The Chemistry of Seawater - Chapter 5
Latitudinal variation in evaporation and precipitation, as well as freezing, thaw in and freshwater run off affect the amount of _____ in sea water.
Salt
Natural fertilizers of seawater
Nitrogen, phosphorus, and silicate
Select the 3 most important nutrients needed for growth of marine life
1. Nitrogen 2. Phosphorous 3. Silicate
What happens to the organic substances in seawater?
1. They are broken down in to smaller particles 2. They are used by organisms 3. They accumulate in sediments
In major ocean basins, ______ % of seawater is dissolved salt and ____% is water.
3.5, 96.5
_____ ions make up more than 99% of the salts dissolved in seawater.
6
The adherence of ions and molecules onto a particle's surface, removes other ions and molecules from sea water is called _____.
Adsorption
salinometer
An electronic device that determines salinity by measuring the electrical conductivity of a seawater sample.
The two ____ are chloride and sulfate.
Anion
An atom with a negative charge is called a _____.
Anion.
In coastal areas with high precipitation and river in low, surface salinities fall ____the average.
Below
The process by which CO2 is added to intermediate and deep ocean water and the ocean bottom, through the involvement of photosynthesis organisms is called ______.
Biological pump
Water solutions contain
Both H20 molecules and H+ and OH- ions
In warm climates, salt in seawater is concentrated using evaporation and then extracted for use. How is salt recovered in cold climates?
By allowing the water to freeze and then collecting the leftover brine
By measuring the PH of seawater, one can indirectly determine the water's ______ concentration.
Carbon dioxide
An ion with a positive charge is called a ____.
Cation
4 of the 6 ions that make up dissolved are called _____: sodium, magnesium, calcium, and potassium.
Cations
____ and _____ evidence from rocks and salt deposits lead researcher s to believe that salt compositions of the oceans have been the same for about the last 1.5 billion years.
Chemical , geological
Rank the major major constituents of seawater by highest weight to lowest
Chloride, sodium, sulfate, magnesium, calcium, potassium
Acidic gases released during volcanic eruptions dissolved in rain or river water and are carried to the oceans as _____ and ______.
Chloride, sulfate
The measure of chloride concentration is _____
Chlorinity
______ Constiuents are generally not removed or added by living organisms.
Conservat
The process of forming the new _____ at the ridge system of the deep ocean floor participates in the input and output of ions in seawater.
Crust
The original sources of sea salt include the ____ and _____ of earth.
Crust, interior
Cations are a source of the earth's ____ and anions are a source of the earth's _____
Crust, mantle
______ is the process of obtaining fresh water from seawater
Desalination
When immersed in water, compounds can break apart into individual atoms or groups of atoms that have _______ charges.
Electrical
The salinometer measure the salinity of ocean water by measuring __
Electrical conductivity
The lighted portion of the ocean is referred to as the _____ zone.
Euphotic
What process is used to concentrate salt content of seawater in order to extract halite for use in table salt
Evaporation in shallow ponds
Over geologic time, shallow arms of the sea have become isolated, the water evaporated, and the salts have been left behind as sedimentary deposits called ______.
Evaporites
Organisms ______ products traps ions, which are returned to the seawater.
Excretion
Sodium chloride is held together by ____ bonds.
Iconic
The most _____ process for the removal of most elements from seawater is still adsorption of ions onto fine particles and their removal to the sediments.
Important
Approximately 300 million tons of excess oxygen are produced each year by photosynthetic marine organisms. Where does this excess go>
Incorporated into sediments and eventually formed into rocks.
Anthropogenic carbon dioxide concentrations int eh atmosphere have ______ over the past 150 years
Increased
A charged atom or group of atoms is called an ____.
Ion
Strongly adsorbable ions replace weakly adsorbable ions in a process called ____ exchange.
Ion
The ______ _______ of open-ocean seawater is the same from place to place and depth to depth.
Ionic composition
The ions known as _____ _____ of sea water are sodium, magnesium, calcium, and potassium, chloride and sulfate.
Major constituents
Rank the gases present in the ocean according to their abundance, with the most abundant on top.
Nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide
______constituents are smaller in quantity, some dissolved gasses, assets organic molecules and complex do change in concentrations because of biological processes that occur in some areas.
Non conservative
In ionic bonds electrons are transferred from a metal atom to a nonmetal atom creating a ions of _____ charge that attract each other.
Opposite
The ___ present in seawater include proteins, carbohydrates and fats
Organics
Marine plants undergoing photosynthesis produce and release _____ into seawater.
Oxygen
Organisms undergoing respiration remove ____ from sea water and produce and release carbon dioxide.
Oxygen
Heterotrophic organisms consume _____ to produce ______
Oxygen, carbon dioxide
Marine plants take up carbon dioxide from sea water in order to ______.
Photosynthesize
The ___ and _____ weathering of a rock over time breaks it into small pieces and the rain dissolves out ions, which are carried to the sea by rivers.
Physical, chemical
The chemical composition of Earth's rocky crust can account for most of the ______ charged ions found in seawater.
Positively
The average time a substance remains in he ocean is called its ____ time.
Residence
What is the name given to the mean tie that a substance remains in the ocean before moving on to another part of the hydrologic cycle?
Residence time
Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane whereas ____ osmosis uses pressure to force the movement of water across a membrane
Reverse
Input must balance output of _____ in the oceans.
Salinity
The ocean contains an average of 35 parts per thousand dissolved salts, this is the ocean's ____.
Salinity
The total quantity of dissolved salt in seawater is known as ______.
Salinity
________ ________ in parts per thousand are made quickly and direction on the water sample with an electrical probe.
Salinity Readings
Process of ionic bonds is sodium chloride (NaCl) ——> ________ + chloride ion (C1-
Sodium ion ( Na+)
conductivity of seawater is affected by salinity and ______.
Temperature
The concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has increased over the last 150 years primarily due to ____
The burning of fossil fuels and deforestation
_______ elements in seawater are present in concentration less than one part per million.
Trace
Seawater ________ electricity because it contains dissolved ionic salts, the more ions in the solution, the greater the conductance.
Transmits or conducts.
______ and _____ washing over the land supply the oceans with dissolved salts.
Volcanism, rain
The concentration of dissolved constituents in sea water can be expressed by weight, ________ or in molar terms.
Volume
When expressed by ________, concentrations are given as g/l, mg/l, or ug/l
Volume
When expressed by ______, concentrations are given as g/kg(parts per thousand), mg/kg (parts per million or even ug/kg ( parts per billion) depending on the abundance of the constituents.
Weight
What is a buffer?
a solution that resists changes in pH when acid or alkali is added to it. Buffers typically involve a weak acid or alkali together with one of its salts.
Some ____ may have been washed from the atmosphere by long periods of rainfall, but the more likely source of most of is the earth's mantle.
anions
The salinity of oceans surface water is associated with ______.
latitude
express concentrations in_______ _______is the mass of 1 mole of a substance, expressed in grams, is exactly equal to the substance's mean atomic or molecular weight.
molar terms
