THE COLD WAR

What is Khrushchev's famous line about Berlin?

"Berlin is the testicles of the West: every time I want to make the West scream, I squeeze on Berlin"

How and why did the Cold War become a global affair after 1949?

1. The formation of military alliances between the east and the west. The US established NATO along with some other western countries, while the Soviet Union established the Warsaw Pact with eastern countries. This caused a global state of division and hostility 2. The victory of Chinese communism lead to an unevenness in the global balance of power, and communism was now a global political system 3. The Korean War was the first global military confrontation between the east and the west

What was the success, if any, of the Korean War?

Although the Korean War was very stupid, the US felt they had contained communism for the first time, since they feared that communism woul have been spread into Japan and South East. This was a huge morale boost for the American. On the other hand, the Chinese and Soviets had won over the Americans and secured communism in foreign places. Therefore both sides claimed the war as a victory. Initially, with general MacArthur's military strategy of flanking the North Korean forces while keeping a stalemate at the Pusan Perimeter, America seemed to have success in the war, but Chinese forces came unexpectedly and pushed the US back. The border ended up as almost exactly the same as before the war around the 38th parallel.

Why do the western countries not do anything to prevent the Soviet Union from gaining total control of Eastern Europe?

At the Potsdam Conference, Truman actually demanded free elections in Eastern Europe, but Stalin refused this - and in the wake of World War 2, Western countries were afraid of military confrontation which could lead to the outbreak of a new, and more devastating world war. Eastern countries were already under great influence of the Soviets, and only an invasion could undo these developments.

What was the outcome of the Korea war?

Based on a truce, the Korean war was concluded in 1953 leaving north and south Korea divided without any official border, meaning the war essentially ended were it began. Furthermore, the aftermath of the korean war paved the way for higher U.S determination in containing communism and stalin's ideology and power. Around 2 million civilians died, very bloody - a majority of which were north and south korean. America lost roughly 40.000 soldiers, and China suffered 500.000 casualties.

Why did the Korean War fuel anxiety of communist expansion and American determination to follow a containment policy?

Because both the Soviet Union and China participated in the war on the side of North Korea, which lead the way to the idea, that they would spread communism to the rest of Asia, and that China was simply a puppet to the Soviet Union.

Why is this chapter called the Globalization of the Cold War?

Because the "Cold War" moved from the European theatre to encompass all parts of the earth with the proxy wars.

Who was to blame for the onset of the Korean War?

Both the soviet and the US was to blame for the ongoing war, but especially the US viewed north korea's invasion of south korea as a direct link to Stalin and communism. Hence, the U.S would keep pushing the forces in North Korea back as a way to contain communism. HOWEVER, the prime initiator of the war was Kim Il-Sung and North Korea initiating the war by invading South Korea.

Economic Imperialism

Control of a country's economy by the businesses of another nation

Why do you think historians have seen the Long Telegram as significant in the origins of the Cold War?

When Kennan send out his response in the Long Telegram, it is crucial to notice, that there were no signs of a Cold War forming at this point. The USSR then responded to the Long Term Telegram with a Telegram called The Novikov Telegram, in which the USSR stated that US had emerged economically strong from World War 2, and that the USSR needed a buffer zone around them after being invaded by Germany during both World Wars. The two telegrams including the Long Term Telegram are thereby believed to have set the frames for the Cold War in Europe, since the USSR would attempt to spread communism and dominate Eastern Europe, and USA would commit to a containment policy, making them responsible to stop the spread of communism in Western Europe.

Why is it so important to the Soviet Union to gain control of the eastern European countries?

Stalin wanted to avoid surrounding countries getting an anti-soviet attitude, in order to avoid Russia being invaded ever again. 20 million russians had died during the war. obviously, stalin prefered that to never happen again, so he created a "buffer zone". The Novikov Telegram, in which the Soviet ambassador to the USA, Nikolai Novikov, warned that the USA had emerged from World War Two economically strong and bent on world domination. As a result, the USSR needed to secure its buffer zone in Eastern Europe, in which "the good will spread".

