The Digestive System (lecture)
Strong peristaltic contractions of the large intestine occurring 1-3 times a day
What are mass movements?
Water and mucus
What are the components of intestinal juice?
Two free fatty acids + monoglyceride
What are the typical end products of triglyceride digestion?
Fingerlike projections of mucosa
What are the villi of the small intestine?
A lymphatic capillary within a villus used for lipid absorption
What is a lacteal?
An enzyme that digests protein
What is a protease?
Peristalsis
What is a wave-like contraction of smooth muscle in the digestive tract called?
Cholesterol, pigments, bile salts, and phospholipids
What is contained in bile?
Swallowing
What is deglutition?
Expelled intestinal gas
What is flatus?
False
True or false: The only purpose of intestinal motility is to move residue along the digestive tract.
False
True or false: The role of the liver in digestion is to produce digestive enzymes.
False
True or false: The stomach is innervated by parasympathetic, but not sympathetic, fibers.
Secretion of enzymes
What is the effect of acetylcholine on the pancreas?
Flatus
What is the gas that is produced by intestinal bacteria?
Chemical digestion
What is the hydrolysis of large dietary macromolecules into monomers known as?
Duodenum
What is the initial segment of the small intestine?
Enteric nervous system
What is the network of nervous tissue within the wall of the alimentary canal called?
Peristalsis
What is the predominant type of muscle contraction occurring in the stomach?
They protect the stomach lining from acid damage
What is the significance of the epithelial tight junctions and the mucous coat lining the stomach?
The dissociation of carbonic acid
What is the source of hydrogen ions used to form stomach acid?
Parasympathetic
What type of fibers are associated with the myenteric plexus?
Chewing, Churning of the small intestine and stomach
Which are examples of mechanical digestion?
Lipase, Lysozyme, Mucus, Amylase, and Water
Which are found in saliva?
Hold abdominal viscera in place and Provide passage for nerves and blood vessels
Which are functions of mesenteries?
Aids in swallowing, Cleanses mouth and teeth, and Dissolves molecules so they can be tasted
Which are functions of saliva?
Pushing food between the teeth for chewing, Sucking, and Speech articulation
Which are functions of the cheeks and lips?
Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, and Carboxypeptidase
Which are pancreatic enzymes that digest protein?
Stretching of the descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum
Which are stimuli for defecation?
Emetic
Which center in the medulla oblongata is involved in the process of vomiting?
Depressions in the gastric mucosa
Which describes gastric pits?
It is a sac on the underside of the liver.
Which describes the gallbladder?
Brush border enzymes
Which enzymes are located within the plasma membrane of enterocytes in the small intestine?
Gastrin
Which gastric hormone stimulates secretion and motility of the stomach?
Cholecystokinin
Which hormone, secreted by the mucosa of the small intestine, stimulates gallbladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme release?
Gastrin and secretin
Which hormones are produced by the digestive tract?
Duodenum
Which is an example of a retroperitoneal organ?
Activates salivary amylase
Which is not one of the functions of stomach acid?
Partial digestion of both protein and fat can occur in the stomach
Which is true of chemical digestion in the stomach?
Secretion of bile
Which liver function contributes to the process of digestion?
Buccinator and orbicularis oris
Which muscles manipulate food and push it between teeth during mastication?
Masseter and temporalis
Which muscles produce the up-and-down crushing action of the teeth during mastication?
Vitamins and minerals
Which nutrients are absorbed without being digested?
protease
A(n) ______ is any enzyme that digests proteins.
Mastication
Chewing is also known as which of the following?
transporters, facilitated diffusion
Glucose and galactose are moved into absorptive cells via ______ while fructose is absorbed by ______.
Facilitated diffusion, Sodium-glucose transporters, and Solvent drag
How are monosaccharides absorbed in the small intestine?
Osmosis
How is water absorbed from the digestive tract?
1. Starch, 2. RNA, 3. Fats, 4. Proteins, 5. DNA
Match each pancreatic enzyme with its substrate: 1.Amylase 2.Ribonuclease 3.Lipase 4.Trypsin 5.Deoxyribonuclease
1. Neck, 2. Root, 3. Crown
Match each tooth region with its description: 1.Where the crown, gum, and root meet, 2.Portion of the tooth below the gum, 3.Portion of the tooth above the gum
small
Minerals in the diet are absorbed in the ______ intestine.
starch
Pancreatic amylase digests ______.
pancreas
The insulin-secreting accessory organ of the digestive system that is both an endocrine and exocrine gland is the
haustra
Pouches that form the walls of the large intestine are called ______
defecation
The stimulus for the ______ reflex is stretching of the rectum.
celiac ganglion
The stomach receives sympathetic innervation from the ______.
microbiome
The term gut ______ is the collective name for the many species of bacteria residing in the large intestine.
villi
The term refers to the small fingerlike projections of the lining of the small intestine.
acetylcholine
The vagus and enteric nerves release the neurotransmitter ______ which signals pancreatic acini to secrete their enzymes.
enteric
The______ nervous system is comprised of the submucosal and myenteric plexuses.
lower
The ______ esophageal sphincter prevents stomach contents from spilling into the esophagus.
Oligosaccharides and maltose
The digestion of starch by amylase results in the production of which of the following?
nucleases
The enzymes that hydrolyze nucleic acids into nucleotides are called
Brush
The fringe of microvilli on the apical surface of an epithelial cell which serves to increase surface area for absorption is also known as the _____ border.
Large intestine
The gut microbiome refers to the many species of bacteria residing where?
cholecystokinin
The hormone ______ is released in response to fats in the small intestine, and has the effect of stimulating gallbladder contraction.
gastrin
The hormone produced by enteroendocrine G cells that stimulates stomach HCl and enzyme activity is ______
rugae
The longitudinal wrinkles in the lining of the stomach are called gastric _____
haustral
The most common colonic contractions that occur about twice an hour are ______ contractions.
goblet
The mucus-secreting cells in the epithelium of the intestine are called ______ cells.
bicarbonate
The pancreas secretes sodium ______ into the duodenum in order to neutralize acid arriving from the stomach.
mechanical
The physical breakdown of food into smaller particles is known as ______ digestion.
crown
The portion of a tooth that is above the gum is known as the ______ of the tooth.
root
The portion of the tooth below the gum is the ______ of the tooth.
peristalsis
The predominant type of involuntary muscle contraction occurring in the stomach is
large
The primary function of the ______ intestine is to absorb water and electrolytes, but not other nutrients.
peristalsis
The rhythmic, wave-like contraction of the smooth muscles of the digestive tract is known as
mesenteries
The sheets of connective tissue that hold the abdominal viscera in place are called
chyme
The soupy mixture of semidigested food formed in the stomach is known as
hydrogen
The source of the _______ ions in stomach acid is the dissociation of carbonic acid within parietal cells.
Sodium bicarbonate
Which pancreatic secretion neutralizes the acid in the chyme arriving in the duodenum?
Mucous coat, Tight junctions, and Epithelial cell replacement
Which protect the stomach lining from the acidic contents?
Lips and Cheeks
Which two structures are essential for all chewing, speech, sucking, and blowing?
Ileocecal
Which valve is found at the junction of the small and large intestines?
A, D, E, K
Which vitamins are fat-soluble and absorbed along with dietary fats?
