the midterm!!!

अब Quizwiz के साथ अपने होमवर्क और परीक्षाओं को एस करें!

How did the introduction of Ptolemy's Geography mislead European cartographers? A. Ptolemy asserted that the world was much smaller than it actually is, indicating that Asia was not far removed from Europe to the west. B. Ptolemy indicated that Africa had no southern end and could not offer a route to Asia, leading Europeans to explore westward

Which of the following was a major motivation from European exploration? A. Desire for material profit B. Fear of invasion from the Americas C. Fear of invasion from China D. Desire to escape from the Black Death

Why did Elizabeth I have her cousin and heir Mary, Queen of Scots, executed? A. Mary became implicated in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth B. To demonstrate the consequences of supporting Catholicism

Why did the Antifederalists oppose the new American constitution proposed by the Constitutional Convention? A. they feared for the individual freedoms for which they had fought B. they worried that the individual states were too strong and the federal government too weak

What did the Schlieffen Plan call for in 1914?

A lightning attack through neutral Belgium and a quick defeat of France before turning on Russia

In Primary Source 23.3: Ernest Renan on National Identity, what does Renan consider one valid way to define a nation?

A nation can be defined by having a common past.

What kind of world did Franz Kafka portray in fiction like The Trial (1925)?

A pessimistic world in which helpless individuals are crushed by inexplicably hostile forces

What was the Boxer Rebellion?

A rebellion of traditionalist Chinese patriots who wished to expel all Westerners from China

What is "Orientalism"?

A term used by modern scholars to describe the way Westerners misunderstood and described colonial subjects and cultures

What characterized the middle-class single-family home? A. A special drawing room used to entertain guests B. A music room, preferably one equipped with a grand piano C. A carriage house D. A separate wing for the servants' quarters

A. A special drawing room used to entertain guests

15. In 1848, what reform did the French government refuse that created a sense of class injustice? A. Electoral reform B. Land redistribution C. Repeal of high tariffs on imported food D. A minimum wage

A. Electoral reform

What was Count Leo Tolstoy's central message in War and Peace? A. Human love, trust, and everyday family ties are life's enduring values. B. Great men are able to bend history to their will. C. The idealistic young always surrender to feverish ambition and society's pervasive greed. D. Ordinary men and women are doomed to be crushed by fate and bad luck.

A. Human love, trust, and everyday family ties are life's enduring values.

Many Europeans and Americans embraced the Greek Revolution because A. of a love of Greek classical culture. B. they saw the liberation of Greece as a Christian crusade. C. their merchants sought access to Greek markets for trade. D. they believed they could try out utopian ideals in a liberated Greece.

A. of a love of Greek classical culture.

A striking feature of the salons was that A. clerics were banned B. philiphes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled

According to his agreement with the Spanish crown, what rewards would Columbus receive if he found a water route to Asia? A. He would be given a noble title and one-half of the revenues of his journey B. He would be named viceroy over any territories he discovered and receive one-tenth of the national rewards of the journey

How did the William Laud, the archbishop of Canterbury, create conflict in Britain in the 1630s? A. He launched a purge against the remaining Catholics in England, seeking to force them to flee to Ireland. B. He saught to impose a new prayer book modeled on the Anglican Book of Common Prayer on Presbyterian Scotland

In music, the baroque style reached its culmination in the work of A. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart B. Johann Sebastian Bach C. Frederic Chopin

The highly infectious nature of the plague was enhanced by A. an influx of peasants seeking medical care. B. urban congestion and lack of sanitation C. the total absence of healthcare facilities D. starving peasants' consumption of black rats

What did Columbus believe he had found when he arrived in the Caribbean? A. Islands off the coast of India B. Islands off the coast of Japan C. New, unexpected lands D. Islands in the middle of the Atlantic

What mistaken belief did the Count-Duke of Olivares hold that brought disaster to Spain? A. Spain must ally with England in order to establish naval domination of the Atlantic and secure access to trade routes B. Spain must return to the imperial tradition of the sixteenth century in order to solve its economic and political difficulties C. Spain must secure peace with all of its neighbors in order to reduce the expenses borne by the royal treasury

What was the key demand of the Chartist movement? A. all women must be paid equally to men B. all men must be given the right to vote

What was one of the social functions of the labor aristocracy's strict moral code? A. To create a strong barrier against socialist influences B. To maintain their unstable social and economic position C. To prevent their children from joining the supposedly morally corrupt middle classes D. To serve as an example to lower-paid, unskilled workers

B. To maintain their unstable social and economic position

How was the flow of goods directed around the globe in the nineteenth century?

By new communication systems, such as the telegraph, that could direct ships from port to port

Cardinal Jules Maarin's struggle to increase royal revenues to meet the cost of war led to the uprisings of 1648-53 known as the A. Jacquerie B. Vendee C. Fronde D. Levee en masse

During a young man's period of apprenticeship, he would A. face the same sexual exploitation that threatened girls B. be permitted to marry while training C. earn little money and work hard D. become a master after seven years of training

How did governments respond to the new science? A. They viewed new scientific communities as a threat to their control of knowledge B. They rejected the new science as a threat to their religious foundations C. They established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research D. They supported and defended the complete freedom of the scientist against religious officials

Which of the following describes the enclosure movement of the eighteenth century? A. the land was divided into long, narrow strips that were not enclosed by fences or hedges B. the land was not divided but worked communally as villages labored in large fields side by side C. the land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively

Which of the following was one of the central components of the Italian Renaissance? A. Christian humility B. A concern for the improvement of society in general C. A glorification of individual genius D. The attempt to use art to educate the urban masses

Why was John Wesley's Methodism particularly appealing? A. he favored overthrowing abusive governments B. he advocated tender loving care for children C. he refuted the doctrine of predestination, insisting that anyone who earnestly sought salvation could gain it

Gabriel Marcel found the answer to the postwar broken world in

Calvinist theology.

After his victory in 1709 at Poltava, Peter the Great built a new, Western-style city on the Baltic called A. Narva B. Moscow C. Leningrad D. St. Petersburg

How did the Spanish monarchy seek to maintain control over its colonies? A. The monarchy offered rewards and tax exemptions to settlers who informed on corrupt officials B. The monarchy established a type of military on accusations of corruption C. The monarchy established intendents with broad administrative and financial authority who were responsible directly to the monarchy

In addition to reforming the church, what was the other foal of the Council of Trent? A. Eliminating the Bohemian church B. Reinforcing the power of monarchs C. Recognizing bishops as completely independent of secular rulers D. Securing reconciliation with the Protestants

Luther believed that the church consisted of A. the entire body of clergy B. the elect C. all those who supported his views D. a spiritual priesthood of all Christian believers

Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate was ultimately a A. popular democracy B. parliamentary government C. constitutional monarchy D. military dictatorship

One important mode of influencing public opinion, used by the English and French kings during the Hundred Years' War A. publishing broadsheets B. distributing free rain to the populace C. purchasing votes D. instructing priests to deliver patriotic sermons

The English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes held that A. kings ruled by divine right B. a constitutional monarchy was possible only in England C. mankind is inherently good and requires no formal government D. the power of the ruler was absolute and prevented civil war

The statute of Kilkenny attempted to A. force the Irish to move into cities and villages where the English landowners could better control and tax them B. institute a tax on Irish grazing practices so that English landlords could profit from their common lands C. protect the Irish from abuse by English landlords who instituted unauthorized fees and taxes D. maintain the ethnic purity of the English living in Ireland by preventing intermarriage or cultural assimilation

What Florentine artist was commissioned by Pope Julius II to build his tomb and paint the Sistine Chapel? A. Botticelli B. Da Vinci C. Raphael D. Michelangelo

What did James Watt gain from his partnership with Matthew Boulton? A. skilled workers B. precision parts C. contacts with government officials D. capital and skills in salesmanship

What educational book by Baldassare Castiglione provided a treatise on training a young man in the disciplin and fashion needed for the courtly ideal of being a gentleman? A. The Prince B. Education of a Christian Prince C. Utopia D. The Courtier

What was Hernan Cortes's crucial advantage in his conquest of the Mexica Empire? A. The Mexica were awed by the Spanish technology and submitted to Cortes's will B. The Mexica mistakenly believed that Cortes was a god C. Cortes has a large, well-trained Spanish army against the untrained and poorly organized Mexica forces D. Cortes was able to exploit internal dissention within the Mexica Empire

What was the cause of the Hundred Year's War between England and France A. The French seizure of the port of Calais B. The english execution of Joan of Arc C. King Edward III of England's endorsement of Urban VI as the rightful pope D. King Philip VI of France's seizure of Aquitaine

