized by mild to severe mental impairment, weak muscle tone, shorter stature, and a flattened facial profile.
Quadrilateral
A geometric figure that has exactly 4 sides.
Semantic Map
A graphic organizer that uses lines and circles to organize information according to categories.
Venn Diagram
A graphic organizer that uses overlapping circles to show relationships among words, ideas, concepts, or other things.
Semantic Feature Analysis
A graphic organizer using a grid to compare a series of words or other items on a number of characteristics.
Have the students role play situations where communication with employers is needed.
A high school coach notices some of his students lack effective communication skills when talking to potential employers. Which of the following would be the most beneficial strategy?
Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP)
A part of the IEP that identifies supports and services that will be provided to prevent inappropriate behaviors from occurring and to support desired behaviors.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
A pattern of birth defects caused by maternal consumption of alcohol during pregnancy: considered as one of the fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.
Job Coach
A person who assists workers with disabilities to be successful in a job setting. They provide vocational assessment, instruction, planning, interaction, & communication assistance with employers, and other services to support the individual in a job.
Autism
A pervasive developmental disorder of children, characterized by impaired communication, excessive rigidity, and emotional detachment: now considered one of the autism spectrum disorders.
Which of the following examples would best serve as a transition for students moving from a concrete to an abstract conceptual understanding of fractions?
A pie graph divided into four parts with one part shaded.
Positive Behavior Intervention and Supports (PBIS)
A proactive systems approach for creating and maintaining safe and effective learning environments in schools and ensuring that all students have the social and emotional skills needed to ensure their success in school and beyond.
Functional Behavioral Assessment
A problem solving process for addressing student problem behavior. It relies on a variety of assessments, techniques and strategies to identify the purposes of specific behavior and to help ARD committees select interventions to directly address the problem behavior.
Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA)
A problem-solving process for addressing student problem behavior. It relies on a variety of assessments, techniques and strategies to identify the purposes of specific behavior and to help ARD committees select interventions to directly address the problem behavior. _________ can be used, as appropriate, throughout the process of developing, reviewing and, if necessary,revising a student's IEP.
Behavioral Chaining
A procedure where individual response are reinforced for occurring in sequence to form a complex behavior
Functional Behavior Assessment
A procedure which tries to identify the problem behavior, to determine the function of the behavior, and to develop interventions to teach alternatives to the behavior
Reading
A process by which we construct meaning from print.
Response to Intervention
A process for providing increasingly intensive high quality instruction to students with learning problems before determining the student has a disability that requires special education services.
Response to Intervention (RTI)
A process for providing increasingly intensive high quality instruction to students with learning problems before determining the student has a disability that requires special education services.
Manifestation Determination Review
A review of the relationship between a student's disability and behavior that is the subject of disciplinary action.
Manifestation Determination Review (MDR)
A review of the relationship between a student's disability and behavior that is the subject of disciplinary action.
Is an example curriculum development project for a Special Education teacher likely working with an SLP development:
A rubric for an oral presentation project.
Portfolios
A selected collection of student work that demonstrates strengths and weaknesses
Story Grammar
A series of rules that are designed to show how the parts of a story are interrelated.
Executive Functions
A set of mental processes that helps us connect past experiences with present situations. People use if to plan, organize, strategize, pay attention, remember details, and manage time and space. Children with LD or ADHD often have problems with one or two areas.
Team Teaching
A special educator and general education teacher are working together to teach a social studies lesson to a group of mixed ability fifth graders. They have planned the lesson and will share instructional responsibility. What model best describes this situation?
Early Childhood Intervention
A statewide program for children from birth to age three who have developmental delays. Make services available for every eligible child. Required by Part C of IDEA.
Early Childhood Intervention (ECI)
A statewide program for children from birth to age three who have developmental delays. Services must be made available for every eligible child. Required by Part C of IDEA.
Current vision and hearing test results must be on file before
A student can be evaluated for SPED Services
Mental Retardation
A student who demonstrates below average intellectual functioning as well as deficits in adaptive behavior most likely has
Braille
A student who is blind or visually impaired, must be provided instruction in this.
Seizure
A sudden alteration of consciousness, usually accompanied by motor activity and or sensory phenomena, caused by an abnormal discharge of electrical energy in the brain.
Portfolio Assessment
A systematic collection of student's work samples, record of observations, test results and the like over a period of time
Research on effective math instructional strategies has indicated that explicit instruction is critical. An example of an explicit teaching strategy:
A teacher demonstrates how to solve an addition problem using a number line, talking out loud through each step of the addition process.
According to the National Reading Panel's 2000 report, "Teaching Children to Read," the evidence to support phonemic-awareness instruction is statistically significant. The following strategy represents phonemic awareness instruction:
A teacher says several rhyming words aloud and asks students what they notice about the words. She then says the word "wet" and asks students what they notice about the words that rhyme with "wet".
Direct Instruction
A teaching method that focuses on drill and practice with lots of immediate feedback and student response. Lessons are high-sequenced, fast paced and scripted. Most widely used form of instruction.
Diagnostic Probe
A type of criterion-based test that is very specific and focused on a particular part of the curriculum i.e., two-digit multiplication. Provides information about the exact nature of the student's academic difficulty.
Critical Reading
A type of reading in which the reader evaluates or judges the accuracy and truthfulness of content.
Universal Design
A way of designing products and services so they can be used by people with the widest possible range of abilities.
Echolalia is a characteristic of which disability? (Comp 001) A. Autism B. Mental Retardation C. Social Pragmatic Disorder D. ADHD
A. Autism Echolalia is echoing/repeating of the speech of others, which is characteristic of autism.
Which of the following is a developmentally appropriate activity for a kindergartener to establish basic number sense? (Comp 009) A. Completing one-to-one correspondence exercise. B. Generalizing skills and applying them to new situations. C. Arranging ten objects from smallest to largest D. Using a calculator to solve simple mathematics problems.
A. Completing one-to-one correspondence exercise.
Which of the following strategies would be most effective for providing job training to a student with MR for work as a food server in a fast-food restaurant? (Comp 003) A. Pair the student with an employee who can work beside him and model the required tasks. B. Make a list of job tasks for the student to refer to as necessary throughout his shift. C. Explain the steps of the job to the student carefully and check on him at regular intervals. D. Simulate the work environment and practice the job sequence in the classroom.
A. Pair the student with an employee who can work beside him and model the required tasks.
All of the following EXCEPT which one are characteristics of a student who has an emotional disturbance? (Comp 001) A. Socially accepted by peers. B. Highly disruptive to the classroom environment. C. Academic difficulties. D. Areas of talent overlooked by a teacher.
A. Socially accepted by peers. While a child may be socially accepted by peers, children who are emotionally disturbed tend to alienate those around them, and are often ostracized.
A 6th grader with LD immigrated with his family to the USA a year ago. Although the student speaks English well, he never speaks to his classroom teacher unless spoken to. Concerned about this behavior, the teacher suggests to the SP ED teacher that the student may need social skills instruction. Which of the following factors would be important for the SP ED teacher to take into account when considering this suggestion? (Comp 006) A. Teachers can misperceive and misunderstand students' behaviors by interpreting them from one perspective. B. Self-confidence with regard to schoolwork depends primarily on a student's belief in his ability to succeed through effort. C. Low self-esteem can be a sign of abuse or neglect, and it is a teacher's responsibility to report all instances of suspected child abuse. D. GEN ED teachers are often unclear about the SP ED teacher's role and make unfounded demands for assistance.
A. Teachers can misperceive and misunderstand student's behaviors by interpreting them from one perspective.
A fifth grader has diabetes and manages her illness through insulin injections. Which of the following symptoms should indicate to a teacher that this student may be experiencing insulin shock? (Comp 001) A. Trembling and irritability. B. A high fever C. Muscle and joint pain D. An increased level of thirst.
A. Trembling and irritability
As a separate exceptionality category in IDEA, autism: (Skill 1.01) (AVERAGE)
Is a developmental disability that affects verbal and non-verbal communication
Which legislation has forced public and private facilities to accommodate those who are physically disabled? (Skill 10.01) (EASY)
ADA
What committee did Texas put in place to meet IDEA's requirement for a system of determination of eligibility for students with disabilities?
ARD
Admission, Review Dismissal Committee Pointers
ARD meeting must be held at a time and place convenient for both parent and school. If parent can't attend, other means such as phone, letter or personal conferences to give parent opportunity to participate before or during the meeting. If no parent can attend, school may conduct w/o parent.
Admission, Review Dismissal Committee Pointers
ARDC must meet within 30 calendar days after the assessment report is completed for students referred for the first time, if 30th day falls in summer, then ARD before first day of classes in fall
Admission, Review Dismissal Committee Pointers
ARDC's first task is to review the assessment and any other relevant info about handicapping condition/eligibility criteria
Admission, Review Dismissal Committee Pointers
ARDC's second task- is there an educational need that REQUIRES special education specialized services., If there is a need, then an IEP is developed, parent strongly encouraged to be involved in developing IEP (so don't come with one totally done to ARD)
IEP's continue to have multiple sections; one section, present levels now addresses what? (Skill 6.10) (EASY)
Academic achievement and functional performance
A money bingo game was designed by Ms. Johnson for use with her middle school students. Cards were constructed with different combinations of coins pasted on each of the nine spaces. Ms. Johnson called out various amounts of change (e.g. 30 cents) and students were instructed to cover the coin combinations on their cards which equaled the amount of change (e.g. two dimes and two nickels, three dimes, and so on). The student who had the first bingo was required to add the coins in each of the spaces covered and tell the amounts before being declared the winner. Five of Ms. Johnson's sixth graders played the game during the ten minute free activity time following math class. Which of the following attributes are present in this game in this situation? (Skill 5.04) (RIGOROUS)
Accompanied by simple, uncomplicated rules, Of brief duration, permitting replay, & Age appropriateness
A test, which measures students' skill development in academic content areas, is classified as an _____________ test. (Skill 2.01) (AVERAGE)
Achievement
Stages of Learning
Acquisition, Proficiency, Maintenance, Generalization, and Adaptation
Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE)
An important construct of IDEA, which says that all children with disabilities will be educated free of cost to parents, in other words at public expense, and in a manner that is appropriate for each individual child.
Norm-Referenced Test
An individual's performance is compared to the group that was used to calculate the performance standards
Cooperative Learning
An instructional approach in which students work in groups that are mixed in terms of ability, gender, and ethnicity. The focus is on academic, social and behavioral goals.
Collaborative Consultation
An instructional approach that involves a special and general educators working together to develop instructional strategies or solutions to specific classroom problems. It is a shared partnership of authority accountability and responsibility.
Rubric
An instrument used to assess a product or process. it contains a description of each of the traits or characteristics of the standard that is measured. It aids the student, by letting him know exactly what is being assessed and the standards by which he is being evaluated.
Reflex Angles
Angles that measure more than 180*
How frequently are IEP's updated?
Annually
Which of the following is the first step you should take to prepare to teach preparation for social situations? (Skill 6.05) (EASY)
Anticipate possible problems
You should prepare for a parent-teacher conference by: (Skill 12.02) (AVERAGE)
Anticipating questions
Assistive Technology
Any item, piece of equipment or product used to increase, maintain or improve the functioning of a student with a disability.
Identify Characteristics of Individuals with Autism
Apparent Sensory Deficit Severe affect isolation Self-stimulation Tantrums and self-injurious behavior Delayed or unusual speech/language development Severe Deficits in behavior and self-care skills
Generalization Stage of Learning
Application of the new skill in new settings and situations
What does ALE stand for?
Applied Learning Environment
How should IEP objectives relate to TEKS objectives?
As closely as possible
According to IDEA how much time should students with disability spend in general education classrooms?
As much time as possible, so long as it benefits the student
Estimation
As part of his math lesson, Mr. Hu has asked his students to guess how many jellybeans he has placed in a large glass jar. What concept is Mr. Hu teaching?
Characteristics Emotional and Behavioral Disturbances: Delinquency
As the child enters adolescence socialized aggression may become involved (i.e, gang membership) and they may participate in actions that if committed by an adult would be considered a criminal act.
Ecological Assessments
Assess students in real-life context
Criterion-Referenced Tests
Assessment of student's performance is compared to a standard criterion. The student's score is based on how the student did as measured against the standards. This yield scores as percentages or number of correct answers.
Curriculum-Based Test
Assessment on which the student is tested on the content of the materials being taught to the student. This provides information regarding how well the student is learning the material being taught/studied.
Norm-Referenced Tests
Assessment where a students performance is compared with a norm group or a representative sampling of students similar to the student. A student's score is then described in relation to the norm group. Think standardized test.
Informal Reading Inventory
Assessment which a student reads a selected series of text that gradually increases in difficulty. The teacher records errors and assesses comprehension to determine the level of reading materials appropriated for the student.
PL 108-364 Assistive Technology Act
Assistive technology can greatly improve the access and function of people with disabilities in school, work, home and community. The Assistive Technology Act is intended to ensure that people with disabilities have access to assistive technology devices and services.
Interaction Theory
Attempts to explicitly define characteristics of the individual and features of the social environment that are considered integral to behavior development. There are 2 main approaches: Dynamic-behavior theory focuses on developmental aspects while the Functional analysis model offers an explanation for the maintenance of the behavior.
Which behavior would be expected at the mild level of emotional/behavioral disorders? (Skill 1.01) (AVERAGE)
Attention Seeking
Which behavior would be expected at the mild level of emotional/behavioral disorders? (Comp 001)
Attention Seeking Typically student who exhibit behaviors are exhibiting them for a reason, they seek attention. This may be positive or negative attention and is often not a positive situation for students or teachers.
What is the most commonly diagnosed behavioral disorder in children?
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
The ____________ modality is most frequently used in the learning process. (Skill 2.08) (RIGOROUS)
Auditory, Visual, & Tactile
Assessment Technology example was created specifically to help nonverbal students interact at school, at home, and in the community:
Augmentative communication device
Echolalia is a characteristic of which disability? (Skill 1.01) (AVERAGE)
Autism
Autism Spectrum Disorders
Autism Asperger Syndrome Rett Syndrome Childhood dis-integrative disorder Pervasive developmental disorder, not otherwise specified. All involve varying degrees of difficulty with communication, social interactions and repetitive stereotypical behaviors.
Of the following, the most effective means of providing program continuity for children making the transition from preschool to kindergarten is to provide (Comp 007) A. a preschool program that stresses the development of independent work habits and the ability to follow directions. B. a developmentally appropriate program in both preschool and kindergarten that is responsive to individual differences. C. a preschool environment that strongly emphasizes the development of literacy skills. D. an environment in both preschool and kindergarten that engages children in collaborative planning and problem solving.
B. A developmentally appropriate program in preschool and kindergarten that is responsive to individual differences.
In 1990, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) added which of the following provisions in its reauthorization of the 1975 Education of All Handicapped Children Act (EHA)? (Comp 010) A. Intervention services for children with possible disabilities began at the age of five B. Assistive technology services were added as Special education services that must be provided if necessary. C. A single valid and reliable measure was required to determine special education placement D. Schools could no longer discipline students with disabilities in the same manner as their nondisabled peers.
B. Assistive technology services were added as special education services that must be provided if necessary.
An adult is preparing to manually life a small preschooler with multiple disabilities. Which of the following practices would best ensure the adult's safety during the lift? (Comp 004) A. Prompt the child to support himself or herself during the lift to the greatest extent possible. B. Maintain a straight back and lift with the legs. C. Perform the lift as quickly as possible in a way consistent with the child's safety and comfort. D. Initiate the lift by bending from the waist.
B. Maintain a straight back and lift with the legs.
Which of the following activities performed by young children while a story is being read to them, would most likely encourage them to listen for meaning? ( Comp 008) A. Tapping their feet to the rhythm of the words. B. Miming the action of the story. C. Raising their hands when they hear the main character's name. D. Making a clay sculpture of their favorite character.
B. Miming the action of the story.
Which of the following would be most effective when working with 2nd grade linguistically diverse students with disabilities? (Comp 011) A. Listening to class discussions and asking questions. B. Presenting vocabulary that is needed in the learning context. C. Having the student dictate their responses to test questions. D. Introducing mnemonic devices for difficult vocabulary words.
B. Presenting vocabulary that is needed in the learning context.
A Kindergarten teacher shows an unfamiliar storybook to a student. The teacher asks the student to point to the name of the book and open it to the first page of the story. After the teacher reads a few pages, she asks the student to point to the words. These activities are likely to help the teacher assess the student's awareness that (Comp 008) A. different conventions are associated with different genres of literature. B. printed text corresponds to oral language. C. letters correspond to individual speech sounds. D. reading is an interactive process between the reader and text.
B. Printed text corresponds to oral language.
A sixth grade teacher hands out copies of a blank Venn diagram for students to use during prewriting. What form of writing are the students most likely going to be assigned?
Compare/Contrast
Michael's teacher complains that he is constantly out of his seat. She also reports that he has trouble paying attention to what is going on in class for more than a couple of minutes at a time. He appears to be trying, but his writing is often illegible, containing many reversals. Although he seems to want to please, he is very impulsive and stays in trouble with this teacher. he is failing reading, and his math grades, though somewhat better, are still below average. Michael's Full and Individual Evaluation (FIE) should include assessment for: (Comp 001) A. Mild mental retardation B. Specific Learning disability C. Mild behavior disorders D. Hearing Impairment.
