The Autonomic Nervous System

Which of the following statements about the autonomic nervous system is(are) true? A. All answers are correct. B. The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems tend to have opposing effects. C. Most of the functions of the autonomic nervous system are accomplished through visceral reflexes. D. The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems function together to maintain homeostasis. E. Most of the functions of the autonomic nervous system are accomplished through visceral reflexes and the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems tend to have opposing effects.

A. All answers are correct

During strenuous exercise, which of the following are likely to be more active? A. Sympathetic nervous system and somatic nervous system B. Sympathetic nervous system C. Somatic nervous system D. Parasympathetic nervous system E. All answers are equally active.

A. Sympathetic nervous system and somatic nervous system

In the autonomic nervous system, acetylcholine is released by __________. A. all preganglionic sympathetic neurons, all preganglionic parasympathetic neurons, and all postganglionic parasympathetic neurons. B. all preganglionic sympathetic neurons C. all preganglionic parasympathetic neurons D. all postganglionic sympathetic neurons E. all postganglionic parasympathetic neurons F. all preganglionic sympathetic neurons and all preganglionic parasympathetic neurons

A. all preganglionic sympathetic neurons, all preganglionic parasympathetic neurons, and all postganglionic parasympathetic neurons.

Drugs to treat asthma attacks might include __________. A. alpha agonists and beta agonists B. beta antagonists and alpha agonists C. alpha agonists D. beta antagonists E. beta agonists F. muscarinic agonists

A. alpha agonists and beta agonists

CNS areas that are involved in the control of autonomic functions include the __________. A. spinal cord, hypothalamus, and pons B. hypothalamus C. spinal cord D. spinal cord, basal ganglia, and pons E. basal ganglia F. pons

A. spinal cord, hypothalamus, and pons

The widespread effects of the sympathetic nervous system during the fight or flight response throughout the body is due to the fact that __________. A. each preganglionic neuron synapses with several postganglionic neurons and the catecholamines released from the adrenal glands function as hormones B. all answers are correct C. each preganglionic neuron synapses with several postganglionic neurons D. the catecholamines released from the adrenal glands function as hormones E. the catecholamines released from the adrenal glands function as hormones and a given preganglionic neuron may synapse with postganglionic neurons in other ganglia of the sympathetic chain F. a given preganglionic neuron may synapse with postganglionic neurons in other ganglia of the sympathetic chain

B. All answers are correct

What type of drug would decrease heart rate? A. Beta agonist B. Muscarinic agonist C. Nicotinic antagonist D. Muscarinic antagonist

B. Muscarinic agonist

Synapses between postganglionic neurons and effector organs are different from other synapses in that __________. A. the action of the neurotransmitter stops when it diffuses away from the effector organ B. there are no distinct postsynaptic sites on the effector organs and transmitter is released from several areas on the postganglionic axon C. all answers are correct D. transmitter is released from several areas on the postganglionic axon E. there are no distinct postsynaptic sites on the effector organs

B. there are no distinct postsynaptic sites on the effector organs and transmitter is released from several areas on the postganglionic axon

The binding of acetylcholine to muscarinic receptors causes __________. A. fast responses B. the opening of channels that allow the passage of Na+ and K+ ions C. G protein activation D. depolarization only

C. G protein activation

Which of the following statements is true? A. The beating of the heart is regulated only by the sympathetic division. B. The chemical messenger always determines the effector response. C. Some blood vessels contain alpha adrenergic receptors that cause vasoconstriction in the presence of epinephrine, whereas others have β2 adrenergic receptors that cause vasodilation in the presence of epinephrine. D. Dual innervation is present in all visceral organs and glands; one branch enhances the function or secretion, while the other branch inhibits it.

C. Some blood vessels contain alpha adrenergic receptors that cause vasoconstriction in the presence of epinephrine, whereas others have β2 adrenergic receptors that cause vasodilation in the presence of epinephrine.