What was the fate of most people brought before the Inquisition and accused of witchcraft? A. They were found guilty and executed B. They were found innocent and exonerated of any wrongdoing C. They were found guilty and their property seized D. They were sent home with a warning and ordered to do penance

What was the primary cause of the emergence of inflation in Spain in the sixteenth century? A. Gold and property was seized from Moors and Jews as they were forced out of Spain B. They inflow of silver from the Americas C. State debts defaulted on by the monarchy D. the inability of Spanish agriculture and manufacturing to meet the growing demand for goods

Which of the following characterizes eighteenth-century colonial trade in Europe? A. It becomes insignificant to the French after the loss of their colonies in New France (Canada) B. The Spanish empire collapsed, for Spain lacked the resources to sustain its military presence in the colonies C. Spanish landowners in the colonies instituted slavery among all the Indian populations in order to force them to work on their estates D. Britain's mercantilist system achieved remarkable success as trade with its colonies grew substantially

Which of the following characterizes the role of Europe in the system of world trade prior to the voyage of Columbus? A. Europe was the major western node of the trading system that produced high-quality textiles and metalwork desired by others B. Europe provided the baking and financial services that sustained the world trading system C. Europe served as the most important market for products because it produces few goods D. Europe was a minor outpost that produced few products desired by other civilizations

Which of the following identifies the term race in the Renaissance? A. groupings of people based on skin color B. groupings of people based on noble lineage C. groupings of people based on geographic origin D. Groupings of people based on ethnic, national, or religious factors

Who was Denis Diderot's co-editor of the Encyclopedia? A. Voltaire B. Jean-Jacques Rousseau C. Pierre Bayle D. Jean le Rond d'Alembert

Why did a woman's work receive less compensation than a man's work? A. The traditional work associated with women was unskilled and, therefore, more widely performed B. Women were largely secluded in their homes; therefore, their work was seen as strictly domestic and not worthy of compensation C. Women did not seek to organize in guilds so that they could better influence wages and prices for their work D. It was understood that a woman was either married or to be married and, therefore, not responsible for supporting a family

In their war of independence against the Ottoman Empire, the Greeks ultimately won the support of A. Austria, Prussia, and Russia. B. Austria. C. the Netherlands and Great Britain. D. Great Britain, France, and Russia.

D. Great Britain, France, and Russia.

How did the French provisional government respond to the worsening depression and rising unemployment in 1848? A. It expanded the size of the army to provide employment. B. It provided free bread and cheese rations in all of the major cities. C. It ordered the deportation of all non-French citizens. D. It established national workshops to provide employment in public works projects.

D. It established national workshops to provide employment in public works projects.

Which cities on Map 22.1: European Cities of 100,000 or More, 1800-1900 contained one million or more people in 1900? A. Madrid, London, Paris, Berlin, Vienna, and Moscow B. Lisbon, Paris, Amsterdam, Copenhagen, Berlin, and Constantinople C. Rome, Constantinople, Warsaw, Vienna, St. Petersburg, and Copenhagen D. London, Paris, Berlin, Vienna, St. Petersburg, and Constantinople

D. London, Paris, Berlin, Vienna, St. Petersburg, and Constantinople

The Quadruple Alliance, the nations that defeated Napoleon, included A. Russia, Prussia, Poland, and Italy. B. Austria, Great Britain, Prussia, and Spain. C. Prussia, Russia, Spain, and Great Britain. D. Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain.

D. Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain.

What did the notorious forgery "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion" suggest Jewish elders were planning to do?

Dominate the globe

According to Map 24.1: European Investment to 1914, which areas appear to be receiving the bulk of French and German investments?

European countries, including Russia

After 1860, why did foreign aggression diminish in China until near the end of the century?

Europeans had obtained their primary goal of commercial and diplomatic relations.

What pattern did migration out of Europe often follow in the nineteenth century?

Families and friends would coordinate their migrations so that they would settle together in a new land.

Who were the Young Turks?

Fervent patriots who seized power in the revolution of 1908 in the Ottoman Empire

Which countries in August 1939 signed a nonaggression pact that led directly to war?

Germany and the Soviet Union

According to Primary Source 25.1, why did Kaiser Wilhelm offer Austria-Hungary unconditional support in its actions against Serbia after the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand?

Germany would stand by Austria-Hungary in case of war with Russia, but the Kaiser did not believe Russia was at all ready for war.

What issue contributed to tensions between Germany and Great Britain in the first decade of the 1900s?

Germany's decision to build a large fleet of battleships

What part of Otto von Bismarck's alliance system did William II abandon?

Germany's non-aggression pact with Russia

Which nations made up the Central Powers and allies according to Map 25.3: World War I in Europe and the Middle East, 1914-1918?

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire

According to Map 26.1: The Great Depression in the United States and Europe, 1929-1939, which European countries have the highest DIFF: Levels of unemployment?

Germany, Norway, Sweden, and Poland

Which countries are in the Triple Entente according to Map 25.1: European Alliances at the Outbreak of World War I, 1914?

Great Britain, France, and Russia

How did Stalin use the murder of Sergei Kirov to his own advantage?

He blamed the murder on "fascist agents" within the Communist Party and launched a purge of the party itself that solidified his own control.

Why was Mussolini expelled from the Italian Socialist Party?

He urged Italian entry into World War I.

Why did Hitler have the leadership of the SA storm troopers, roughly one hundred individuals, killed in 1934?

He wanted to win the support of the traditional military, but the SA leaders had expected appointment to top positions in the army.

What is the composer Arnold Schönberg known for?

His creation of twelve-tone music that abandoned traditional harmony and tonality

How did the Union of South Africa function differently than any other territory in Africa?

It functioned as a largely "self-governing" colony.

By 1890, how had Japan met the challenge of Western expansion?

It selectively adopted those elements of Western society that were in keeping with Japanese tradition.

Why did Italy, after declaring neutrality in 1914, decide to join the Triple Entente in 1915?

It was promised Austrian territory in return.

What did the theories of Albert Einstein assert?

Matter and energy are interchangeable, linking the apparently infinite universe with the subatomic world.

How did the British obtain the opium that they smuggled into China?

Opium was grown legally in British-occupied India.

What was the principle of national self-determination promoted by Woodrow Wilson?

People should be able to choose a national government through a democratic process and live free from outside interference.

What medication proved to be effective in controlling malaria and allowing Europeans to venture into the mosquito-infested interior of Africa?

Quinine

How did the building of railroads in Latin America, Asia, and Africa facilitate Western economic interests as opposed to regional economic interests?

Railroad lines connected resource-rich inland cities to seaports to facilitate Western trade but did not link inland cities to each other.

What were the two-front wars that military planners had anticipated prior to the First World War?

Russia had assumed a two-front war against Germany and Austria-Hungary, and Germany had assumed a two-front war against Russia and France.

Lenin's New Economic Policy was a political compromise with

Russian peasants.

What did Jean-Paul Sartre mean by the expression "existence precedes essence"?

Since there are no timeless or absolute truths, people must struggle to define their essence after they are born, completely on their own.

The German Communist Party, noisy and active in the 1920s, reserved their greatest hatred and sharpest barbs for

Social Democrats.

What does the "middle way" refer to?

The Scandinavian response to the Great Depression

In the Lateran Agreement, how did Mussolini resolve the status of the Catholic Church in Italy?

The Vatican was recognized as an independent state that received heavy support from the Italian state.

Read Primary Source 27.4: The "Reich Citizenship Law" and the Nazi Volk. What did the Official Commentary on the Reich Citizenship Law (part of the 1935 Nuremberg Laws) emphasize?

The doctrine that anyone of alien blood, especially Jews, is automatically excluded from Reich citizenship

As noted in Primary Source 25.5, the General Syrian Congress in July 1919 sought "absolutely complete political independence for Syria." How did it reconcile this demand with the mandate system?

The mandate system was to be understood as nothing other than economic and technical assistance that did not prejudice the complete independence of Syria.

Where did Nazi administrators initially gain experience in mass murder?

The murder of Germans with physical and mental disabilities prior to the war

In Primary Source 23.1: The Struggle for the Italian Nation, what does Giuseppe Mazzini suggest must happen in order for "the work of Humanity for the general amelioration to be "accomplished by peaceful and progressive development"?

The people must rise up to create countries according to the natural divisions that exist in Europe.

As excerpted in Primary Source 26.5: George Orwell on Life on the Dole, in what way does Orwell see the working class in England coming to terms with the Great Depression?

The working class has settled down to make the best of life on the dole.

What was the common effect of western-front offensives during the First World War?