B. Specific Learning disabilities
Which of the following statements about children with an emotional/behavioral disorder is true? (Comp 001) A. They have very high IQs. B. They display poor social skills. C. They are academic achievers. D. Mature understanding of concepts.
B. They display poor social skills. Children who exhibit mild behavioral disorders are characterized by: average or above average scores on intelligence tests; poor academic achievement; learned helplessness; unsatisfactory interpersonal relationships; immaturity; attention seeking behaviors; exhibit aggressive, acting-out behavior; anxious, withdrawn behavior.
Which of the following is the most appropriate reason to use curriculum-based assessments? (Comp 009) A. To confirm the students' grade level. B. To identify skills that need reteaching C. To compare with last year's test scores D. To determine the student's intellectual ability.
B. To identify skills that need reteaching.
Diagnostic Probe
Brief (usually three minutes or less) timed, frequently administered assessments that can be used for any purpose.
A teacher regularly analyzes the attempted spellings of emergent readers. In addition to providing information about student's spelling development, this approach would best help the teacher assess students' (Comp 008) A. level of reading fluency B. use of word-identification strategies. C. ability to apply phonics skills. D. knowledge of comprehension strategies.
C. Ability to apply phonics skills.
Social and Environmental Theory
Based on the premise that specific social and environmental factors influence the decision to commit certain behaviors. Factors such as dysfunctional family environments and gang participation are related to the development of behavior disorders in children.
PL 93-112 Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act (1973)
Before there was IDEA, there was the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, a civil rights law that prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability. Section 504 of this act continues to play an important role in education, especially for studnets with disabilities who may not qualify for special education services under IDEA.
89.1053 Use of restraint and time out
Beginning April 2003, each school must have a core team of personnel trained in use of restraint, and the team must include a campus administrator or designee and regular ed or special ed who might likely use restraint
Commonly Used Individual Assessment Instruments for classroom behavior
Behavior Rating Profile Devereux Rating Scales Walker Problem Behavior Identification Checklist
Difficulty remembering new data, problems with organization, and making inappropriate comments
Behavior that may indicate a learning disability includes
Phonemic Awareness
Being aware of individual sounds in words; it is the understanding and recognition that spoken words consist of a sequence of speech sounds.
A term that best describes an assessment that measures group performance against an established standard at defined points along the path toward the standard:
Benchmark
Which of the following is a good example of a generalization? (Skill 3.09) (AVERAGE)
Bill recognizes a vocabulary word on a billboard when traveling
What ages does an Individual Family Service Plan apply for?
Birth to 3
A Special Education teacher working with students with intellectual disabilities and autism is teaching one-to-one correspondence. The most appropriate instructional tool for the teacher to use in teaching this concept would be:
Blocks of Different Colors
Co-Teaching
Both the Special Education Teacher and the General Education teacher actively teach in the general education class
Bloom's Taxonomy - Analysis
Breaking information apart
A 3rd grader with special needs has been having trouble memorizing basic arithmetic facts, and the classroom teacher asks the SP ED teacher's advice. In general, which of the following would be the most important principle to follow in this situation? (Comp 009) A. Suspend for the present all mathematical activities other than those aimed directly at memorizing arithmetic facts. B. Modify math instruction to focus primarily on the use of manipulatives to build conceptual understanding. C. Address the problem now so that lack of automaticity will not impede more advanced math learning later on. D. Discontinue memorization of facts in favor of teaching the student to use a calculator efficiently and accurately.
C. Address the problem now so that lack of automaticity will not impede more advanced math learning later on.
Ten months ago, 16 yr old Andrew suffered a head injury in an automobile accident and was left legally blind. Since the accident, Andrew seldom leaves his house. A fe friends occasionally come over to listen to music, but Andrew fears that they will get bored and stop visiting. Of the following, Andrew's SP ED teacher's best response would be to (Comp 006) A. suggest a variety of new and interesting activities that can be done at home and that his friends are likely to enjoy. B. help Andrew develop proficiency with electronic media that will both entertain him and allow interactions with others from home. C. ask Andrew what social activities he would like to participate in outside the home and help him develop the skills for doing so. D. arrange for Andrew to begin socializing with peers who are blind or visually impaired.
C. Ask Andrew what social activities he would like to participate in outside the home and help him develop the skills for doing so.
From which of the following organizations would a special education teacher find the most specific information for understanding the characteristics and needs of a student who acts in very aggressive ways? (Comp 011) A. American Psychological Association (APA) B. Division of youth and Family Services (DYFS) C. Council for Children with Behavioral Disorders (CCBD) D. Adults and Children with Learning and Developmental Disabilities.
C. Council for Children with Behavioral Disorders (CCBD)
Ms. Smith stops the class after just a few minutes of mathematics instruction, which is taking place at the board. She asks two questions requiring simple student responses on a 3x5 cards and after quickly reviewing the cards, returns to instructing at the board. Which type of assessment is being used by this teacher? (Comp 002) A. Summative B. Formal C. Formative D. Alternate
C. Formative
Which of the following IDEA categories of disability has the greatest percent of students? (Comp 010) A. Communication impaired B. Behavior and emotional disturbance C. Specific learning disability D. Mental Retardation
C. Specific learning disability
Which of the following statements best describes how the objectives in a student's IEP should related to the TEKS? (Comp 003) A. The IEP objectives should be identical to the TEKS with modifications in grade level only. B. The IEP objectives should be developed independently and then correlated with the TEKS. C. The IEP objectives any given student should reflect the TEKS as closely as possible. D. The IEP objectives should be developed to meet student needs with no reference to the TEKS.
C. The IEP objectives for any given student should reflect the TEKS as closely as possible.
PL 101-476 (1990)
Changed the name Education for Handicapped Children Act (PL 99-457, 1986) to Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA); authorized and expanded upon previous funding programs, mandated that assistive technology needs and transition services be added to IEPs and added autism and traumatic brain injury to the listing for educational handicapping conditions.
Accommodations
Changes to the school environment or the use of necessary equipment to overcome a disability
Talking a lot
Characteristics of AD/HD do not include
John learns best through the auditory channel, so his teacher wants to reinforce his listening skills. Through which of the following types of equipment would instruction be most effectively presented? (Skill 5.04) (EASY)
CD Player
Environmental Toxins
Cadmium and lead may contribute to LD if it is present in the food supply, or in water pipes. Cancer treatments for children can contribute to LD as the chemical and radiation invade brain cells.
In career education specific training and preparation required for the world of work occurs during the phase of: (Skill 5.08) (AVERAGE)
Career Preparation
Fragile X Syndrome
Caused when the bottom of the X chromosome in the 23rd pair is pinched off which can result in learning disabilities, in some it can result in MR and autistic characteristics. Symptoms can be more severe in boys due to to the fact that males only have one X chromosome.
Modifications
Change the level of instruction provided or tested. Create a different standard for the student receiving them. (Examples: shortened assignments, 3 choices instead of 4)
Lower Academic Performance, Social Skills Deficits, Disruptive Classroom behavior, Aggressive Behavior, Delinquency and Withdrawn Behaviors
Characteristics of Children with Emotional Disturbances
Lack of Interest in Schoolwork, Preference for concrete over abstract lessons, weak listening skills, low achievement, possess areas of talent that are often overlooked, and high drop out rate
Characteristics of Children with Mild Learning, Intellectual, and Behavior Disabilities
<70 on IQ Test, limited cognitive ability, delayed achievement, difficulty in attending to relevant aspects of stimuli
Characteristics of Mental Retardation/Intellectual Disabilities
Abuse, Lack of Supervision, High Rates of Negative Interaction, Negative role models
Characteristics of the Family of an Emotionally Disturbed Child
A Pre-IEP team coordinates and participates in due diligence through what process? (Skill 12.10) (RIGOROUS)
Child study team meets first time without parents, Teachers take child learning concerns to the school counselor, & School personnel initiate Response to Intervention (RTI)
Characteristics Emotional and Behavioral Disturbances: Withdrawn Behaviors
Children who manifest this may be consistently acting in an immature fashion or prefer to play with younger children. They may be a daydreamer or complain of being sick in order to "escape." They may also exhibit behaviors such as crying, clinging to the teacher, and ignoring those who attempt to interact with them They may be fearful or depressed.
Sane Messages
Classroom Behavior Interventions that describe and model appropriate behavior. EX) When you talk during silent reading, you disturb everyone in the class
Irving Independent School District v. Tatro (1984)
Clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) is a related service when necessary to allow a student to stay in school.
Irving Independent School District v. Tatro (1984)
Clean intermittent catheterization is a related service when necessary to allow a student to stay in school.
Which assistive device can be used by those who are visually impaired to assist in their learning? (Skill 4.06) (RIGOROUS)
Closed circuit television
Least Restrictive Environment
Closest to normal educational setting
Affects Behavior
Cognitive, Environmental, and Affective
_________________________ is a method used to increase student engaged learning time by having students teach other students. (Skill 5.04) (EASY)
Collaborative learning
Morphology
Combining morphemes and free morphemes to make meaningful language.
IDEA Deaf-Blindness
Concomitant hearing and visual impairment that cannot be accommodated in special education programs solely for children with deafness or children with blindness.
IDEA Multiple Disabilities
Concomitant impairments that cannot be accommodated by the modifications and accommodations that would be applied to on disability on its own.
Repetitive and Persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age appropriate social norms or rules are violated
Conduct Disorder
Spina Bifida
Congenital mid line defect resulting from failure of the bony spinal column to close completely during fetal development. It may occur anywhere from the head to the lower end of the spine. The spinal column is not closed, so the spinal cord can protrude, resulting in damage to the nerves and paralysis and/or lack of function or sensation below the site of the defect.
What's a physical prompt?
Consist of physical assisting the learners through a learning task, can use totally control to light tap
The best resource a teacher can have to reach a student is? (Skill 12.01) (RIGOROUS)
Contact with the parents/guardians
Which of the following is NOT a type of assessment accommodation?
Content (Presentation, Scheduling and Timing ARE)
Maintenance Stage of Learning
Continued practice without instruction
______________ is a skill that teachers help students develop to sustain learning throughout life. (Skill 8.07) (RIGOROUS)
Critical thinking
Six IDEA Principles: Procedural Due Process
Provides safeguards against schools' actions, include a right to sue in court, provisions are made for the settlement of disputes by an impartial third party.
A survey has found that about 12 of every 500 airline flights are canceled due to bad weather. This number is equivalent to which of the following? (Comp 009) A. 1/24 of the flights B. 1/240 of the flights C. 0.24% of the flights D. 2.4% of the flights
D. 2.4% of the the flights
In general, math instruction for students with learning disabilities in mathematics should be characterized by (Comp 009) A. the development of cognitive strategies rather than a mastery of facts. B. the development of math process skills. C. instructional activities limited to hands-on operations with concrete objects. D. a balanced program of concepts, skills and problem solving.
D. A balanced program of concepts, skills and problem solving.
Which of the following would be the best activity for reviewing the concept of fractions to fourth-grade students? (Comp 009) A. Using pictures to model unit fractions of a whole B. Drawing pictures of fractions from memory C. Writing fractions using numbers D. Comparing fractions using a variety of materials.
D. Comparing fractions using a variety of materials.
A SP ED teacher provides math instruction in the resource room for individuals and small groups of students who have either MR or LD. When teaching the students with LD, which of the following instructional guidelines would be most appropriate for the teacher to follow? (Comp 009) A. Emphasize the use of mathematics in science and technology. B. Focus primarily on mathematical concepts that are likely to be useful in everyday life. C. Emphasize the role of deductive reasoning in mathematics D. Connect mathematical concepts to concrete examples with which the students are already familiar.
D. Connect mathematical concepts to concrete examples with which the students are already familiar.
A SP ED teacher prepares a group of students to listen to a story about a whale by asking them what they know about whales and writing the student's responses on the board. This activity is likely to facilitate comprehension of the story primarily because it will (Comp 008) A. prompt students to learn more about the topic. B. encourage the student to use metacognitive strategies. C. integrate oral and written vocabulary skills. D. connect new information to background knowledge.
D. Connect new information to background knowledge.
Which of the following behaviors demonstrated by a 2 year old child would be the clearest indicator that the motor development of that child may be impaired? (Comp 001) A. Difficulty coordinating hands and eyes. B. Inability to climb stairs with alternating feet. C. Falling frequently while running D. Making involuntary hand movements.
D. Making involuntary hand movements.
In which of the following ways has the movement toward accountability in education most significantly affected those students who receive special education services? (Comp 010) A. Students must now achieve IEP goals before graduation. B. SP ED students' grades must reflect the standards applied to general education students. C. Fewer SP ED students pass end-of-course assessments D. More students with disabilities are participating in statewide testing.
D. More students with disabilities are participating in statewide testing.
During mathematics lessons, a SP ED teacher has students work in groups to 2 to 3. Which of the following strategies would be most effective in teaching students the social skill of sharing during these lessons. (Comp 012) A. Giving the groups a time limit to solve a set of problems. B. Reviewing the answers to all of the problems at the end of class. C. Having the students work with the same group for several days. D. Providing each group with only one set of materials.
D. Providing each group with only one set of materials.
A middle school SP ED teacher has been teaching students with LD how to use chapter headings, subheadings, indexes and glossaries in their textbooks when doing content-area reading. The greatest benefit of this approach is that it (Comp 005) A. promotes students' use of critical-thinking skills B. enables students to synthesize new information more quickly. C. encourages students to relate new information to prior knowledge. D. gives students tools for taking control of their own learning.
D. gives students tools for taking control of their own learning.
Early in the school year, the students in a fifth-grade class have been demonstrating exclusionary behavior. There are two dominant cliques and there are several children, including two with disabilities, who are generally treated as outcasts. When considering how to respond, the classroom teacher should be aware that (Comp 004) A. in such situations, it is generally best to let the students work the issues out among themselves rather than to intervene in their social relationships. B. the most effective response would be to ask the parents of the students in the cliques to apply disciplinary measures if their children continue the exclusionary behavior. C. his or her response should be aimed primarily at bolstering the resilience and self-assertiveness of the children with the lowest social status. D. it is imperative to institute a program specifically designed to build a learning community in which all students feel safe and accepted.
D. it is imperative to institute a program specifically designed to build a learning community in which all students feel safe and accepted.
Eligibility for SPED Services
Determined based on criteria defined in federal law and state regulations
Pervasive Developmental Disorder
DSM IV diagnosis, child with autistic like behaviors, major concern is lack of communication
Teachers must keep meticulous records. They are required to share all of them with the student's parent/guardian: (Skill 2.05) (RIGOROUS)
Daily attendance Record, Grade reports, & Discipline notice placed in cumulative record.
A paraprofessional has been assigned to assist you in the classroom. What action the part of the teacher would lead to a poor working relationship? (Skill 12.02) (AVERAGE)
Defining classroom behavior management as your responsibility alone.
Validity
Degree to which a test measures what it is suppose to measure.
Strategies specifically designed to move the learner from dependence to independence include: (Skill 6.04) (RIGOROUS)
Demonstration, imitation, assistance, prompting, and ver instruction & Cognitive modeling and self -guidance through overt, faded overt and covert stages.
When communicating with parents, what is the best form of communication in today's world?
Depends on the parents preference. This can be via Email, Text, or Voice Mail
Which of the following is an example of cross-modal perception involving integrating visual stimuli to an auditory verbal process? (Skill 8.10) (RIGOROUS)
Describing a picture
Manifest Determination Review (MDR) ARD committees should first: (Skill 12.10) (AVERAGE)
Determine if the disability was a cause of the behavior
Third step in Functional Behavioral Analysis
Develop a hypothesis about what function the behavior serves and choose an intervention that serves the same function
What are some area's in which diagnostic assessments to determine eligibility for Special Education services might be given?
Development, Social emotional behavior, or Auditory processing.
Commonly Used Individual Assessment Instruments for reading
Diagnostic Reading Scales Gray Oral Reading Test Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests
The reason that Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act was ignored by state and local educational agencies for 20 years after it was passed in 1973 is that the law:
Did not include provisions for federal funding or monitoring.
Antwon is in your high school resource classroom. You begin to wonder if a functional program would be best when you not the student's? (Skill 2.08) (AVERAGE)
Difficulties understanding concrete examples
Alternative Education Programs
Disciplinary programs operated by school districts for students who have committed a range of offenses specified in state law and/or in the district's Student Code of Conduct.
Alternative Education Programs (AEPs)
Disciplinary programs operated by school districts for students who have committed a range of offenses specified in state law and/or in the district's Student Code of Conduct. Students with disabilities who are in these programs are still entitled to special education services.
Mrs. Freud is a consultant teacher. She has two students with Mr. Ricardo. Mrs. Freud should: (Skill 12.02) (AVERAGE)
Discuss lessons with the teacher and suggest modifications before class.
Characteristics Emotional and Behavioral Disturbances: Classroom Behaviors
Disruptive classroom behavior, out of seat, running around, hitting, fighting, disturbing classmates, stealing or destroying property, defiant, noncompliant, and/or verbally disruptive. May have difficulty following directions and completing assignments.
Autism is a disorder characterized by: (Skill 1.01) (EASY)
Distorted relationships with others, perceptual anomalies, and self-stimulation.
Syllabication
Division of words into small parts phonemically, by sounding rather than according to rules governing end-of-line division of words.
Two most common forms of genetically transmitted MR
Down's Syndrome and Fragile X syndrome
Lau v. Nichols (1974)
If a substantial number of non-English speaking students reside in a district, the district must provide for these students with classes in English.
