The Computer- Chapter 2

TUI/ Text User Interface

1968 Englebert's research team released text user interface that displayed visual hyperlinks on screen. User could activate by pointing with mouse. Hyperlinks contained embedded instructions that were executed when selected by mouse. More user friendly than CLI as it allowed the user to chose from list of available options w/out having to recall command line syntax for execution action.

Windows NT

1993 serve as core OS for PC workstations. Small to midsize servers.

Mac OS X

2001 OS included w/ Apple desktop and laptop comps.

USB 3./ USB-C

2013- matches Thunderbolt's 10 Gbit/s data transfer speed and is backward compatible with previous USB standards. USB-C closer in size to USB micro, commonly used for charging/data port of mobile phones and small dig. devices. 2005 Apple began using USB-C connector as sole data/ power port on line of MacBook laptops.

Windows 10

2015- first Windows OS designed as a unifying OS for Pcs, smart phones, and proprietary Microsoft devices such as Surface tablets and Xbox gaming system.

Kilobyte

210 or 1,024 bytes of data, or roughly one thousand bytes of data.

Megabyte

220 1,048,576 bytes of data, or roughly one million bytes.

Gigabyte

230 or 1,073,741,824 bytes of data, or roughly one billion bytes.

Terabyte

240 or 1,099,511,627,776 bytes of data, or roughly one trillion bytes.

Content Management System (CMS)

A CMS is a database system used to store and manage the contents of dynamic web pages and websites. Digital asset management systems are another type of CMS. They manage things such as documents, movies, pictures, phone numbers, and scientific data. CMSs can also be used for storing, controlling, revising, and publishing documentation. Provides 4 basic services: 1. cloud storage 2. file sharing 3 collaboration 4. synchronization.

Motherboard

A circuit board that contains all of the computer system's main components.

Power Supply

A device that provides power to a computer.

Folder

A folder is the virtual representation of a divided subsection on a digital storage drive. Folders are used as containers for organizing and managing related files on a computer drive. Folders can be nested inside of one another. A nested folder is called a subfolder.

Optical Drive

A hardware device that uses lasers or light to read from, and maybe even write to, CDs, DVDs, or Blu-ray discs.

Human interface device (HID)

A hardware device, such as a keyboard, mouse, or joystick, used to interact with a computer

Keyboard

A human interface device containing an assortment of labeled keys for entering alphanumeric characters, symbols, and commands into a computer. 3 main categories of keys: character, modifier, and function. Main input devices used for entering data into comp. No universal standard for layout. In English language, most pop. is QWERTY, fist 6 keys top left of keyboard. Keyboard designed in 1878 to space out most commonly used keys to prevent typing mech from jamming on typewriter.

Mouse

A human interface device invented by Douglas Englebart in 1963. Originally dubbed the X-Y position indicator for a display system, the mouse enables users to interact with a computer by pointing and clicking on visual screen objects. ** First HID or Human Interface device.

Memory Card

A memory card, (also called flash card or memory cartridge) is an electronic flash memory data storage device used for storing digital information. These are commonly used in portable electronic devices, such as digital cameras, mobile phones, laptop computers, tablets, PDAs, portable media players, video game consoles, synthesizers, electronic keyboards, and digital pianos.

Mobile app

A mobile app or mobile application software is an application software designed to run on mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. Most such devices are sold with several apps bundled as pre-installed software, such as a web browser, email client, calendar, mapping program, and an app for buying music or other media or more apps. Some pre-installed apps can be removed by an ordinary uninstall process, thus leaving more storage space for desired ones. Where the software does not allow this, some devices can be rooted to eliminate the undesired apps.

Fixed-Storage

A non-removable chip or drive permanently installed within the chassis of a computer or digital device. The internal hard disk drive (HDD) of a computer is an example of fixed storage. SSDs tend to be bit hardier than legacy hard drives (no moving parts). SSDs may slow down when they fill up and are rel. more expensive than mechanical HDs w/ same capacity.

Remove-able Storage

A portable storage medium that's designed to easily move data from one computer to another.

Video Card

A printed circuit board controlling output to a display screen. GPU graphic processing unit installed in comps as graphic became more important part of comp. experience. Better video cards have their own RAM . Prog. often have min. requir. for GPU and amount of RAM available on VC. Some even require specific VC.

