The Atlantic World Quizlet
Mercantilism
"A country's power depended on its wealth."
Joint-stock Companies
"Company where investors buy shares of stock in the company."; Great profits, but less risk
Capitalism
"Economic system based on private ownership and the investment of resources for profit."; Government no longer sole owners of wealth - Merchant class.
Fransico Pizzaro
1531- 1533- Defeated Incas and added their territories to Spanish Empire
What replaced the Native American Slaves?
African Slaves
Hernán Cortés reached the center of the what empire in 1519?
Aztec Empire
Montezuma II
Aztec emperor
How did the Catholic Church react to the abuse of Native Americans?
Catholic priest est. schools, taught agriculture and worked to end abuses of Indians.
Juan Ponce de Leon
Claimed Florida for Spain.
What goods do South America have?
Coffee
What goods do North America have?
Cotton and Tobacco
Treaty of Paris(1763)
Ended the French and Indian War
What ways in which European exploration still has an impact on the present?
European exploration impacted modern society because it spread many different cultures, religions, and treasures around the world.
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado
Explored AZ, NM, TX, OK, KN.
Why was the presence of families such a crucial factor in the success of a settlement?
Families helped create a larger population as well as a more stable lifestyle
What happened between 1519 and 1522?
Ferdinand Magellan's Spanish ships sailed around the entire globe.
Vasco de Balboa
First European to reach the Pacific Ocean, 1513.
Pilgrims
Followed in the footsteps of the Jamestown settlers; They landed in Plymouth, MA;The reason why they came to America was because of Religious persecutions.
"Hard way" of countries gain wealth.
Growing cash crops(roles of colonies) then selling it.
Atahualpa
Last ruling Inca emperor. He was executed by the Spanish.
Spain and Portugal claimed Sovereignty (sole control) over lands in ___________.
Latin America
Who was Mansa Musa and how did he inspire the Portuguese?
Mansa Musa was the Malian king who made a spectacular hajj to Mecca in 1324-1325 and had an entourage of 60,000 people which includes 12,00 slaves, and a huge amount of gold. Musa was like a model of what the Portuguese hoped to be when traveling to Africa.
Why did many Africans go along with the selling of slaves to the Europeans?
Many Africans go along with the selling of slaves to the Europeans because it made them more rich.
What were a few of the reasons why Europeans wanted Africans specifically to be the new source of labor?
Many Africans were immune to European diseases, unlike the Native Americans. Another reason why Europeans wanted Africans specifically, is because Africans experience in farming and could be taught plantation work. Another reason why Europeans wanted Africans specifically, is because Africans would be less likely to escape from their owners due to the lack of knowledge of the new land. A fourth reason why Europeans wanted Africans specifically, is because if Africans were to escape, their skin color would make it easier for Europeans to catch.
King Philips' War
Metacom led a group of Native Americans and attack the colonies of NA. He won many battles but did not achieve his goal of driving out the English colonists.
Why did Charles II want to remove the Dutch? Who showed up to do Charles' commands.
New Netherlands blocked English colonies; Duke of York.
Stono Rebellion
North Carolina; group of slaves rose up and killed many slave owners.
What did England and France fight over?
Ohio Valley Territory
Virginia Company
Private company that helps people start colonies.
How did Malinche help Cortés?
She lead Cortes and his small army into Tenochtitlan, warn Cortes of danger along the way to Tenochtitlan, gather allies for Cortes, and is a translator for Cortes.
The trip across the Atlantic to the Americas was called the Middle Passage. In a few sentences, describe some of the things about the journey for the people on board
Slaves were chained together below deck in a tightly packed ship. If a slave died, they were kept there until the next morning where they would be thrown off the ship. Without windows, heat from body waste, blood, and odor became suffocating. Also disease spread quickly throughout the ship. The crew on the ships transporting slaves, tried to prevent revolts from happening, revolts became more common as the trip goes on. Crew members would beat or throw slaves out of the ship if the slave refused to eat, sharks trailing behind the ships were used as threats to scare the slaves, and slaves that spoke the same language were often separated from each other, to prevent a mutiny.
Why did some Native American tribes aid the English?
Some tribes did help the British because they wanted to get on the "winning side" and not die. Also, tribes wanted to fight rival tribes that were in the "French Side."
"Easy way" of countries gaining wealth
Steal money; obtain as much gold and silver as possible
What goods do the Caribbeans have?
Sugar Cane
How did the Dutch and the French react differently to English expansion?
The Dutch colonies were smaller, caught in the middle of the British colonies, and chose to not fight
How was New France established?(You don't have to remember the names of the people, just how it was established.)