Problems in Fetal Brain Development
During pregnancy, the development of the brain can be affected by a number of factors which could alter how the neurons form or interconnect during development. Throughout pregnancy, brain development is vulnerable to disruptions in the developmental process. Early disruptions to brain development often results in miscarriage or the infant may be born with widespread disabilities. Disruptions occurring later, when the cells are becoming specialized and moving into place, may impact cell makeup, location, or connections. It is generally believed that these errors may manifest later as LD.
What is a common term for a written language learning disability?
Dysgraphia
PL 94-142
Education for all Handicapped Children Act-1975 mandated FAPE, ensured due process, IEP and LRE
Self-Advocacy
Effectively communicating one's own rights, needs, and desires and taking responsibility for decision making that impacts one's life
Biophysical Perspective
Emphasizes the relationship between body chemistry and genetics and that of behavior. Drug therapy is often utilized in this approach. It is believed that the id ego and superego act as a system of checks and balances on behavior. The id is the pleasure seeking, impulsive force that is dominant in childhood. The superego is the conscience, which represents moral and ethical beliefs. The ego mediates between the id and the superego. The ego guides actions by taking into account the natural consequences of behavior.
What can a teacher plan that will allow him/her to avoid adverse situations with students? (Skill 6.11) (RIGOROUS)
Environment
Included in the IDEA definition of OHI
Epilepsy, Leukemia, and Tourette Syndrome
The most important steps in writing a Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) is: (Skill 2.09) (RIGOROUS)
Establish antecedents related or causative to the behavior.
Lau v. Nichols (1974)
If a substantial number of non-English speaking students reside in the district, the district must provide for these students with classes in English.
Fourth step in Functional Behavioral Analysis
Evaluate the effectiveness of the chosen intervention
Schedule breaks
Evaluation strategies for special needs students include
How frequently do re-evaluations occur?
Every 3 years
A child must be reevaluated to determine continued eligibility for Special Education services:
Every Three Years
Acculturation refers to the individual's: (Skill 5.01) (RIGOROUS)
Experiential background
The purpose of a Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP) is to
Explain what behaviors are being targeted for change and how school stuff will implement the change.
When working with students with disabilities in math, teachers should plan instruction that is primarily
Explicit
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
Federal law requiring school districts to provide students with disabilities with a free appropriate public education.
Marcus is a nine grader with intellectual disabilities. his transition needs evaluation indicates that he likes pets, especially dogs. He doesn't like doctors and becomes nervous around needles. Marcus is good at carrying out routine tasks. Based on this information, an appropriate supported employment opportunity for Marcus would be:
Feeding and washing dogs at an animal shelter.
major known cause of MR, not genetic
Fetal Alcohol syndrome
Characteristics Emotional and Behavioral Disturbances: Aggressive Behaviors
Fighting or instigating their peers to strike back at them. Vandalism or destruction of property, verbal abuse.
Hendrick Hudson Board of Education. v. Rowley, 458 U.S. 176 (1982)
First Supreme Court case regarding special education set the standard for what is a "Free Appropriate Public Education". The ruling provided children with disabilities access to public schools that also provided a basic floor of opportunity. Not the best education but one where the child has passing grades in classes and is advancing to higher grades. www.specialeducationadvisor.com
If a teacher assesses a student's rate, accuracy, and expression the area of reading being evaluated is:
Fluency
Instinct Theory
Focuses on the innate and evolutionary nature of aggression. Freudian Theory supports to natural aggressions--sex and aggression or death. Psychic energy used for aggression is considered a catharsis. Students need to learn ways to decrease aggressive energy through appropriate means.
You note that a child in your class is expressing discomfort when placing his back against a chair. You ask him if he's ok, and he says it's nothing. You notice what appears to be a belt mark on his shoulder. What is the first thing you should do? (Skill 10.07) (RIGOROUS)
Follow school policy
Definitions of handicapps
For each of the handicapps, try to review the IDEA federal definition (begins with CFR), then SBOE rules,
a bar graph
For her fourth grade science lesson on weather, Mrs. Dale wants to display the average winter temperatures for various cities around the United States. Which of the following would best accomplish this goal?
To determine a child's eligibility for Special Education services a school district will administer
Formal Diagnostic Assessments
Domain IV
Foundations and Professional Roles and Responsibilities
Domain IV
Foundations and professional roles and responsibilities
FAPE
Free Appropriate Public Education- Special Education Services that are provided at public expense must meet standards of that state's educational agency. Must be available to preschool, elementary, and secondary levels and must follow individual education plans
Which tangible reinforcer would Mr. Whiting find to be most effective with teenagers? (Skill 6.05) (EASY)
Free Homework Pass
What does FAPE stand for?
Free and Appropriate Public Education
Fluency
Freedom from word identification problems that might slow comprehension in silent reading or the expression of ideas in oral reading. The more fluent the higher the rate of comprehension. Fluency can be increased through repeated readings, choral reading and alternate reading.
Which of the following academic difficulties may characterize a language learning disability?
Frequent misspelled words
Teacher feedback for students with disabilities is best if
Frequent, Positive, and Immediate
FBA stands for:
Functional Behavioral Assessment
What should precede the development of a Behavioral Intervention Plan?
Functional behavioral assessment
integration
Functions of the brain are
Second step in a Functional Behavioral Analysis
Gather data on the occurrence of the target behavior, identify frequency, intensity, and where the behavior is most likely to take place
STAAR
Gen-Ed (Mainstreemed)
In what setting are the largest number of students receiving SPED Services?
General Classroom
In Class Support/Support Facilitation
General Education Teacher is responsible for instruction and the Special Education Teacher works with the student with disability
What type of number pattern is 1,3,9,27 ___?
Geometric Sequence
Standards-Based IEP
Goals are aligned to enrolled grade-level TEKS
Standards-Based IEP
Goals should reflect & link directly to specific grade-level TEKS for all students who are taking modified and alternate-assessments, and are aligned to enrolled grade-level TEKS.
What is true about IDEA? In order to be eligible, a student must: (Skill 10.01) (EASY)
Have a disability that fits into one of the categories listed in the law.
In establishing your behavior management plan with the students, it is best to: (Skill 4.04) (AVERAGE)
Have students involved in creating the rules on day one
Characteristics of Emotional and Behavioral Disturbances: Family Characteristics
Having a child with an emotional/behavioral disorder does not automatically mean that the family is dysfunctional. But these are factors that contribute: abuse and neglect, lack of appropriate supervision, lax, punitive or no discipline, high rates of negative types of interaction among members, lack of parental concern/interest, negative adult role models, lack of proper health care/nutrition, disruption in the family.
Antiseptic Bouncing
Having a student temporarily leave the classroom without punishment. EX) Asking a student to run an errand or deliver a message
IDEA Other Health Impairment
Having limited strength, vitality, or alertness, including a heightened alertness to environmental stimuli, that results in limited alertness (Due to chromic health problems, affects performance)
The primary reason to provide assessment accommodations is to:
Help Students with disabilities have an equal opportunity to demonstrate what they know.
Problems During Pregnancy or Delivery
High risk and complicated pregnancies tend to result in higher number of children born with disabilities. Complications during delivery can contribute to the development of LD. Delivery complications in which the infant is deprived of oxygen for any period of time can be contributing factors in delayed development or LD.
All of the following are characteristics of a student who has an emotional disturbance: (Skill 1.01) (AVERAGE)
Highly disruptive to the classroom environment, Academic difficulties, & Areas of talent overlooked by a teacher
What is the fastest growing minority in school?
Hispanic Children
Characteristics of Students with with Learning Disabilities
Hyperactivity Perceptual difficulties (visual, auditory) Perceptual-motor impairments (poor integration of visual and motor systems, often affecting fine motor coordination) Disorders of memory and thinking (memory deficits, trouble with problem-solving, concept formation and association, poor awareness of own metacognitive skills) Impulsiveness (acts before considering consequences, poor impulse control, often followed by remorselessness) Academic problems
Early Intervening Services
IDEA allows schools to use up to 15 percent of IDEA funds for support services for students not identified as having a disability, but who need additional academic and behavioral supports to succeed in a general education classroom.
Parent
IDEA definition includes: biological, adoptive or foster; guardians (unless the child is a ward of the state); individuals acting in the place of natural or adoptive parents, such as grandparents, stepparents, other relatives with whom the child lives; individuals responsible for the child's welfare; and assigned surrogates.
Procedural Safeguards
IDEA guarantees students with disabilities and their parents the right to FAPE, LRE, and a process to resolve disagreements and disputes beginning with mediation and ending with civil action.
Discipline removal and IDEA
IDEA has very specific guideline regarding the # of consecutive days and the accumulative days a child with a disability can be removed.
Individual Transition Plan
IDEA require that no later later than age 16 (or earlier if appropriate) each student's IEP should contain a statement of needed transition services. It must include a state of linkages and responsibilities for each agency to provide those services. The intent is to have a plan in place to facilitate the individual's successful transition from the school setting to the community.
What the IEP must contain?
IDEA requires: 1) A statement of a child's present levels of academic achievement and functional performance, including how the child's disability affects his or her involvement and progress in GEN ED curriculum. 2) A description of how the child's progress toward meeting the annual goals will be measured, and when periodic progress reports will be provided. 3) A statement of the SP ED and related services and supplementary aids and services to be provided to the child or on behalf of the child. 4) A statement of the program modifications or supports for school personnel that will be provided to enable the child to advance appropriately toward attaining the annual goals. 5) A explanation of the extent, if any, to which the child will not participate with nondisabled children in the regular class and in extracurricular and nonacademic activities. 6) A statement of any individual accommodations that are necessary to measure the academic achievement and functional performance of the child on State and districtwide assessments. 7) The projected date for the beginning of the services and modifications, and the anticipated frequency, location, and duration of those services and modifications.
What is the ARD committee in Texas equivalent to in federal regulations regarding Special Education evaluation procedures?
IEP Committee
Relationship between TEKS and IEP?
IEP objectives should reflect the TEKS as closely as possible
First step in a Functional Behavioral Analysis
Identify and agree upon the primary behavior that needs to be changed
Which of the following is an example of tactile perception? (Skill 2.08) (AVERAGE)
Identifying a rough surface with eyes closed
An example of structural analysis is:
Identifying prefixes and suffixes in a list of words
When will an evaluation occur at public expense?
If a due process hearing deems that the public agency's evaluation was inappropriate
Change in Placement
If a school suspends a child from class for more than 10 days in a row, the suspension is called
How was the training of special education teachers changed by the No Child Left Behind Act of 2002? (Skill 10.01) (AVERAGE)
If a special education teacher is teaching a core subject, he or she must meet the standard of a highly qualified teacher in that subject.
Admission, Review and Dismissal Committee (ARD)
In Texas, this is the name for the group made up of a student's paretns and school staff that meets at least annually to decide whether or not the student has an eligible disability and what special education and related services will be provided. Its major responsibility is the development of the IEP for students receiving special education.
Florence Co. School District Four v. Shannon Carter, 510 U.S. 7, (1993)
In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court found that as long as the parents meet the test for reimbursement established in Burlington parents have a right to reimbursement even if the private school is not a school certified by the State. "According to the Court of Appeals, neither the text of the Act nor its legislative history imposes a "requirement that the private school be approved by the state in parent placement reimbursement cases." www.specialeducationadvisor.com
Peer Tutoring V. Cooperative Learning
In peer tutoring the teacher trains the peer tutors who in turn work with their peers who need extra practice. In cooperative learning students work together in small groups and the focus is on team work and shared goals
Screening
In reviewing his class group achievement testing from last year, Mr. Hill noticed that Anna's math scores were a bit low. He decided to administer some informal 'mini' assessments to the whole class to determine if Anna was behind her peers. What part of the assessment process is Mr. Hill involved in?
10 Day Rule Disciplinary Removals CFR 300.520
In summary, 10 consecutive or 10 cumulative days in a school year....you may not exceed 10 days without having an ARD meeting... you cannot buy 10 more days at the ARD
10 Day Rule Disciplinary Removals CFR 300.520 What the ARD then does
In the ard after child has been removed 10 days,the FBA is reviewed; if there's not one, one must be developed; Also review the BIP, if there's not one ARD must complete one in meeting
Jane is a third grader. Mrs. Smith, her teacher, noted that Jane was having difficulty with math and reading assessments. The results from recent diagnostic tests showed a strong sight vocabulary, strength in computational skills, but a weakness was apparent in mathematical word problems as well. The multi-disciplinary team recommended placement in a special education resource room for two periods each school day. For the remainder of the school day, her placement would be: (Skill 10.08) (AVERAGE)
In the regular classroom
Sharing/Publication Stage
In this stage are encouraged to share their work aloud and in printed form
Revising/Editing Stage
In this stage students share their work by reading aloud and getting feedback that will help make revisions.
Drafting Stage
In this stage students work alone or in groups to begin collecting and organizing ideas
Planning/Prewriting Stage
In this stage students write outlines, brainstorm, mind map, list ideas, etc.
Assistive Technology services
Including training, these services assist students with disabilities in the selection, acquisition or use of an AT device.
Assimilation
Incorporating new ideas into existing ideas. A concept developed by Jean Piaget.
Which component changed with the reauthorization of the Education for all Handicapped Children Act of 1975 (EHA) 1990 EHA amendment? (Skill 10.01) (AVERAGE)
Individual Education Plans
What does IEP stand for?
Individual Education Programs
For which of the following purposes is a norm-referenced test LEAST appropriate?(Skill 2.01) (AVERAGE)
Individual Program Planning
Criterion Referenced Test
Individual's performance is measured against mastery of curriculum criteria rather than other students
IEP
Individualized Education Program A written statement for a child with disability that is developed, reviewed and revised in a meeting in keeping with certain requirements of law and regulations. It can be understood as the blueprint or plan, for the SP ED experience of a child with a disability across the school environment.
The Key Math Diagnostic Arithmetic Test is an individually administered test of math skills. It is comprised of fourteen subtests which are classified into the major math areas of content, operations, and applications for which subtest scores are reported. The test manual describes the population sample upon which the test was normed, and reports data pertaining to reliability and validity. In addition, for each item in the test, a behavioral objective is presented. From the decryption, it can be determined that this achievement test is: (Skill 2.01) (AVERAGE)
Individually administered, Criterion-referenced, & Diagnostic.
If a teacher observes his/her students completing various assignments and notes down their strengths and weaknesses, what kind of assessment is the teacher giving?
Informal
What is the difference between formal and informal observation?
Informal Observations are based on anecdotal reports from parents, teachers, and others. Formal Observations are those in which someone other than the child's teacher observes the student in a variety of settings and makes notes of performance and participation.
Traumatic Brain Injury
Injury to the brain due to an accident that results in total or partial disability that affects educational performance. It may affect any or all area of cognition, language, memory attention, judgement, motor skills, behavior, emotions, problem solving or speech. As the brain heals the symptoms will change over time so it requires close communication among education, medical or other professionals, and parents/guardians.
The MOST RESTRICTIVE environment in which an individual might be placed and receive instruction is that of: (Skill 3.06) (EASY)
Institutional setting
What is most descriptive of vocational training in special education? (Skill 5.08) (RIGOROUS)
Instruction focuses upon self-help skills, social-interpersonal skills, motor skills, rudimentary academic skills, simple occupational skills, and lifetime leisure and occupational skills
Areas to be addressed in Transition Statement:
Instruction, Related Services, Development of Employment, Community Experience, Activities of Daily Living, and Functional Vocational Evaluation
IDEA Mental Retardation
Intellectual functioning 2 standard deviations below the mean and exhibits deficits in at least two areas of adaptive functioning (communication, self-care, interpersonal skills, etc.)
Presentation of tasks can be altered to match the student's rate of learning by: (Skill 12.02) (RIGOROUS)
Introducing a new task only when the student has demonstrated mastery of the previous task in the learning hierarchy
Acquisition Stage of Learning
Introduction of a new skill
Joey is in a mainstreamed preschool program. One of the means his teacher uses in determining growth in adaptive skills is that of observation. Some questions about Joey's behavior that she might ask include: (Skill 5.06) (AVERAGE)
Is he able to hold a cup?, Can he call the name of any of his toys?, & Can he reach for an object and grasp it?
The definition for "Other Health Impaired (OHI)" in IDEA: (Skill 1.04) (AVERAGE)
Is the definition that accepts heart conditions.
What is the incidence of hearing loss/deafness?
It is 1.3 % of all students with disabilities.
Which of the following is true about autism? (Skill 1.04) (EASY)
It is a separate exceptionality category in IDEA
What is the hearing impairment definition?
It is an impairment in hearing, fluctuating or permanent, that adversely affects a child performance.
What is deafness?
It is defined as a hearing impairment so severe that child is impaired in processing language with or w/or amplification.
A statement true about Autism:
It is more common among boys than girls.
Honig v. Doe, 484U.S. 305 (1988)
It removed a school's unilateral authority to suspend or expel a student with an IEP for more than 10 days unless there is evidence of weapons, drugs, or serious bodily injury. The school must get a ruling from a hearing officer or court. It also clarifies that schools shall not expel children for behaviors related to their disability. www.specialeducationadvisor.com
Which of the following is true about the ending "er"? (Skill 8.01) (RIGOROUS)
It represents one of the smallest units of meaning within a word, It is called an inflectional ending, & When added to a word, it connotes a comparative status.
