The Crusades

What was the Fourth Crusade?

After the death of Saladin in 1193, Pope Innocent III initiated the Fourth Crusade.

What was the Ottoman Empire?

Beginning in Northeastern Asia Minor in the 13th century, Ottoman Turks spread rapidly, seizing the lands of the Seljuk Turks and the Byzantine Empire. Ottoman forces then moved through Bulgaria and into the lands of the Serbs.

How many people came to live in Constantinople?

60,000 Western Europeans

What did the Latin Empire of Constantinople accomplish during this period?

Crusaders (of this empire) captured Zara, making them enmeshed in Byzantine Politics. Alexius (son of Emperor Isaac II) helped the Crusaders do this.

What did the Crusades do after they defeated Seljuk Jews?

Crusades ignored emperor's wishes and continued conquering Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli, and Jerusalem by organizing other crusades.

What was the relationship between the Crusaders and the Byzantines like?

Relationships between the Crusaders and Byzantines deteriorated, causing attacks.

How successful were the Crusades at this task?

-The Crusades reached Jerusalem in 1099 -There was a 5 week siege, huge massacre

When were The Crusades?

1095 - 1291

What caused the end of the Byzantine Empire?

By the beginning of the 15th century, the Byzantine Empire had been reduced to little more than Constantinople, now surrounded on all sides by the Ottomans. When the Ottoman forces broke into the city, the emperor was the first casualty. This captured Constantinople and marked the end of the Byzantine Empire.

What happened to the European military at the end of the 13th century?

By the end of the 13th century, the European military effort to capture Palestine was recognized as a complete failure.

What started The Crusades?

Christian wrath against Muslims had already found some expression in the attempt to wrest Spain from the Moors and the success of the Normans in reclaiming Sicily. -At the council of Clermont in southern France toward the end of 1095, Urban challenged the Christians to take up their weapons and join in a holy war to recover the Holy Land. The pop, in return, promised remission of sins. -The initial response to the Urban's speech reveals how appealing many people found this combined call to military arms and religious fervor. -A self-appointed leader, Peter the Hermit, who preached his visions of the Holy City of Jerusalem, convinced a large mob, most of them poor and many of them peasants, to undertake a crusade to liberate the city.

What was the impact that the Crusades had on other countries?

Emperor Alexius turned to the West for military assistance and asked Pop Urban II for help against the Seljuk Jews.

Who decided to lead their forces in person?

Emperor Barbarossa of Germany, Richard I the Lionhearted of England, and Philip II Augustus, king of France.

What happened to the Venetians after the Crusader's mission?

Emperor Manuel I expelled the Venetians and seized everything.

What was the result of the Crusades?

Many Jews were persecuted.

What happened to the Byzantine Empire after the Crusades?

The Byzantine Empire was saved, but it was no longer a Mediterranean power. It was surrounded by enemies such as, Bulgarians, Mongols, Turks, and Westerners, and resentful Venetians. The empire limped along for another 190 years, and Constantinople remained an active economic center.

What did the Crusaders do after they conquered most of the Palestinian lands?

The Crusaders ignored the wishes of the Byzantine emperor and organized four Latin crusader states.

How did the Crusades benefit Italy?

The Crusades contributed to economic growth in most Italian ports.

What were The Crusades?

The Crusades were based on the idea of a holy war against the infidels of the Christian religion.

What was the result of the attacks? (Based off last question)

The Crusades won all attacks.

What was the Pope's reaction to Emperor Alexius's request?

The Pope set a crusade in motion.

What was the Third Crusade?

The Third Crusade was a reaction to the fall of the Holy City of Jerusalem in 1187 to the Muslim forces under Saladin.

What did the Venetian leaders of the Fourth Crusade do to the Byzantine Empire?

The Venetian leaders of the Fourth Crusade saw an opportunity to neutralize their greatest commercial competitor, the Byzantine Empire. Diverted to Constantinople, the crusaders ransacked the great capital city of Byzantium in 1204 and set up the new Latin Empire of Constantinople.

What was West Europe like during this time?

The West was uncontrollable and constantly at war with newly created principalities.

What did the Crusades spark on Judaism?

The first widespread attacks on Jews.

What was the relationship between Christians and Muslims?

The interaction of Christian Europe with the Muslim world was both more intense and meaningful in Spain and Sicily than in the Holy Land.

What were the effects of the Crusades?

The only visible remains are the European castles that began to incorporate features adopted from fortresses that the Crusaders observed in the east.

What was the Pope's plan?

The pope trusted knights rather than peasants to carry out this liberation. He organized three crusading bands of noble warriors, most of them French, to go eastward.

How successful were these forces?

These forces were actually very unsuccessful in their attacks as some leaders even died.

How did the Venetians gain power once again?

Venetians seized the island of Crete and assumed control of Constantinople's trade. Crusaders believed they were acting in God's cause.