Network Attached Storage (NAS)

A remote storage drive with a unique network address that users can access via the Internet or local area network (LAN).

Floppy disk

A reusable magnetic storage medium that uses a thin Mylar circular disk as the storage surface.Most widely used removable storage before invention of CD-ROM. 3.5 inch -1986 could hold 1.44 MB of data on double sided disk. Windows 95 - 30 floppy disks.

File

A self-contained collection of binary data (bytes). Files are created and opened by computer software applications and stored on physical disks or drives.

keyboard shortcut

A sequence of keys that executes a command

Application software

A software program designed to perform a specific type of work/ task. Designed got compatibility w. specific OS. App. software runs on top of OS and can only be opened after comps. OS has finished booting up. Some of software you have access to may not actually be installed on your comp, but rather on server in the cloud or on Web. Virtual apps designed to run remotely allowing you to performed tasks across networks while saving work locally or in cloud.

Flash Memory

A solid-state chip technology used for storing digital data. USB flash drives and flash memory cards, such as the poplar Secure Digital (SD) format, are examples of flash-based memory products. Dev. by Toshiba. 2. main types flash memory cards and flash drives. Flash memory cards used as local source of removable storage for port. ele. devices. Most pop. branded as CompactFlash, SmartMedia, and Secure Digital (SD), Flash drive is small device designed to connect dir. to comp through a Universal Serial Bus (USB) Flash drives also known as USB drives, jump drives, and thumb drives. Fairly inexpensive storage option until you begin exceeding 128 GB.

Solid State Drive (SSD)

A solid-state drive (SSD, also known as a solid-state disk) is a solid-state storage device that uses integrated circuit assemblies as memory to store data persistently. SSD technology primarily uses electronic interfaces compatible with traditional block input/output (I/O) hard disk drives (HDDs), which permit simple replacements in common applications. New I/O interfaces like SATA Express and M.2 have been designed to address specific requirements of the SSD technology.

Byte

A string of eight bits, such as 00110101. Can be arranged 256 different ways by alt. the order of zeros/ones in string.

Microcomputer

A term used often in the 1970s and 1980s to describe the design of a relatively small computer, such as the Altair 8800, which could easily fit on a desktop. Prior to the 1970s, computers were large and bulky. The microcomputer movement paved the way for the personal computer and desktop computing revolution.

Fire OS

Amazon's OS for line of tablet comps.

ASCII

American Standard Code for Information Interchange (pronounced "ask-ee"). An industry standard established in the 1960s for translating the characters of the English language into binary form. The 128-character set developed by ASCII included most of the symbols found on a typewriter keyboard. Gradually being replaced w/ UCS Transformation 8bit (UTF-8) part. on Web, first 128 chara. same as those in ASCII.

Microprosser

An integrated circuit chip designed for performing mathematical operations and executing commands on a computer. Developed in 1971.

Compact disc (CD-ROM)

An optical disc format released by Sony/Phillips in 1982. An audio compact disc has a capacity of 700 MB and can store up to 74 minutes of uncompressed digital audio.1985 CD-ROM could hold as much as 486 floppy disks. Windows 95 OS first intro. made available on single CD-ROM or 30 floppy disks. If concentric data track stored on CD was stretched into straight line it would be 0.5 microns wide by 3.5 miles long. Micron is 1 millionth of meter. CD-Rom limited as data was perm. stored on disc and could not be erased or rerecorded. CD-R and CD-RW created. CD-R written once. CD-RW can be erased and reused more than once.

Android

Android was developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance (OHA), a coalition of hardware, software and telecommunications companies. Android OS is a Linux-based platform for mobile phones. Android was released under the Apache v2 open source license. 2008 Now owned by Google. Most widely used mobile OS on market.

Blu-ray Disc

Blu-ray or Blu-ray Disc (BD) is a digital optical disc data storage format. It was designed to supersede the DVD format, in that it is capable of storing high-definition (720p and 1080p) and ultra high-definition video resolution (2160p). Red laser beam to read and write data on CD or DVD.Hold 25Gbs of data on single sided and 50 Gbs on two sided. Backward compatible w/ all existing red laser optical media.