Mrs. Stokes has been teaching her third-grade students about mammals during a recent science unit. Which of the following would be true of a criterion-referenced test she might administer at the conclusion of the unit? (Skill 2.01) (AVERAGE)
It will be based on unit objectives
What is an ALE classroom?
It's an applied learning environment.
Jake needs to be able to read other appropriate materials with the same degree of fluency for mastery.
Jake, a sixth grade student with a learning disability, has been working toward an IEP objective of increasing his reading fluency by two words a minute each week. He has met this objective on a familiar reading series, but his teacher marks the objective "continued" instead of "mastered". What is the basis for this decision?
Receptive Language
Jesse often asks his teacher to repeat questions and directions for tasks. He is unable to retain elements of a story when the teacher reads it aloud. Jesse most likely has difficulty with:
When you need to evaluate a student's work ethics, you should give what type of assessment? (Skill 2.05) (RIGOROUS)
Naturalistic
Does Deaf-Blindness fall under Multiple Disabilities?
No, Deaf-Blindness is a category in itself
Does a student have to be blind to fall into the category of Visually Impaired?
No, a student with partial sight could be included in this category.
Are brain injuries that are congenital, degenerative, or induced by birth trauma considered Traumatic Brain Injury by IDEA?
No, must be a brain injury caused by an external force.
Informal Assessment
Non-standardized tests such as criterion referenced test and teacher-prepared test. No rigid rules or procedures.
The opportunity for a student with a disability to attend a class as close to the normal as possible describes: (Skill 10.01) (EASY)
Normalization
Target behaviors must be: (Skill 6.04) (RIGOROUS)
Observable, Measurable, & Definable
Bloom's Taxonomy - Knowledge
Observation and recall of information
Individuals with mental retardation can be characterized as: (Skill 1.01) (RIGOROUS)
Often indistinguishable from normal developing children at an early age
Individuals with mental retardation can be characterized as: (Comp 001)
Often indistinguishable from normal developing children at an early age; IQ of 70 or below; limited cognitive ability; delayed academic achievement, particularly in language related subjects; deficits in memory which often related to poor initial perception, or inability to apply stored information to relevant situations; impaired formulation to learning strategies; difficulty in attending to relevant aspects of stimuli; slowness in reaction time or in employing alternate strategies.
How often must a student's transition plan be updated?
Once a year as part of the ARD
What are signs of TBI (traumatic brain injury)?
One of more problems in speaking, physical disabilities, thinking, memory, social/behavioral domains
An example of "One Teach, One Observe"
One teacher presents the normal progression of a volcanic eruption, using visuals and 3-D models, while the other teacher watches the students in the class and keeps notes on their levels of participation and conceptual understanding.
Alan has failed repeatedly in his academic work. He needs continuous feedback in order to experience small, incremental achievements. What type of instructional material would best meet this need? (Skill 4.09) (RIGOROUS)
Programmed materials
accommodations in testing
include changes in the presentation format, the response format, the test setting or the test timing.
Juvenile Justice Alternative Education Program (JJAEP)
Operated by the juvenile justice system.
Disciplinary Alternative Education Program (DAEP)
Operated by the school district.
Recurrent pattern of negative, defiant, disobedient, and hostile behavior towards authority
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Commonly Used Individual Assessment Instruments for Language
Oral Written Language Scales (OWLS) Clinical Evaluation of Language Functions (CELF) Test of Language Development (TOLD) Carrow Elicited Language Inventory
What are generic problem-solving strategies in math instruction?
Organizational steps that can be applied to a range of math problems.
Eligible Disability Categories under IDEA
Orthopedic Impairment (OI) Other Health Impairment (OHI), including ADD, AD/HD, Tourette's Auditory Impairment (AI) Visual Impairment (VI) Deaf-Blindness (D-B) Intellectual Disability (ID), previously called Mental Retardation Emotional Disturbance (ED) Learning Disability (LD) Speech Impairment (SI) Autism (AU), including Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Multiple Disabilities (MD) Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Non-Categorical (for ages 3-5)
What IDEA category does ADHD fall under?
Other Health Impairment
What does OHI stand for?
Other Health Impairment
Admission, Review Dismissal Committee Pointers
Parent can audio tape any ARD meeting after first informing all members attending that a recording is being made. Usually if parent records, school should also make recording of their own
Admission, Review Dismissal Committee Pointers
Parent can bring other persons to ARDC meeting to help or represent them (parent must sign consent for them to be there where confidential topics are discussed.)
Admission, Review Dismissal Committee Pointers
Parent can indicate on the IEP document, agreement or disagreement with the decisions made by the committee.
Before a child can be evaluated what must happen?
Parent must be notified and consent
What is a form of communication that would be considered two-way communication?
Parent-Teacher phone call
Admission, Review Dismissal Committee Pointers
Parents of VI or hearing impaired students must be given information about Texas State School for the Blind or Texas State School for the Deaf.
Six IDEA Principles: Parents of children with disabilities participate
Parents of children with disabilities participate in the planning and decision making for their child's special education. Parents' rights primarily involve access to students' educational records for inspection and review and the need for parental consent to release personally identifiable information.
Environmental Factors of Learning Disabilities (LD)
Parents with expressive Language disorders may not verbally interact well with their child. The child may mimic the parent's articulation errors. A lack of good language models can contribute to a speech-language disability.
PL 101-336 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
Passed by Congress and signed into law by the President in July 1990s, the ADA is the first comprehensive declaration of equality for people with disabilities. The ADA protects the civil rights of people with disabilities in all aspects of employment, in accessing public services such as transportation, and guaranteeing access to public accommodations such as restaurants, stores, hotels, and other types of buildings to which the public has access.
Which strategy is most successful readers use during reading, often without consciously thinking about it?
Pausing every few paragraphs and mentally summarizing what just happened in the text
Definition of Visual Impairments
includes partially sighted, low visions, legally blind and totally blind (Braille)
According to the National Reading Panel's 2000 report, "Teaching Children to Read," there are five evidence-based areas of reading instruction. What are the five areas?
Phonemic awareness, phonics, vocabulary, fluency, and comprehension
5 components of Language Learning
Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics
Commonly Used Individual Assessment Instruments for Written Language
Picture Story Language Test Test of Written Spelling Test of Written Language (TOWL) Gates-Russell Spelling Diagnostic Test
Lotzie is not labeled as needing special education services and appears unable to function on grade level in both academics and socially. He is in 9th grade reading picture books, and consistently displays immature behavior that can be misinterpreted. You have already observed these behaviors. What should be done first? (Skill 12.02) (RIGOROUS)
Plan and discuss possible interventions with the teacher
What can you do to create a good working environment with a classroom assistant? (Skill 4.09) (RIGOROUS)
Plan lessons with the assistant
Behavior Intervention Plan
Plan used to reinforce or teach positive behavior skills.
Charise comes into your room and seems to know every button to push to get you upset with her. What could be a good intervention? (Skill 6.05) (RIGOROUS)
Planned ignoring
Television, movies, radio, and newspapers contribute to the public's poor understanding of disabilities b: (Skill12.04) (AVERAGE)
Portraying the person with the disability as one with incredible abilities
When writing a Behavior Intervention Plan for a student whose behavior impedes learning, what kind of strategies does IDEA 2004 require the IEP team to consider?
Positive behavioral interventions and supports
Under the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA), which of the following is NOT considered a disability category?
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Proficiency Stage of Learning
Practice under supervision to achieve accuracy and speed
Section 504
Prohibits discrimination on the basis of a disability. Some students who do not qualify for special education services under IDEA, get services under this.
Domain III
Promoting student achievement in English Language Arts and Reading and in Mathematics
What components of the IEP are required by law? (Skill 3.04) (AVERAGE)
Present level of academic and functional performance; statement of how the disability affects the student's involvement and progress; evaluation criteria and timeliness for instructional objective achievement; modifications of accommodations, Projected dates for services initiation with anticipated frequency, location and duration; statement of when parent will be notified; statement of annual goals, Extent to which child will not participate in regular education program; transitional needs for students age 16
Priming
Previewing information or activities that a student is likely to have problems with before they being work on that activity
Why were the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and Public Law 94-142, passed by Congress in 1975, so important for students with disabilities in the United States?
Prior to these two pieces of federal legislation, individual states were not offering public education to the majority of children with disabilities.
What are characteristics of severe or multiple disabilities?
Problems in communication, physical mobility, memory, trouble generalizing skills, need for support in major life activities. traditionally labelled as severe or profound MR,
Causation of Disabilities
Problems in fetal brain development. Problems during pregnancy or delivery. Genetic Factors Environment Tobacco, Alcohol and other drug use. Toxins
Process Approach to Writing
Process for writing that requires students to progress through the stages of planning, drafting, revising, and sharing
Elaboration
Processing of text involving the building of connections between one's background knowledge and the text or integrating these two sources through manipulating or transforming information.
Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) describes special education and related services as? (Skill 6.03) (EASY)
Public expenditure and standard to the state educational agency, Provided in conformity with each student's individualized education program, if the program is developed to meet requirements of the law, & Include preschool, elementary, and/or secondary education in the state involved.
Preschool Program for Children with Disabilities
Public school services for children between the ages of 3 and 5 who qualify for special education services.
Preschool Program for Children with Disabilities (PPCD)
Public school services for children between the ages of 3 and 5 who qualify for special education services. Students ages 3 to 5 can receive special education services and support in settings such as a regular preschool in the community, a Head Start program or a pre-kindergarten class. Options for 3-year-olds and 4-year-olds cannot be limited to _______ classrooms containing only students with disabilities.
What details must a written notice of an ARD committee meeting include?
Purpose, time, and place of the meeting
What resources are needed
Questions to ask while preparing lessons using the direct teaching method may include
Emergent Literacy
Reading and writing behavior evolving from children's earliest experience with reading and writing, that will gradually grow into conventional literacy.
PL 105-17 IDEA 1997
Reaffirms the basic principles of PL 94-142 and significant refinements made which impact the way parents, teachers and administrators go about important work of ensuring quality education and early intervention for children with disabilities. IDEA 1997 stresses parental involvement.
Which reauthorization IDEA expanded the definition of disabilities to include children with developmental delays between the ages of three and nine?
Reauthorization of 1997
Which reauthorization of IDEA implemented a time-frame of not more than 60 days to conduct initial evaluations for Special Education eligibility?
Reauthorization of 2004
Social maturity may be evidenced by the student's: (Skill 7.04) (EASY)
Recognition of rights and responsibilities (his own and others), Display of repeat for legitimate authority figures, and Formulation of a valid moral judgment.
Behavioral Inhibition
Refers to a pattern of behavior involving withdrawal, avoidance, fear of the unfamiliar, and over-arousal of the sympathetic nervous system. Behavioral inhibition typically appears as a temperamental predisposition found in childhood. Makes it difficult to delay gratification and interferes with executive functions.
Extended School Year (ESY)
Refers to education services provided in the summer (or over a holiday break) to some students with disabilities who require them as a part of their free appropriate public education. These services are to be provided in accordance with the IEP and at no cost to the parents.
Non-verbal Learning Disabilities
Refers to individuals who have a cluster of disabilities in social interaction, math, visual-spatial and tactual tasks.
Repairing
Refers to taking steps to correct faulty or inaccurate comprehension.
After purchasing what seemed to be a very attractive new math kit for use with her students who have learning disabilities, Ms. Davis discovered her students could not use the kit unless she read the math problems and instructions to them, as the readability level was higher than the majority of the students' functional reading capabilities. Which criterion of the materials selection did Ms. Davis most likely fail to consider when selecting this math kit? (Skill 4.09) (AVERAGE)
Relevance
Stereotypical Behaviors
Repetitive behaviors that are sometimes found in individuals who have autism, blindness, or who are severely MR. For example, rubbing eyes, hand flapping, tics, swaying from side to side.
Which is an educational characteristic common to students with midl intellectual learning and behavioral disabilities? (Skill 1.01) (EASY)
Require modification in classroom instruction
Performance Based Assessment
Requires a student to perform a task rather than select an answer from a pre-determined list of options.
The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) affected students with Limited English Proficiency (LEP) by: (Skill 10.01) (RIGOROUS)
Requiring these students to demonstrate English Language Proficiency before a high school diploma is granted.
STAAR-Modified
Resource
89.1053 Time Out and Restraint
Restraint limited to use of such reasonable force as necessary for an emergency which is defined as "a situation in which a student's behavior poses a threat of imminent, serious physical harm to self or others, or imminent property destruction (not tearing a paper, but throwing a computer, shattering a window, etc.)
When formulating instructional objectives for a student's Individualized Education Program (IEP), what should the Annual Review and Dismissal committee do?
Review the student's current level of performance, and write reasonable objectives that reflect the grade-level TEKS as closely as possible and promote academic growth.
During which written composition stage are students encouraged to read their stories aloud to others? (Skill 8.08) (AVERAGE)
Revising/ Editing
Provide a partially completed outline of the lecture notes for Rico to fill in during class
Rico is a seventh grade student with a learning disability. Which of the following is a reasonable accommodation for his history teacher to make?
Six IDEA Principles: Nondiscriminatory Evaluation
Rule requiring schools to evaluate students fairly to determine if they have a disability, and if so, what kind and how extensive.
Penn Association for Retarded Citizens v. Commonwealth of Penn (1972)
Ruled that children with mental retardation have the right to a free and appropriate public education and that parents who are dissatisfied with their children's placement have the right to a due process under the law.
Diana v. State Board of Education (1970)
Ruled that students cannot be placed in special education on the basis of culturally biased tests or tests given in other than the child's native language. This ruling resulted in requirements to implement nondiscriminatory assessment methods, including testing students in their native language.
Honig v. Doe (1988)
Ruled that students couldn't be removed from school if the inappropriate behavior is related to the disability. Schools could suspend a student for up to 10 days, but not more than 10 days without due process.
Mill v. Board of Education (1972)
Ruled that students with disabilities have the same right to an education as nondisabled students. Financial problems cannot be allowed to have a greater impact on children with disabilities than on students without disabilities.
Six IDEA Principles: Zero Reject
Rules against excluding any student
Syntax
Rules, Commonly known as grammar, that govern how morphemes and words are correctly combined
Competency 001
SP ED Teacher understands and applies knowledge of the characteristics and needs of students with disabilities.
Competency 011
SP ED teacher applies knowledge of professional roles and responsibilities and adheres to legal and ethical requirements of the profession.
Competency 012
SP ED teacher knows how to communicate and collaborate effectively in a variety of professional settings.
Competency 005
SP ED teacher knows how to promote students' educational performance in all content areas by facilitating their achievement in a variety of settings and situations.
Competency 008
SP ED teacher promotes students' performance in English-Language Arts and Reading.
Competency 009
SP ED teacher promotes students' performance in Mathematics.
Competency 006
SP ED teacher understands and applies knowledge of issues and procedures for teaching appropriate student behavior and social skills.
Competency 004
SP ED teacher understands and applies knowledge of procedures for managing the teaching and learning environment, including procedures related to the use of assistive technology.
Competency 003
SP ED teacher understands and applies knowledge of procedures for planning instruction for individuals with disabilities.
Competency 007
SP ED teacher understands and applies knowledge of transition issues and procedures across the life span.
Competency 002
SP ED teacher understands formal and informal assessment and evaluation procedures and knows how to evaluate student competencies to make instructional decisions.
Competency 010
SP ED teacher understands the philosophical, historical and legal foundations of special education.
3 Types of Antidepressants
SSRI, Tri-cyclic, MAOI
She has to use all her mental energy for word identification
Sara, a first grade student, has a very slow reading rate. She will likely have greater difficulty with reading comprehension because:
Janiay requires Occupational Therapy and Speech Therapy services. She is your student. What must you do to assure her services are met? (Skill 5.10) (RIGOROUS)
Schedule collaboratively
FERPA allows schools to disclose records, without consent, to
School officials with a legitimate educational interest Other schools to which a student is transferring Specified officials for audit or evaluation purposes To comply with a judicial order or lawfully issued subpoena Appropriate officials in cases of health and safety emergencies
What was determined in Lau V. Nichols (1974)?
Schools must provide bilingual education or instruction in native language
Characteristics of Individuals with Mental Retardation or Intellectual Disabilities
Score below 70 on IQ test Limited Cognitive ability Delayed academic achievement, particularly in language-related subjects Deficits in memory which often relate to poor initial perception, or inability to apply stored information to relevant situations. Impaired formulation of learning strategies. Difficulty in attending to relevant aspects of stimuli Slowness in reaction time or in employing alternate strategies.
During the course of the reading time, the three different oral reading methods that the teacher uses fluidly are:
Shared Reading Echo Reading Choral Reading
A Behavioral Intervention Plan (BIP): (Skill 6.10) (RIGOROUS)
Should be written by a team
No Child Left Behind
Signed into law in 2002. NCLB addresses accountability of school personnel for student achievement with the expectation that every child will demonstrate proficiency in Reading, Math, and Science.
What is true about the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)? (Skill 10.01) (EASY)
Signed into law same year as IDEA by President Bush, Protection to all people on basis of race, sex, national origin, and religion, & It guarantees equal opportunities to person with disabilities in employment, public accommodations, transportation, government services, and telecommunications.
For which of the following purposes is a norm-referenced test MOST appropriate?(Skill 2.01) (AVERAGE)
Screening, Program evaluation, & Making placement decisions
In Special Education, the term co-morbidity refers to:
Secondary or tertiary disability that exists alongside a child's primary diagnosis.
