The Industrial Revolution (Chapter 9)

Manchester

___________'s unique advantages made it a leading example of the new industrial city. This northern English town had ready access to water power. It also had available labor from the nearby countryside and an outlet to the sea at Liverpool.

Bohemia

____________ developed a spinning industry

Belgium

____________ led Europe in adopting Britain's new technology. It had rich deposits of iron ore and coal as well as fine waterways for transportation. As in the United States, British skilled workers played a key role in industrializing them.

Industrialization

_______________ is the process of developing machine production of goods, required such resources

jobs

the railroad boom created hundreds of thousands of new ____ for both railroad workers and miners. These miners provided iron for the tracks and coal for the steam engines. By making travel easier, railroads encouraged country people to take distant city jobs.

William Cockerill

A Lancashire carpenter named ____________ ____________ illegally made his way to Belgium in 1799. He carried secret plans for building spinning machinery. His son John eventually built an enormous industrial enterprise in eastern Belgium. It produced a variety of mechanical equipment, including steam engines and railway locomotives.

railroad

A thriving national market for new French products was created after 1850, when the government began ___________ construction.

enclosures

After buying up the land of village farmers, wealthy landowners enclosed their land with fences or hedges. The increase in their landholdings enabled them to cultivate larger fields. Within these larger fields, called ____________, landowners experimented with more productive seeding and harvesting methods to boost crop yields.

Clermont

An American inventor named Robert Fulton ordered a steam engine from Boulton and Watt. He built a steamboat called the _________, which made its first successful trip in 1807.

James Hargreaves

Around 1764, a textile worker named ______ ____________ invented a spinning wheel he named after his daughter. His spinning jenny allowed one spinner to work eight threads at a time.

textile

As in Britain, industrialization in the United States began in the __________ industry

cholera

Because England's cities grew rapidly, they lacked adequate housing, education, and police protection for the people who poured in from the countryside to seek jobs. Sickness was widespread. Epidemics of the deadly disease ________ regularly swept through the slums of Great Britain's industrial cities.

Germany

Beginning around 1835, ___________ began to copy the British model. They imported British equipment and engineers. Manufacturers also sent their children to England to learn industrial management.

urbanization

Between 1800 and 1850, the number of European cities boasting more than 100,000 inhabitants rose from 22 to 47. Most of Europe's urban areas at least doubled in population; some even quadrupled. This period was one of ______________ (city building and the movement of people to cities.)

oil, coal, and iron

During the last third of the 1800s, the country experienced a technological boom. As in Britain, a number of causes contributed to this boom. These included a wealth of natural resources, among them ______,_______, and_______; a burst of inventions, such as the electric light bulb and the telephone; and a swelling urban population that consumed the new manufactured goods.

Mary Barton

Elizabeth Gaskell's "____ _______" (1848) is a work of fiction. But it presents a startlingly accurate portrayal of urban life experienced by many at the time.

plantations

England's cotton came from ___________ in the American South in the 1790s.

factory

For centuries, most Europeans had lived in rural areas. After 1800, the balance shifted toward cities. This shift was caused by the growth of the ________ system, where the manufacturing of goods was concentrated in a central location.

military power

Germany's economic strength spurred its ability to develop as a ___________ __________. By the late 1800s, a unified, imperial Germany had become both an industrial and a military giant.

John Kay

In 1733, a machinist named ____ ___ made a shuttle that sped back and forth on wheels. This flying shuttle, a boat-shaped piece of wood to which yarn was attached, doubled the work a weaver could do in a day

Samuel Slater

In 1789, a young British mill worker named ___________ _________ emigrated to the United States. There, he built a spinning machine from memory and a partial design

Eli Whitney

In 1793, an American inventor named ___ ________ invented a machine to speed the chore. His cotton gin multiplied the amount of cotton that could be cleaned.

Francis Cabot Lowell

In 1813, __________ _________ __________of Boston and four other investors revolutionized the American textile industry. They mechanized every stage in the manufacture of cloth. Their weaving factory in Waltham, Massachusetts, earned them enough money to fund a larger operation in another Massachusetts town. When he died, the remaining partners named the town after him.

transportation

In Austria-Hungary and Spain,_______________ posed great obstacles. Austria-Hungary's mountains defeated railroad builders. Spain lacked both good roads and waterways for canals.

agricultural economy

In France, sustained industrial growth occurred after 1830. French industrialization was more measured and controlled than in other countries because the ______________ _______________ remained strong. As a result, France avoided the great social and economic problems caused by industrialization.

wealth

Industrialization widened the _________ gap between industrialized and nonindustrialized countries, even while it strengthened their economic ties.

steam engines

James Watt partnered with Matthew Boulton to produce _____ ________

Industrial Revolution

The _________ ___________ refers to the greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England in the middle 1700s

labor unions

Laborers eventually won higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions after they joined together to form _____ ________.

