The Past in Perspective chapter 5-8
Paleolithic
(Old stone age) The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period.
Up to 50,000 years ago, what was the relationship between anatomically modern humans and us?
. They looked like us but did not think like us.
Genetic evidence from the oldest known human skeletons in the New World dating from no more than __________ years ago indicate close connections between _________.
13,000; the skeletal remains of the first Americans, Native Americans, and the ancient and modern inhabitants of Siberia.
Evidence of wild grain harvesting and consumption in Israel dates to as early as
20,000 B.P
When did Aborigines occupy the harsh interior of Australia?
20,000-25,000 years ago.
Modern Homo sapiens
200 kya - present
Gravettian Tradition
27,000-21,000 BP • emphasizes smaller blades and knives.
Paleogenetic and paleoecological evidence points to dates of occupation for Australia as far back as:
60,000 B.P..
Archaeological evidence for the production of cheese and yogurt in Europe suggests that dairying became an important part of subsistence by ______ years ago, with _______ providing an adaptive advantage.
7,500; the lactase persistence mutation.
Unequivocal evidence for art as symbolic expression dates from as early as:
77,000 BP, at Blombos Cave.
Ice Free Corridor
A potential migration route for populations expanding out of Beringia, running between the Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets
Mitochondrial DNA
A small amount of DNA that is located in the mitochondria of cells. Mitochondrial DNA is inherited only through the mother.
What is evidence for interbreeding between anatomically modern humans and Neandertals?
A small but significant percentage of the genome of modern humans who trace their ancestry to Europe and Asia originated with Neandertals.
Levallois technique
A three-step toolmaking method used by Neanderthals. The knapper first makes a core having a precisely shaped convex surface, then makes a striking platform at one end of the core, and finally knocks a flake off the striking platform.
Which tool technology is associated with anatomically modern Homo sapiens?
Acheulean.
Clovis points are NOT found in:
Alaska
Châtelperronian
An Upper Paleolithic tool industry that has been found in association with later Neandertals. (mix of nethndertals and modern human tech)
What evidence is there that Neandertals were hunters?
Animal bones were found showing stone tool cut marks and no animal teeth marks
Which area is home to the tradition of making stone tools from chipped pebbles, called Hoabinhian?
Asia
Upon exploring Rhode Island, the Italian navigator Giovanni de Verrazzano noted that the native people resembled:
Asians
How did Aurignacian technology differ from Mousterian technology?
Aurignacian technology produced more usable blade surface.
Which continent features the earliest evidence of etching into a rock face?
Australia
Toward the end of the Pleistocene, between 28,000 and 18,000 years ago, worldwide sea level was much lower than present day, resulting in the exposure of a landmass east of Siberia called __________. This period is called the _______.
Beringia; Late Glacial Maximum.
Which of the following appears to be a hybridization of Neandertal and modern human stone tool technologies?
Châtelperronian
Which of the following is the name of the stone blade exhibiting a fluted point on both faces and associated with extinct elephants?
Clovis.
What is one of the differences between simple foragers and complex foragers?
Complex foragers focus on a few highly productive resources..
Which of the following is the Pleistocene ice mass in North America centered in the Rocky Mountains?
Cordilleran
Wedge-shaped cores
Cores shaped like wedges from which blades were struck; found as part of the Paleo-Arctic tradition in northeastern Asia and also found as part of the Denali Complex in the American Arctic.
What is the name of the lithic technology seen in the Arctic and consisting of wedge-shaped cores, micro-blades, bifacial knives, and burins?
Denali Complex
Premodern Homo Sapiens
Extinct sub-species of humanity that share much in common with modern or anatomically modern Homo sapiens, but who commonly retain primitive skeletal features and possess a somewhat smaller mean cranial capacity than modern people.
That modern Africans do not possess any Neandertal DNA indicates that
Gene flow between Neandertals and anatomically modern humans occurred after anatomically modern humans migrated out of Africa.
musculoskeletal hypertrophy
Great size and associated strength in the muscles and bones of a species or individual
Archaic Homo sapiens
Hominins dating from 500,000 to 200,000 years ago that possessed morphological features found in both Homo erectus and Homo sapiens
In Holocene Africa, the __________ was replaced by the ____________.
Iberomaurusian culture; Capsian culture.
Why did the spear-thrower represent a useful innovation and to when does it date?
It launched projectiles with greater force and accuracy beginning in the Upper Paleolithic and Late Stone Age..
What effect did the late Pleistocene to early Holocene climate change have on human populations?
It tested the ability of human beings to adapt..
Since the end of the Pleistocene, humans have increasingly been responsible for the extinction of animal species. If allowed to continue, what are the likely consequences of these extinctions?
It will have negative impacts on everything
What designation for a pottery style was eventually applied to an entire cultural complex that moved across the Pacific?