Which is a step teachers use to establish cooperative learning groups in the classroom? The teacher: (Skill 5.04) (RIGOROUS)
Select members of each learning group, Directly teach cooperative group skills, & Assigns cooperative group skills.
In which of the following ways does an effective teacher utilize pacing as a means of matching a student's rate of learning? (Skill 4.02) (RIGOROUS)
Selected content is presented based upon prerequisite skills then presented in modified measures of time.
Janelle is just as "antsy" as Jaquan who has ADHD. You want to keep a good eye on them so you put them in the same corner. Later you suspect Amanda also has ADHD and you move her to the same area... You are creating: (Skill 6.02) (AVERAGE)
Self- fulfilling prophecy
One of the most important goals of the special education teacher is to foster and create with the student: (Skill 7.02) (EASY)
Self-Advocacy
Modeling is an essential component of which self-training approach? (Skill 6.08) (RIGOROUS)
Self-instructional training
Which component of language involves language content rather than the form of language? (Skill 8.01) (AVERAGE)
Semantics
Children are engaged in a game of charades. Which type of social-interpersonal skill is the teacher most likely attempting to develop? (Skill 7.04) (RIGOROUS)
Sensitivity to others
In 1990, IDEA classified Autism as
Separate Exceptionality category
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)
Set a precedent for equality in education which was extended to children with disabilities.
A test administrator, per a student's IEP, administers the test in a location with minimal distractions. What type of assessment accommodation would this be?
Setting
IDEA Orthopedic Impairment
Severe orthopedic impairment that adversely affects the child's educational performance
Arlington Central School Distict v. Murphy, 548 U.S. (2006)
The Supreme Court decided that parents who win in a Due Process hearing are not entitled to recover expert witness fees having to do with the claims established in Due Process. www.specialeducationadvisor.com
Schaffer v. Weast, 546 U. S. (2005)
The Supreme Court decided that the burden of proof in a Due Process Hearing is on the party who files. www.specialeducationadvisor.com
What 3 things should a teacher consider when choosing and activity?
The activity should be appropriate level of difficulty, meaningful, and relevant
Zone of Proximal Development
The area between independent performance and potential as determined through problem solving under guidance of an adult or more capable peer. Concept by Vygotsky.
Phonological Awareness
The awareness of sounds in words. Included is the ability of hear rhyme and to separate the sound in words.
segment words and syllables into constituent sound units
The best predictor of reading difficulty in kindergarten and first grade is the inability to
ears
The brain receives information from the
measles
The causes of mental retardation may include
Self-Concept
The collective attitudes or feelings that on holds about oneself
Section 504
The common name for the federal law that prohibits discrimination against students with disabilities. It applies to any agency, including a school district, which receives federal money.
Alphabetic Principle
The concept that letters represent sounds. One of the earliest skills young readers must master.
Which of the following instructional strategies would be used to activate prior knowledge? (A) Having students complete a KWL chart before reading a book on snakes (B) Asking students to summarize the book they just read (C) Having students write a letter about their favorite book of all time (D) Guiding students to find all the instances of an author using a targeted vocabulary word
The correct response is ( A ). A KWL chart has students list what they already " K now" about a topic, what they " W ant" to know about the topic, and what they " L earned" after they read about the topic. It is an excellent way to activate prior knowledge about a nonfiction topic as students fill out the K and W columns before they read. (B) is not the correct answer because summarization occurs after reading, not before. (C) is not the correct answer because it involves reflecting on and writing about books that were memorable, but it does not specifically activate knowledge for a book the teacher is planning to have the students read. (D) is an incorrect answer because it is a vocabulary acquisition strategy and is not focused on having students think about the topic of a book prior to reading it.
When preparing instruction for a student with special needs, where is the best place for a teacher to start? (A) The student's IEP goals and objectives (B) The student's grade level textbooks (C) The district's scope and sequence of skills (D) Activity books from a teacher supply store
The correct response is ( A ). A team of educators, parents, diagnosticians, related service providers, and administrators met and agreed on the student's goals and objectives in the IEP. For any student with special needs, these goals and objectives must form the basis for all instructional planning. Since these goals are aligned as closely as possible with the grade-level TEKS, a teacher can be assured that they will meet the basic requirements of the district and state, so (C) is not the best answer. (B) and (D) are incorrect responses as publishers' lesson plans and activities should be used to carry out or supplement the instructional objectives of the IEP.
Which of the following actions is an example of an assessment accommodation? (A) Highlighting keywords or phrases in the directions (B) Helping the student answer some of the questions (C) Excusing the student from the test (D) Writing the student's disability on the answer sheet
The correct response is ( A ). An assessment with disabilities. For a student who has trouble reading, highlighting the keywords or phrases in the directions helps focus the student on what the test expects them to do without giving away any of the answers. (B) and (C) are incorrect because accommodations are not about changing the content of the test or providing answers. (D) is incorrect because disability designations are confidential information that would never be shared on an answer sheet.
Mrs. Takei, a third-grade teacher, maintains mathematics performance folders for each of her students. She frequently uses these folders at parent-teacher conferences and individual tutoring sessions. For her Special Education students, she takes these folders to the students' ARDs. The kind of assessment that these performance folders represent is (A) formative. (B) standardized. (C) summative. (D) diagnostic.
The correct response is ( A ). An individual performance folder is composed of a collection of a student's work over the course of a school year. Performance folders are great tools for showing student growth over time and for assessing how students are progressing in their goals during the year. This makes them formative assessments. (B) is not correct because performance folders involve teacher judgment. They are not standardized against other students' performances. (C) is not correct because performance folders represent work over time, not just at the end of a unit. (D) is incorrect because performance folders are created as the school year progresses, not at the beginning of the year to show students' baseline skills.
A Special Education teacher wants to collaborate with other Special Education teachers, share experiences in the classroom, and discuss appropriate teaching strategies for various disabilities. The most appropriate group for this teacher to join would be (A) CEC. (B) TCEA. (C) IRA. (D) ASCD.
The correct response is ( A ). CEC is the Council for Exceptional Children, a national organization for educators and parents that is committed to issues related to children and adults with exceptionalities. Members of CEC can join groups within the organization that are specific to their interests, such as intellectual disabilities or research. Texas has its own state chapter of CEC. (B) is incorrect because TCEA is the Texas Computer Education Association. (C) is incorrect because IRA is the International Reading Association. (D) is incorrect because ASCD is the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
What do test results of a norm-referenced test indicate? (A) A student's performance relative to a larger group of students of similar ages (B) How many questions a student answered correctly (C) Whether a student passed or failed a class (D) The likelihood a student will go to college
The correct response is ( A ). Norm-referenced tests are "normed" against the performance of a group of students who are similar in age or grade level. Scores are reported norms of the group rather than a straight percentage of incorrect to correct answers. (C) is incorrect because norm-referenced tests by themselves do not indicated passing or failing a course. They indicate performance compared to a norm. (D) is incorrect because the factors that affect a student going to college are many and varied, including academic, family background, and socioeconomic factors.
What would most likely be provided for a child with a documented OHI disability? (A) School-health services (B) After-school tutoring (C) Extended school year program (D) A full-time paraprofessional
The correct response is ( A ). OHI stands for Other Health Impairment and includes such diagnoses as epilepsy and heart conditions. Students with an OHI disability may not require any modifications or assistance in academic or social skills areas, but they may require health services if they experience a seizure or medical issue of some kind. (B), (C), and (D) would all be associated with disabilities that require academic intervention or close adult supervision.
As of 1990, the name of Public Law 94-142 is (A) Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. (B) No Child Left Behind. (C) Elementary and Secondary Education Act. (D) Rehabilitation Act.
The correct response is ( A ). Public Law 94-142 is commonly known as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, or IDEA. This was the name assigned as part of the 1990 amendment, replacing the earlier name of Education for the Handicapped Act. (B) is incorrect as No Child Left Behind is the name of the 2001 reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. (C) is incorrect because the Elementary and Secondary Education Act is Public Law 89-10. (D) is incorrect because the Rehabilitation Act is Public Law 93-112.
Who is involved in the transition process for Special Education students in Texas? (A) Students, family, Special Education teachers, general education teachers, and administrators (B) Parents and the primary Special Education teacher only (C) Transition agency personnel (D) Students and Counselors only
The correct response is ( A ). Transition planning involves a number of people to ensure that the interests and needs of the student are met. First and foremost, the student is involved if at all possible as it is his or her postschool life that is being planned. Parents, family members, special and general education teachers, and administrators must all be involved just as they are with an ARD. (B) is incorrect because it leaves out a number of the required participants, including the student. (C) is incorrect because, while agency representatives may be involved if permission is obtained by the family or an adult student, they are not the sole participants. (D) is incorrect because transition planning involves a much wider team than just the student and counselor.
Tim is a student with physical disabilities with extremely limited mobility. He uses a wheelchair. He is in a ninth-grade algebra I class. The most appropriate strategy for the math teacher to use when teaching Tim's class would be (A) using an interactive whiteboard with student response clickers to assess students' understanding of the lesson as it progresses. (B) requiring students to come forward and work problems on the board in front of the class. (C) using math stations, with small groups rotating every 5 to 10 minutes. (D) doing a gallery walk with chart paper posted for writing responses.
The correct response is ( A ). Using an interactive whiteboard and student response clickers not only allows Tim to fully participate in class, but it does not call attention in any way to his disability. This technique also allows the teacher to use formative assessment to see how well the students are grasping the concepts being taught and what needs to be retaught. (B) is incorrect because it will take time for Tim to make it to the board, and he would be at a disadvantage to write on it due to being in a wheelchair. (C) is incorrect because it will be difficult for Tim to maneuver between stations, especially given the short amount of time expected at each station. (D) is incorrect because it would be difficult for Tim to maneuver through the classroom and awkward for him to try to write on posted chart paper.
A Special Education teacher in an ALE classroom has five students with varying intensive disabilities, including autism and Down syndrome. The teacher establishes a communication binder for each student, which is sent home daily in the student's backpack. Each day, the teacher fills out a form detailing the student's behavior, academic work, and eating habits. What type of communication strategy is this teacher implementing? (A) Two-way (B) One-way (C) Group (D) Parent-centered
The correct response is ( B ). A communication binder is a useful tool for informing parents about the daily progress their children are making. In ALE rooms, where students often have communication challenges, this form of communication is a vital part of keeping parents involved in their children's education. However, it is a oneway communication strategy. The teacher is not necessarily getting any information back from the parents. (A) is incorrect because two-way communication involves information flowing back and forth between a teacher and a student's family. (C) is incorrect because individual binders are going to each student's family, not to a large group. (D) is incorrect because the information is about the student, not the parent, and the information is coming from the teacher, not the parent.
Which of the following assessments is an example of a formal assessment? (A) Checklist of observable behaviors (B) Criterion-referenced test (C) Parent interview (D) Rubric
The correct response is ( B ). A formal assessment, by definition, is a standardized test that has been tested with a large number of individuals of a given age range or group. This allows for comparisons to a norm or specific criteria. (A), (C), and (D) are all examples of informal assessments. They all require a measure of personal judgment to be completed.
Which of the following statements would likely be true of an individual with ADHD? (A) The individual cannot communicate well (B) The individual is often inattentive (C) The individual has a difficult time making friends (D) The individual always finishes her/his assignments
The correct response is ( B ). ADHD stands for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, so it is characterized by frequent periods of inattention. (A) is not connected to ADHD, but more likely a sign of either a speech/language disorder or autism. Similarly, (C) is more likely associated with either shyness, social skills deficits, or autism. (D) is not the correct answer because individuals with ADHD often leave assignments unfinished when their attention wanders during class or homework time.
What is the most important thing to do when dealing with problem behaviors? (A) React immediately (B) Analyze the reasons for the behavior (C) Isolate the misbehaving student (D) Always call the assistant principal for help
The correct response is ( B ). As a Special Education teacher, being able to step back and analyze why a student is acting out is essential to solving behavior issues. By identifying the cause or the underlying reason for the behavior, appropriate interventions can be planned. (A) is incorrect because sometimes immediate reactions can be emotional or negative. Remaining calm when dealing with behavior issues is essential. (C) is incorrect because isolating a student is only necessary if the student requires a quiet atmosphere to calm down. With most challenging behaviors, applying the preset consequence and moving forward with the class is the best approach. (D) is incorrect because a teacher should be able to deal with the majority of behaviors in the classroom. Administrative intervention should only be necessary for severe behaviors or challenging behaviors that the teacher has not been able to divert any other way.
A research-based technique for helping students in the prewriting stage is (A) circling spelling errors. (B) providing graphic organizers. (C) having them memorize the steps for writing an essay. (D) providing a punctuation chart.
The correct response is ( B ). Graphic organizers are powerful tools for helping students organize different types of writing. These visual tools help students lay out their thoughts in an organized way so that they are ready to write. (A) is an incorrect answer because identifying spelling errors is a part of the editing stage, not the prewriting stage. (C) is not the correct answer since memorizing the general steps for writing an essay does not help students put together specific thoughts on what they want to write about. (D) is not the correct answer because addressing punctuation is a part of the editing stage, not the prewriting stage.
An eighth-grade social studies teacher complains that the Special Education students in his class fail every test. He explains that he assigns all of his students to read the chapters and complete the questions, and he even simulates a popular game show to review information before the test. What would be an appropriate strategy for his co-teacher to suggest? (A) Move the Special Education students to a resource (B) Teach strategies for reading nonfiction, such as focusing on chapter headings and subheadings and using graphic organizers (C) Call the parents of all students who are failing to ask for more help with home-work (D) Have students copy key passages from the textbook in their notebooks
The correct response is ( B ). In a content-area classroom, the most common reason for students performing poorly is also the most common learning disability: reading. By teaching reading strategies such as how to use headings and subheadings to navigate information in a textbook, the teacher is helping the students become better readers, and that will result in better performance. (A) is incorrect and illegal as Special Education laws require that students be served in the least restrictive environment. (C) is incorrect because, while parent involvement is a good goal, the suggestion does not help with the root of the problem: reading skills. (D) is incorrect because it does not help with the reading problem. It is also a method that will likely be seen as a punishment, not a study technique.
Which of the following behaviors observed over time in a three-year-old child would be a clear indicator that the child may have an autism spectrum disorder? (A) Uncoordinated movements when walking (B) Lack of joint attention (C) Refusal to write the letters of the alphabet (D) Hitting other children
The correct response is ( B ). Lack of joint attention is one of the earliest signs of an autism spectrum disorder because it is the basis of human communication. Very young children will follow their parent's pointing finger to share in looking at something, like an airplane in the sky. Children with autism often lack this joint attention to objects and will not point themselves. (A) could be a sign of motor delays in an older child but uncoordinated movements are common in young children as part of normal development. (C) could be a behavioral issue or a lack of comfort or confidence on the child's part. Again, very young children do not yet have the fine motor skills necessary for neat writing. (D) is a behavioral issue that have to be addressed as not appropriate.
A Special Education teacher wants to scaffold mathematics instruction for a group of students with learning disabilities. What kind of examples should the Special Education teacher show students first? (A) Abstract examples (B) Concrete and real-life examples (C) Graphic examples (D) Pictorial representations
The correct response is ( B ). Scaffolding learning involves helping students understand mathematical concepts with the most concrete examples first and then moving to the abstract examples. The first step should involve concrete, real-life examples. (A) is incorrect because abstract examples can be the hardest to grasp and should be the last part of a scaffolded sequence. (C) and (D) are incorrect because graphic or pictorial representations are the middle step in a scaffolded lesson.
PL 107-110 No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB)
The nation's latest general education law, emphasizes assessment and accountability and requires states to show adequately yearly progress (AYP) in raising student achievement.
Additive Identity
The number zero is called this because the sum of zero and any number is that number. We call zero this because when you add it to anything the result is identical to the original number. You haven't changed anything.
According to published guidelines for ARD committees in Texas, which of the following is NOT a special factor that must be considered and communicated to parents? (A) Behavior (B) Residential preferences (C) Assistive technology (D) Autism
The correct response is ( B ). The Admission, Review, and Dismissal Committee must consider several special factors and communicate their decisions on these factors to parents as well as document them in the IEP. However, a student's residential preference is not one of those special factors. (A), (C), and (D) are all incorrect because behavior, assistive technology, and autism are all special factors that must be addressed in a student's IEP, according to ARD guidelines.
An ALE teacher sets up a class store with various items such as pencils, stickers, and posters. She explains to students that they can earn "class cash" to spend in the store by following classroom rules, completing their work, and being supportive of their classmates. What kind of behavioral strategy is this teacher employing? (A) Applied behavior analysis (B) Detention (C) Token economy (D) Replacement behavior
The correct response is ( C ). A token economy is a form of behavior modification based around the consistent rewarding of positive or desired behaviors. When teachers see a positive behavior, they give a student a "token," some object that only has value in the classroom. That token can be turned in for a prize or something of value to the student. While token economies are common in applied behavior analysis settings, (A) is incorrect because applied behavior analysis is a much larger system of teaching through structured activities and rewarding targeted behaviors. In and of itself, ABA does not require a classroom store or a token economy to work. (B) is incorrect as detention is a form of negative reinforcement. (D) is incorrect because replacement behaviors are more appropriate responses that teachers and therapists help students acquire in place of undesirable behaviors.