Luddites

Laborers watched their livelihoods disappear as machines replaced them. In frustration, some smashed the machines they thought were putting them out of work. One group of such workers was called the _________.

factors of production

Land, labor, and capital; the three groups of resources that are used to make all goods and services (Britain had them)

Carnegie Steel Company

Larger corporation founded by Andrew Carnegie

middle class

Most of the new money from the Industrial revolution belonged to factory owners, shippers, and merchants. These people were part of a growing _______ ______, a social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business-people, and wealthy farmers.

silk spinning

Northern Italy mechanized its textile production, specializing in _______ ____________

corporations

People who bought stock became part owners of these businesses, which were called _____________, a business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts. These were able to raise the large amounts of capital needed to invest in industrial equipment.

enclosure

The __________ movement had two important results. First, landowners tried new agricultural methods. Second, large land owners forced small farmers to become tenant farmers or to give up farming and move to the cities.

social reform

The development of a middle class created great opportunities for education and democratic participation. Greater democratic participation, in turn, fueled a powerful movement for _________ _________.

cotton

Spain's Catalonia processed more __________ than Belgium.

Britain

The Industrial Revolution began in ________

George Stephenson

The Rocket was the name for the steam-powered locomotive created by _______ __________ that pulled carriages along iron rails. The railroad did not have to follow the course of a river. This meant that tracks could go places that rivers did not, allowing factory owners and merchants to ship goods swiftly and cheaply over land.

crop rotation

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil is called ____ ________

laissez faire

The term ________ _____ refers to the economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference. This policy favors a free market unregulated by the government. The term is French for "let do," and by extension, "let people do as they please."

mill girls

Thousands of young single women flocked from their rural homes to work as _______ _______ in factory towns. There, they could make higher wages and have some independence. However, to ensure proper behavior, they were watched closely inside and outside the factory by their employers. They toiled more than 12 hours a day, 6 days a week, for decent wages. For some, the mill job was an alternative to being a servant and was often the only other job open to them

raw materials

To keep factories running and workers fed, industrialized countries required a steady supply of ___ _______ from less-developed lands. In turn, industrialized countries viewed poor countries as markets for their manufactured products.

conditions

To provide the mill owners with high profits, workers labored under terrible _________.

stock

To raise the money, entrepreneurs sold shares of __________, or certain rights of ownership.

Factory Act

Until the first _______ ___ passed in 1819, the British government exerted little control over child labor in Manchester and other factory cities. The act restricted working age and hours.

factories

Wealthy textile merchants set up the machines in large buildings called _________. They needed water power, so the first ones were built near rivers and streams

Serf labor

_______ ________ ran factories in regions around Moscow and St. Petersburg.

London

_______ was the country's most important city. During the 1800s, its population exploded, providing a vast labor pool and market for new industry. It became Europe's largest city.

Jethro Tull

________ ______ saw that the usual way of sowing seed by scattering it across the ground was wasteful. Many seeds failed to take root. He solved this problem with an invention called the seed drill in about 1701. It allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths. A larger share of the seeds took root, boosting crop yields.

working conditions

________ _________ in factories: long hours, low pay, unsafe conditions, poor lighting and lack of ventilation

Moses Brown

________ _________ opened the first factory in the United States to house Slater's machines in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. But the Pawtucket factory mass-produced only one part of finished cloth, the thread.

Macadam

________ roads- broken stone of even size used in successively compacted layers for surfacing roads and paths, and typically bound with tar or bitumen (turnpikes)

railroads

_________ spurred industrial growth by giving manufacturers a cheap way to transport materials and finished products.

tax revenues

profits derived from industrialization produced ___ _________. These funds have allowed local, state, and federal governments to invest in urban improvements and raise the standard of living of most city dwellers.

textile

the ________ industry was the first to be transformed. Cloth merchants boosted their profits by speeding up the process by which spinners and weavers made cloth.