Lapita
Aurignacian
Lithic tool technology associated with anatomically modern human beings in Europe about 40,000 years ago. Includes long, narrow blade tools.
Which tool technology is associated with Neandertals?
Mousterian
The complex-foraging ________ culture replaced simple-foraging societies in the Levant.
Natufian
In what way were Neandertals physically different from modern Homo sapiens?
Neandertals had wide, squat torsos and short extremities.
Why do we know more about Neandertals than other extinct species of premodern humans?
Neandertals used caves in Europe where their remains were preserved.
When anatomically modern humans first arrived in the Middle East, who did they encounter?
Neandertals, the evolutionary descendants of the premodern human inhabitants of Europe and Asia.
The revolution in food production that accelerated worldwide population growth is called the ________; it occurred _____ years ago.
Neolithic Demographic Transition; beginning 11,000 years ago.
Which of the following is the last to be occupied by human beings?
New Zealand.
atlatl
Notched throwing stick used by hunters to propel spears farther and faster.
Gracile Australopithecines
One member of the genus Australopithecus possessing a more lightly built chewing apparatus; likely had a diet that included more meat than that of the robust australopithecines
Pre-Clovis
One of the three models for human occupation of the americas; human occupation of the americas predates 13,500ya
Folsom
Paleo-Indian archaeological complex of the southern Great Plains, around 12,500 ya, characterized by fluted projectile points used for hunting now-extinct bison
Recent discoveries at the Cuncaicha rockshelter and Pucuncho quarry site provide evidence for which of the following?
Paleoindians inhabited a wide diversity of habitats, including some of the highest elevations in the New World.
Venus figurines
Paleolithic carvings of the female form, often with exaggerated breasts, buttocks, hips, and stomachs, which may have had religious significance
Nenana Complex
Perhaps the oldest stone-tool complex identified in Alaska dating from 11,800 to 11,000 B.P. Nenana includes bifacially flaked, un-fluted spear points.
Laurentide
Pleistocene ice sheet centered in the Hudson Bay region and extending across much of eastern Canada and the northern United States
Cordilleran
Pleistocene ice sheet originating in mountains of western North America
fluted point
Projectile points made by Paleoindians in the New World between about 13,200 and 10,000 B.P. The points exhibit a distinctive channel or "flute" (as in the flutes in a fluted column) on both faces. These channels aided in hafting the spearpoint onto its wooden shaft. The two major forms of fluted point are Clovis and Folsom.
Burins
Small, chisel-like tools with a pointed end; thought to have been used to engrave bone, antler, ivory, or wood.
The __________ tradition features finely made, leaf-shaped stone blades. The __________ tradition, which followed behind it, emphasizes bone and antler work.
Solutrean; Magdelanian.
Pleistocene Overkill Hypothesis
States that humans were primarily responsible for the demise of the megafauna at the close of the Pleistocene, approximately 10,000 years ago, from overhunting as human populations expanded at that time.
During the Pleistocene era, the islands of Java, Sumatra, Bali, and Borneo formed ___________. The landmass connecting Australia, New Guinea, and Tasmania was called ___________.
Sunda; Sahul.
What is the wild progenitor of maize?
Teosinte
Lapita
The earliest Austronesian migrants to sail out into the Pacific Ocean and establish settlements in Pacific islands.
Paleoindians
The earliest hominid inhabitants of the Americas; they likely migrated from Asia and are associated with the Clovis and Folsom stone tool cultures in North America and comparable tools in South America.
The early Mesolithic Maglemosian culture was adapted to:
The early Mesolithic Maglemosian culture was adapted to:
Late Stone Age
The end of the New Stone Age. It is the beginning of civilization.
Sahul
The landmass that encompassed Australia, Tasmania, and New Guinea during periods of low sea level
Upper Paleolithic
The last part (10,000 to 40,000 years ago) of the Old Stone Age, featuring tool industries characterized by long slim blades and an explosion of creative symbolic forms.
Middle Paleolithic
The middle part of the Old Stone Age, associated with Mousterian tools, which Neandertals produced using the Levallois technique.
Melanesia
The most populous of the three groups of Pacific islands, includes Fiji, Papua New Guinea, and others.
Middle Stone Age
The name given to the period of Mousterian stone-tool tradition in Africa, 200,000-40,000 years ago.
Clovis People
The name of early residents of North America whose spear points were found near what is now Clovis, New Mexico, in 1929
What was concluded in a recent study comparing the genomes of modern people with ancient skeletal remains in North and South America?
The separation between native Siberians and the earliest Native Americans occurred sometime between 20,000 and 23,000 years ago
replacement model
The theory that modern people evolved first in Africa and then spread out to inhabit virtually all the world, outcompeting or destroying other human populations in the process.