How many days in advance must parents be provided written notice of an ARD committee meeting? (A) Three (B) Four (C) Five (D) Six
The correct response is ( C ). According to law, parents must be provided written notice of an ARD committee meeting five days in advance. Therefore, (A), (B), and (D) are all incorrect as the correct number is five.
BIP stands for (A) Behavior Improvement Program. (B) Bonded and Insured Paraprofessional. (C) Behavior Intervention Plan. (D) Behavior in Individuals Is Positive.
The correct response is ( C ). BIP stands for Behavior Intervention Plan, and a BIP is required to be part of any Individual Education Program where a student is unable to follow the Student Code of Conduct because of the nature of his or her disability. (A), (B), and (D) are all incorrect choices.
A new Special Education teacher is accustomed to texting as a primary means of communication. At school orientation night, he asks all the parents to write down his mobile phone number and text him with any concerns or updates about their children. The teacher assumes if he does not receive a text from a parent that all is well. Halfway through the school year, the principal calls the teacher into her office to discuss complaints from several parents who feel the teacher has been showing favoritism to certain students by communicating frequently with their families, but not others. The teacher notes that the parents who have complained have never texted him, not even once. The teacher could have potentially avoided this situation by (A) using email as the primary communication rather than texting. (B) texting every parent once a week. (C) asking each student's parents to tell him their preferred method of communication and using that to communicate with them throughout the year. (D) only communicating through official documents, such as report cards, progress reports, and ARD committee meeting notifications.
The correct response is ( C ). Effective teacher-parent communication involves reaching out to parents and finding out their communication preferences. Despite most people having cell phones, not everyone does. And even some who have cell phones do not use texting as a primary means of communication. In this situation, the teacher should have adopted a more balanced and responsive communication style, using texting, email, and written communication to talk to parents. (A) is incorrect because using email as the primary means of communication assumes every parent checks email regularly. Some will not. (B) is incorrect because it is already clear that several parents do not use texting as a means of communication. (D) is incorrect because communicating only through official documents does not allow for proactive discussions about behavior and academic work that can prevent issues before they occur. It also does not communicate a sense of caring on the part of the teacher.
An eighth-grade teacher administers a quiz halfway through a unit to see how much students remember about the topic. What kind of assessment is the quiz? (A) Summative (B) Diagnostic (C) Formative (D) Formal
The correct response is ( C ). Formative assessments are administered during the course of instruction to assist teachers in guiding instruction or knowing what concepts and skills need to be retaught. (A) is incorrect because summative assessments are administered at the conclusion of a unit to measure how much students have learned. (B) is incorrect because diagnostic tests are administered prior to instruction to show gaps in student's knowledge or as standardized tests to diagnose a disability. (D) is incorrect because a teacher-created quiz is an informal assessment.
What is the best definition for an instructional accommodation? (A) Changes made to the content students are learning (B) Memorization technique (C) Changes made to the student's environment to improve learning (D) Teacher lesson plan
The correct response is ( C ). Instructional accommodations are changes made to the environment to improve student learning. Accommodations never involve changes to the content, so (A) is incorrect. Likewise, (B) and (D) are incorrect since they have nothing to do with the kinds of changes an accommodation would entail.
LRE stands for (A) Lessons Ready for Educators. (B) Laws of Regular Education. (C) Least Restrictive Environment. (D) Learning to Read English.
The correct response is ( C ). LRE stands for Least Restrictive Environment, an extremely important requirement of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. A student with disabilities must be educated in the least restrictive environment, the educational setting that provides the most opportunities to be educated with regular education peers while still meeting the needs of the student with disabilities. Therefore, (A), (B), and (D) are all incorrect responses.
Contingency
The planned, systematic relationship that is established between a behavior and a consequence
Which of the following statements about postsecondary goals is true based on IDEA regulations?
The postsecondary goals must be measurable.
A seventh-grade teacher works with students who failed the STAAR® reading assessment the previous year. Many of these students have learning disabilities. The teacher has the students work in pairs to create a picture that shows the meaning of a selected word from the story they just read. Partners then share their drawings with the class. What is the purpose of this activity? (A) Sight-word recognition (B) Symbolic representation of text (C) Vocabulary acquisition (D) Phonemic awareness
The correct response is ( C ). Pairing a word with a visual image is a powerful strategy to help students remember the word's meaning. By having the students work in pairs and create the drawing themselves, the teacher is helping the students "own" the word and add it to their vocabulary. (A) is not the correct answer because the words selected for an activity like this would not be sight words; they would be words with a clearer meaning. (B) is not correct because the students are not creating pictures of the story itself. Rather, the pictures are related to the specific meanings of the words. (D) is not the correct answer because phonemic awareness is an early emergent-reader skill where students are assessed on their recognition of individual letter and rhyming sounds.
In which academic area do the majority of learning disabilities fall? (A) Mathematics (B) Writing (C) Reading (D) Science
The correct response is ( C ). Statistics show that the predominant learning disability is in the area of reading, accounting for more than 80 percent of LD diagnoses. As a result, the U.S. Department of Education has urged states to implement Response to Intervention programs to target primary students who are falling behind in reading in hopes of reducing the number of LD diagnoses. (A) and (B) are also common learning disability categories, but they are not nearly as prevalent as reading. (D) is not considered an area of learning disability. If a student is struggling in science, it is generally related to a reading or mathematics difficulty.
Under IDEA, what must local education agencies put in place in order to receive federal Special Education funds? (A) Special classrooms for students with disabilities (B) Separate campuses with specialized equipment for students with disabilities (C) A system of determination of eligibility for students with disabilities (D) Tutoring services for students with disabilities
The correct response is ( C ). Under IDEA, local education agencies must put in place a system of determination of eligibility for students with disabilities so that students can qualify for Special Education services. These services are partially funded by the federal government, provided local education agencies adhere to the IDEA mandates. (A) and (B) are incorrect because both assume segregated environments for students with disabilities. While school districts may create such classrooms or school campuses if they are determined to be the least restrictive environment for a student with disabilities, they are not specifically mandated by IDEA. (D) is incorrect because tutoring services are not specifically outlined as a requirement of IDEA.
A Special Education teacher has been trying to get in touch with the parents of a student with learning disabilities to set up a conference. The teacher has left a message on the parents' home phone and sent a note home with the student. One evening, the teacher runs into the student and his family at the local grocery store. The parents ask the teacher what she wants to talk about. The most appropriate response by the teacher is to (A) tell the parents about the issues happening with their child at school. (B) ignore the parents. (C) greet the parents, tell them how much she enjoys teaching their child, and ask them to schedule a time to talk at school or on the phone. (D) firmly tell the parents she would never say anything in a public place like the store.
The correct response is ( C ). When meeting parents in a community context, it is critical to greet them warmly. This helps build the parent-teacher relationship by communicating that the teacher cares about the whole child, not just the student at school. However, due to confidentiality laws, it is equally important to not discuss the student's disability or school issues in a public setting. Therefore, setting a time to talk privately at school or on the phone is the best answer in this situation. (A) is incorrect because it breaches confidentiality laws. (B) is incorrect because ignoring the parents is both rude and communicates a lack of caring on the part of the teacher. (D) is incorrect because firmly telling the parents she would never say anything in a public place makes the parents seem like the ones willing to breach confidentiality. It does not communicate that the teacher cares about the student or the student's family.
In Texas, transition planning is expected to begin at age (A) 12. (B) 13. (C) 14. (D) 15.
The correct response is ( C ). While IDEA 2004 makes 16 the legal age when transition planning must begin, in Texas, the expectation is that it will begin by age 14 so that high school course choices can be considered. (A), (B), and (D) are all incorrect, as 14 is the agreed-upon age to begin transition planning in Texas.
A Special Education teacher wants to assess her students' fluency. What is NOT an area she will assess when listening to her students read orally? (A) Rate (B) Expression (C) Accuracy (D) Idioms
The correct response is ( D ). An idiom is a combination of words that has a figurative meaning (for example, "It's raining cats and dogs."). While idioms are a source of trouble for students with disabilities and for English learners, they are not an area related to fluency. (A), (B), and (C) are incorrect as they are all areas charted in fluency assessments. Fluency is a combination of rate or speed, accuracy in pronunciation, and oral expression.
One of the most powerful motivators for engaging reluctant readers in books is (A) fear of staying after school. (B) round-robin reading. (C) highlighting vocabulary words. (D) giving students a choice of what they read.
The correct response is ( D ). Choice is a powerful motivator for all students, including reluctant readers. When students get to choose a book or article and can select based on their own interests, they have a built-in reason to persevere as they work to read the text. (A) is not the correct answer because punitive measures are rarely motivational, especially for reluctant readers who frequently also exhibit challenging behaviors as a way of masking their academic difficulties. (B) is incorrect because "round-robin" reading is actually demotivating for struggling readers who do not like being embarrassed when they cannot read well out loud. (C) is not the correct answer because, while vocabulary acquisition is an important part of learning to read, calling attention to a number of words the student may not know can be discouraging.
What is one common use for formal assessment in Special Education? (A) Determining a student's grade in a class (B) Making daily decisions in the classroom (C) Deciding whether an inclusion teacher's test is too hard for a student (D) Determining a student's disability qualification
The correct response is ( D ). In Special Education, norm- and criterion-referenced tests are primarily used to establish a disability designation or to confirm a disability designation in a child already in Special Education. (A) and (B) are incorrect because the determination of grades and daily teaching decisions result from a variety of informal assessments, including observations, checklists, and quizzes. (C) is incorrect because judgments about the difficulty or appropriateness of a teacher's exam are made by committees or supervisors.
A seventh-grade Texas history teacher and her Special Education co-teacher feel strongly that all students have learning strengths. They plan lessons where each of them presents the same information, but one emphasizes visual and auditory activities, while the other emphasizes tactile and kinesthetic activities. They divide the class by learning modality strengths and simultaneously teach their lessons. What kind of co-teaching model are these two teachers implementing? (A) One teach, one drift (B) Paired reading (C) Station teaching (D) Parallel teaching
The correct response is ( D ). Parallel teaching is a co-teaching model where both teachers present the same information simultaneously to two separate groups in the same classroom. (A) is incorrect because the one teach, one drift model involves only one teacher leading the lesson while the other teacher moves around the room assisting individual students. (B) is incorrect because paired reading is a reading strategy where students are paired up and given the same reading assignment. (C) is incorrect because the station teaching model involves each teacher having different content and a different area of the room for instruction. Students rotate from one station to another.
Which of the following strategies is NOT an example of an assistive technology? (A) Recorded books (B) Spell-check program (C) Pencil grip (D) Seating chart
The correct response is ( D ). Seating charts, a strategy where the teacher assigns students' seats, can be used as accommodations to encourage positive behavior. They are not examples of assistive technology, however. Assistive technology is a form of technology, simple or complex, that assists in learning. (A), (B), and (C) are all examples of assistive technologies and therefore incorrect answers.
A sixth-grade student with ADHD has been struggling on his mathematics tests particularly on questions that involve solving complex word problems. The most effective strategy to teach this student would be (A) benchmarking. (B) highlighting vocabulary. (C) fact automaticity. (D) verbalization.
The correct response is ( D ). Verbalization is a method that helps students think through the stages of solving a math program, slowing down to say each step aloud as they take it. For students with ADHD who are often impulsive, this method can help them self-regulate the problem-solving process. (A) is incorrect because benchmarking is an assessment procedure. (B) is incorrect because highlighting vocabulary is a technique that helps students think about which operation(s) to use in solving a word problem, but that is only one part of solving a complex word problem. (C) is incorrect because there is no sign that the student does not know his or her operational facts. The issue seems to be with figuring out what to do to solve a complex word problem.
Which of the following situations would warrant recommending testing for a behavioral disorder? (A) A student is sent to the principal's office for acting out in class (B) A student does not look his teacher in the eye after writing on his desk (C) A student gets upset when corrected and cries (D) A student gets angry every time anyone touches his/her belongings and stays angry for over an hour each time
The correct response is ( D ). When a student shows a pattern of overreacting to a situation and not being able to calm down for long periods of time, it is an indication discipline issue. (B) is a common reaction in children who feel guilty. (C) is also a common reaction for some children who do not want to make mistakes.
Parents of a child who has been referred for Special Education evaluation speak only Mandarin Chinese. No one in the school district knows how to speak this dialect, although there is a custodian who speaks Cantonese. When scheduling the ARD, the school district must (A) write everything down in English and give copies of the proceedings to the parents so they can have them translated. (B) ask the custodian to attend and orally translate everything into Cantonese. (C) have an educational interpreter present, who can translate everything spoken into sign language. (D) locate, if at all possible, a Mandarin speaker who can translate during the meeting.
The correct response is ( D ). When notifying parents of ARD meetings and conducting ARD meetings, it is expected that parents have full access to the information being shared in their native language. A school district, must, if at all possible, have a translator available who can explain the proceedings to the parents in their native language and communicate their thoughts to the rest of the ARD committee. (A) is incorrect because it is the district's responsibility to communicate in the parents' native language, not the parents' responsibility to find their own translator. (B) is incorrect because Cantonese and Mandarin are distinctly different Chinese dialects. Most Mandarin speakers cannot understand spoken Cantonese. (C) is incorrect because the parents, in this case, speak a different language. They are not deaf or in need of sign language. that go beyond parents not liking the teacher. (D) is incorrect because the student cannot be moved until the entire ARD committee agrees to an alternative placement.
Reliability
The degree to which a test yields consistent results.
What is the purpose of classroom behavior interventions and what are some examples?
The purpose of classroom behavior interventions are to anticipate student disruptions and nullify potential discipline problems. Planned ignoring, signal interference, and removal of seductive objects are all examples of classroom interventions
Narrative text
The purpose of this is to entertain, to tell a story, to provide an aesthetic literary experience. Text is based on life experiences and is person-oriented using dialogue and familiar language.
Top-Down Approach
The reader derives meaning through background knowledge, language ability and expectations. Emphasis is on the reader instead of the text.
The Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights (OCR)
The federal agency that enforces Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act. Looks into complaints about discrimination based upon disability.
Individuals With Disabilities Act (IDEA)
The federal law requiring school districts to provide students with disabilities with a free appropriate public education.
Section 504
The federal law that prohibits discrimination against students with disabilities. Applies to any agency, including a school district, which receives federal money.
Section 504 if the Rehabilitation Act
The first piece of federal legislation to address the civil rights of all people with disabilities was:
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
The idea that ones expectations can have a direct effect on the outcome
What determines whether a person is entitled to protection under Section 504? (Skill 6.03) (AVERAGE)
The individual must meet the definition of a person with a disability, The person must be able to meet the requirements of a particular program in spite of his or her disability, The school, business, or other facility must be the recipient of federal funding assistance
What does IDEA stand for?
The individuals with disabilities education Act
Public Law 94-142
The law that mandates that states provide a free appropriate public education to all children with disabilities or risk educational funding cuts or withholding.
Latency
The length of time that elapses between the presentation of a stimulus and the response
Semantics
The meaning, or an interpretation of the meaning, of a word, sign, sentence. The study of meaning.
Bob shows behavior problems such as lack of attention, out of seat and talking out. His teacher has kept data on these behaviors and has found that Bob is showing much better self-control since he has been self-managing himself through a behavior modification program. The most appropriate placement recommendation for Bob at this time is probably: (Skill 10.02) (AVERAGE)
The regular classroom solely
Cedar Rapids v. Garret F., 526 U.S. 66 (1999)
The ruling once again looked at related services and decided cost is not a factor. If it's needed to attend school and doesn't meet the medical exception test the School must provide it. www.specialeducationadvisor.com
A second grader with autism who is nonverbal gets upset in the cafeteria at lunch and lies down on the ground and begins screaming. This goes on for several minutes, disrupting lunch. Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of this behavior?
The second grader wants everyone to look at him. (ARE CAUSES: the noise and confusion, a change in lunch schedule, or favorite type of food wasn't in the lunch, etc.)
Adaptive Life Skills
The skills that people need to function independently at home, school, and in the community
Phoneme
The smallest unit of sound; by itself it does not have meaning.
Pragmatics
The speakers's intent, used to influence or control actions or attitudes of others
Competency 011
The special education teacher applies knowledge of professional roles and responsibilities and adheres to legal and ethical requirements of the profession.
Competency 012
The special education teacher knows how to communicate and collaborate effectively in a variety of professional settings.
Competency 005
The special education teacher knows how to promote students' educational performance in all content areas by facilitating their achievement in a variety of settings and situations.
Competency 008
The special education teacher promotes students' performance in English Language Arts and Reading.
Competency 009
The special education teacher promotes students' performance in Mathematics.
Competency 006
The special education teacher understands and applies knowledge of issues and procedures for teaching appropriate student behavior and social skills.
Competency 004
The special education teacher understands and applies knowledge of procedures for managing the teaching and learning environment, including procedures related to the use of assistive technology.
Competency 003
The special education teacher understands and applies knowledge of procedures for planning instruction for individuals with disabilities
Competency 001
The special education teacher understands and applies knowledge of the characteristics and needs of students with disabilities.
Competency 007
The special education teacher understands and applies knowledge of transition issues and procedures across the life span.
Competency 002
The special education teacher understands formal and informal assessment and evaluation procedures and knows how to evaluate student competencies to make instructional decisions.
Competency 010
The special education teacher understands the philosophical, historical, and legal foundations of special education
Texas Education Agency (TEA)
The state agency ultimately responsible for making sure every student with a disability receives a free appropriate public education.