They caused the slaughter of massed infantry units.

How did the Nazis seek to legitimize their racial policies?

They established research institutes and academies that measured and defined racial differences in order to present prejudice in the guise of enlightened science.

What did Heinrich von Treitschke believe was the significance of colonies?

They were essential to great nations.

How did some British women seek to affect British colonialism in India in the nineteenth century?

They worked to improve the lives of Indian women, moving them closer to Western standards through education and legislation.

What was Germany's goal in the Battle of Britain?

To gain air supremacy in anticipation of an invasion of Great Britain

What was the all-important goal of the architects of the Meiji Restoration?

To meet the threat posed by outside powers

What was the primary goal of the opponents of the Nazis in the Protestant and Catholic churches?

To preserve religious life in Germany

The "cult of the Duce" (leader) promoted the image of Mussolini as

a powerful strongman embodying the best qualities of the Italian people.

The American stock market crash of October 1929 was primarily the result of

an imbalance between real investment and speculation.

Stalin's theory of socialism in one country

argued that the Soviet Union could build socialism on its own.

Which political group dominated the parliamentary governments of Germany in the mid to late 1920s?

moderate businessmen

The Homestead Act, enacted during the Civil War, gave western land to settlers and reinforced the idea

of free labor in a market economy.

The signatories of the 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact, initiated by French prime minister Aristide Briand and U.S. secretary of state Frank B. Kellogg, agreed to

renounce war as an instrument of international policy.

Walter Rathenau is remembered for his

role in Germany's total war mobilization.

The Russian Marxist Vladimir Lenin asserted that imperialism

signaled the coming decay and collapse of capitalist society.

Germany's initial offensive was stopped on the outskirts of Paris at the Battle of

the Marne.

Although perhaps best known as the longtime companion of Voltaire, Gabriel-Emilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, marquise de Chatelet, published A. the first translation of Newton's Principia into French B. The Persian Letters

As the Jacobins gained power, what was their reaction to women's political activity? A. they banned all women's political activity, which they believed to be disorderly and a distraction from women's proper domestic duties B. they permitted women to participate as passive citizens, without the right to vote but allowed to participate in public debate and gatherings

Bartolome de Las Cases asserted that the Indians A. had human rights B. had a unique vulture that should be respected C. should be denied protection unless they embraced Christianity D. were creatures of Satan who could not be converted or trusted

Europeans believed grain and bread should be available at A. a just price-one that was fair to both consumers and producers B. a price average people could pay, even if it meant producers took a loss

French foreign policy under Cardinal Richelieu focused primarily on the A. prevention of the Habsburgs from unifying the territories surrounding France B. destruction of English naval power

How did French armies during the French Revolution offer a mixed message to the people they conquered? A. they presented themselves as liberators to the peasants and middle class but seemed more like foreign invaders as they requisitioned food and supplies and plundered local treasure B. they promised to retain local tradition and institutions but removed all of the older nobility and eliminated the power of the Catholic Church

How did the diet of townspeople compare to that of the peasantry? A. the townspeople ate more varied diets, since markets provided choices of meats, vegetables, and fruits B. the townspeople ate diets with many more spices and flavor additives

How did the origins of industrialists change as the Industrial Revolution progressed? A. more industrialists emerged from the working classes as they became familiar with the new machine technology B.more industrialists emerged from the working classes, as creditors recognized the vast profits in new enterprises and were willing to assume more risk in new ventures

How did the reaction of kings and nobles in continental Europe toward the French Revolution change over the revolution's first two years? A. initially pleased by the revolution's weakening of France, they came to feel threatened by its increasingly radical message B. initially confused by the claims of the revolutionaries, they came to embrace most of their ideas as representing solid Enlightenment thought

In his 1835 study of the cotton industry, what did Andrew Ure conclude about conditions in most factories? A. they were not harsh and even quite good B. they were terrible but gradually improving

In the eighteenth century, European public health measures A. improved water supply and sewage systems B. completely eradicated famine owin to increased supply lines

In the eighteenth century, many liberal thinkers believed that representative institutions could defend the liberty and interests of the people. What did this mean in terms of political practice? A. voting for representatives would be restricted to men of property B. all adult males would be eligible to vote for representatives

In which of the following ways did Charles VII of France expand his authority A. He expelled the English from all French soil except Calais B. He eliminated nobles' militias and troops C. He eliminated papal authority in French cities D. He suppressed peasant revolts by placing troops throughout his dominion

Italian humanists stressed the A. study of the classics for what they could reveal about human nature B. study of the classics in order to understand the divine nature of God

Louis XIV selected councilors from the A. newly ennobled or upper middle class B. military commanders

Louis XV damaged the sense of his sacred authority by A. allowing his common-born mistress to exercise tremendous influence culturally and politically B. attempting to remove his rightful son as his successor and name one of his illegitimate children as heir to the throne

Luther viewed celibacy as A. opposed to human nature and God's commandments B. the ideal act of spiritual devotion C. Required for all Lutheran pastors D. a gift only the spiritually mature could enjoy

Luther's ideas about Roman exploitation of Germany A. appealed to the national sentiment of German princes B. were met with dismay by the ruling elite C. led to administrative reform in the empire D. found an audience only among the peasantry

Madame du Chatelet, Voltaire's longtime companion, A. believed that women's limited contribution to science was the result of unequal education B. was the first woman admitted into the Royal Academy of Sciences

On the Iberian Peninsula, what was the social position of African slaves? A. They intermingles with the people they lived among and sometimes intermarried with them B. They were socially segregated as a lesser class lacking any rights

Some scholars have argued that the neglectful attitudes toward children in preindustrial Europe were conditioned mostly by A. high infant mortality rates B. church doctrine C. Enlightenment philosophy D. economic pressure on new migrants to the cities

The Reformation in England was primarily the result of A. the dynastic and romantic concerns of Henry VIII B. the missionary activity of the Lollards C. the terrible conditions then existing in the English churches D. efforts by Luther and his followers

The attack on the Bastille had what political effect? A. the king's plans to reassert his authority were forestalled, permitting the National Assembly to continue its work B. the National Assembly dissolved the monarchy and arrested the king for treason against the nation

The dissolution of the English monasteries A. resulted from Henry VIII's desire to confiscate their wealth B. resulted in a more equitable distribution of land C. deeply disturbed the English upper classes D. was the result of rebellious activities by the monks

The reformer Robert Owens sought to A create a single large national union for British workers B. free laborers from the restrictions of the Factory Acts

What European nation- with the help of Genoese financiers, merchants, and navigators- initiated an exploration along the Atlantic Coast of Africa in search of new sources of gold, silver, and copper? A. Portugal B. France

What changes around 1300 permitted a significant expansion in the movement of goods? A. Improvements in ship design permitted year-round sailing B. The end of knightly warfare permitted trade to develop along peaceful, secure trade routes. C. The development of fixed currency of known value gave merchants greater ability to negotiate prices. D. Expansion of banking houses allowed merchants to draw on credit more effectively

What was the typical goal of a woman pursuing a charge of rape? A. to restore her honorable reputation B. to gain financial compensation C. to punish her perpetrator D. to prove her innocence to the church

Which of the following best characterizes the Renaissance idea of virtu? A. The ability to shape the world around oneself according to one's will B. The expression of perfection in the life lived in balance and simplicity C. Moral goodness as set out in the Christian Scriptures

Which of the following characterizes the regions to which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas? A. About 90% of slaves were transported to Brazil or the Caribbean, with only 3% brought to North America B. Brazil received about 1/2 of the slaves carried across the Atlantic, while the Caribbean and NOrth America each received about 25%

Who was Prester John? A. A mythical Christian king in Africa believed to be a descendant of one of the three kings who visited Jesus after his birth B. A member of the Portuguese ruling family who helped to organize voyages of exploration and trade down the African coast C. An English sea captain who discovered a series of islands off the coast of Africa where slave trading and sugar cultivation were developed

Why did the Dutch fail to maintain their dominance in Asia? A. The Dutch East India Company failed to diversify its trade to meet changing consumption patterns in Europe B. The Dutch government found that sustaining the colonies in Asia cost more than the profits that could be made and withdrew military protection

In the nineteenth century, what did Eugène Delacroix's work typically feature? A. Dramatic, colorful scenes B. Portraits of the rich and powerful C. The transforming power of industrialization D. Gentle Wordsworthian landscapes

A. Dramatic, colorful scenes

According to Map 21.2: Peoples of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1815, which peoples were located within the Kingdom of Hungary? A. Germans, Hungarians, Slovaks, Romanians, Ruthians, Croats and Serbs B. Croats and Serbs, Slovenes, Italians, Czechs, Slovaks, Germans C. Germans, Czechs, Romanians, Slovenes D. Hungarians, Ruthians, Italians

A. Germans, Hungarians, Slovaks, Romanians, Ruthians, Croats and Serbs

What was the flaw in Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's theory of evolution? A. His assertion that characteristics parents acquired in the course of their lives could be passed on to their offspring by heredity B. His denial that human beings had evolved from other primates C. His claim that genetic mutations were random D. His belief that God intervened to push evolution in the direction of greater complexity

A. His assertion that characteristics parents acquired in the course of their lives could be passed on to their offspring by heredity

What event directly prompted the Great Reforms in Russia, including the emancipation of the serfs? A. Russian defeat in the Crimean War of 1853-56 B. The revolution of 1905 C. The Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 D. The assassination of Alexander II in 1881

A. Russian defeat in the Crimean War of 1853-56

Why did Japan open its shores to Western trade?

