The Industrial Revoltion

Elements of successful mass production

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Impact of Industrialization of Mass Production of Goods

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Methods of organizing a business during the Industrial Revolution

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Results of Enclosure Movement

1. Landowners experimented with new agricultural movements 2. Large landowners forced small farmers to become tenant farmers or to give up farming and move to cities

Enclosure Movement

18th century movement among wealthy British landed aristocrats to rationalize their farms. Using new farming technology and systems of crop rotation, they forced the agrarian poor off the old "village commons" that now became "enclosed" as private property. The jobless poor ended up constituting the proletariat working class in the upcoming Industrial Revolution.

John Kay's Flying Shuttle?

A boat shaped piece of wood to which yarn was attached, doubled the work a weaver could do in a day.

What is the Agricultural Revolution?

After buying up the land of village farmers, wealthy landowners enclosed their land with fences or hedges. The enclosure movement had 2 important results which were the landowners experimented with new agricultural methods and second, large landowners forced small farmers to become tenant farmers or give up farming and move to cities

What was the source of British cotton?

England's cotton came from plantations in the American South in the 1790s.

How were the Flying Shuttle and Spinning Jenny Powered?

At first, textile workers by hand. Then, Richard Arkwright invented the water frame in 1769. This machine used the waterpower from rapid streams to drive spinning wheels.

Supply and Demand

Enough goods would be produced at the lowest possible price to meet demand in a market economy.

In what ways did England enjoy the political stability necessary for the industrial revolution to occur?

Britain's political stability gave the country a tremendous advantage over its neighbors. Though Britain took part in many wars during the 1700s, none occurred on British soil. Their military successes gave the British a positive attitude. Parliament also passed laws to help encourage and protect business ventures. Other countries had some of these advantages. But Britain had all the factors of pro- duction, the resources needed to produce goods and services that the Industrial Revolution required. They included land, labor, and capital (or wealth).

What were factors of industrialized production?

But Britain had all the factors of pro- duction, the resources needed to produce goods and services that the Industrial Revolution required

Unfair labor conditions

Factory workers faced long hours, dirty and dangerous working conditions, and the threat of being laid off.

What were 4 factors that created a positive economic climate in England?

Growing overseas trade, economic prosperity, and a climate of progress led to the increased demand for goods.

What was Robert Fulton's contribution?

He built a steamboat called the Clermont, which made its first successful trip in 1807. The Clermont later ferried passengers up and down New York's Hudson River.

Thomas Malthus

His important ideas were the foundation of laissez-faire capitalism.

What were the natural resources that proved to be an advantage during Britain's Industrial Revolution?

In addition to a large population of workers, the small island country had extensive natural resources and industrialization required such resources

Examples of Capitalism

Individuals and businesses own property and the means of production; Progress results when individuals follow their own self-interest; Businesses follow their own self-interest by competing for the consumer's money. Each business tries to produce goods or services that are better and less expensive than those of competitors; Consumers compete to buy the best goods at the lowest prices. This competition shapes the market by affecting what businesses are able to sell; Government should not interfere in the economy because competition creates efficiency in business.

Impact of Agricultural Revolution on Small Farmers

Large landowners forced small farmers to become tenant farmers or to give up farming and move to cities

Child Labor

Reformers in the United States also passed laws to protect child workers. In 1904, a group of pro- gressive reformers organized the National Child Labor Committee to end child labor. Arguing that child labor lowered wages for all workers, union members joined the reformers. Together they pres- sured national and state politicians to ban child labor and set maximum working hours.

What did Eli Whitney's cotton gin do?

Removing seeds from the raw cotton by hand was hard work; this machine multiplied the amount of cotton that could be cleaned

What did Edmund Cartwright's power loom do?

Run by water; sped up weaving after its invention in 1787

Philosophies of those who opposed Laissez-Faire Government

Smith's arguments rested on what he called the three natural laws of economics: • the law of self-interest—People work for their own good. • the law of competition—Competition forces people to make a better product. • the law of supply and demand—Enough goods would be produced at the lowest possible price to meet demand in a market economy.

What was the first industry to become industrialized?

Textile Industry

Reason Crop Rotation was improvement over 3 Field System

The crop rotation was an improvement since you can grow different crops in the same place during the seasons

Impact of Agricultural Revolution on the Food Supply

The process of the crop rotation proved to be one of the best developments of the scientific farmers and this process improved upon older methods. Livestock farmers improved too These improvements made up the agricultural revolution

Why were those natural resources critical?

These natural resources included • water power and coal to fuel the new machines • iron ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings • rivers for inland transportation • harbors from which merchant ships set sail

Economic Theories of Laissez-Faire Government

They criticized the idea that nations grow wealthy by placing heavy tariffs on foreign goods. In fact, they argued, gov- ernment regulations only interfered with the production of wealth. These philoso- phers believed that if government allowed free trade—the flow of commerce in the world market without government regulation—the economy would prosper.

Why did England have an advantage with regard to industrialized production?