Central processing unit (CPU)

Central Processing Unit. A large silicon chip mounted on the computer's motherboard. The CPU functions as the brain of the computer, executing the commands of the software programs. Plays import. role in deter. overall speed and efficiency of system. Intel leading manu. of microprocessors.

CPU

Central Processing Unit; the brain of the computer.

Cloud Storage

Cloud storage is a model of data storage in which the digital data is stored in logical pools, the physical storage spans multiple servers (and often locations), and the physical environment is typically owned and managed by a hosting company. These cloud storage providers are responsible for keeping the data available and accessible, and the physical environment protected and running. People and organizations buy or lease storage capacity from the providers to store user, organization, or application data.

Firmware

Comp program that is permanently installed by manu. on a hardware chip within portable digital device.

Computer History

Comps before 1970s very large. 1946 Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC) weighed 30 tons and used over 17,000 vacuum tubes and filled 1,800 sq ft. Late 1950s Comps down sized to 3-4 large refrigerators. 1961 MIT developed CTSS experimental multi user comp. system. helped shift way ppl. interacted with comps. opening door to off site comp access using tele. system to connect users via remote terminals. 1960s personal comps. out of reach until development of microprocessor in 1971. 1975 Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS) released the ALTAIR 8800 MICROCOMPUTER BASED ON INTEL 8080 MICROPROCESSOR. 1981 pushed by success of Apple and others, IBM introduced the IBM 5150, IBM PC. Sold well bc. IBMs rep for mainframe computing and "open architecture" hardware. Built similar systems called "clones" comps that mimicked the design and function. og an IBM PC. IBM decided to have another company, MicroSoft, develop operating system and allowed them to retain ownership. Abb. PC evolved into generic nickname for comps. based off IBMs orig. design. TIME honored comp. as Machine of the Year for 1982. 2 yrs later, Apple intro. MAcintosh, simplifying way users interact w/ comp. 1990s Apple refused to licence OS to other manu. of desktop/laptop comps. Original Altair 8800 programed using flip switches on their front panel, most subsequent first gen PCs used command line interface (CLI) text only sys. that allowed user to input commands using keyboard and view results on monitor . Monochromatic/ repurposed TV.

Saving/ Managing

Comps. storage devices rated in terms of how much binary data they can cold. 1998 , International Electrotechnical Commision (IEC) approved following measurement for system memory chips and comp. storage devices: Kilobyte (KB) 1,024 bytes of data Megabyte (MB) 1,048,576 bytes of data Gigabyte (GB)- 1,073,741,824 Terabyte (TB) 1,099,511,627,776 Petabyte (PB) 1,125,899,906,842,624 Exabyte (EB) 1,152,921,504,606,846,976

DVD

Digital versatile disc or digital videodisc. An optical disc format released by Toshiba in 1995. A DVD has a capacity of 4.7 GB and can store up to 133 minutes of standard definition video.

Optimal Disk. Optical disk

In computing and optical disc recording technologies, an optical disc (OD) is a flat, usually circular disc which encodes binary data (bits) in the form of pits (binary value of 0 or off, due to lack of reflection when read) and lands (binary value of 1 or on, due to a reflection when read) on a special material (often aluminium) on one of its flat surfaces. Optical discs are most commonly used for storing music (e.g. for use in a CD player), video (e.g. for use in a Blu-ray player), or data and programs for personal computers (PC).

Backspace/Delete Key

Key on a keyboard that moves the cursor to the left one space at a time and, on some keyboards and with most word processing software, deletes characters.- Chara

Windows Phone

Microsoft 2010. Lags far behind Apple and Android in market share. Windows 10 Mobile released in 2016 as successor to Windows Phone OS.

Microsoft Windows

Microsoft Windows (or simply Windows) is a metafamily of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft. It consists of several families of operating systems, each of which cater to a certain sector of the computing industry with the OS typically associated with IBM PC compatible architecture.

Moore's Law

Named for Gordon Moore, Intel's co-founder, who in 1965 accurately predicted that the number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits (the predecessor of the microprocessor) would double about every two years for the foreseeable future.