As a response to U.S. military pressure

According to Olympe de Gouges, A. women should enjoy special rights and privileges B. men and women should be equal in the eyes of the law

Arthur Young, an eighteenth-century agricultural experimentalist, advocated A. the retention of open-field farming with the addition of crop rotation and other innovations B. large-scale enclosure as a necessary means to achieve progress

As literacy expanded among the common people, what was a staple of popular literature other than the Bible? A. the almanac B. the chapbook containing Bible stories, prayers, and stories about the lives of the saints C. fairy tales, medieval romances, and fantastic adventures D. practical literature on rural crafts, household repairs, and useful plants

Between 1650 and 1790, a crucial component of the global economy was established when European nations developed A. the African trade B. the Atlantic economy

David Ricardo's iron law of wages states that A. wages always move in proportin to productivity in the workplace B. population growth creates more highly talented people who produce greater profits

Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as A. dualism B. empiricism

Holland's leadership in farming methodology can be attributed to A. the absence of marshes and swamps in the Netherlands B. the necessity to provide for a densely populated country C. the increased migration of peasants from cities to the country

How did Frederick William the Great Elector of Prussia persuade the Junker nobility to accept taxation without consent in order to fund the army? A. He confirmed the Junkers' privileges, including their authority over the serfs B. He permitted the Junkers to seize church lands as compensation

How did French colonies respond to the problem of the low migration DIFF: Levels from France? A. Convicted criminals in France were sentenced to relocate to the colonies B. Colonial officials encouraged French traders to form ties with and marry native women

How did Luther benefit from his appearance before the HRE Charles V at the Diet of Worms? A. Luther obtained permission to continue to call for reform as long as he remained loyal to papal authority B. Luther gained a larger audience for his reform ideas, and others began to challenge the church's teachings and practices

How did Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe affect Spanish colonization? A. The possibility of Asian trade led the Spanish to focus on developing its western colonies in the Americas so that it would be easy to travel on to Asia B. The great distance of the Pacific convinced the Spanish to abandon efforts to trade in Asia and develop their American colonies instead C. The difficult waters of the Strait of Magellan led Spain to focus on developing its colonies in the eastern parts of the Americas

How did Pico della Mirandola understand the uniqueness of humankind? A. As creatures in the image of God, humans were superior to the rest of creation, including the angels and other heavenly beings B. Humans, lacking a fixed placed, were the one part of the created world that could freely choose to rise to the heavens or sink into the realm of animals C. Lacking a specific role in God's creation, humans were actually below animals but had the potential for greatness denied to animals

How did the closing of the monasteries and convents affect upper-class women? A. Upper-class women were freed from the numerous restraints of convent life B. Marriage became virtually the only occupation for upper-class women C. Upper-class women were able to participate in art and literature, which were denied to them in the convent

How did the delegates to the Legislative Assembly that convened in October 1791 differ from the delegates to the Estates General/ National Assembly? A. they were more experienced politicians with a strong commitment to reforming the nation B. they were younger and less cautious; many joined political clubs

How did the evangelicals within the Church of England responds to the rise of Methodism? A. they sought to have Methodism outlawed and its practitioners arrested B. they copied Methodism's practices in order to appeal to more of the common people

How did the industry grow in continental Europe? A. Belgium led continental Europe in adopting British technology for production B. Austria-Hungary made almost no progress in industrialization in the nineteenth century

How did the princes of Moscow seek to legitimize their authority as rulers of an independent state? A. They adopted French coronation ritual B. They modeled their rule on the Mongol khans

In chronological order, what were the three successive commercial empires established by Europeans in the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries? A. The Spanish, French, Dutch B. The Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch C. The English, Spanish, French

In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government? A. he believed in democracy, like most philosophes B. he believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for in government C. he saw the despot or autocrat as designated by God

In the eighteenth century, what did the strength of popular religion in Catholic countries reflect? A. the desire of secular authorities B. its importance in community life C. the decline of papal and clerical abuses D. the role of the parish clergy in the state bureaucracy

Owing to the Industrial Revolution, living and working conditions for the poor A. stagnated or even deteriorated until around 1850 B. improved only after 1820

The Concordat of Bologna, between Francis I of France and Pope Leo X, gave the French monarch the authority to A. administer monasteries in Italy B. select bishops and abbots C. select the pope D. administer Italian city-states

The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and they also A. restricted English banks from making foreign Joans B. gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies

The Tudor Henry VII of England won broad, popular support by A. reforming the church B. promoting peace and social order at the local level C. restricting the wages of the working classes

The idea of a public sphere that emerged during the Enlightenment refers to A. a government bureau that regulated the work of the philosophes B. an idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political issues

The primary cause of the English Glorious Revolution was A. A conflict between Charles II and Parliament over taxation B. a fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II C. defeat suffered in the War of the Spanish Succession

The string of French military victories after the winter of 1893-94 owed largely to A. superior generalship B. patriotism and the superior numbers supplied by the draft

The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was A. a government-sponsored response to urbanization B. usually a response to the wishes of the families

Typically, French classicism A. challenged existing concepts concerning art B. presented subject matter associated with classical antiquity C. had little support from the royal government

What aided Martin Luther as his call for reform emerged? A. Luther did not need political support and, therefore, was able to develop his ideas without political interference B. Luther understood the power of the new printing press and authorized the publication of his works C. Luther led a unified reform movement that was able to coordinate its actions in several different territories and kingdoms

What is the name given to French Protestants? A. Augustinians B. Huguenots C. Jesuits D. Carmelites

What major problem in the textile industry was solved by the inventions of James Hargreaves and Richard Arkwright? A. spinners were producing far more thread than weavers could use B. a weaver required several spinners to stay steadily employed

What place did prostitutes generally hold among the common people in towns? A. they were social outcasts condemned for their immoral behavior B. they were accepted members of the community of their laboring poor C. they were seen as spiritually corrupted members of their community who had to be eliminated when identified

What was Jethro Tull's contribution to English agriculture in the eighteenth century? A. He demonstrated that slow oxen that produced more manure were preferred for plowing than swifter-moving horses B. he critiqued accepted farming methods and developed better methods through empirical research

What was the key development in the eighteenth century that allowed continental banks to shed their earlier conservative nature? A. Industrialization of the Continent B. Establishment of limited liability investment C. recruitment of bank deposits from the landed aristocracy D. influx of British investment

What was the major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the Industrial Revolution? A. Thomas Newcomen's 1705 steam engine B. the development of the internal combustion engine

What was the outcome of the heightened central control established by absolutists and constitutional governments? A. reduced taxation growth in armed forces B. smaller and less expensive bureaucracies

What was theologian John Wyclif's main argument? A. The conciliar movement was heretical B. scripture alone should determine church belief and practice C. popes should be elected by all member of the clergy

What were Lutheran and Calvinist attitudes toward secular rulers? A. Lutherans and Calvinists believed that secular rulers must be obeyed and respected no matter what their religious beliefs B. Lutherans taught respect for authority while Calvinists encouraged opposition to political authorities who were considered ungodly C. Lutherans taught opposition to ungodly leaders while Calvinists taught obedience to all secular authorities D. Lutherans and Calvinists believed that secular leaders who violated the laws of nature must be opposed, while all others must be obeyed

Which of the following describes the role of women in guilds in the eighteenth century? A. guilds dropped all restriction that forbade women from serving as masters or laborers B. masters began to hire more female workers, often in defiance of guild rules

Who forced the king and the royal family to abandon Versailles and return to Paris? A. The peasants involved in the Great Fear B. several thousand Parisian women C. the rioters of the Bastille

Who was the wealthy Florentine responsible for the vast patronage of Renaissance artists? A. Cesare Borgia B. Cosimo de Medici C. Giovanni Sforza D. Gerolama Orsini