Mousterian tradition
The tool industry of the Neandertals and their contemporaries of Europe, southwestern Asia, and northern Africa from 40,000 to 125,000 years ago.
What do the amount of grave goods buried with the children at Sungir' indicate?
The tribe had a complex system of inherited social statuses.
settlement patterns
The way people distribute themselves in their environment, including where they locate their dwellings, how they group dwellings into settlements,and how permenant or transitory those settlements are
Genetic evidence indicates that the modern Inuit are the descendants of which people?
Thule
The undersea chasm between New Guinea/Australia and Java/Borneo is called the __________.
Wallace Trench
What do anthropologists NOT need to know to determine when people entered the Americas from Siberia?
When sled dogs were first domesticated.
The sophisticated stone tool making industry at the Pinnacle Point site in South Africa is evidence of:
a 71,000-year-old complex sequence of microblade production and use.
petroglyph
a carving on a rock
Haplogroup
a lineage marked by one or more specific genetic mutations
Denali Complex
a lithic technology seen in the Arctic consisting of wedge-shaped cores, microblades, bifacial knives, and burins; dating to about 10,000 years ago
The Younger Dryas was:
a period of glacial expansion between 12,900 and 11,600 years ago.
what is one of the important differences between the middle and upper paleolithic?
a profusion of stone tool traditions, indicating a change from temporal and geographic homogeneity to greater diversity and variability.
Patrilocality
a residential pattern in which a married couple lives with or near the husband's family
pressure flaking
a technique of stone tool manufacture in which a bone, antler, or wooden tool is used to press, rather than strike off, small flakes from a piece of flint or similar stone
Analysis of the Denisovan, Neanderthals, and modern human genomes suggests that:
a. Neandertals and Denisovans diverged from a common population of premodern humans. b. Neandertals and Denisovans are more similar to one another than either is to anatomically modern humans.
Archaeological evidence for the domestication of cats suggests it occurred when and why?
after 11,000 years ago, as an unintentional consequence of food production and storage.
Wallace Trench
an undersea chasm located between New Guinea/Australia and Java/Borneo
Some of the oldest painted art in the world was recently discovered in caves on the island of Sulawesi in Indonesia. What do the images include and to when do they date?
animals and hand stencils from more than 35,000 to about 40,000 years ago.
The directed breeding of plants and animals by humans is called:
artificial selection
What is the Aztec word for a spear-throwing device developed in Europe more than 30,000 years ago?
atlatl
Recent genomic analyses of Neandertals and modern human populations indicate that:
between 1% and 4% of the genome of modern humans with European and Asian ancestry originated from Neandertal populations, most likely through interbreeding.
Sundaland
biogeographical region of Southeastern Asia which encompasses the Sunda shelf, the part of the Asian continental shelf that was exposed during the last glacial period of the Pleistocene, from approximately 110,000 to 12,000 years ago.
Magdelanian Tradition
bone and antler tools
Australian and America megafauna were probably wiped out by:
both humans and environmental changes
Identify the correct sequence of mean cranial capacities for premodern Homo sapiens, Neandertals, and modern Homo sapiens.
c. 1261cc, 1480cc, 1450cc.
The Bering Strait was above water, on and off, between
c. 35,000 and 11,000 B.P.
Archaeological and genetic evidence indicates that the process of domestication involving the separation of wolves from dogs occurred about:
c. 35,000 to no later than 18,000 years ago.
What occupation date do most archaeologists agree on for Australia?
c. soon after 40,000 years ago.
In comparison to the Middle Paleolithic, Upper Paleolithic tool technologies:
changed rapidly
Evidence from the modern human genome suggests that genes inherited from Neandertals:
control the metabolism of fat in modern Europeans and are associated with human diseases such as Lupus.
Which of the following is NOT an innovation of the Mesolithic?
crop irrigation systems.
The most prominent feature of the food resource base of post-Pleistocene Europe was its:
diversity
When did the acquisition of raw materials from greater distances increase, and what does it indicate?
during the Upper Paleolithic; long- distance contacts with greater reliance on trade with distant groups.
Genetic studies of the two primary varieties of rice, japonica (short-grained), and indica (long-grained), suggest that:
each is more closely related to local wild ancestors than one another, suggesting that these modern varieties of rice were domesticated separately in east Asia and south Asia
Neandertal
extinct robust human of Middle Paleolithic in Europe and western Asia
Solutrean Tradition
finely made, leaf shape stone blades
For 99% of human history, people have depended solely on _________ for their subsistence.
foraging
What best characterizes the subsistence strategies of the North American Archaic period?
greater regional differentiation.
What does Australia have in common with the rest of the world during the Holocene epoch?
growth in cultural diversity
Which of the following characteristics of modern humans is the most ancient, pre-dating the Late Stone Age, the Upper Paleolithic and even anatomically modern humans?
improved stone tool technologies.