What was the Berlin Airlift?

The Berlin Airlift was a consequence of the Berlin Blockade. This was when the USA flew over on-top of East Germany (as they could not transport in any other way) and dropped all necessities such as food, water, sanitary items etc. for around a year for the people to survive

Which countries participated in NATO?

USA, Luxembourg, Italy, France, belgium, Netherlands, Iceland, Denmark, Britain, Norway, Portugal, canada and later West germany, greece and turkey.

Kenan's Long Telegram (p. 642): What does this reveal about Kennan's views?

He states that the USSR was heavily armed and feared the outside world. It was determined to spread communism and therefore there could be no peaceful co-existence between the USSR and the USA. However, the USA was stronger than the USSR and so communism could be 'contained'.

Churchill stated, "The Poles will have their future in their own hands, with the single limitation that they must honestly follow in harmony with their allies, a policy friendly to Russia." What does he mean by this and what are the consequences?

In 1939 Britain had gone to war over the independence of Poland, that was firstly dismembered by the Germans and then the Russians. Poland was then occupied by the Soviet Army and Stalin made it seem as if he was to impose his own, communist, regime. Some sources points out how Churchill, in private, had his doubts about Stalin and his intentions. Even though the eastern european countries were to have free elections, geographically, Russia was close to Poland. With its communist rule and the communist manifest that ruled society: Communism was their truth and thereby "it would always be the spreading force". The Americans and the British thought that if they could stop communism, which in this situation was dependent on Poland, they would barricade the spread of communism. However, this was, as Churchill states, in the future of the hands of Poland. He points out the two possible outcomes. 1. Poland will become communist and spread communism 2. Poland will not become communist and thereby not spread communism Churchill implies that if outcome 2 came true, they would disprove the rule of communism. , Churchill is implicitly highlighting his containment policy and the Americans strategy in order to restrain the spread of communism.

Why did the Cuban Missile Crisis occur and how was it ultimately resolved?

In 1959, the communist revolutionary, Fidel Castro, had established a totalitarian regime in Cuba. Therefore, in 1961, America attempted to invade Cuba through the Bay of Pigs but failed miserably. In 1962, the Soviets stationed nuclear missiles on Cuba, which America perceived as a major threat. When a soviet fleet tried to bring missiles to Cuba, America blockaded Cuba, and a dew days later, a US reconnoissance plane was shot down and killed an American. As tensions peaked, both countries reached a resolution: America promised to not invade Cuba, and unofficially, they removed American Jupiter Missiles in Turkey, while the Soviets removed its nuclear ballistic missiles on Cuba.

What is the time frame of the Korean War?

It was initiated on June 25 1950 and a stalemate was put into effect on June 27 1953. However the proper fighting and offensives ended with the dismissal of Douglas MacArthur in April 1951.

When was the North Atlantic Treaty Organization created? Why?

Nato was created in april 1949. The soviets had created their first atomic bomb, and their escalating arms race gave reason for the threat of global safety, because both parties believed in mutual deterrence. Nato was created as a military alliance of the western countries, to provide assistance if one of the countries was to be attacked.

ExComm

The Executive Committee of the National Security Council (commonly referred to as simply the Executive Committee or ExComm) was a body of United States government officials that convened to advise President John F. Kennedy during the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962.

Which events "caused" the doctrine?

The Greek royalists had been fighting (guerilla warfare) with communists since 1944 and won over the latter in 1946. The UK could not offer financial aid any longer so the US stepped in. The US then offered financial aid to Greece and Turkey leading to the announcement the 12th of March, 1947.

How did the soviet respond to this (NATO)?

The Soviet created their own military alliance, the warzav Pact, in 1955 consisting of the eastern european countries and USSR.

What role did the space race have during the cold war?

The Space Race primarily affected the Cold War through its technological contributions, it also brought popular support for the space programs in both nations and a new found patriotism after the horrors of WWII. This was especially true in the Soviet Union which was still recovering from the devastation of the German invasion.