Prosody
The stress and intonation patterns of an utterance.
In order for a student to function independently in the learning environment, which of the following must be true? (Skill 10.08) (AVERAGE)
The student must be able to do the assigned task
A district may stop providing special education services when:
The student no longer meets the age requirements. The student is 18 years old and decides on their own to withdraw from school. The student meets the requirements for graduation and receives her high school diploma.
According to IDEA 2004, the IEP team (ARD committee) is composed of: (Skill 2.09) (AVERAGE)
The student's parents or guardians, a representative of the LEA, special education teacher, general education teacher, a person knowledgeable in assessment (if assessment information is reviewed), and related service providers.
Norm-referenced tests are those where:
The student's performance is compared to his or her peers to determine achievement.
Phonology
The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation.
Phonics
The study of speech sounds related to reading.
Syntax
The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences.
Morphology
The study of the structure and form of words in language or a language, including inflection, derivation, and the formation of compounds.
Complementary Angle
The sum of the measure of 2 angles is 90*.
Supplementary Angle
The sum of two angles is 180*.
A Special Education teacher is using miscue analysis to diagnose students' reading difficulties. What would this look like in the classroom?
The teacher and student at a table in the back of the room with the student orally reading short passages and the teacher making marks on separate copy of the passages.
Learner-Centered Knowledge
The teacher possesses and draws on a rich knowledge of content, pedagogy, and technology to provide relevant and meaningful learning experiences for all students.
Equity in Excellence for All Learners
The teacher responds appropriately to diverse groups of learners.
What is one flaw in the teacher's communication strategy?
The teacher's alternate form of communication is one-way communication, just like progress reports and report cards. There is no way for her to know if the notes have been read.
Learner-Centered Professional Development
The teacher, as a reflective practitioner dedicated to all students' success, demonstrates a commitment to learn, to improve the profession, and to maintain professional ethics and personal integrity.
Which of the following is a specific change of language in IDEA? (Skill 11.05) (AVERAGE)
The term "Handicapped" changed to "With Disabilities"
Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)
The term used in IDEA to refer to a student's right to be educated to the maximum extent appropriate with students who do not have disabilities and as close to home as possible.
Additive Inverse
The the number in the set of real numbers that when added to a given number will yield zero. 2-2=0 or 2 + (-2) = 0
A good method to teach ethical understanding to those in the functional curriculum is: (Skill 3.02) (RIGOROUS)
The unfinished Story
Safeguards against bias and discrimination in the assessment of children include: (Skill 2.02) (EASY)
The use of evaluative materials in the child's native language or other mode of communication
Text structure
The way a writing selection is organized, i.e; main-idea, details, compare-contrast, problem-solution, etc.
Individual Education Program (IEP)
The written plan that details the special education and related services that much be provided to each student who receives special education. Parents and school personnel should work together to write this at the ARD meeting. Must be reviewed and revised, if needed, at least every year.
Individial Education Program (IEP)
The written plan that details the special education and related services that must be provided to each student who receives special education.
In a Multidisciplinary evaluation children must be evaluated in what language?
Their native Language
Scientifically Based Instruction
There are instructional and curriculum practices based on sound methodology and supported by credible research. One component is that research has been "peer reviewed." Requirements are in both IDEA and NCLB.
Included in data brought to the attention of Congress regarding the evaluation procedures for education of students with disabilities was the fact that? (Skill 10.01) (AVERAGE)
There were a large number of children and youths with disabilities in the United States, Many children with disabilities were not receiving an appropriate education, & Many parents of children with disabilities were forced to seek services outside of the public realm.
Supplementary Aids and Services
These are the terms used in IDEA to describe aids, services and other supports provided in regular education classes, extracurricular activities and/or non-academic settings that enable a student with a disability to be educated with students who do not have disabilities. Schools must try these before recommending removal of a student with a disability from a setting with nondisabled peers.
Characteristics of Children with Emotional and Behavioral Disturbances
These children are hard to identify. But the following may be indicators: Lower Academic Performance; Social Skills Deficits; Classroom Behaviors; Aggressive Behaviors; Delinquency; Withdrawn Behaviors; Schizophrenia and Psychotic Behaviors; Gender; Age Characteristics, Family Characteristics
Which of the following statements about children with an emotional/ behavioral disorder is true? (Skill 1.01) (AVERAGE)
They display poor social skills
Which is an educational characteristic common to students with mild intellectual learning and behavioral disabilities? (Comp 001)
They require modification in classroom instruction. Lack of interest in school work; prefer concrete rather than abstract lessons; weak listening skills; low achievement; limited verbal and/or writing skills; respond better to active rather than passive learning tasks; have areas of talent often overlooked; prefer to receive special help in GEN ED classrooms; higher dropout rate than GEN ED students; achieve in accordance to teacher expectations; are easily distracted.
Meta cognition
Thinking about thinking. Knowing what you know about a subject. Learners who are aware know what to do when they don't know what to do; that is, they have strategies to finding things out or figuring out what they need to do.
PL 101-336 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) (1990)
This act extends Section 504 of PL 93-112 by requiring the rights of equal access and reasonable accomodation in employment services provided by both private and public sectors.
PL 100-407 Technology-Related Assistance for Individuals with Disabilities Act (1988)
This act, a.k.a. "The Tech Act,) recognizes that students with disabilities need special equipment to perform better and more independently (assistive technology.)
Psychodynamic Approach
This approach underscores the need to understand why students are disruptive. The approach emphasizes the connection between how a student feels and how a student acts. This framework (Psychoeducational) integrates this approach with clinical insights in behavior with practical methods for managing behavior.
Larry P. v. Riles (1979)
This case dealt with African American students who were inappropriately placed in Educable Mentally Retarded (EMR) classrooms based on IQ scores only. The Court ruled that other forms of assessment be used as well as record keeping and data collection from the schools. This case serves as the precedence that IQ tests cannot be the only resource used when determining placement of minority students in special education programs.
Larry P. v. Riles (1979)
This case dealt with African American students who were inappropriately placed in Educable Mentally Retarded classrooms based on IQ scores only. The Court ruled that other forms of assessments be used as well as record keeping and data collection from the schools. This case serves as the precedence that IQ tests cannot be the only source used when determining placement of minority students in special education programs.
Burlington School Committee v. Massachusetts Department Of Education, 471 U.S. 359 (1985)
This decision gave parents the right to reimbursement of private school tuition in certain situations. If the School District's offer didn't meet the definition of FAPE and the parent's private school placement did give FAPE then they could get reimbursed. The parent's who privately place their children and seek reimbursement do it at their own financial risk. It also clarifies procedural safeguards, parent role and child's placement during disputes. www.specialeducationadvisor.com
Associative Property in Addition
This is like the commutative property, except that it involves 3 numbers instead of 2. Means we can group numbers in any order in multiplication or addition and get the same results.
Irving Independent School District. v. Tatro, 468 U.S. 883 (1984)
This landmark case defined the scope of related services and created the medical exception rule. The District must provide all support services necessary unless a physician is needed to provide the service. This case discussed clean intermittent catheterization as a related service when necessary. www.specialeducationadvisor.com
PL 98-199-Education of the Handicapped Act Amendments (1983)
This law allows for federal funding to create parent training and information centers (PIC) so that parents could learn how to protect the rights that PL 94-142 guarantees their child. Also provided financial incentives to expand services for children from birth to age 3 and the initiatives for transition services from school to adult living for students with disabilities
PL 98-199 Education of the Handicapped Act Amendments (1983)
This law allows for federal funding to create parent training and information centers so that parents could learn how to protect the rights that PL 94-142 guarantees their child. PL 98-199 also provided financial incentives to expand services for children from birth to age 3 and the initiatives for transition services from school to adult living for students with disabilities.
Transfer of Learning
This occurs when experience with one task influences the performance on another task
Product of Powers Property
This property tells how to simplify products that have two powers, and the same base. "Two multiply two powers with the same base, add the exponents."
What was the result of Diana v. Board of Education CA?
This referred to bias free evaluations, not using culturally biased assessment, testing must be in native language.
What did Larry P. v. Riles determine?
This was concerned with IQ testing of young black children that resulted in over-representation is sped.
Transistion Services
Those services and activities provided to students that specifically help them to move successfully from public school to life after public school.(Must be addressed by age 14)
What is the best way to collect information about a child's adaptive behavior skills in the home?
Through a interview conducted by a educational diagnostician, school psychologist, counselor using a formal adaptive behavior assessment rating scale
Why is it important to identify the reasons for a student's misbehavior rather than simply administer a punishment?
To be able to address the cause of the negative behavior and, by extension, eliminate or modify the behavior.
Learner-Centered Instruction
To create a learner-centered community, the teacher collaboratively identifies needs. Must plan, implement, an assess instruction using technology and other resources.
A life space interview is used for? (Skill 4.04) (RIGOROUS)
To create awareness of distorted perceptions
Mean Length of Utterances
Total number of morphemes/per 100 utterances
Rules for Time out in Texas law
Training for time out is the same as regulation for restraint, there must be training. May want to look this up further
ARD meetings are held for different reasons. Which of the following would be a reason to hold an ARD meeting? (Skill 3.04) (AVERAGE)
Transition to post-scondary school life
Which of the following is a possible side-effect of an Anti-depressant? (Skill 1.07) (RIGOROUS)
Tremors
A voice output communication device
Which of the following would best demonstrate effective use of assistive technology to improve the communication skills of a student with significant physical disabilities?
Americans with Disabilities Act
Which piece of legislation defines disability as an impairment that 'substantially limits one or more of the major life activities'?
Learner-Centered Communication
While acting as an advocate for all students and the school, the teacher demonstrates professional and interpersonal communication skills.
Assistive Technology Evaluation
Will determine if an assistive technology device and/or service is necessary to ensure the student will benefit from special education services.
Commonly Used Individual Assessment Instruments for Achievement
Woodcock Johnson Achievement Test Brigance Diagnostic Inventory of Basic Skills Peabody Individual Achievement Test Wide Range Achievement Test III Wechsler Individual Achievement Test II
Sight Words
Words that are recognized immediately. May refer to high frequency words and words that are learned only through memorization. Most words have to be learned through phonics.
Expository Text
Writing used to explain something or to provide information. Develops later than narration.
Procedural safeguards for parents in the federally mandated Special Education System:
Written notice of proposed Special Education testing. Parental Consent for Special Education placement. Right to appeal school decisions to an impartial hearing officer.
89.1053 Use of restraint and time out
Written notification about restraint must be placed in mail to parent, placed in student's sped eligibility folder (available to ARDC)
Rules for Time out in Texas law
You must document the use of time out and address in IEP or ARDC meeting, for example what is sequence of events, does it include use of timeout, for how long, where, etc.
What's six principles of IDEA 2004?
Zero reject, Due process, LRE, FAPE with IEP, parent participation, nondiscriminatory evaluation
Most children entering school are not developmentally ready to understand concepts such as? (Skill 9.03) (RIGOROUS)
Zero symbol
An appropriate tool for evaluating an authentic assessment task is:
a Rubric
Moderate visual disability
a vision impairment that can be mostly corrected with the help of visual aids (prescriptive glasses, magnifiers, assistive technology, etc.)
response cost
a behavior management technique that consists of stating the cost for a specific misbehavior before it occurs, implementing the penalty every time the misbehavior occurs and comgining this with a reward to teach or strengthen the desired behavior.
Complex-chained skills
a chain of related behaviors required to complete a task (folding laundry, playing the pinball machine)
Snellen Chart
a chart, consisting of rows of letters in graduated sizes, that is used to determine visual acuity. A variation used with younger children and people who do not know the letter names consists of capital Es pointing in different directions, not really useful with cognitively impaired students
Kurzweil 1000
a computerized device that converts print into speech for persons with visual impairments, place book over scanner, then it reads material out loud with electronic voice.
What is cerebral palsy?
a condition caused by injury to the parts of the brain that control our ability to use our muscles and bodies; falls under "Orthopedic Impairment" which adversely affects a child's educational performance,
microencephaly
a congenital anomaly of the central nervous system where the head circumference is >3 standard deviations below the mean for age and sex
aptitude-achievement discrepancy
a discrepancy ( or significant difference) between a student's ability (measure on IQ tests) and academic achievement; a factor (not total issue) in the diagnosis of a learning disability
affective disorder
a disorder of mood or emotional tone characterized by depression or elation
Sheltered workshop
a facility that provides a structured environment for persons with disabilities in which they can learn skills, can be either a transitional placement or a permanent arrangement
Advocacy, Inc.
a federally funded program which provides legal services (lawyer or advocate) to work with parents to get services from public schools for students with disabilities
ataxic cerebral palsy
a form of cerebral palsy marked by a lack of whole balance in the coordination of muscles
mediation
a form of dispute resolution mandated by IDEA
due process hearing
a formal legal procedure used to solve disagreements concerning the education of students in special education, there's an impartial hearing officer who makes decisions which are binding about issues at hand
child find
a function or office in each state's department of education that helps refer and identify children with disabilities
conductive hearing loss
a hearing condition that reduces the intensity of the sound vibrations reaching the auditory nerve in the inner ear, the kind of loss that is a result of repeated, untreated middle ear infections or damage to ear drum, on the ear level, whereas the sensorineural hearing loss is beyond the inner ear level
Slingerland Method
a highly-structure multisensory teaching method used for group instruction of student with learning disabilities
polygenetic inherited characteristic
a human trait controlled by the action of many genes operating together (2007)
guardianship
a legal term that gives a person the authority to make decisions for ntoehr person, can be full, limited or temporary; applies in cases of parents who have children who have severe cognitive disabilities, especially after they reach 18
typanometry
a method of measuring the middle ear's response to pressure and sound
Total communication method
a method of teaching deaf students that combines finger spelling, sings, speech reading, speech, and auditory amplification; also called combined or simultaneous method
socialized aggression
a pattern of deviant behavior displayed by students who are hostile, aggressive (usually verbally and physically), and have few guilt of remorse feelings but who are socialized (and survivors) within their group, i.e. a gang. For example, fighting is unacceptable in school, but very acceptable within peer group or neighborhood.
metacognition
a person's awareness of what strategies are needed to peroform a task, the ability to plan how to use the strategies and the evaluation of how well they are working
karyotyping
a process (genetic testing)by which a picture of chromosomal patterns is prepared to identify chromosomal abnormality (such as is needed to diagnosis fragile X, and other syndromes caused by chromosomal abnormalities) medical model a view of disabilities or exceptionality that implies a physical condition or disease within the patient, can also mean a perception of a service: for example, the medical model of speech therapy
remediation
a process that provides an individual with instruction and practice to develop or strengthen skills which are nonexistent or weak
mediation
a process used when school and parent disagrees so an impartial third party mediator meets with both side, reviews documents/plans/settings to work out solutions amenable to both sides
Hyperactivity is
a rate of motor activity higher than normal
Dyslexia
a reading disorder whereby individuals reverse words and letters
Grapho-vocal method
a remedial reading program that stresses sound blending and kinesthetic experiences
Non-public day school
a separate school, not within a district, like Goodwill that serves a particular population and age
due process
a set of legal procedures to ensure fair educational decisons
phenylketonuria (PKU)
a single gene defect, usually diagnosed at birth or soon after, that can produce severe mental retardation because of the infant's ability to break down pheylalanine, which is accumulated at high levels in the blood and thus results in serious damage to the developing brain
Home or Hospital Teacher
a special teacher who teaches in the child's home or hospital when the child must be absent from school due to health problems
stuttering
a speech (oral language) disorder of fluency and speech timing; can include the student repeating or prolonging (blocking) sounds, syllables, or words, may show tension, extraneous movements (like eye movement, etc.) developmentally appropriate in normal language development about 2 1/2 to 3, but not normal after that stage, usually best to have speech therapist consulted with school age
punishment
a stimulus that immediately follows a response and decreases the likelihood that the response will be repeated.
reinforcement
a stimulus that immediately follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated
Aptitude
a student's undeveloped potential or ability
life space interview
a technique of interviewing a student, directly following an outburst or situation, in which the student discusses the event with the teacher or counselor and generates alternatives he/she could have done instead to solve problem
A Special Education teacher has several students who speak Spanish at home, but the teacher is not bilingual. The best approach for this teacher to take when communicating with Spanish-speaking parents is to:
arrange for a bilingual colleague to serve as an interpreter during all parent phone calls and parent-teacher conferences.
Homebound
arrangement is for providing of special education and related services to students who are served at home or in hospitals, setting for a minimum of 4 weeks and doctor must complete forms
hospital class
arrangement is for providing special education instruction in a hospital facility or residential care and treatment facility not operated by the school district
Self-contained, separate campus
arrangement is offered to students who are in a self-contained program at a separate campus operated by the school district, district must show that services could not be provided on the child's home campus
Using culturally and linguistically appropriate assessment procedures is an example of
assessing students ethically
Parten's Developmental Stages of Play 3 1/2 to 4 1/2 years
associative play= enjoys a common activity with others, borrows and loans toys, follows one another around, some imitation occurring, follows no organization or goal, acts as he/she wishes, mild attempts to control who may join play group.
When is an IEP required
before the student receives special education and related services
self-injurious behavior
behaving causing injury or mutilation of oneself, such as head banging, self biting, usually in individuals with severe and multiple disabilities
What's positive reinforcement?
behavior is followed by positive event (smile, approval, privileges, money, etc.)
