The Enlightment
How did the Scientific Revolution influence the Enlightenment?
Philosophies applied scientific methods to social and government problems
What did upper class women do in France?
held salons or social gatherings where people shared their ideas, writings, and works of art
What things did European thinkers take great interest in?
in topics studied by ancient thinkers, such as history and philosophy
What does the judicial branch do?
interprets the laws
Who is Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
the leader of liberia
What are these ideas a part of today?
the legal and political system of the United States
What is humanism?
the movement based on the study of classical works
What did philosophers of the Enlightenment have new ideas about?
government and power
Around what time did did many women demand the right to vote?
1800 to 1900s
When did the Enlightenment take place?
18th century
Who is the German leader?
Angela Merkel
Who was Mary Wollstonecraft and what was one of her ideas?
English writer; men and women were equally able to reason, girls should be educated
What is feminism?
Equal rights for women and men
What was the church deeply involved in?
Europe's political and economical issues
What was the center of Enlightenment?
France
What did people gain and give up in a social contract?
Gained security and defense of their rights; gave up the freedom to do anything they wanted
What significant changes occurred in European culture during the Enlightenment?
He believed a separation of powers and checks and balances among legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government wa the best way to protect liberty
What is the government like today because of John Locke?
In the legal system of the Unites States, there are rules that require a fair trial before a person is punished
What is the government like today because of Baron de Montesquieu?
It is divided into three branches to keep any person or group from getting too powerful
What were more Europeans becoming during the Enlightenment?
Literate or able to read
How did the mercantilist view trade? How did Adam Smith's views differ?
Mercantilist believed government should limit trade and keep gold and silver with in a nation. Adam Smith believed free trade between countries increased wealth, goods, and jobs.
What did their push for reforms lead to?
Protestant Reformation
What did Enlightenment thinkers believe?
That there was a natural order to human society by understanding this natural order, people could create a perfect society and government
What did Locke's ideas about a right to revolution would later influence?
The leaders of the American and French revolutions
How did ideas spread during the Enlightenment?
Through printed works, coffee houses, and salons
What did many people enjoy discussing?
What they were reading
How does the enlightenment contribute to the Renaissance?
When many European scholars were encouraged by the ideas found in writings from ancient Greece and Rome
epochs
a period of time in history or a person's life, typically one marked by notable events or particular characteristics
What did Montesquieu strongly criticize?
absolute monarches
what is another name for enlightenment?
age of reason
tolerance
allowing others to hold beliefs that are different from one's own
social contact
an unwritten agreement between people and their government that gives the rights and duties of each
What does the executive branch do?
carries out the laws
What the idea of limiting the power of other branches called?
checks and balances
What did these Enlightenment ideas later shape?
democracies around the world
What was the government like before John Locke?
execution without a fair trial goes against a person's natural right to life
What did the pursuit of knowledge become?
fashionable
What did many people do during this time?
formed their own ideas about religion and about the world
What did men do in France?
gathered in coffeehouses to exchange ideas
What are the three branches of government?
legislative, executive, and judicial
What did Montesquieu also believe each branch should do?
limit the power of other branches
What did humanists rely on to understand the world?
logic and reason
What did these ideas lead Enlightenment thinkers to do?
look for new answers rather than just relying on the teachings of the church or ancient writers
What does the legislative branch do?
makes laws
What was the government like before Baron de Montesquieu?
most European countries were monarchies some thinkers argued that a single powerful ruler should keep order
What did scholars develop?
new ways to approach science, using observation, experimentation, and careful reasoning
What types of things did Europeans read during the Enlightenment?
novels, newspapers, plays, and other publications
What is Enlightenment?
open to new ideas and systems
What did John Locke believe?
people are basically rational, or reasonable and have the ability to control their own lives, he also believed that people should have their own natural rights
feminism
the idea that women should enjoy the same rights as men
What did Renaissance humanists emphasize?
the importance of both individual accomplishment and service to society
What did enlightenment thinkers encourage people to use, to understand the world and to improve life?
reason
What did scholars use to study culture and society?
reason and natural law
What do these natural rights include?
right to life, liberty, and property
natural rights
rights that belong to all people from birth
What did he believe a balanced government could help prevent?
rulers from having too much power
Why should the powers of the government be divided?
so that not one part of the government becomes to strong
What happened during the Reformation?
some Christians questioned the teachings of the Catholic Church
What did John Locke argue?
that government has the responsibility to protect natural rights and punish people who break the laws
What did Baron de Montesquieu argue?
that government powers should be divided. He suggested dividing the powers of government into three different branches
What did Martin Luther and other critics of the church believe?
that it had become to powerful to corrupt
What did people begin to believe with the scientific revolution?
that natural laws controlled the universe might also explain human behavior
What did Locke argue about the form of governments?
that people form governments to protect these natural rights, if a government fails to protect these rights, the people have the right to rebel and form a new government
During the Renaissance, what was the strongest institution in Europe?
the Roman Catholic Church
What did Enlightenment ideas about the government challenge?
the absolute monarch
What did Mary feel that women's first duty should be?
to be a good mother
separation of powers
to divide government power among three branches
What did Montesquieu think that the best way to protect liberty was?
to divide power among three branches
What did the Scientific Revolution push people to do?
to think in new ways about the natural world and the place of humans in the universe
What did he want to do for the people that broke the laws?
use it for public good
Many enlightenment thinkers argued for freedom and equality, but this not include?
women
What did Mary Wollstonecraft argue?
women were being left out of public life and social contact
What was going on in France during the Enlightenment?
writers, thinkers, and philosophies celebrated the power of human reason
