The Nervous System

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sodium potassium pumps

restore the distribution of ions inside and outside a neuron's membrane following an action potential.

During repolarization

sodium channels close and potassium rushes out of the cell to temporarily re-establish the membrane potential.

what is first to occur during an action potential

sodium channels open

With each cycle of the sodium-potassium pump

the net effect is removal of one osmotic particle and one positive charge from inside the cell

Electrical impulses are transmitted between components of the central nervous system via

interneurons

a neuron has a resting potential of about __ millivolts

-70

which occurs last in association with the transmission of an impulse across a synapse

chemically gated channels for sodium open

what causes the release of neurotransmitter molecules?

an action potential reaching the end of the axon

Motor neurons transmit impulses __ from the central nervous system

away

An action potential moves along an

axon

a nerve impulse moves away from a neuron's cell body along

axons

the left and right sides of the cerebrum are interconnected by

corpus callosum

12 pair of __ nerves carry nerve impulses from the brain to glands, muscles, head, neck, and to abdominal and thoracic cavities.

cranial

a nerve impulse moves toward a neuron's cell body along

dendrites

Shifting the membrane potential of a neuron from negative to positive, due to inward movement of sodium ions, is referred to as ________.

depolarization

order of central nervous system meninges

dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

the central nervous system is enclosed by membranes or meninges called

dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid

3 main anatomical an functional divisions of the brain are

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

in myelinated neurons the impulse jumps from

node of ranvier to node of ranvier

cells that provide direct protection and physical support to neurons are

neuroglial cells

oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells are both

neuroglial cells

a molecule that carries information across the synaptic cleft is a

neurotransmitter

Insufficient production of acetylcholine in the synapses of the brain, abnormal tangled neurons, and large deposits of beta amyloid are problems associated with

Alzheimer's disease

During a synaptic transmission what is released?

neurotransmitters

what type of cell makes up the myelin sheath of a motor neuron?

Schwann cells

a neurons nucleus is located in its

cell body

neurotransmitter that functions as an inhibitory agent, suppresses the sensation of pain

endorphins

axons insulated by a __ are able to conduct impulses faster than those not insulated

myelin sheath

cells in nerve tissue that support and protect neurons are __ cells

neurogial

During which of the following phases of an action potential do the sodium channels close and potassium channels open, releasing potassium from the neuron?

repolarization

excitatory neurotransmitters encourage the generation of new electrical impulses by

stimulating depolarization of postsynaptic neurons

the space between two neurons that meet at a synapse

synaptic cleft

What part of neuron relays signals from one neuron to another neuron to an effector

synaptic terminal

Neurons store neurotransmitter molecules in vesicles located within

synaptic terminals

The central nervous system is composed of

the brain and spinal cord

During an action potential

the inside of the neuron becomes positively charged relative to the outside

Saltatory conduction is

the process of conduction leaping along myelinated neurons

when a neuron is at resting potential

there are more potassium ions inside the neuron than outside

Sensory neurons transmit impulses __ the central nervous system

toward


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