The major neurotransmitters/neurohormones of the autonomic nervous system are __________. A. acetylcholine and norepinephrine B. serotonin C. acetylcholine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine D. norepinephrine E. acetylcholine F. epinephrine

C. acetylcholine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine

Activation of __________ adrenergic receptors raises the concentration of cAMP in effector cells. A. alpha 1 B. beta 2 C. beta 1 and beta 2 D. beta 1 E. alpha 2 F. alpha 1 and alpha 2

C. beta 1 and beta 2

The sympathetic nervous system can exert effects on specific target organs via the __________. A. cranial nerves B. adrenal medulla C. collateral ganglia D. chain ganglia and cranial nerves E. chain ganglia F. adrenal medulla and chain ganglia

C. collateral ganglia

Muscarinic receptors are located on __________. A. sympathetic postganglionic neurons B. parasympathetic postganglionic neurons C. parasympathetic target organs D. parasympathetic preganglionic neurons

C. parasympathetic target organs

Similarities between autonomic neuroeffector synapses and the neuromuscular junction include __________. A. the presence of enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase or monoamine oxidase B. the requirement for calcium to produce transmitter release C. the presence of enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase or monoamine oxidase and the requirement for calcium to produce transmitter release D. release of neurotransmitter from varicosities E. the presence of a synaptic cleft F. the presence of a synaptic cleft, the presence of enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase or monoamine oxidase, and the requirement for calcium to produce transmitter release

C. the presence of enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase or monoamine oxidase and the requirement for calcium to produce transmitter release

The autonomic nervous system is involved in which of the following actions? A. Swallowing B. Fight or flight C. Urination D. All answers are correct E. Fight or flight, pupil dilation or constriction, and urination F. Pupil dilation or constriction

D. All answers are correct

Which of the following cell types or structures can be found in both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system? A. Preganglionic neurons B. Collateral ganglia C. Preganglionic neurons and collateral ganglia D. Preganglionic neurons and chain ganglia E. Chain ganglia

D. Preganglionic neurons and chain ganglia

Which of the following organs is/are controlled by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system? A. Heart B. Urinary bladder C. Pancreas D. Lungs E. All answers are correct F. Heart and urinary bladder

E. All answers are correct

Which of the following statements about the activation of adrenergic receptors in the sympathetic nervous system are true? A. The effects on the target organ are always excitatory and the receptors are always more sensitive to norepinephrine than epinephrine. B. The effects on the target organ are always excitatory. C. The receptors are always more sensitive to norepinephrine than epinephrine. D. The receptors are always more sensitive to norepinephrine than epinephrine and the cellular responses to adrenergic receptor activation always involve cAMP. E. All answers are incorrect. F. The cellular responses to adrenergic receptor activation always involve cAMP.

E. All answers are incorrect

Which of the following is likely to occur when someone stands up quickly? A. Increased release of norepinephrine B. Increased release of acetylcholine C. Increased release of acetylcholine and increased release of norepinephrine D. Increased activity at adrenergic receptors E. Increased release of norepinephrine and increased activity at adrenergic receptors F. Increased activity at muscarinic receptors

E. Increased release of norepinephrine and increased activity at adrenergic receptors

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons emerge from the __________ portion of the spinal cord. A. cranial B. lumbar C. thoracic D. sacral E. lumbar and thoracic

E. Lumbar and thoracic

Symptoms of diabetic neuropathy that involve the autonomic nervous system may include __________. A. lack of awareness of hypoglycemia B. urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction C. urinary incontinence D. erectile dysfunction E. all answers are correct

E. all answers are correct

In the autonomic nervous system, acetylcholine is released by __________. A. all postganglionic sympathetic neurons B. all preganglionic parasympathetic neurons C. all postganglionic parasympathetic neurons D. all preganglionic sympathetic neurons and all preganglionic parasympathetic neurons E. all preganglionic sympathetic neurons F. all preganglionic sympathetic neurons, all preganglionic parasympathetic neurons, and all postganglionic parasympathetic neurons.

F. all preganglionic sympathetic neurons, all preganglionic parasympathetic neurons, and all postganglionic parasympathetic neurons.

The autonomic nervous system innervates __________. A. skeletal muscle B. cardiac muscle C. adipose tissue D. blood vessels E. cardiac muscle and blood vessels F. cardiac muscle, blood vessels, and adipose tissue

F. cardiac muscle, blood vessels, and adipose tissue