They included land, labor, and capital (or wealth).

What was the impact of water-driven machinery on how work was done?

They took the work of spinning and weaving out of the house. Wealthy textile merchants set up the machines in large buildings called factories. Factories needed waterpower, so the first ones were built near rivers and streams

What did Richard Arkwright's water frame do?

This machine used the waterpower from rapid streams to drive spinning wheels.

Reform Laws and actions taken by workers to improve their wages, hours and working conditions

To press for reforms, workers joined together in voluntary labor associations called unions. A union spoke for all the workers in a par- ticular trade. Unions engaged in collective bargaining, negotiations between workers and their employers. They bargained for better working conditions and higher pay. If factory owners refused these demands, union members could strike, or refuse to work

What were factories?

Where machines are set up in a large building

Who was Mathew Boulton?

Who Watt joined with; Boulton was an entrepreneur, a person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business. He paid Watt a salary and encouraged him to build better engines.

Communism

a form of complete socialism in which the means of production—all land, mines, factories, railroads, and businesses—would be owned by the people. Private property would in effect cease to exist. All goods and services would be shared equally.

What is an entrepreneur?

a person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business.

John Stuart Mill

a philosopher and economist, led the utilitarian movement in the 1800s. He came to question unregulated capitalism. He believed it was wrong that workers should lead deprived lives that sometimes bordered on starvation. He wished to help ordinary working people with policies that would lead to a more equal division of profits. He also favored a cooperative system of agriculture and women's rights, including the right to vote. He called for the government to do away with great differences in wealth. Utilitarians also pushed for reforms in the legal and prison systems and in education.

Adam Smith

a professor at the University of Glasgow, Scotland, defended the idea of a free economy, or free markets, in his 1776 book The Wealth of Nations. According to him, economic liberty guaranteed economic progress. As a result, government should not interfere. His arguments rested on what he called the three natural laws of economics: • the law of self-interest—People work for their own good. • the law of competition—Competition forces people to make a better product. • the law of supply and demand—Enough goods would be produced at the lowest possible price to meet demand in a market economy.

Iron Law of Wages

a proposed law of economics that asserts that real wages always tend, in the long run, toward the minimum wage necessary to sustain the life of the worker

James Hargreaves Spinning Jenny?

allowed one spinner to work eight threads at a time

Capitalism

an economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit. These ideas also helped bring about the Industrial Revolution.

What was James Watt's contribution to industrialization?

figured out a way to make the steam engine work faster and more effi- ciently while burning less fuel.

Karl Marx

intro- duced the world to a radical type of socialism called Marxism; outlined their ideas in a 23-page pamphlet called The Communist Manifesto; argued that human societies have always been divided into warring classes. In their own time, these were the middle class "haves" or employers, called the bourgeoisie, and the "have-nots" or workers, called the proletariat. While the wealthy controlled the means of producing goods, the poor performed backbreaking labor under terrible conditions; The two writers predicted that the workers would overthrow the owners; believed that the capitalist system, which produced the Industrial Revolution, would eventually destroy itself in the following way. Factories would drive small artisans out of business, leaving a small number of manufacturers to control all the wealth. The large proletariat would revolt, seize the factories and mills from the capitalists, and produce what society needed. Workers, sharing in the profits, would bring about economic equality for all people. The workers would control the government in a "dictatorship of the proletariat." After a period of cooperative living and education, the state or government would wither away as a classless society developed; described communism as a form of complete socialism in which the means of production—all land, mines, factories, railroads, and businesses—would be owned by the people. Private prop- erty would in effect cease to exist. All goods and services would be shared equally; predicted, mostly because of the various reforms enacted by governments.

What did Samuel Crompton's spinning mule do?

made thread that was stronger, finer, and more consistent than earlier spinning machines.

Jeremy Bentham

modified the ideas of Adam Smith. In the late 1700s, he introduced the philosoophy of utilitarianism. He wrote his most influential works in the late 1700s. According to his theory, people should judge ideas, institutions, and actions on the basis of their utility, or usefulness. He argued that the government should try to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people. A government policy was only useful if it promoted this goal. He believed that in general the individual should be free to pursue his or her own advantage without interference from the state.

What was the impact of the cotton gin?

multiplied the amount of cotton that could be cleaned. American cotton production skyrocketed from 1.5 million pounds in 1790 to 85 million pounds in 1810.

Laissez-Faire

refers to the economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference. This policy favors a free market unregulated by the government. The term is French for "let do," and by extension, "let people do as they please."

Socialism

the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all. It grew out of an optimistic view of human nature, a belief in progress, and a concern for social justice. It argued that the government should plan the economy rather than depend on free-market capitalism to do the job. They argued that government control of factories, mines, railroads, and other key indus- tries would end poverty and promote equality. Public ownership, they believed, would help workers, who were at the mercy of their employers. Some of them— such as Louis Blanc—advocated change through extension of the right to vote.

Where were factories located?

the first ones were built near rivers and streams