Who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Man (1790) and A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), the latter a founding text on the feminist movement? A. Olympe de Gouges B. Mary Wollstonecraft

Why did Great Britain seek to raise taxes on its American colonies in the 1760s? A. the rising cost of increasingly elaborate court ceremonies forced the government to seek tax increases on all its territories B. after doubling its national debt in the Seven Years' War, Great Britain sought to tax the American colonies to fund the further defense of the colonies

Why did Leopold II cancel his brother Joseph's radical edicts in the early 1790s? A. Leopold II was preparing Austria for war B. Leopold was attempting to restore order in Austria

Why do many historians now believe that the continued concentration by the French on artisan production of luxury items made sense in an era of industrialization? A. France, after a generation of revolution and war, was not in a position to industrialize B. France had long dominated that sector of production; it allowed France to capitalize on its know-how and international reputation

Why were cottage workers, accustomed to the putting-out system, reluctant to work in the new factories even when they received good wages? A. working in a factory meant getting up very early every day B. in a factory, workers had to keep up with the machine and follows its relentless tempo

Within the Ottoman government, who staffed the top DIFF: Levels of bureaucracy? A. The royal family B. The sultan's slave corps C. Islamic religious officials

Why did Prussia and Austria attack Denmark in 1864? A. Denmark sought to establish trade tolls along the narrow passage that linked the Baltic Sea with the North Sea. B. Denmark was attempting to bring two provinces that belonged to the German Confederation into a more centralized Danish state. C. Denmark established a series of laws that limited the civil rights of German-speaking people in Danish territory. D. Denmark sought to form a political alliance among the Scandinavian nations as a counter to growing Prussian power.

B. Denmark was attempting to bring two provinces that belonged to the German Confederation into a more centralized Danish state.

How did Charles X of France seek to rally political support for himself in 1830? A. He expanded voting rights to include nearly all men. B. He invaded Algeria and established it as a French territory. C. He promoted the Constitutional Charter and then guaranteed civil liberties. D. He overturned the law that prohibited the formation of labor unions.

B. He invaded Algeria and established it as a French territory.

How did English colonies differ from other major European colonies in their treatment of African women? A. Colonial officials encouraged English men to marry and father children with slave women in order to increase the population of the colonies B. African slave women were banned from English colonies for fear that they would seduce English men C. Colonial law required that children born of Englishmen and African women be sent out of the colony D. English masters rarely freed the children that they fathered with female slaves

How did famines affect the European population in the seventeenth century? A. The population continued to grow despite widespread malnutrition B. Large segments of the population immigrated to the American colonies C. The population remained relatively stable as the little food available was distributed evenly to all social classes at a 'just price' D. Malnutrition made people susceptible to deadly diseases, which reduced the population significantly

How did the Peace of Utrecht resolve the problem of succession to the Spanish throne? A. The leader of the Spanish House of Alva was placed on the throne by the nobility on offering guarantees that he would protect noble rights B. The monarchy was abolished and Spain declared a republic C. The German Habsburg Duke of Austria was placed on the throne after the death of his cousin, the Spanish Habsburg Charles II D. Louis XIV of France's grandson, Philip, was placed on the French throne with the agreement that the French and Spanish thrones would never be united

How did the choice to embrace or reject the reform movement occur in a territory or region in the HRE? A. Individual parishes selected their leaders, who would decide whether to reform the parish B. Local religious councils determined whether or not to embrace reform C. Individual priests decided whether or not to embrace the reform movement and introduce new doctrines and practices D. The political leader(s) of the territory or region determined whether to introduce reforms

How did wages change in the late nineteenth century? A. Real wages decreased for the mass of the population, and the gap between the rich and the poor increased. B. Real wages rose for the mass of the population, but the gap between the rich and the poor did not decrease. C. Real wages decreased for the mass of the population, but so did prices thanks to industrialization, leading to an increase in living standards. D. Real wages increased for the mass of the population, but prices rose even more dramatically, leading to a decrease in living standards.

B. Real wages rose for the mass of the population, but the gap between the rich and the poor did not decrease.

Which of the following is an accurate characterization of a socialist party in Europe prior to 1914? A. Russian socialists tended to be the most moderate of all the parties. B. The German socialist party talked revolution but practiced reformism. C. The British socialists, although not Marxist in orientation, were formally committed to revolution. D. The powerful French labor unions controlled the French Socialist Party.

B. The German socialist party talked revolution but practiced reformism.

When Hungary gained an independent status in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, how did it organize its domestic politics? A. A liberal constitution was created that granted universal male suffrage. B. The Magyar nobility dominated both the peasantry and minority populations through the parliament. C. A radical socialist state was formed in which committees of workers had full authority to review the actions of the parliament. D. The Hungarian military established a police state in which most civil liberties were sharply curtailed.

B. The Magyar nobility dominated both the peasantry and minority populations through the parliament.

On Map 22.2: The Modernization of Paris, ca. 1850-1870, what formed the boundary of Paris before 1860? A. The Wall of Philippe August B. The Tollhouse Wall C. The Fortress Wall D. The Boulevard Saint-Michel

B. The Tollhouse Wall

What was the Second Industrial Revolution? A. The extension of the textile and iron industries from Great Britain and Belgium to all parts of the Continent. B. The burst of industrial creativity and technological innovation that promoted strong economic growth toward the end of the nineteenth century. C. Ideas put forth by Karl Marx as to how industry would be organized after the successful proletarian revolution. D. The emergence of the United States at the end of the nineteenth century as the main challenger to the industry leadership of Great Britain.

B. The burst of industrial creativity and technological innovation that promoted strong economic growth toward the end of the nineteenth century.

How did the Enlightenment affect attitudes toward popular culture? A. Enlightened authors embraces popular culture as an authentic expression of the human condition unaffected by Christian theology B. Governments sought to use the critical perspectives of the Enlightenment to control and manage popular culture C. As the educated public adopted the Enlightenment's critical worldview, they increasingly saw popular culture as superstitious and vulgar

How did the nature of armed forces change in the latter half of the seventeenth century? A. Gunpowder technologies were used for the first time in field operations B. Improvement in artillery made the use of cavalry obsolete C. Army officers became obedient to monarchs instead of serving their own interests

In Historical and Critical Dictionary, Pierre Bayle demonstrated that A. the Bible was a fraudulent document promoted by the Catholic Church B. the mind and body are united into one substance c. all knowledge can be questioned and doubted

In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that A. sovereign authority rests in the hands of the people B. all people are born with certain ideas and way of thinking C. human development is determined by education and society D. governments are formed by contracts among free individuals

In terms of gender relations, Renaissance humanists argued that A. men and women were equals in intellectual pursuits B. the status of women had improved since the Middle Ages C. women's sphere of activity was private and domestic

In the 1780s, over 50 percent of France's annual budget was expended on A. the military B. the royal court C. interest payments on the debt D. bread subsidies for the poor

In the Netherlands, tensions were always present between supporters of the staunchly republican Estates and supporters of A. the Stuarts B. the Hohenzollerns C. the House of Orange D. the Bourbons

John Calvin rejected the idea of free will because he believes it would A. undermine the idea of human sinfulness B. eliminate the idea of the divine right of kings C. detract from the sovereignty of God

Rousseau's concept of the general will asserts that A. enlightened monarchs protect the interests of the entire society and should be relied on for reform B. the people's political wishes can be conveyed only by direct democracy the general will is not necessarily the will of the majority

Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental protraits are all characteristics of the style known as A. classicalism B. baroque c. rococo D. romanticism

The Pilgrimage of Grace attested to A. the continued strength of Catholicism in Southern Europe B. the popularity of John Calvin C. popular opposition, in northern England, to Henry VIII's reformation D. popular support of Luther in his conflict with the pope

The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis ended the conflict known as the A. Wars of the Roses B. Hundred Years' War C. Habsburg-Valois Wars D. Thirty Years' War

The enlightened policies of Frederick the Great included A. freeing the Prussian serfs B. curtailing the privilege of the nobility C. simplifying Prussia's laws

The final collapse of Spain as a great military power was symbolized by the defeat at the Battle of Rocroi and the resulting Treaty of A. Utrecht B. the White Mountain C. the Pyrenees D. Westphalia

The guiding force behind Cardinal Richelieu's domestic policies was A. reform of the church B. a belief in decentralization C. the subordination of all institutions to the monarchy

The industrious revolution was a result of A. the reduction of holidays and festivals by the state in order to create more work days during the year, combined with laws requiring the closing of taverns two hours past sunset B. efforts by Protestant and Catholic churches to combat sin by promoting a gospel of prosperity and industry that would keep workers productively at their labors C. poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to by consumer goods

