The autonomic nervous system Dr. E

list the components of the visceral reflex arc .

sensory receptor sensory neuron inter neuron motor neuron effector

Give the function and or anatomical significance of the tunics of the eyeball and associated structures: Part D: Important structures of the retina. Optic Disk, The macula Lutea and the centra fovea.

the optic disk(blind spot); site where the optic nerve exits the eye ball. macula lutea; the exact center of the posterior portion of the retina, where the images are formed. Centra fovea: The center of the macula lutea, and consists primarily of cones.

Give the function and or anatomical significance of the lens.

-Functions in forming an image at the retina -held by suspensory ligaments attached to ciliary muscles changes shape as ciliary muscles contract and relax -surrounded by highly elastic transparent capsule -transparent and biconvex

Explain three functional characteristics shared by both divisions in the ANS given in lecture

1. Both divisions produce excitatory and inhibitory effects Ex. Heart 2. Dual innervation and unequal regulation except for glands, blood vessels, and adrenal Medulla 3. Opposite effects: A single structure is innervated by both divisions, the division with the stronger effect will be the one that will support the body needs at that time -Ex. Gastrointestinal tract: Para: increases activity stimulates, Symp: inhibits it

Give the functions and/ or anatomical significance of the accessory structures of the eye: 1. The eyelids 2. The conjunctiva 3. The lacrimal glands

1. They Eyelids protect the eye. 2. Lines eyelids and whites of eye, protects the eye and provides lubrication 3. Produces tears

Give the function and or anatomical significance of the tunics of the eyeball and associated structures: Part A. The Fibrous Layer

A) the fibrous layer (sclera and cornea) -The fibrous layer is a dense avascular connective tissue. Outermost layer. -Sclera is the opaque white outer layer, maintains shape protects internal structures provides muscle attachment continuous with cornea. -Cornea is anterior portion of the eye that covers the iris has collagen fibers that are small thus transparent bends and refracts light. numerous pain receptors contribute to blinking and tearing reflexes.

List the two main neurotransmitters released by the ANS and explain the difference between adrenergic and cholinergic neurons, and cholinergic and adrenergic nerve fibers.

Acetylcholine Norenephrine. neurons that secrete acetylcholine are classified as cholinergic their axons are called cholinergic fibers neurons that secrete norenphrine are classified as adrenergic neurons and their axons are called adrenergic fibers.

List the different neurotransmitter receptors with their subtypes, and indicate which ones have excitatory effects and which ones can be both, stimulatory or inhibitory.

Acetylcholoine: Receptor: Cholinergic Subdivisions: -Nicotinic: EXCITATORY -Muscarinic: EXCITATORY or INHIBITORY Norepinephrine: Receptor: Adrenergic Subdivisions: -Alpha A -Beta B and can be either EXCITATORY or INHIBITORY depending on the tissue. EX: NE binding to B1 receptors in heart cause heart to pump harder and faster. NE binding to B2 in the bronchial cause bronchials to relax, causing them to dialate.

Give the function and or anatomical significance of the tunics of the eyeball and associated structures: Part B: The Vascular layer

B) The Vascular layer- The middle pigmented layer covering the eyeball and consists of the following parts. -The Choroid: posterior portion of the vascular tunic highly vascularized and provides nutrients to posterior portion of the retina. Its brown pigment (malanocytes) to absorb light and prevent visual confusion. - The Ciliary Body a) Ciliary processes: Secretes aqueous humor. b) Ciliary Muscles: Alters the shape of the lense.

Give the name of the plexuses that innervate the heart and lungs

Cardiac and pulmonary plexuses

List of organizations created by the pelvic splanchnic nerves

Large intestines urinary bladder uterus and reproductive organs

Give the function and or anatomical significance of the tunics of the eyeball and associated structures: Part C the nervous center (retina)

List the layers of the retina and contrast the functions of rods and cones. 1. pigmented layer -epithelial layers that absorb light and prevent scattering in the eye chamber also stores vitamin a. 2. neural layer- consists of three types of neurons (photo receptors, bipolar cells and ganglion cells) That function in processing light stimuli. 3. photo receptors. a. rods(more numerous and more sensitive to light) BLACK AND WHITE; involved in non color vision, responsible for vision under condition of reduced light. b. cones(bright light) COLOR VISION!!!; consists of red,green and blue sensitive receptors and involved in color vision and visual acuity.

List the organs innervated by the greater splanchnic nerve

Liver and gallbladder stomach spleen adrenal Medela kidney small intestines

Preganglionic axons from brain travel through which cranial nerves?