Tehran conference

The Tehran Conference held in Tehran (from the 28th of November to the 1st of December, 1943), Iran, with the codename Eureka, was a strategy meeting. It included Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin. The date shows that this conference, that more specifically took place in the Soviet Union's embassy, was after the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran. These three met each other the first time at this conference, with the common goal: to defeat German and Japan. They agreed upon Britain and America making extra efforts: a second front against Germany and Stalin was to go against Japan after Germany was defeated.

How did the Allie's vision of postwar Europe differ, and how did these differences contribute to the emergence of the Cold War?

The United States viewed a free, democratic Europe that was economically stable and prosperous. However, they only wanted this as it would align them with their own ideology. The Soviets however feared to be left isolated and the victim of Western aggression. Therefore they wanted a buffer zone of Communist, Pro-Soviet states in Eastern Europe. These conflicting futures and ideologies made the Cold War possible

What is mutual deterrence?

The belief that an a buildup of nuclear weapons prevented war by ensuring that if one nation launched nuclear weapons, the other nation would follow with retaliatory action and both nations would be devastated. American and Soviet security policy was based on this idea of mutually assured destruction (MAD)

Churchill's Iron Curtain-speech Why does he think there is an iron curtain in Europe?

The iron curtain represent a "border" between the west and democratic countries and the eastern, capitalistic countries (see question 3, b and then point 2). This speech contain the metaphor and is a metaphor itself: "The Sinews of Peace". Sinew is a muscle, which indicates that only strength (what a muscle can build up to) can lead to the end of communism and peace. Another metaphor "From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent" explicitly shows the imagery that separates the West from the East of Europe.

Kenan's Long Telegram (p. 642): What is the tone of language used in this telegram? Give examples from the text

The language in the telegram is heavily biased and very negative and condescending toward the Soviet Union. He paints the picture of the good America and the bad Soviet: Insecure and neurotic Soviet vs economically advanced west, more competent, more powerful and more highly organized. He tells of a problem, a country ready to go to war and who is "armed up"

Why were the United States and the Soviet Union suspicious of each other after World War 2, and what events between 1945 and 1949 heightened the tensions between the two nations?

The rivalry between the US and the USSR had root in their different historical perspectives and irreconcilable political ambitions. Both superpowers wanted to gain world dominance, since Europe was in a broken state after WW2. Hereby, the prospects after WW2 were that the two superpowers increased their competition for political and military supremacy, since they were suspicious of each other's motives. Later, sources have shown that Stalin was willing to go to war to spread communism. The Yalta conference (1945) demanding free elections in eastern europe was violated by the Soviet's determination to enforce communistic rule in the "bufferzone". The following Truman doctrine (1947) increased the ideological split, since it called for US economic aid to countries threatened by communist expansion. Moreover, the Marshall plan (1947) encouraged Stalin to push for even more control of Eastern europe to safeguard Soviet interests. By 1948 communist containment of the USSR became the formal American policy. In the mean time the soviets initiated a blockade of West Berlin. Mutual deterrence became a result of the events and in 1949 the chinese communist regime posed an even greater threat to America and capitalism.

Did something similar to this take place in other countries?

This is very broad question and may have two according answers. 1. Americans did not want Russia to have missile power that came from Cuba, therefore they had a conflict over who had the most influence in this country. East Germany, the socialist nation, sprung out of the division of Germany after 1949. The Berlin Wall, build in 1961 by the communist government of East Berlin (under the control of the Soviet Union), separated them from West Berlin (allied with Britain, France, and the United States) to prevent citizens from fleeing from East Germany: The defectors. This Iron Curtain separated the democratic Western Europe from the communist Eastern Europe.

Who was Truman?