The men elected to represent the third estate at the Estates General were primarily A. provincial nobles B. businessmen C. lawyers and government officials

The most important factor in the emergence of the Italian Renaissance was the A. decline of religious feeling B. political disunity of Italy C. great commercial revival in Italy D. creation of powerful, centralized monarchies

What caused the life-and-death political struggle between the Girondists and the Mountain? A. the Girondist's rejection of war B. the Girondist's radical economic and social policies C. the Girondist's more moderate policies

What did Henry Cort develop? A. the first locomotive, after much experimentation B. the first commercial steamship, initially used in North America C. the puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined with coke

What did the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre lead to? A. The end of Protestant power in France B. New efforts to bring civil order to France C. lengthy civil war D. An international peace conference

What group of people benefited the most from large price increases in the sixteenth century? A. the nobility B. the urban working class C. the middle class D. the upper-DIFF: level clergy

What helped to justify the growth of slavery in the eighteenth century? A. the defense of social inequalities between men and women by certain philosophes B. the bureaucratic reforms of practitioners of enlightened absolutism C. the emergence of scientific racism

What individuals believed the merging of Christian and classical traditions could provide reform for the church and deepen the spiritual lives of people? A. Patricians B. Conversos C. Christian humanists D. Jacobites

What occurred during the Hundred Days in France? A. The sans-culottes committed the September Massacres B. Napoleon was driven from Russia C. Napoleon returned from exile to rule France briefly

What was Napoleon's Grand Empire? A. an enlarged France and several satellite kingdoms, on the thrones of which Napoleon placed members of his family B. an enlarged France and the independent but allied states of Austria, Prussia, and Russia C. an enlarged France and several satellite kingdoms, and the independent but allied states of Austria, Prussia, and Russia

What was the goal of the Committee of Public Safety? A. the build of coalition of provincial leaders in order to suppress rebellions in France B. to establish a secret police force in order to institute the Reign of Terror C. to use discorial powers to respond to threats to France from without and within

What was the greatest achievement of eighteenth-century medical science? A. control of venereal disease B. elimination of the bubonic plague C. conquest of smallpox

What were the achievements of the Avignon popes before the Great Schism? A. The established political dominance throughout Italy and established a bureaucracy to govern the region B. They established direct papal control over the monastic orders and their clerical wealth C. They reformed the financial administration of the church and centralized its government

Which of the following characterizes the English Revolution of 1688? A. The revolution restored the monarchy after the disastrous era of Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate B. The revolution secured equal rights for all Christians, including Catholics C. The revolution did not constitute a democratic revolution since sovereignty was placed in the parliament, which only represented the upper class

Which of the following did Francesco Petrarch believe? A. A new era would dawn as writers stripped Christianity of the classical Roman influences that had polluted the church's teachings B. The writers of ancient Greece had reached a perfection in literature and philosophy that the writers of ancient Rome had corrupted C. The recovery of classical texts would bring about a new golden age of intellectual achievement D. The barbarian invaders had brought a new, vigorous energy to Western culture that needed to be integrated into the classical tradition

Who predicted in Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790) that reform like that occurring in France would lead only to chaos and tyranny? A. Mary Wollstonecraft B. Thomas Paine C. Edmund Burke D. Abbe de Sieyes

Why did Jan Hus gain so many followers? A. His attack on the political power of monasteries and the wealth of clergy resonated with many people who were angry over the behavior of the clergy during the Black Death B. His attack on indulgences and papal offers of remission of sins resonated with many people who resented the costs of the Crusades C. His attack on papal authority and his call for the translation of the Bible into Czech resonated with many people who opposed to the church's wealth and were experiencing an emerging Czech nationalism

In almost every advanced country around 1900, the wealthiest 20 percent of households received A. 25 percent to 30 percent of all national income. B. 30 percent to 40 percent of all national income. C. 50 percent to 60 percent of all national income. D. 80 percent of all national income.

C. 50 percent to 60 percent of all national income.

In the nineteenth century, how did Ireland's population grow despite extreme poverty? A. The amount of land a peasant could lease increased with the number of children in his household. B. Landlords, believing that large families were guarantees of stability, would only lease land to families with at least five children. C. Extensive cultivation of the humble potato D. The Industrial Revolution in England created a never-ending source of employment for Ireland's surplus population.

C. Extensive cultivation of the humble potato

According to Map 21.2: Peoples of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1815, which nationalities dominated the Habsburg monarchy? [picture of map] A. Italians and Romanians B. Poles and Ruthians C. Germans and Hungarians D. Czechs and Slovaks

C. Germans and Hungarians

What effect did the Dreyfus affair have on late nineteenth-century France? A. It revived the prestige of the French army. B. It drove a wedge between Catholics and anti-Semites. C. It revived republican distrust of Catholicism. D. It fanned the flames of French imperialism.

C. It revived republican distrust of Catholicism.

What was companionate marriage? A. Marriage for the sake of convenience B. Marriage for economic or social reasons C. Marriage based on romantic love and middle-class family values D. Marriage chosen by the parents of the couple

C. Marriage based on romantic love and middle-class family values

What was a result of improved economic conditions in the nineteenth century? A. More job opportunities for women outside the home B. More women remained single C. Married women were not expected to work outside the home D. Extension of the vote to women in much of Europe

C. Married women were not expected to work outside the home

How did the goals of middle-class feminists differ from those of socialist women? A. Middle-class women believed that women's liberation required greater access to educational opportunities, while socialist women emphasized the need of women to support men on the barricades. B. Middle-class women supported the efforts to obtain economic rights for women, while socialist women fought for an expansion of the welfare state. C. Middle-class women fought for the right to vote, while socialist women argued that women's liberation could only occur as part of a working-class revolution. D. Middle-class women endorsed the separate spheres theory in order to enhance women's power in the home, while socialists emphasized the need to empower women in the workplace immediately.

C. Middle-class women fought for the right to vote, while socialist women argued that women's liberation could only occur as part of a working-class revolution.

How were same-sex relations among women regarded in comparison to same-sex relations among men? A. same-sex relations among women were considered a youthful indiscretion that carried no particular stigma or condemnation, while those among men were harshly condemned as an attack on manly virtue B. same-sex relations were encouraged among unmarried women and men as a way to squelch sexual passions C. same-sex relations among men were accepted in imitation of Greek and Roman models, but those among women were harshly condemned as unnatural D. while considered unnatural, same-sex relations among women attracted less anxiety and condemnation than those among men

In the eighteenth century, what was the focal point of community cohesion? A. the lord's manor B. the marketplace C. the tavern D. the parish church

In the seventeenth century, the Dutch East India Company A. established outposts in New York (New Amsterdam) and elsewhere in the Americas B handled the shipment of gold and silver bullion from Spanish America to Spain C. established bases in the Caribbean D. took over much of the East Indies from Portugal

In the wake of the Great Fear in the summer of 1789, the National Assembly restored order by A. calling up army and militia units to suppress the rebellious peasants B. promising to re-establish the control on bread prices C. reducing taxes on agricultural products D. abolishing all of the old noble and church privileges

Johannes Kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of planets A. caused each planet to move at a uniform speed B. demonstrated the presence of Satan's disruptive influence in the universe C. were interspersed with epicycles and deferents D. produced a musical harmony of heavenly bodies

Population growth in Europe in the eighteenth century occurred A. only in a few regions that were able to avoid warfare B. primarily in regions that saw substantial agricultural innovations C. primarily in prosperous regions that were establishing colonial lands in Asia and the Americas D. in all regions

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen guaranteed A. the abolition of monopolies, guilds, and workers' associations B. religious toleration to French Jews and Protestants C. elimination of all barriers to trade within France D. equality before the law

The Edict of Nantes A. permitted French Huguenots to worship wherever they wished as long as they continually to pay taxes to the Catholic Church B. ordered all French Huguenots to convert to Catholicism or leave France C. required all Catholic priests in France to swear an oath of loyalty to the king D. granted French Huguenots the right to worship in 150 towns

To improve the rural economy and the lives of the peasants, Empress Maria Theresa of Austria A. increased church influence on the agricultural population B. ordered the adoption of scientific farming techniques C. abolished serfdom D. reduced nobles' power over their serfs

Until at least 1750, the practice of late marriage did not lead to a large number of illegitimate children because A. sexual activity prior to marriage was extremely rare and harshly punished by the church B. poor nutrition dramatically diminished women's ability to become pregnant and to carry a child to term C. unmarried pregnant commonly aborted their fetuses D. of community pressure on a couple to marry when the woman became pregnant