What distinguishes the trade patterns of the Mesolithic from those of the Upper Paleolithic?
in the Mesolithic, goods traveled less far but more goods were exchanged.
enamel hypoplasia
incomplete development of tooth enamel
In Randall White's view, what do items of personal adornment imply during the Upper Paleolithic period?
increasing awareness and importance of individual identity.
The Lake Forest Archaic tradition relied on ____________ resources; the Maritime Archaic hunted ___________ creatures.
lacustrine; pelagic.
Opportunistic foraging involves:
little planning
A subsistence strategy and settlement pattern based on seasonality and planned acquisition of resources is known as:
logistical collecting
With which of the following techniques were the native navigators of the Pacific NOT familiar?
magnetic orientation to the poles.
Which foods are included in the triad of plants that provided the subsistence base for indigenous New World civilizations?
maize, beans, and squash
A preserved pile of trash, often containing food remains, is called a _____________. At the Danish site of Meilgaard, one of these places contained millions of ______________.
midden; mollusk shells.
There is general consensus among paleoanthropologists that anatomically modern humans:
migrated out of Africa into Southwest Asia between 150,000 and 100,000 years ago and then spread into Europe, Asia, Australia, and the Americas..
Excavation of Yang-shao sites in China indicates which domesticated crops?
millet, cabbage, and rice
Which of the following is evidence of a complex society?
monumental works
The Upper Paleolithic is generally associated with:
new and improved stone tool technologies, a broadening of the subsistence base, and larger sites with increased populations.
Harris Lines
nutritional stress; lines on the ends of long bones
parietal art
paintings and engravings found along cave walls and ceilings
Which of the following most strongly indicates advances in the human intellect during the Upper Paleolithic?
parietal and mobiliary art
Which of the following is evidence of new uses for plants during the Middle Stone Age?
plant material lining the floor of Sibudu Cave in South Africa.
Which crop is South America's most significant agricultural contribution to Europe?
potatoes.
Levallois technology involved a shift in emphasis from:
producing core tools to producing flakes.
The Gault site in south-central Texas has produced evidence from 13,000 years ago that Paleoindians chose this location based on the:
proximity to a local source of chert for quarrying and making stone tools.
The skulls of the earliest migrants to the New World do not match those of modern Native Americans. This suggests that:
raniometrics is an unreliable method of tracking populations.
The controversial theory that people from present-day Europe colonized North America at the end of Pleistocene is:
refuted by genetic evidence from the oldest skeletons in the Americas that establishes close connections between modern Native Americans and the native people of central Siberia.
fire cracked rock
rock headed in fire; hearth or fire pit cracked by super heating. Indicative of archeological site
Evidence has been found at the Asikli Höyük site in Central Turkey for the domestication of which species within a few centuries after 10,400 years ago?
sheep
mobiliary art
small, portable sculptures typically buried at habitation sites
The construction of large-scale features, such as mounds and shell middens, is often taken by archaeologists as evidence of:
social and political complexity
Wallacea
string of islands separating Sahul and Sunda
What was the climate of Greater Australia 20,000 years ago?
temperate, hot and dry, frozen tundra
The New World, "discovered" by Christopher Columbus, was filled with approximately how many people?
tens of millions.
Archaeological evidence indicates that cattle were first domesticated where and how long ago?
the Middle East, about 10,500 years ago.
The "grandmother effect" refers to:
the decrease in child mortality associated with the presence of older generations.
A genetic study comparing the bones of a 7,000-year-old skeleton found in Germany, eight human skeletons dating to 8,000 years ago in Luxembourg, and more than 2,300 living Europeans found that the modern European genome included contributions from:
the earliest anatomically modern Homo sapiens who lived in Europe 45,000 years ago. b. people genetically traceable to the Middle East who moved into Europe about 9,000 years ago. c. people who moved there from west Asia less than 5,000 years ago.
The Omo I cranium discovered along the Omo River in southern Ethiopia demonstrates:
the evolution of anatomically modern humans from premodern species about 200,000 years ago in Africa.
The Maglemosian culture exemplifies:
the pursuit of a more sedentary way of life..
subsistence base
the way a society obtains or satisfies the basic necessities of life
The transition from food gathering to a total reliance on agriculture:
took thousands of years
Aurignacian tradition
tool-making tradition in Europe and western Asia at the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic
Recovery of more than 6,500 bones and bone fragments from 28 individuals of a single hominid species at the Cave of the Bones in Spain provides:
unusually good evidence to examine diversity within a hominid species.
Virtually all of the crops important in the European Neolithic:
were imported from other regions.
How long ago did human groups begin actively controlling their food sources by artificially producing conditions under which these sources would grow?
within the past 12,000 years.