Truman was the 33rd president of the United States who was elected president after Franklin D. Roosevelt died and Truman went from VP to President. He was member of the democratic party and he served as president from April 12, 1945 to January 20, 1953

Yalta Conference (Krimea)

• A conference in February 1945 with US, UK and SU, to discuss Germany and Europe's postwar reorganization. • Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin. • The focus was put around the defeated and newly liberated eastern european countries, such as Poland. The three leaders concluded that the result would be"interim governmental authorities broadly representative of all democratic elements in the population...and the earliest possible establishment through free elections of governments responsive to the will of the people." . However Stalin later failed to accept elections in eastern european countries, and instead he established communist governments. • Also they decided how germany would be divided into four groups, controlled by respectively USSR, France, US and UK. France was included partly because of pressure from Charles de Gaulle, but also because the UK wanted a european ally. Berlin was also divided in same way, and became a tension point in the cold war. • Stalin committed to join the war in Japan, which was important for the US because they suffered huge losses from the pacific. • All leaders were to pursue suspects of nazi crime and put them on trial. All leaders agreed on the making of the United Nations to secure peace, cooperation and prevent war.

Robert F. Kennedy (1925-1968)

• American politician and lawyer who served as the 64th Attorney general of the united states from January 1961 to September 1964. • Along with his brothers, JFK and teddy, he was a prominent member of the democratic party, and stands as a true american liberalist. • Catholic • From massachusets. BA at Harward and finished law degree at University if Virginia. • Best known for supporting civil rights movement, fight against organized crime and the mafia, as well as his part-taking in the cuban missile crisis in 1962. • After the assassination of JFK, bobby remained in office with Lyndon B. Johnson for a couple of months. Later, he became U.S senator in New York from january 1965 until his assassination in 1968. As senator, he opposed racial discrimination and U.S involvement in Vietnam. Right before his death, he became a leading candidate for the presidential election appealing to poor, African American, Hispanic, Catholic and young voters. • He was shot by a palestinian at June the 5th 1968, possibly because of his support for Israel following the six-day war in 1967. • The trust the President placed in him on matters of negotiation was such that his role in the cuban crisis is today seen as having been of vital importance in securing a blockade, which averted a full military engagement between the United States and Soviet Russia. Acting on JFK's orders, Bobby Kennedy made a secret promise to withdraw U.S. missiles from Turkey as a concession to Khrushchev, the night of the 27th of october. On the last night of the crisis, President Kennedy was so grateful for his brother's work in averting nuclear war that he summed it up by saying, "Thank God for Bobby."

Churchill's Iron Curtain-speech What is his attitude towards Stalin?

• Churchill speaks with respect to Stalin, but still he verbalizes USSR as power-seeking and dangerous due to their spread of commnism: • "From what I have seen of our Russian friends and Allies during the war, I am convinced that there is nothing they admire so much as strength, and there is nothing for which they have less respect than for weakness, especially military weakness. For that reason the old doctrine of a balance of power is unsound. We cannot afford, if we can help it, to work on narrow margins, offering temptations to a trial of strength. If the Western Democracies stand together in strict adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter, their influence for furthering those principles will be immense and no one is likely to molest them. If however they become divided or falter in their duty and if these all-important years are allowed to slip away then indeed catastrophe may overwhelm us all." • "What they desire is the fruits of war and the indefinite expansion of their power and doctrines." "I have a strong admiration and regard for the valiant Russian people and for my wartime comrade, Marshal Stalin. There is deep sympathy and goodwill in Britain-and I doubt not here also-towards the peoples of all the Russias and a resolve to persevere through many differences and rebuffs in establishing lasting friendships." But the facts are that communism is in the way for a liberated europe and world.^^

Churchill's Iron Curtain-speech What is he trying to make the US do?

• Churchill was making a clear effort to secure Britain's role as a major player on the side of the US in the coming struggle against the Russians and warning against communist activists in Western and Southern Europe, which he depicted as obedient agents of the Soviets. His aim was to forge a 'special relationship' between the two countries, which he underlined in terms of culture: 'We not only speak the same language, we think the same thoughts.', a comment which Stalin believed to be imperial racist.