What's negative reinforcement?
behavior is followed by removal of aversive event
What's extinction?
behavior is not followed by positive event associated with previous occurrence.
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
characterized by inflammation of the joints, children experience a great deal of pain; may need help writing or alternatives to writing all assignments by hand
externalizing behavior
behavior of ED student directed outward, like tantrums, lying, aggression, etc. striking out against others
Strauss syndrome
behaviors of distractibility, forced responsiveness to stimuli, and hyperactivity; based on the work of Alfred Strauss and Heinz Werner with children with MR
Continuous-ongoing behaviors
behaviors that last a substantial time (how long can a student work at a particular job or activity?)
cataracts
blurred vision due to cloudiness in the lens
encopresis
bowel incontinence; soiling oneself
One advantage of implementing a research-based Response to Intervention (RTI) program from a Special Education teacher's perspective is that RTI:
can potentially reduce over identification of students with learning disabilities.
Rules for Time out in Texas law
cannot physically carry or forcefully place child in time out; must use positive intervention/techniques also; must be in child's IEP or BIP to use timeout; cannot put child in time out behind locked door; should not block door of time out room to prevent leaving,
Retinopathy of prematurity
causes strabismus (crossed eyes); amblyopia (lazy eye), myopia (near-sightedness) glaucoma or retinal detachment
Other facts about Cerebral Palsy
characterized by the body parts or limbs affected: monoplegia (one limb); paraplegia (legs involved); hemiplegia (one side of the body affected); double hemiplegia (both sides affected); triplegia (three limbs involved); quadriplegia (all four limbs involved); and diplegia (legs involved more than arms). effects may be minimal or quite severe
Center-based program for MR student
child and family come to center for training; a program implemented primarily in a school or center, not in student's home
Assertive Discipline
classroom management approach (Canter) based on establishing clear limits and expectations, insisting on acceptable student behavior and delivering appropriate consequences when rules are broken.
aphonia
complete loss of voice
What's chaining?
components in a response chain taught in their natural order
Characteristics of LD
conceptual deficits, memory deficits, behavior deficits,visual perceptive and auditory perceptive deficits, and spatial/body awareness deficits
Fragile X syndrome
condition in which the bottom of the X chromosome in the 23rd pair of chromosomes is pinched off; can result in physical anomalies as well as MR, more often in males than females, thought to be the most common hereditary cause of MR
Williams syndrome
condition resulting from deletion of materials in the 7th pair of chromosomes; results in mild to moderate MR, heart defects, and elfin facial features, affected people often display good language and social skills, while having severe deficits in reading, writing and math.
Other facts about Cerebral Palsy
condition resulting in motor problems, physical weakness, and lack of coordination, due to damage or defects of central nervous system
exceptionality
condition that requires individualized instruction, additional educational support or services and encompasses physical, mental and/or emotional conditions
types of hearing loss
conductive (caused by disease or obstructions) or sensorineural (loss at inner ear or nerve) or mixed (both)
applied and integrated curriculum
connects academic and vocational learning
AAMR definition of MR
disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social and practical adaptive skills, originates before 18, it is not a mental or medical condition
Orthopedically Handicapped
disability with orthopedic impairment, difficulty with movement, bone/muscle disorders, eligibility determine by physician who lists functional implications as they affect school functioning
Contingency-based self-management
educational techniques that involve having students keep track of their own behavior;; for which they then receive consequences, i.e. reinforcement
Etiology (causes) of hearing impairments
either congenital or acquired (like from meningitis, encephalitis) Prenatal diseases include otosclerosis, rubella, etc. Acquired causes include postnatal infections, and physical trauma.
Other Health Impaired
eligibility determined by physician, such as epilepsy, severe asthma, spinal bifida, hemophelia, that needs school health services and the disability has functional implications that affect school
Stages of Literacy
emergent PreK-K; initial reading (1st and 2nd); transitional reading (2nd -4th); basic literacy (4th-6th); refinement (6th -7th)
Least restrictive environment
enables them to interact with studernts who do not have disabilities with appropriate aids and supports
The Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights
enforces Section 504
What was Deno remembered for?
he proposed a cascade of services
Who was Dunn?
he questioned special education efficacy
juvenile diabetes mellitus
hereditary disorder in which the pancreas is unable to produce enough insulin to remain in balance with the glucose (sugar) in the body, insulin is taken daily, diet is monitored.
dysfluencies
hesitation, repetitions and other disruptions of normal speech flow
Asperger's Syndrome
high functioning student with autism, on autism spectrum disorder continuum
Accommodations (examples)
highlighted textbooks, extensions of time for a student who writes slowly, seating close to the teacher, assistive technology
Restraint does not include:
holding child's hand; adaptive equipment; seat belts; prescribed adaptive behavior or techniques with autistic or self-abusive behaviors
Independent Educational Evaluation
if parent disagrees with all or part of district's assessment, they may ask the school to provide an independent edu. evaluation.... done by a qualified professional not employed by the school. school must either a) pay for it or b) request for a hearing to show that its assessment is appropriate and not responsible for another one; schools can have specific procedures (qualifications of examiners, location of testing, list of potential examiners to choose from, amount limit, etc.) Independent Educational Evaluation (cont.) Parents can always obtain at their own expense an independent assessment, the ARD committee must consider the info but doesn't necessarily agree with all of it, but must review it and can consider it when making decision about child's program
Research on effective teaching indicates that students who struggle with math respond positively to mathematics instruction that focuses on:
improving basic math processing skills problem-solving conceptual understanding
characteristics of ADHD
impulsive, moody, forgetful, and restless to the point of disruption, umpredicatble and unable to follow through with tasks.
characteristics of ED
inability to build or maintain interpersonal relationship, depression, learning inability not explained by health, sensory or IQ factors.
characteristics of hearing impairment
inability to follow instructions, seeming distracted or confuse, asking for information to bve repeated, mispronunciation of words.
Three main signs of AD/HD?
inattention/problems with attention, very active, impulsivity
Three types of AD/HD?
inattentive hyperactive-impulsive combined.
extended year services
individualized instructional progremas for eligible students in sped that are offered beyond the regular 175 day school year. ARDC must agree EYS is needed because child has regressed and skills cannot be recouped within 6-8 weeks (reasonable period of time)
extended year services (EYS)
individualized instructions programs for eligible students in SE that are offered beyond the regular 175 day school year.
Usher Syndrome
inherited syndrome resulting in hearing loss and retinitus pigmentosa, a progressive condition characterized by problems seeing in low light and tunnel vision, 3 types
Vocational Adjustment Class
instructional arrangement is for providing instruction to students who are placed on-the-job for a minimum of two hours daily, but they can work full time once trained in the job
Multidistrict class
instructional arrangement is for providing special education and related services to students from more than one school district
Non-public day school
instructional arrangement is for providing special education services to students through contractual agreements, like Goodwill services, etc.
speech therapy
instructional arrangement is for providing speech therapy services
Community Class
instructional arrangement is provided for students in a facility not operated by a school district, such as a sheltered workshop
continuum of services
instructional settings that range from mainstream-resource-selfcontainedhospital class
accommodations in instruction
involves changes that enable a student with a disability to function as normally as possible.
Functional language instruction
involves teaching a student material hat can be used in every day life in a variety of settings.
Communication and social interaction
is a common issue for children on all levels of the autism spectrum.
Word Analysis
is focused when a student is having difficulty associating sounds to letters.
grouping by disability
is not effective because where exceptionality is concern, there are different degrees of severity
Jerome Bruner
is responsible or described the discovery learning, student centered learning, may wish to look up in methods books or goggle
Anxiety-withdrawal
is self-conscious, is easily embarrassed, is hypersensitive, feelings are easily hurt, is generally fearful, is depressed, is always sad
How did the reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act in 2001 (better known as No Child Left Behind) affect IDEA in the reauthorization of 2004?
it influenced language that reflected greater accountability for all students and the selection of research-based instructional programs.
Educational and Developmental implications of hearing impairment
language severely impaired, but depends on severity, social skills immature, motor skills not affected, cognitive skills within normal limits on nonverbal measures of intelligence,
KWL Chart
large chart where students first write "what they Know", "what they want to Learn" and then "what I learned"
Three types of Reading Comprehension
literal (recall details) inferential (cause/effect, predict); evaluative ( critical thinking, attitudes)
medical model
medical model of speech therapy could include all types of skills needed by student to function in whole environment (swallowing, keeping oral mechanism clean, answering phone, etc.) whereas the school model of speech would include those skills necessary for student to have access to his/her educational program, more like what's needed for educational performance.
supported employment
method of integrating people with disabilities who cannot work independently into competitive employment; includes use of employement specialist, or job coach, who helps the person with a disability function on the job
Rochester method
method of teaching deaf students that combines the oral method and finger spelling
auditory method
method of teaching deaf students that involves auditory training and makes extensive use of sound amplification to that develop listening and speech skills; also called acoupedic method, aural method, and unisensory method
total communication
method of teaching deaf/hard of hearing students that combines finger spelling, signs ASL, speech reading, speech and auditory amplification (FM system, hearing aids), also called "combined or simultaneous method."
Gillingham Method
method stressing sound blending
SQ3R Method
method which includes survey, questions, read, recite and review reading passage
medical model
model that implies a phsycial condition or disease within the person
Strategies to Improve Reading Fluency
model, reading orally, Choral rdg, tape assisted reading, echo reading, partner reading, reading theatre
Ritalin
most commonly prescribed psychostimulant for ADHD, generic name is methylphenidate
Characteristics of Orthopedic or Health Impairments on Normal Development
most have no delay is oral language development except if neurological (CP); same as cognitive, within normal range unless neurological involvement; social development affected due to absences, limitations, stigma; motor area MOST affected, may need special equipment; affective development should be close to normal unless neurological involvement
learned helplessness
motivational terms referring to a condition wherein a person believes that no matter how hard he/she tries failure will result
articulation
movement of the mouth and tongue that shapes sounds (and really air) into speech, includes also teeth, lips, i.e. saying wittle for little is an articulation error,another example, top teeth on bottom lips, and air movement and vocal cords vibrating to make a "v" phoneme/sound.
Limited English Proficiency
must address how their language needs relate to acheiving the goals of the IEP.
Written notification of restraint must include:
name of student; staff name who restrained; date, time, location, nature of restraint, activity preceding restraint; behavior that prompted restraint; attempts made before restraint; information about how you contacted parent. this information is entered into state's PEIMS system and collected by state agency, written notification should be given to campus's PEIMS clerk to enter periodically
What are educational implications for VI?
need for technology, modifications in content, orientation & mobility, visual aides, early intevention
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
neuroimaging technique whereby radio waves are used to produce cross-sectional images of the brain; used to pinpoint areas of brain that are dysfunctional or damaged.
Rehabilitation Act Section 504
no qualified handciappped individuals should be excluded from participation in, be denied benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving federal funds.
Strattera
nonstimulant medication for ADHD affects the neurotransmitter, norephinephrine
orthosis
o- a device designed to restore a lost function of the body (crutch, brace)
Types of informal assessment
observations, checklists, anecdotal record, interviews, interest inventories, conferences
magnifying devices
often recommended for people with low vision can be close vision or distance vision, ie.s monocular telescope, hand heldmagnifiers
Parten's Developmental Stages of Play 2 and older
on-looker behavior= content to play near and watching others play, may interact, but does not seek to participate with others
Social skills classroom task-related skills
on-task behavior attending to teacher or speaker following directions classroom survival trying one's best politeness to the teacher problem solving
inclusion
practice of assuring that all students with disabilities participate with other students in all aspects of school
Applied behavioral analysis
practice of learning theory that involves understanding what leads to new skills
Stages of Writing
prewriting; drafting; revising (here you share it); editing (correcting it); publishing
What's task analysis?
process of breaking a learning task into smaller elements & sequencing from simplest to most complex
Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA)
process of determining the cause or function of behavior before developing an intervention
Language Experience Approach
process where there's an event, children write a story, and reread it and sequence it
audiologist
professional that conducts audiograms on students to determine hearing acuity in a soundproof booth, more than the nurse's hearing screens with beeps
Collaboration
professionals working cooperatively to provide educational services
Zero Reject
prohibits schools from excluding any student with disability from a free and appropriate public education
Grace Fernald
proposed a visual-auditory-kinesthetic-tactile method of teaching reading & writing
Center schools or multi district classes
separate schools some residential, for students with a particular disability
pre-referral services
services to help children adapt to regular classroom before they are singled out for special education programs, now called "response to intervention"
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)
set a precedent for equality in education which was extended to children with disabilities
Self-contained Mild or Moderate
setting generally is used for mildly or moderately handicapped students who require services for 50% or more of the regular school day
Self-Contained, severe
setting generally is used for students who may not be capable of attending more than two regular education classes.
Vocational Education for the Handicapped (VAC)
setting is designed to teach the student vocational skills through on-the-job work placements for handicapped students Prompting stimuli that are presented to the learner
resource room
setting used for handicapped students who require services for 50% or less time of the regular school day
simple-discrete behaviors
simple movements that usually occur in and across different situations (smiling, eye contact, touching, holding, lifting)
What are characteristics of VI?
social, motor,and social developmental delays
Parten's Developmental Stages of Play 2 1/2 and older
solitary=plays with toys alone, play is not dependent on nor involved with the play of others around him
Sound Measurement
sound is measured in loudness or intensity (decibels, DB) or in frequency (hertz, Hz)
co-teaching
special educator working side-by-side with a general educator in a classroom, both teachers providing instruction to the group
prereferral teams
teams made up of a variety of professionals, in regular and sp education, who work with regular class teachers to come up with strategies for teaching difficult-to-teach children, designed to influence regular educators to take ownership of these students and to minimize inappropriate referrals to special ed
evoked response audiometry
technique involving electroencephalograph measurement of changing in brain wave activity in response to sounds
Assistive Technology
technology used to assist individuals with physical, cognitive and speech disabilities to accessing environments such as school or home
respite care
temporary relief provided the primary care giver on a weekly or monthly basis, for parents with severely handicapped students who need a break/vacation OR services of a trained individual to relieve the primary care giver of the child with handicaps on a temporary basis, like weekend or for vacation
handicapism
term used by activists who fault the unequal treatment of individuals with disabilities, term is parallel to the term "racism", coined by those who fault unequal treatment based on race
nonverbal learning disabilities
term used to refer to individuals who have a cluster of disabilities in social interaction, math, visual-spatial tasks and tactual tasks
Pragmatics
the analysis of language in terms of the situational context within which utterances are made, including the knowledge and beliefs of the speaker and the relation between speaker and listener. Also can refer to practical considerations.
Providing menus from local restaurants and having students decide what they will order for less than 10 dollars would be
the best activity for teaching budgeting skills to high-school students.
Graduation
the completion of all required parts of an educational program, sped student may graduate under IEP provisions or by completing the same program required of reg ed students, or by aging out
A summative assessment would be administered at
the conclusion of a unit.
The most important function of the ARD committee is
the development of the IEP
Admission, Review and Dismissal Committee
the name for the group made up of a student's parents and school staff that meets at least annually to decide whether or not the student has an eligible disability and what special education and related services will be provided.
In Special Education professional circles, the term "disproportionality" refers to:
the overrepresentation of racial, cultural, and linguistic minorities in Special Education.
phonation
the production of sound by the vibration of the vocal cords, i.e. "s" is unvoiced, by "m" the vocal cords vibrate, children learn by putting fingers on throat to see if motor (vocal cords) is running, "d" is voiced, "t" is not, "r" is voiced, "sh" is not
fluency
the rate at which a newly acquired response is performed
Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) Curriculum
the state mandated curriculum for each grade level in Texas public schools. Should be considered the "general education curriculum" referenced in IDEA.
standard deviation
the variability from the mean, find difference of each score from the mean, square each difference, average the squares and take square root
ecological model
them, do shopping with a list, take care of his/her hygiene needs, etc. ecological model a perception of exceptionality, that examines the individual/student in complex interaction in his own environment and contends that behavior problems should be handled by modifying factors in the ecology to allow for more constructive, productive interactions between the individual and the environment,i.e. teaching behaviors to ride a public bus, coaching work skills in a community butcher shop, etc.
One advantage of recorded books is that
they provide students with a model of fluent reading and can be turned off when the students wants to read on their own.
Nondiscriminatory evaluation
thorough individual evaluation with tests appropriate to the child's cultural background, before placement into special ed program
differential reinforcement
to decrease inappropriate behavior by ignoring it and providing reinforcement for positive behavior
Nonverbal learning disability
up to 10% of students, with soft neurological signs, poor organization skills, great memorizer, social ineptness, kinesthetic learner
enuresis
urinary incontinence, wetting oneself
cued speech
used by hearing impaired, to reduce uncertainty that is sometimes associated with lip reading.
Emergent is a Term:
used to describe a reader who is just beginning to make the letter-sound connection and who recognizes a few sight words.
syphilis
venereal disease that can cause MR ina child, during latter stages of fetal development
herpes simplex
viral disease that can cause cold sores, if it affects the genitals and contracted by mother to be in later stages of gestation, it can cause mental subnormality in the child
What are medical procedures done at school?
vision/hearing screenings, catheterization, tube feedings, nebulizer treatments, medication.
Perceptual difficulties include
visual, auditory, and perceptual problems
Response to intervention
way of determining whether a student has a learning disability; increasingly intensive levels of instructional intervention are delivered, and if the student does not achieve, he/she is determined to have a learning disability or is referred for special ed evaluation