Oculomotor 111: innervates the iris of the eye and causes pupils to constrict also causes lens to bulge Facial VII: stimulates the lacrimal glands as well as the sublingual and submandibular salivary glands Glossopharyngeal IX: stimulates the parotid salivary glands Vagus X: this nerve accounts for 90% of the parasympathetic fibers present in the body , providing stimulation to the Resik and abdominal internal organs: heart, lungs, liver, pancreas, stomach, and the small and large intestine

What is the relative length of their fiber(axons)? How are both divisions of the ANS different in the length of their preganglionic and post ganglionic axons and fibers

Parasympathetic: LONG preganglionic and SHORT post ganglionic Sympathetic: LONG Postganglionic and SHORT preganglionic

Parasympathetic and sympathetic origin sites

Parasympathetic: emerges from the brain and the sacral region of the spinal cord "Craniosacral Divion" Sympathetic: emerges from the spinal cord from T1 to L2 region. "Thoracolumbar Division"

Parasympathetic and sympathetic location of their ganglia and their group names

Parasympathetic: located in visceral effector organs and are called "terminal ganglia" Sympathetic: located right outside the spinal cord and is also known as the "sympathetic chain ganglia(trunk)"

Parasympathetic division "Craniosacral" pre-ganglia location

Pre-ganglia: located in nuclei of the brain stem or in the lateral horns of the spinal cord gray matter from S2 - S4 Post ganglionic : terminal

Sympathetic division "Thoracolumbar" Pre-and post ganglionic location

Preganglionic: found in the lateral horns of the gray matter of the spinal cord from T1 - L2 : thoracolumbar; axons will pass through ventral horns through spinal nerves through white Rami communicants and to the sympathetic chain ganglia omit to collateral ganglia (in front of vertebral column) where they will synapse with the cell body of the ganglionic neuron Post ganglionic: Exons will then move out through the gray rami communicantes and extend into the organ that they innervate

List the body activities regulated by both the parasympathetic and sympathetic division

SLUDDD Salivation, Lacrimation(tears), Urination, Digestion, Defecation, Decrease:HR, diameter of airways, diameter of pupils Can be cased by 4 Sympathetic E's: excitement exercise emergency embarrassment

What type of axons do each Nervous system have in respect to myelination

SNS: highly myelinated ANS: pre-ganglia - lightly myelinated ; post ganglia- not myelinated

Distinguish between effectors innervated by the somatic and those innervated by the ANS

SNS: skeletal muscles ANS: cardiac and smooth muscles and glands

Sympathetic vs. parasympathetic Similarities & differences

Similarities: - dual innervation: most organs served by both divisions - both have the ability to produce simultaneously and inhibitory effects -they have opposite effects to each other -both have a two motor system: pre and post neuron -both part of ANS -both release ACH at their ganglia -both have lightly myelinated pre, and unmyelinated post Differences: -P : rest and digest -P: conserve energy while carrying out everyday activities -P: gastrointestinal, urinary are activated -P: Lungs activated; saliva, mucus, and tear production -P: heart is slow -S: fight or flight -S: using energy to get the body ready for activity -S: 4 E's activate- emergency, embarrassing, exercise, exciting -S: heart is fast (increased) -S: smooth muscle of gastrointestinal, urinary inhibited -S: Sweat production -S: pre-ganglia in Thoracic-lumbar region -P: pre- in cranial-sacral region -P: Post-ganglionic releases ACH -P: ganglia located near effector in terminal ganglia

Neurotransmitters in the somatic vs. autonomic

Somatic: Acetylcholine(ACH) Autonomic: ACH is released by the neurons preganglionic and post ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division ; but postganglionic of the sympathetic division releases norepinephrine (NE) at effectors and can be inhibitory or excitatory depending on receptors

Lens movement

Sympathetic: -far vision -lens flattens -suspensory ligament tighten -cilliary muscles relax Parasympathetic: -close vision -lens bulges -suspensory ligaments loose -cilliary muscles contract

Examples of effectors innervated only by the sympathetic division and examples of effectors innervated mainly by the parasympathetic division

Sympathetic: sweat glands, blood vessels, and adrenal Medulla Parasympathetic: gastrointestinal tract

Explain the sympathetic innervation of the adrenal gland and compare it with the innervations of other effectors (internal organs)

The innervation of the adrenal glands is different than the rest of the body; pre ganglionic axons synapse with the cells of the adrenal medulla without synapsing in sympathetic chain ganglia.

Give the function and or anatomical significance of the tunics of the eyeball and associated structures: Part C: The Iris

The pupil is a central opening to control amount of light that enters the eye. -Close vision and bright light- sphincter pupillae(circular muscles) contract; pupils constrict -Distant vision and dim light- dilator pupillae(radial muscles) contract; pupils dialate -Changes in emotional state- pupils dialate when the subject matter is appealing or requires proplem solving skills.

Give the function or anatomical significance of the internal Chambers and fluids a. the vitreous b. the aqueous humor

a. the vitreous is posterior to the lens helps maintain intraocular pressure holds lens and retina in place, refracts light. b. the aqueous humor: watery substance that nourishes the lens and the cornea. aqueous humor forms and drains continuously.