Kruschev (1894-1971)

• First secretary of the communist party in USSR from 1958 to 1964, during the cuban crisis. • He was responsible for the "de-stalinization" of USSR, with a more liberal point of view. However, he was also removed from office in 1964 following the cuban missile crisis. • Krushchev decided to place missiles in Cuba, because the USSR wanted to support the communist leader Fidel Castro, and according to leaked documents about operation mongoose, R.F.K and the CIA planned an assassination of Castro, which further strengthened the initiative to place missiles in Cuba. • Krushchev and USSR remained more calm than the U.S during the 13 days of the crisis. Krushchew agreed to withdraw the missiles from Cuba, if the U.S promised not to invade Cuba. However, a deal was secretly made, where the U.S promised to withdraw missiles from turkey. The secret was not made public until just before Krushchev's death in 1971, hence the USSR result of the crisis was seen as a defeat and contributed to Krushchev's fall.

McGeorge Bundy (1919-1996)

• McGeorge Bundy was an expert in foreign and defence policy. • He served in office from January 1961 - 1966. • He was appointed as National Security Advisor to both Kennedy and Johnson. • In 1949 he was selected for the Council on Foreign Relations. • He joined Kennedy's administration in 1961. • His statement from the document is from 1988. • Played an important and crucial role in all major foreign policy and defense decisions of the Kennedy administration. • During the Crisis Bundy encouraged the President to consider all possible courses of actions, and it is stated that he sometimes played a role in advocating or changing Kennedy's mind. His approach to the crisis is described as being very indecisive, and could change from day to day.

Dobrynin (1919 - 2010):

• Russian statesman and a Soviet diplomat and politician. • Appointed soviet ambassador to the United states by Khrushchev, and held this title for more than two decades (1962-1986) thereby spanning five Soviet leaders and six U.S. presidents • In 1986 he was called back to Moscow by Mikhail Gorbachev to serve as head of the international department of the Communist Party's Secretariat. He retired from that position in 1988. • His meeting's with Robert F. Kennedy during the cuban missile crisis allowed President kennedy and Khruschev to communicate freely. After each meeting he would brief Khrushchev, just like the attorney general briefed the president. • Robert Kennedy has stated that Mr. Dobrynin had remained calm throughout the entire cuban crisis, analysing each option and speaking carefully. He played a big part in normalizing Soviet-American relations, and his outstanding abilities as a negotiator earned him respect, of both allies and opponents.

Ted Sorensen (1928-2010)

• Ted Sorensen was the speech writer of John F Kennedy, and was also considered as one of his closest advisers. • He was in office January 1961 - February 1964. • Sorensen made his statement from the document in 1989, where he confessed to the secret deal, that was made during the missile crisis. • He died in October 2010. • He served as speech writer, adviser and counselor. • In his early years in office Sorensen's responsibilities contained the domestic agendas. • Kennedy later asked Sorensen (in 1961) to participate in foreign policy as well. • During the Cuban Crisis, Sorensen was a member of the ExComm, where secretary of Defense Robert McNamara referred to him as a part of the true inner circle, that advised the president during the crisis. • He further played a critical role in drafting Kennedy's address to the nation and also the drafting of his correspondence with Nikita Khrushchev. • In 1965 Sorensen published the biography Kennedy, which became an international bestseller. Sorensen received the National Humanities Medal in 2009.

How did the attempt to arrive at a peace settlement after WW II lead to the beginning of a new conflict known as The Cold War?

• The former allies, USA and the Soviet Union disagreed on their vision for a postwar europe. The topic of what to do with eastern europe became the first topic of disagreement. The US and Britain had advocated for democratic freedom for the liberated countries. However, Russia disagreed with this because Stalin feared that Eastern European nations would return to their anti-Soviet attitude if this was allowed. In 1946, in a speech at Fulton in the USA, Churchill declared that an Iron Curtain had come down across Europe, and that Soviet power was growing and had to be stopped. Stalin called Churchill's speech a 'declaration of war'. In 1947, Stalin set up Comintern - an alliance of Communist countries designed to make sure they obeyed Soviet rule.