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Or GUI (pronounced GOO-ey). A visual interface design that allows users to interact with a computer or digital device by pointing to on-screen images or icons (usually with a mouse). Used vis. metaphors such as buttons, folders, and windows to make comp. interface more intuitive. Intro. by Xerox on experimental ALTO 1973 and commer. available Star 1981. Apple res. for bringing GUI to broader audience w/ Lisa (1983) and more import. Macintosh (1984). Microsoft moved toward GUI interface in 1985 w/ Windows 1.0 but some time for Windows to catch up w/ Mac.

hard disk drive (HDD)

Or HDD. A mechanical device that reads and writes data onto magnetically charged spinning platters located within a sealed compartment. An internal HDD is installed within the chassis of the computer. An external HDD is portable and is connected to the computer using a serial interface cable such as USB or Firewire,

Local Area Network (LAN)

Or LAN. A localized computer network with a limited purpose and scope, such as in a business or school. A LAN functions in much the same way as the Internet, except on a local level for a select population of users.

USB (Universal Serial Bus)

Or Universal Serial Bus. A serial bus standard introduced in 1995 by a consortium of seven computer and telecommunications companies. USB ports first appeared on PCs in 1997 and quickly became the international standard for connecting digital devices like printers and scanners. USB has a bandwidth of 12 Mbps. USB 2.0 (2000) has a bandwidth of 480 Mbps. USB 3.0 has a bandwidth of 3 Gbit/s.

Clock Speed

Or clock rate. Refers to the frequency in gigahertz (GHz) of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) and indicates the rate at which a processor can execute instructions. The higher the clock speed, the more instructions the CPU can perform per second. Highest clock speed not always fastes processor. Some have more efficient instruction set than others and manu. are now building multi core CPUs that have multi. indep. processors. Dual core, quad core, and eight core.

Microsoft

Orig. MicroSoft founded by Paul Allen and Bill Gates. Got start by developing software for new Altair. IBM's allowance for Microsoft to retain ownership of OS meant MS could licence OS, MS-DOS to other companies for use w/ their cloned PCs. Microsoft's retention of right to market MS-DOS helped propel company to international fame.

Custom keys

Prog. function keys labeled F1 ect. Keys perform diff. functions depending on type of comp. and what app. you are using-function

RAM

Random Access Memory

Hardware

Refers to the components of a computer system, device, or peripheral that can be physically touched or held. A hard disk drive is a hardware component, while the data stored on the drive is the software.phy comp./ ele. devices used to carry out spec. design and prod. activites.

MS-DOS

Short for Micro Soft-Disk Operating System. A computer operating system released by Microsoft Corporation in 1981 for the IBM PC. For many years, it served as the most popular OS for PC clones. Support for the final version of MS-DOS (8.0) ceased in 2000.

PC

Short for personal computer. Originally the name given to the IBM 5150, released in 1981. PC has grown into a generic term for all computers running a Microsoft Windows operation system.

RAM (Random Access Memory)

Short for random access memory. Memory chips affixed to the motherboard of the computer for temporarily storing the currently running programs on the computer, including the operating system. RAM is volatile memory, which means that data is not retained if there is no power. Rebooting the computer or turning it off, clears the memory from the RAM chips.**Critical part of comp. Two cata. First type is memory used for data storage like hard drives = nonvolatile, retain info even when comp is off. 2nd- system memory or RAM. Manu. preconfigure comp. systems with min amount of system memory. LESS Ram you have more often comp. has to write info. to hard drive and writing info to and from HD is much slower than writing to RAM.

External hard drive

Sits outside of comp. and is attached w. a stardatd interface cable. Potable and can be quickly disconnected, moved, and reconnected to another comp. allowing user to have access to their work from multi. machines.

Mac OS x

The Unix-based graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. (The current series is macOS). It is designed to run on Apple's Macintosh computers ("Macs"), having been preinstalled on all Macs since 2002. Within the market of desktop, laptop and home computers, and by web usage, it is the second most widely used desktop OS after Microsoft Windows.

Bit

The basic unit of information in a binary computer system. A bit is a variable defined by one of two values or states (on/off), represented numerically as either a 0 or 1. Nicholas Negroponte early 1990s argued economy was making trans. from atoms to bits, move from phy. media to dig. products. A string of eight bits forms a byte.