What caused the pattern of late marriage in early modern Europe? A. the prevalence of the extended family structure B. the fear of overpopulation C. the availability of premarital sex D. it was necessary precondition of economic independence

Why did most ordinary Poles oppose the Lutheran reform movement? A. They were exempt from most church taxes B. They saw the Catholic Church as a counterweight to the power of the Polish monarchy C. The believed themselves specially selected by God to preserve the Catholic faith D. They held strong anti-German feelings

Why did the French commissioners in Saint-Domingue abolish slavery in 1793? A. they were required by the Committe of Public Safety to apply the principles of liberty and equality to all French lands B. the British and Spanish had already outlawed slavery; the French commissionaires feared a rebellion if they did not do likewise C. they were captured by slave armies and forced to issue the edict abolishing slavery D. they were desperate to rally the rebel slaves to the French cause against the Spanish and English forces on the island

Why did socialist parties become more moderate by the late 1800s? A. Socialist leaders saw revolution as a threat to their increasingly respectable social positions. B. The increasingly radical and aggressive trade union movements frightened socialist parties and turned them in a more moderate direction. C. Socialist leaders, like so many of their followers, became ardent patriots and grew as nationalistic as conservatives. D. As socialist parties attracted larger numbers of members, they looked more toward gradual change and less toward revolution.

D. As socialist parties attracted larger numbers of members, they looked more toward gradual change and less toward revolution.

Why did Klemens von Metternich, as Austrian foreign minister, have to oppose the spread of nationalism in Europe? A. As a classical liberal, he feared that it would lead to intolerance and violence. B. Austria's rulers feared the power of a resurgent nationalist Ottoman Empire. C. Austria pursued a policy of free trade, which was incompatible with economic nationalism. D. Austria was a multiethnic empire, and the spread of nationalism among its different ethnic groups threatened to dissolve the empire.

D. Austria was a multiethnic empire, and the spread of nationalism among its different ethnic groups threatened to dissolve the empire.

How did Louis Napoleon believe that the people should be represented in government? A. By special citizens' committees that would watch over the work of political officials B. By special interest groups that presented the ideas and views of people to government officials C. By parliaments freely elected by universal male suffrage D. By a strong national leader whose reforms would aid all the people

D. By a strong national leader whose reforms would aid all the people

How did the culture of sports change in the late nineteenth century? A. As the middle classes separated from the working classes, the working classes adopted more brutal sports such as bare-knuckle boxing. B. Sports became private activities between local clubs that resisted commercialization. C. Sports were taken over by elite society, which added costs that the poor could not afford. D. Cruel sports such as cockfighting declined, while commercialized spectator sports became popular.

D. Cruel sports such as cockfighting declined, while commercialized spectator sports became popular.

What was one of Karl Marx's most important criticisms of the French utopian socialists? A. Several of them were of noble birth. B. They underestimated the intelligence of the working classes. C. Central economic planning was inefficient. D. Their utopian schemes were not realistic.

D. Their utopian schemes were not realistic.

In nineteenth-century Italy, Giuseppe Garibaldi was a A. hardline socialist. B. liberal technocrat. C. visionary industrialist. D. romantic nationalist.

D. romantic nationalist.

According to Map 24.3: Asia in 1914, which Western power had the latest date of colonization in Asia?

The Japanese Empire

In the nineteenth century, what country dominated the three-thousand-mile archipelago that is now Indonesia?

The Netherlands

What did peasants on the collective farm expect from their first year of collectivization, as described by Fedor Belov in Primary Source 27.3?

That the operation of the kolkhoz would work to their advantage since the harvest was successful

Why did the Germans accept the Treaty of Versailles?

They had little alternative, especially as the naval blockade was still in place and the German people were starving.

How did the Western powers react to the declarations of independence by Syria and Iraq shortly following the First World War?

They invaded the two regions and defeated the independence movements.

The October Manifesto in the Russian Revolution of 1905 granted full civil rights and promised

a popularly elected Duma or parliament.

In Primary Source 27.2: Stalin Justifies the Five-Year Plan, Stalin wants the Soviet Union to

catch up with the West in terms of technology and industry in a very short time or risk going under.

In On the Inequality of the Human Races (1854), Count Arthur de Gobineau divided humanity into the white, black, and yellow races and

championed the "Aryan race" for its supposedly superior qualities.

In Stalin's Soviet Union, women

could enter the ranks of specialists in industry and science.

The German government's printing of money to pay unemployment benefits to workers striking in the Ruhr against the Franco-Belgian occupation of 1923 led to

hyperinflation.

In Civilization and Its Discontents (1930), Freud argued that civilization required

individuals to renounce their irrational instincts in order to live peaceably in groups.

In his writings on human psychology, Sigmund Freud asserted that

the id is the unconscious source of sexual and aggressive instincts.

John McCrae's poem "In Flanders Fields," as shown in Primary Source 25.2, states that the dead want

the living to fight those who killed them.

The nineteenth-century Danish theologian Søren Kierkegaard taught that

the study of the non-Western world shows us that there are many versions of God and all of them are legitimate.

The parliamentary government in Italy was breaking down at the time of the Fascist march on Rome in October 1922, largely because of

the violence perpetrated by Mussolini's own black-shirted militants.

In Primary Source 26.2: The Futurist Manifesto, what does Filippo Tommaso Marinetti have to say about war?

War and its ideals will be idolized by Futurists.

Map 27.3: World War II in Europe and Africa, 1939-1945 shows important sieges in which three cities?

Warsaw, Leningrad, and Stalingrad

What was Britain's decisive advantage in its war with China?

Britain had control of the seas.

What was the primary consequence of the First Moroccan Crisis in 1905?

Britain, France, and Russia began to see Germany as a threat to dominate all of Europe.

Why did Britain adopt a policy of appeasement in its relationship with Hitler?

British conservative leaders underestimated Hitler.

What idea does the functionalist architecture of Le Corbusier promote?

Buildings should be built without ornamentation and instead be practical structures with clean, straight lines.

What was an important factor in both the rapid growth of the American stock market in the 1920s and its collapse in October 1929?

Buying on margin

How did German chancellor Heinrich Brüning try to cope with the Great Depression in the early 1930s?

By cutting government spending and squeezing wages and prices

Confraternities were part of a movement in which A. nuns were authorized to perform the sacraments in regions in which no priest resided B. monks left monasteries in order to serve parishes without regular priests C. laymen and laywomen increasingly took control of parish affairs

Galileo was placed on trial for heresy owin to publication of A. The Sidereal Messenger B. On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres C. Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World

How did Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity? A. It demonstrated that the biological and physical properties of nature operated by different principles B. It proved that the workings of nature could be understood without reference of God C. It synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire unierse was unified into one coherent system

How did labor in British families change in the eighteenth century? A. family members increasingly adopted new machines that reduced the time of household labor significantly B. husbands became more involved in managing the household C. family members shifted labor away from unpaid work for household consumption and toward work for wages

How did railroads affect the nature of production? A. the speed of rail travel required manufacturers to adopt more regularized work routines B. railroads permitted factories to be established anywhere, without concern for access to other resources C. markets became broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines

How did the Concordat resolve the crisis over Catholicism in France in the Napoleonic era? A. the Catholic Church was again recognized as the state religion, which all citizens had to embrace or face prosecution under the law B. the Catholic Church reclaimed full authority over the appointment of church officials , while the French state gained the right to oversee church finances C. the Catholic Church gained the right to practice religion freely, while the French state gained greater control over the nomination of church officers and church activities

France supported the Protestant princes of Germany in order to A. spread Protestantism B. prevent English influence from increasing in Germany C. contain Protestantism east of the Rhine D. prevent Charles V from increasing his power

According to recent scholarship, during the eighteenth century, the guild system A. was in the process of collapse as new technologies made guild regulations obsolete B. inhibited the development of the economy through its rigid rules and their strict application C. provided the foundation for Great Britain's economic growth, since the guilds were strongly supported under British law D. remained flexible ass masters adopted new technologies and circumvented impractical rules

What did the middle class generally agree was the correct attitude toward behavior and morality? A. Always adhere to a strict moral code. B. Whatever is fashionable is acceptable. C. Those who fall into poverty or crime are not responsible for their circumstances. D. Morality is based on natural law, not on Christianity.

A. Always adhere to a strict moral code.

How did the electric streetcar affect the urban environment? A. Cities could expand as even people of modest means could travel quickly and cheaply to new, improved, and less congested housing. B. The wealthy and middle classes could isolate themselves since the streetcar was too expensive for the poor. C. Urban dwellers adopted the practice of returning home for lunch, diminishing the sense of attachment one felt to the workplace environment. D. Cities abandoned efforts to control urban growth as the boundaries of cities expanded.