The French's first motivation is to find a route to Asia through North America without interfering with Spain. Giovanni Verrazzano was trying to find the Northwest Passage( A shorter passage that goes to Asia which does not interfere with Spain). He landed in the New York Harbor but does not succeed in finding this Northwest Passage. He tells other explorers to go more North than he did. Jacques Cartier followed Verrazzano footsteps ,and goes farther north and discovers a water way. So he decided to follow the water way called the St. Lawerence River. He found a very big island and on this island is a huge mountain. He called this mountain Mont Real (Mount Royal). Samuel de Champlain follows Cartier's footsteps ,and established a "base of operation" and called it Quebec.(New France)
About 65,000 people from France came to New France. What did they come to France for? Did they stay there permanently?
The Fur Trade; No
Why did many Native Americans ally with the French against the British?
The Native Americans had established a better relationship with the French.
How did the Portuguese extract wealth from African coastlines?
The Portuguese would extract wealth from African coastlines by controlling trading and shipping routes.
What is Potosi? What impact did it have on Europe?
The Spanish uncovered a huge deposit of silver in Potosi, is a city in present day Bolivia. This made made Spain, an European country, very rich.
What is the Columbian Exchange?
The spread of ideas, culture, food, plants, people, diseases, and technology that occurred due to the discovery of the "New World" by Christopher Columbus.
What did Spain give to Spanish settlers in exchange for cash crop(Tobacco, Sugar Cane, Cotton, and Coffee), mining(sliver), and ranching(cattle)?
Vast about of land.
Goods from the Americas........
tomatoes, pineapple, cocoa beans, tobacco, corn, and potato.
About how long did this trip across the Atlantic take to get to the American colonies? About how many did not survive this trip?
2-4 months; About 20-50 percent of slaves died.
Why did Pizarro and his crew start a fight with the Incans?
An Incan threw their Bible on the ground.
What were the early European explorers, especially the French, looking for after North and South America were discovered?
An easier route to get to Asia that did not include getting involved with the Spanish
The British won the French and Indian War but.......
England was in debt. To solve this problem, England tax the colonists. They taxed tea, stamps, etc. This leads to the Boston Tea Party which led to the American Revolution.
Goods to the Americas.....
horses, cows, pigs, and no sheep.
Inflation
A general and progressive increase in prices
Why did Britain take advantage of the French and Indian War?
- A significant troop surge - Strategy that better suited the frontier - Naval blockade - Alliance with some native tribes - "Outspend" the French.
List some of the negative consequences from the slave trade.
- In Africa, many cultures have lost generations of its fittest and healthiest members. -Countless African families were separated from each other. -The introduction of guns devastated African societies.
Who are the types of people that would go to New France?
- People who have no desire to build towns or families. - Catholics Priests. - Single men trading furs.
Why was Jamestown a bad place?
- The Location: They picked a very swampy location to build a fort. - - The swamp contain disease-carrying(Malaria) insects. - Water Source: They drank water from the James River. The water in the river was brackish(elevated salt content). This can result to death. - Settlers focused on gold and not crops. - Native American also attacked the settlers. - 7 out of 10 did not survive the first 12 months.
From the perspective of indigenous people living in Spanish colonies, give examples of how Spanish colonization led to loss
- The loss of land for use - The loss of long-held religious
Why did the Spanish win against the American Civilizations?
1. Better weapon technology - Horses, Guns, Armor, and Cannons made the Europeans better equipped for war. These technologies messed with the Native's head 2. Diseases - Smallpox and Measles wiped out ½ the Indian population in some cases. 3. Help - Natives tribes helped Cortez fight the Aztecs.
What year did we see the first slaves brought to North America?
1619
Estimates of the number of indigenous Americans killed by disease after European contact are as high _________
90%
Eurocentrism
A mindset; a way of seeing the world; A European central thinking; A way of looking at the world with Europe being the most important. Example: Columbus. Columbus wanted to conquer all the islands in the Carribeans.
Who was Phillis Wheatley?
A northern slave that was America's first published black writer.
Mestizo
A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry.
Pizarro kidnapped Atahualpa, but the Incans didn't want to lose their ruler. The Incans gave whatever Pizarro wants for their ruler, what was this? What did Pizarro do after getting the gift?
A room filled "Once with gold, Twice with silver."; he hungs Atahualpa and takes the Incan capital.
How were African women essential to European trade?
African women were essential to European trade because they provided essential trading connections and they are the main force behind regional trade networks and local markets.
How was Jamestown founded?
After Elizabeth I gave the throne to James I, James wanted to continue "funding oversea colonies." He hired the Virginia Company to start a colony in North America. The Virginia Company wanted to put this colony away from the Spain, so they found a river(James River) and founded the colony there. This colony is called Jamestown, named after James I.
Who won the French and Indian War after 7 years of fighting?
Britain 🇬🇧🇬🇧.🇬🇧.🇬🇧.🇬🇧.🇬🇧.🇬🇧.🇬🇧.🇬🇧.
Both Pizarro and Cortés relied on help from rival indigenous communities to help them take control from what two civilizations?