Operating System (OS)

The first software application on a computer that is launched when a computer is turned on or restarted. The act of turning on a computer initiates a "boot sequence" or set of command functions that launches the computer's operating system. Most import. software app. on a comp and must be loaded first in order for comp. to launch and run other apps. Turning on comp. initiates boot sequence, set of command functions that launches cops. OS. Called booting up. Restart comp repeats boot sequence, refresh. OS and restoring system to default config.

Firewire

The international standard adopted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), known as IEEE 1394. IEEE 1394 is an interface standard for a serial bus for high-speed communications and isochronous real-time data transfer. Technically known as IEEE 1394, Apple branded it as Firewire while SONY refers to it as iLink. It was developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s by Apple, which called it FireWire. The 1394 interface is also known by the brand i.LINK (Sony), and Lynx (Texas Instruments).Alt. to USB, Apple developed a serial bus interface capable of transmitting data at 400Mbps. called it FIREWIRE. Firewire protocol IEEE 1394b intro. in 2002 w/ new connector design and bandwidth of 800 Mbps. Firewire 400 & 400-iLink used to describe devices equipped w/ advanced IEEE 1394b connector.

Software

The programs and other operating information used by a computer. Comp program (a set of instructions for the comp) or set of prog. designed to perform specific set of tasks or functions. Needs to be loaded into comp. memory (RAM) to be able to be used.

Storage

The term storage is used to describe any number of devices that can be used to permanently record and store digital information.Digital storage media are NONVOLATILE, retain data after comp is turned off. 4 main types: fixed storage/ direct attached storage, 2. removable storage 3. network attached 4. closed storage

Bandwidth

The transmission capacity of a digital pathway or pipeline. Bandwidth is defined by how many bits or bytes (0s and 1s) can travel per second across a digital line.Usually stated as # of bits per second (bps) that can flow across wire. USB bandwidth of 12Mbps Serialport= 115Kbps

Page Up and Page Down

These scroll a document or webpage up or down.-fun

Thunderbolt

Thunderbolt is the brand name of a hardware interface developed by Apple and Intel that allows the connection of external peripherals to a computer. Increase adta throughput to 3 Gbit/s. 10Gbit/s data throughput and allows users to connect an even broader assort. of devices, like HD comp. monitors.

keystroke combination

Typically written in annotated style where the key name or abb. is connected to another key name by either a hyphen (-) or plus sign.

control/command key

Used most often in comb. w. other keys to provide shortcuts for menu item commands- Modifier

PARC/ Palo Alto Research Center

Xerox. Further defined mous and human comp. interface during 1970s including intro. of mouse ball and development of first desktop based graphical user interface,

escape key

a key that lets the user cancel the last operation and go back to the previous screen- mod

Network Card

allows your computer to communicate over a network and access the Internet

Home and End Keys

are the ones that move the cursor to the beginning or end of the current line-fun

Apple iOS

iOS (formerly iPhone OS) is a mobile operating system created and developed by Apple INC. exclusively for its hardware. It is the operating system that presently powers many of the company's mobile devices, including the iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch. It is the second most popular mobile operating system globally after Android.

Space bar

inserts space between words and sentences- chara

Return/Enter Key

key on the keyboard that is used to enter information into a computer or to return the cursor to the beginning of a new line- chara

Shift key

makes capital letters and certain symbols when used with those keys- Modifier

Arrow Keys

move the insertion point in the direction indicated by the arrow on each key-fun

Tab key

moves the insertion point to a preset position- chara

Hard Drive/Disk

permanent storage on a computer

File sharing

the practice of or ability to transmit files from one computer to another over a network or the Internet.

Alt/Option key

used in comb. w/ letters to open dropdown menu on menu bar. - modifier

Inside the box

used to des. hidden components that make up comp. system. Motherboard, CPU, memory chips, hard drive, and power supply. Quality of components determines speed and performance capabilities of comp. system. Comp software makers provide recomm. for min. system requirements for running their apps. System requirements printed on software packaging and can usu. found online at prod. manu. website. System requirements are min. requirements not ideal requirements.