A. Cities could expand as even people of modest means could travel quickly and cheaply to new, improved, and less congested housing.

In the early twentieth century, why were extensive social welfare programs slow to form in Great Britain? A. The conservative, aristocratic House of Lords resisted the formation of such programs until the king threatened to appoint new nobles who would support the programs. B. Social welfare programs violated the broad idea of liberalism that was powerfully supported by the middle class in Great Britain. C. Great Britain's tradition of low taxes provided no income for such programs, which would require a restructuring of government finances and additional taxation. D. Great Britain lacked the administrative system to organize such programs and the data needed to implement them.

A. The conservative, aristocratic House of Lords resisted the formation of such programs until the king threatened to appoint new nobles who would support the programs.

What caused the revolutionary reduction in the size of European families? A. The family's desire to improve its economic and social position B. The effectiveness and availability of birth control C. The pursuit of careers outside the home by married women D. The epidemic of infertility related to environmental contamination.

A. The family's desire to improve its economic and social position

Why did illegitimacy rates decline after 1850? A. The higher incidence of marriage for expectant mothers B. Decreased premarital sexual activity C. The increased availability of contraception and abortion D. The increased influence of religion among the lower classes

A. The higher incidence of marriage for expectant mothers

9. What did Count Henri de Saint-Simon believe in the nineteenth century? A. The key to progress was proper social organization. B. Sexual freedom was a necessary component of political freedom. C. Nature should be worshiped as a god. D. Ownership of private property was a crime.

A. The key to progress was proper social organization.

In Primary Source 21.4: The Republican Spirit in Paris, 1848, what did the Provisional Government promise the nation? A. To institute the democratic government that France owes itself B. To institute a socialist government in which all are equal in terms of income C. To institute a republican government that will recapture the strength and glory of Napoleonic France D. To institute an empire that will reconstitute the French colonial holdings lost in the previous century

A. To institute the democratic government that France owes itself

The romantic movement was characterized by A. a belief in emotional exuberance and unrestrained imagination. B. the application of the scientific method to the study of nature. C. an emphasis on reason. D. a life that was restrained and orderly.

A. a belief in emotional exuberance and unrestrained imagination.

In Great Britain, the Great Reform Bill of 1832 A. gave greater representation to the new, industrial areas of the nation. B. retained electoral districts with very few voters. C. quadrupled the number of voters. D. granted the right to vote to substantial farmers but not the middle-class urban population.

A. gave greater representation to the new, industrial areas of the nation.

As the nineteenth century progressed, the upper middle class A. tended to merge with the old aristocracy. B. formed tighter bonds with the rest of the middle class. C. retained its frugal attitudes. D. increasingly turned toward socialism.

A. tended to merge with the old aristocracy.

Why did the possibility of a federation of Italian states under the presidency of a progressive pope disappear after the Revolutions of 1848? A. Pius IX sought to remove the Catholic Church entirely from the political arena and to take a position of complete neutrality regarding modern political trends. B. The cautious support for unification that Pius IX had offered before 1848 turned into hostility after he was temporarily driven from Rome during the Revolutions of 1848. C. The College of Cardinals vetoed the idea of the pope assuming the position of president of a federation of Italian states as unworthy of the dignity of the papacy. D. The rulers of several Italian states wanted the position of president themselves and blocked any possibility of offering Pius IX the position.

B. The cautious support for unification that Pius IX had offered before 1848 turned into hostility after he was temporarily driven from Rome during the Revolutions of 1848.

How did the expansion of the Industrial Revolution affect the work life of the middle class? A. The middle class increasingly used their ownership of businesses to distance themselves from active roles in the economy. B. The middle class established a range of new professions, which required specialized knowledge and advanced education. C. Increasingly undermined by wealthy industrialists, the middle class turned into wage laborers with a standard of living barely above that of the laboring poor. D. The middle class left management positions in large private and public organizations, believing them to be beneath their dignity.

B. The middle class established a range of new professions, which required specialized knowledge and advanced education.

During the Prussian revolution in 1848, why did the alliance between middle-class liberals and workers dissolve? A. Middle-class liberals reinforced free-trade economic policies that would harm the working class. B. Workers demanded a series of democratic and vaguely socialist reforms. C. Middle-class liberals instituted high property requirements for voting rights. D. Workers demanded property redistribution.

B. Workers demanded a series of democratic and vaguely socialist reforms.

What was the long-established customs union among the German states? A. Zemstvo B. Zollverein C. Reichstag D. North German Confederation

B. Zollverein

After years of scientific investigation and reflection, Charles Darwin concluded that A. each species of animal was a divine creation. B. all life had gradually evolved from a common ancestral origin. C. acquired characteristics could be passed on to one's children. D. his ideas about biological evolution should be applied to human affairs.

B. all life had gradually evolved from a common ancestral origin.

8. Karl Marx argued that socialism would be established A. through electoral victories and control of legislatures. B. by violent revolution. C. by the cooperation of all classes to alleviate poverty and exploitation. D. through the efforts of enlightened rulers.

B. by violent revolution.

The romantic poet William Wordsworth conceived of poetry as the A. coded identification of social norms designed as a puzzle to be solved. B. spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling recollected in tranquility. C. light and airy demonstration of wit meant to express social conflicts. D. structured use of rhyme and meter to clarify the expression of ideas.

B. spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling recollected in tranquility.

What characteristics did Communist and fascist dictatorships share?

Both engaged in state-controlled social engineering projects meant to replace individualism with a unified "people."

What did the Balfour Declaration of November 1917, written by British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour, announce?

Britain favored a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine.

According to Map 21.1: Europe in 1815, why was the Austrian Empire able to maintain order in most of Europe between 1815 and 1848? A. Bordering as it did on both the Russian and the Ottoman empires, it was well positioned to exert control over two empires that were hostile to one another. B. With significant territories on the Italian peninsula and a commanding position within the German Confederation, the Austrian Empire was able to suppress the interest in reform and change in the areas closest to itself. C. Owing to its large size, the Austrian Empire was able to influence the actions of the Kingdom of Prussia, thus holding a greater position within the German Confederation. D. Though acquiring far-reaching territory, the Austrian Empire was able to implement the German language in all previously non-German speaking lands.

C. Owing to its large size, the Austrian Empire was able to influence the actions of the Kingdom of Prussia, thus holding a greater position within the German Confederation.

What was the result of the "June Days" in France in 1848? A. The decision to abandon universal male suffrage and elect a new Constituent Assembly based on a limited electorate B. The invitation to Louis Napoleon, the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, to become emperor of France C. The triumph of the republican army under General Louis Cavaignac, after street fighting and the death or injury of more than ten thousand people D. The invasion of France by Prussia, which led to the restoration of Louis Philippe

C. The triumph of the republican army under General Louis Cavaignac, after street fighting and the death or injury of more than ten thousand people

What was the political goal of creating free, compulsory elementary education in late-nineteenth-century France? A. To prepare children to serve the state in wartime, either in the battlefield or on the home front B. To prepare children for work in the industrial setting and promote obedience to managerial authority C. To act as a nation-building tool in which all children would be taught secular, republican values D. To create a uniform base of knowledge that all children would be able to use in their professional lives

C. To act as a nation-building tool in which all children would be taught secular, republican values

The Karlsbad Decrees of 1819 A. established a free trade zone within the German Confederation and offered economic privileges to member states. B. created a legislature that united all of the German states but left real decision-making authority with local rulers. C. defined an idea of German nationalism built around a common language, culture, and set of values. D. required members of the German Confederation to root out subversive ideas and to spy on liberal and radical organizations.

C. defined an idea of German nationalism built around a common language, culture, and set of values.

The British Corn Laws of 1815 were enacted with the goal of A. lowering tariffs on grains in order to provide inexpensive food for the poor. B. allowing reciprocal trade between Britain and the United States, marking the formal end of hostilities following the War of 1812. C. forbidding the importation of foreign grain unless prices in Britain reached very high DIFF: Levels, selfishly benefiting the aristocratic landowners in Britain. D. permitting the importation of food products into Britain only if they had not been cultivated or harvested with slave labor, marking the beginning of British action to end slavery.

C. forbidding the importation of foreign grain unless prices in Britain reached very high DIFF: Levels, selfishly benefiting the aristocratic landowners in Britain.

According to Map 25.4: Territorial Changes after World War I, which new states were once part of the Russian Empire?

Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland

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