Postdam Conference

• The potsdam conference took place in 1945 (from 17 July to 2 August) and was held at Cecilienhof in Germany. The participants were the Soviet Union, UK and US, with the representatives Joseph Stalin, Winston Churchill, Clement Attlee and Harry S. Truman. They decided on how to administer Germany, and the goals were also to establish order after the war, to clear peace treaty issues and counter the effects of the war. They primarily focused on postwar Europe, but also ended up issuing a declaration demanding unconditional surrender from Japan, instead of attempting to write a peace treaty. The declaration to Japan threatened heavy air attacks, if they refused to obey. Japan then rejected the ultimatum, which lead to US dropping atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The protocols suggested that the harmony among the allies continued to be, but conflicts regarding Western democracy and the USSR resulted in the conference being the last among the Allied.

Churchill's Iron Curtain-speech Apply source criticism to the speech.

• The source is a primary and first hand source since Churchill himself holds the speech and he is not basing his speech on any other source than the modern circumstances. The source is therefore also contemporary since Churchill deals with the contemporary power game between the superpowers UK, US and USSR. The speech is institutional because Churchill delivers the message from the UK and represents his country and government's objectives. Moreover, since Churchill held the speech at Westminster college in Missouri, the speech is public. The aim of the source, is for Churchill to gain closer ties with the US because he is concerned about the European situation with Stalin's "Iron curtain" in Europe, which represents the spreading of communist regimes especially in eastern Europe. Churchill's first part of the speech is mainly focused on praising the united states as "the pinnacle of world power". Since Truman observes and listens to the speech, Churchill's receiver is predominantly Truman, because he is the president, and he is the one to gain attention from if Churchill wants to implement an alliance between US and UK and "persuade" the Americans to believe that USSR is a dangerous threat with their communistic approaches to the governing of European countries.

Dean Rusk

• Then secretary of state (1961-1969) died 1994 ○ during the John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson administrations ○ making him the second longest serving Secretary of State in US history (Cordell Hull being the first) • Served as an informant advisor • Advocated: dignified diplomacy: civility and communication between the United States and the Soviet Union. • Despite his reserved nature, Rusk was a hardline anti-communist. He strongly believed in containment and the Truman Doctrine, arguing that America had a responsibility to support friendly nations under threat from communism. • Controversy: He advocated for a gradualist approach (advancing toward a goal by gradual, often slow stages) to the Vietnam war, but favored a diplomatic approach to the Cuban Crisis. The first he has gotten a lot of critique for. • Going from exploring all the alternatives before an initiative was being picked (cuban crisis) to an anti-war opposition in the Vietnam war. According to himself and others: He was the one to propose the idea and advise Robert Kennedy to give an oral delivery of the quid pro quo: removal of the Russian missiles in Cuba in exchange for the American ones in Turkey

What is the basic idea behind the doctrine? Find evidence for your answers in the text.

○ The Truman Doctrine was established by President Harry S. Truman under the idea that the United States would give political, military and economic help to the democratic nations that were under the threat from authoritarian forces. ○ "I do not believe that the American people and the Congress wish to turn a deaf ear to the appeal of the Greek Government." ○ "Under these circumstances the people of Greece cannot make progress in solving their problems of reconstruction. Greece is in desperate need of financial and economic assistance to enable it to resume purchases of food, clothing, fuel and seeds." "Greece must have help to import the goods necessary to restore internal order and security, so essential for economic and political recovery." "I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. I believe that our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid which is essential to economic stability and orderly political processes."

When was the doctrine initiated?

○ The Truman-doctrine was announced on to the Congress in March 12 1947. It also resulted in the Marshall plan (named after the General secretary George Marshall): The US would supply post-war European countries with financial aid, equipments and goods, since they were war-savaged. In return these countries would

What message is Truman conveying?

○ Truman saw communism as a political ideology that represented a lack of freedom Truman speaks for the creation of the United Nations to eliminate the occurrence of totalitarian regimes, which were visible with Stalin's part-taking in not recognizing the agreements of world-peace post-war with the three conferences. Harry Truman, or him representing the united states, want to maintain the freedom of countries and help stabilize the world with financial aid to those in need of it (E.g Greece after the germans retreated, which left the country broken). This is why he proposes the aid of 400,000 $ to help Turkey and Greece.