Aztecs and Incas
How did the Columbian Exchange impact food?
Because of the discovery of the "New World," new food would be created from plants and spices from the "New World." For example, Italy created the marinara sauce because of the discovery of tomatoes in the "New World."
Describe the three steps of the process of the Triangular Trade.
English manufactured goods were sent to Africa in exchange for slaves, then the slaves were traded in the Americas from raw materials. These raw materials were sent to Europe to be manufactured into more goods.
How did the main triangular trade route work?
European would trade manufactured goods to the west coast of Africa in exchange for captured Africans. Then the Africans were sold in the West Indies in exchange for sugar, coffee, and tobacco. These products were sailed back to Europe. This process repeats again and again.
Which statement best describes the first English colony?
Even though it got off to a horrible start, it ended up succeeding thanks to some crops that finally grew.
England wanted more land so they pushed west, they collided with the French and a war was started. What was this war called?
French and Indian War
What three factors drove Spanish exploration?
God, Glory, and Gold.
What did Montezuma II give Cortez, and what did he think Cortez was?
Gold; God
What is the significance of Prince Henry the Navigator?
He funded encouraged and funded explorations, the study of navigation and the development of tools that help explorers in navigation.
What were two main differences between the slavery that existed in Africa and the slavery that existed in the Americas?
In Africa, slaves had some legal rights and had the freedom to socialize, however, slaves were treated harshly in the Americas, they had little food and suffered from beatings. Another difference is slaves in Africa can hold political power, slaves in the Americas could not.
What were some of the ways that slavery that was practiced in Africa different from the slavery that was used in the Americas?
In Africa, slaves were usually criminals and prisoners of war. Slaves in Africa can have jobs and were seen as members of the extended family, their children could not be sold. Also plantation slavery didn't exist in African.
What were some of the differences between slave life in the northern colonies and the ones in the southern colonies?
In the North, slaves would work as cooks, maids, gardeners, and skilled laborers. However, in the South, most slaves worked in plantations. In the North, slaves would work seven days a week, but in the South, slaves only worked six days a week. The northern slaves were much healthier and had better treatment then the southern slaves.
the English colonies did not use many slaves. Who did they use instead? What are two reasons why that changed?
Indentured servants were used in the English colonies before the use of African slaves. The reason why they changed was because less people were willing to indentured themselves because of the better condition in England, and planters realized that African slaves were a better investment because the slaves wouldn't be able to leave.
How was Louisiana established?(Don't have to remember the names, but how it was established)
Jacques Marquette & Louis Joliet found the northern part of the Mississippi River and the Great Lake Sieur de La Salle sailed all the way down the Mississippi River, claiming land for France down the way, and makes into down to the Gulf of Mexico and established Louisiana.(Named after the King of France, Louis XIV)
What major turning point in European History happened in May of 1453?
Ottomans took over the Byzantine Empire.
Spanish Race Ranking
Peninsulares(Spaniards born in Spain) Creoles(born in New Spain of Spanish parents) - Mestizos(born og Spanish and Native American Indian parents) Native American Indians Enslaved People(brought from Africa and the Caribbean).
How did things improve in Jamestown?
People started to grow Tobacco.
Why were slaves encouraged to have physical relationships with each other?
Slaves were encouraged to have physical relationships with each other because this would cause an increase of the slave population.
How did the Spanish Empire extract wealth from their exploration, starting with Columbus' 1492 trip?
Spanish Empire extract wealth from their explorations by controlling the land and people they captured.
Conquistadors
Spanish conquerors
Hernando Cortez
Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)
How did the English win against the Dutch?
The Dutch surrendered.🏳️🏳️🏳️🏳️🏳️🏳️
What was the main goal for the Dutch in the New World?
The Dutch wanted to set up many trading spots in the New World in order to better facilitate the fur trade.
Puritans
They came 10 years after the pilgrims; They came to America because of Religious persecutions; They go to a place called the "Massachusetts Bay Colony."; They wanted to be a role model, they wanted to show people how to make a true colony. A model community as examples to others. They brought families to help it survive.
Many slaves in the American colonies tried to oppose their position as slaves, how did they do that?
They made themselves less productive by destroying tools, pulling plants out of the ground, and working slowly
Why were the Mississippi and St. Lawrence Rivers important to the French? *
This was the only way to get to the major French settlements in North America
Describe one way in which non-Europeans helped to facilitate European trade.
Through non-Europeans, Europeans slowly learned about where to go to find goods, how to trade, and how to judge the quality of goods.
What did Britain gain from the French and Indian War?
everything from the Mississippi and the Appalachian Mountain.
The Church allowed the Spanish to use any Native American only if they _______________.
feed them, shelter them, educate them, and take care of them.
Dutch West India Company
like the Dutch East India Company; was created to expand fur trade; this created and established New Netherlands.
Encomienda system
system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills.