The Periodic Table-Smith8
-Group 13/Group *3* -B, Al, Ga, In, Ti -*take a look at a periodic table to figure out which elements are metals, metalloids, or nonmetals* -Their valence is *3* meaning they are reactive but not as much as groups 1&2 -All solids -properties like metal -B has nonmetal properties
Boron Fam.
-Group 14/Group *4* -C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Fl -Valence is 4 -reactivity varies, not very reactive -All solids -properties vary
Carbon Fam.
112: Recently named, Feb. 2010, named after famous astronomer Copernicus
Cn (copernicium) 112
-1869, Russian Chemist -solved a way to organize periodic table -discovered a repeating pattern within elements -arranged elements in order of *increasing atomic mass* -saw the *periodicity (to have a regular repeating pattern, ex: days of the week)* in the table
Dimitri Mendeleev
Sodium (Na): Bright orange, Calcium (Ca): orange, Potassium (K): magenta/pink, Lithium (Li), hot pink, Copper (Cu): green
Flame test colors
-called *Alkali-Metals* -*Hydrogen is not included* -Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Rubidium (Rb), Cesium (Cs), Francium (Fr) -most reactive metals bcuz of valence: 1 -*never* found as elements ONLY as *compounds* -Soft and shiny, stored in oil (bcuz reactive to water) -all solids, all metals -the *triad*: Li, Na, K *(In your brain you have the elements potassium and sodium, If Na level drops then you become very depressed or bipolar, Li carbonate: pills, will help your sodium level)*
Group 1; Alkali Metals
-called *Alkaline-Earth Metals* -second group/column -Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba), Radium (Ra) -are not as reactive as group 1 bcuz of valence of 2 -nonmetals will want to bond w/ Group 2, especially if they have valence of 6 to become stable: Needs 8 to become a happy atom :) -fairly hard, gray-white, good conductors of electricity -all solids, all metals
Group 2; Alkaline-Earth Metals
-called *Transition Metals* -form a bridge between left side (very reactive) and the right side (less reactive) -A few: Iron (Fe), Tungsten (W), Mercury (Hg), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Gold (Au), Silver (Ag) -good conductors of electricity -all metals, all solids *EXCEPT MERCURY, WHICH IS A LIQUID @ ROOM TEMP.* -their valence will *vary*, typically from 1-2 -The two bottom rows: Lanthanide and Actinide Series called this bcuz begins w/ element La (Lanthanum) and Ac (Actinium)
Group 3-12; Transition Metals
-student of DM -rearranged Periodic Table by *ATOMIC NUMBER* -Why? bcuz there were a lot of gaps -gaps were then filled in -properties were still in same column -this became successful -our modern PT looks like this now
Henry Moseley
-In its own group -*most ABUNDANT element in the universe* -first element that created our universe -bombarded He, then kept building more elements -if electricity is sent through; color glows violet -Valence is 1, that's why its on alkali metals side -extremely reactive -used in rocket fuel -used in cars -if we can heat H2O and separate O gas and H gas, and collect it, we can use it in H fuel cells, when H combines w/ O in the air, the combustion could be water, but hard to happen, expensive, and would be very complicated to fill car w/ hydrogen gas, there are h fuel cell cars out there.
Hydrogen
Ba-Barium, least: Mg-Magnesium
If the ability of an alkaline earth element to form a precipitate in an indication of its ability to chemically react w/ other substances, which is the most reactive element? And the least reactive?
-placed on the bottom bcuz it took up too much space -a lot of these elements are manmade -rare earth metals periods 6&7 -Lanthanides are soft, malleable, shiny metals w/ conductivity -Actinides exist in very small amounts except for Thorium and Uranium; majority of manmade elements are here -After Uranium, the last naturally occurring element, rest are all manmade or product of radioactive decay, like Americium and Neptunium (Radioactive decay is.... the atomic nuclei of radioactive isotopes releasing fast-moving particles and energy)--->>>>>REMEMBER CERN; THE PARTICLE ACCELERATOR
Lanthanide and Actinide series (two bottom rows in Periodic Table) Part of transition metals
Barium, Strontium, Calcium, Magnesium
List the alkaline-earth metals in order of their chemical reactivity, starting with the most reactive.
-was set up into different groups -had a formula under the name of each group -Ex: R2O (substitute R for whatever element is in that column) under group one was the formula for the elements. -You needed 2 Hydrogen to react to One oxygen//You need 2 Lithium to react to one oxygen and so on. -^^^was a clue to arrange elements in groups -*ORDERED ELEMENTS IN INCREASING ATOMIC MASS* -he left some parts blank, and kind of knew the properties of that element, and it was left blank bcuz element hadn't been discovered yet
Mendeleev's table (how it was organized)
-elements are classified as *METALS, NONMETALS, METALLOIDS* -valence: *# of electrons in outermost energy level helps determine which category an element belongs in* -Zig Zag line: helps you find your way: *Metals are located on left of zig zag, nonmetals and metalloids to the right of zig zag* -each element is identified by a chemical symbol! -each square on PT contains: Atomic number, Atomic mass, Element Symbol -*ROWS ARE CALLED PERIODS* -*COLUMNS ARE CALLED GROUPS/FAMILIES*
Modern PT
-Group 15/Group *5* -N, P, As, Sb, Bi -Valence: 5 -seeks 3 valence to receive full set of 8; the :) happy atom -wants to bond w/ another metal, or can bond w/ itself -N can bond w/ itself to form Ngas, the result is a diatomic model-->2 atoms that bond together, that are the same element
Nitrogen Fam.
-Group 18/Group *8* -aka *THE INERT GASES*--> UNREACTIVE -He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn -all of these are *gases @ room temp.* -all are nonmetals -will glow when electricity is sent through -*since Helium has only one orbital ring, it will fill up to 2 and this makes Helium happy :)* -The rest, their valence is 8, so they are completely stable, no bonding is needed, and they are happy :))
Noble Gases
-Group 16/Group *6* -O, S, Se, Te, Po -valence is 6 -would like to obtain 2 more e- from a metal or another element in its fam. -O is a gas, rest are solids -O can bond to itself; diatomic molecule O2, (Ogas)
Oxygen Fam?
--Metals: shiny (luster), good conductors of thermal energy and electrical current, malleable (can be rolled into flat sheets), ductile (can be wires), can have a chem. rxn: corrosion --Metalloids: *semiconductors* have both properties of metals and nonmetals; some are shiny, some are dull, some are malleable, some are ductile, some conduct thermal electricity and electric current --Nonmetals: dull, poor conductors of thermal electricity and electric current, are brittle and unmalleable
Properties of Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids
-Group 17/Group *7* -F, Cl, Br, I, At -Valence is 7 -all nonmetals involved -properties resemble that of typical nonmetals; dull, brittle, and unmalleable, doesn't conduct electricity -*confusing part pay attention!: F and Cl are gases @ room temp. , Br is the ONLY LIQUID NONMETAL @ room temp, I and At are solids @ room temp. * -FLUORINE IS THE MOST REACTIVE NON METAL -reactivity is strong -Fluorine has a high electronegativity, and wants to bond/seek/transfer w/ another element bcuz of valence -*HALO--MEANS SALT PRODUCING* -to produce salt it bonds w/ alkalis (LiCl, NaCl, KCl, MgCl, CaCl, etc....)
The Halogen Fam
"The properties of the elements are a periodic function of their atomic masses" Translates that... *the element's atomic mass is increased in order and a lot of the properties are very periodic*
The Periodic Law (Mendeleev came up w/ this)
-The radius *decreases* as you go across a period bcuz small amounts of (+) and (e-) are added increasing the attraction>>>ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE...As you go across the table, you are only increasing electrons in the *same orbital shell*. The force pulls those negative electrons towards the positive nucleus -The radius *increases* as you travel down a column bcuz the atoms # of protons and electrons get too large and the overall radius needs to expand, As you go down you increase orbital shells therefore getting further away from the nucleus
Trends on the PT
118: Largest atom on the periodic table. No name yet. Created by bombarding Calcium and Californium (Cf)
Uuo (118)
*117:* Latest element to be created (April, 2010), newest superheavy element, goes thru alpha decay
Uus 117
113 and 115: Latest elements to be accepted and eventually named.
Uut and Cup (113 and 115)
Ba-Barium
What Alkaline-Earth element formed the greatest number of precipitates?
Mg-Magnesium
What alkaline earth element formed the smallest number of precipitates?
The orbital rings (energy levels) increase as you go down a group
What happens to the orbital rings as you go down the PT?
The valence increases from left to right across a period
What happens to the valence as you go across the PT?
There was less of a precipitate @ the top and more @ the bottom.
What is the relationship between the number of precipitates formed and the location of the alkaline-earth element of the PT?
Hydrogen (H): Most abundant element in the universe, the sun works by turning H into He. Bonds will to most elements. Ex: Water (H2O)
What's popular in Hydrogen?
ALL ARE INERT Helium (He): nonflammable so we like it compared to H but it is more expensive. Extracted from natural gas from the ground. Reserves are running low. Neon (Ne): Glows orange-red. Argon (Ar): Gas inside domestic light bulbs. Used for experiments if you don't want Oxygen reacting, pump Argon in. Glows blue
What's popular in the noble gases?
Aluminum and Polonium
Which 2 elements are not metalloids but touch the zig-zag
Bromine (Liquid NONMETAL), and Mercury (Liquid METAL)
Which are the only 2 elements that are liquids @room temp?
All the noble gases, H, N, O, F, Cl
Which elements are gases @ room temp.?
Lithium (Li): used to help with manic depression/bipolar disorder. Tricks brain into thinking Na levels are back up. Part of triad Sodium (Na): in brain, part of triad, essential element, obtained from foods, reactive. Potassium (K): in brain, part of triad, essential element, obtained from foods (ex: bananas), highly reactive. Helps control electrical impulses in brain Fr: most reactive metal. Radioactive
Who's Popular in Group 1?
Be: extremely toxic, light weight, used in the new James Webb Telescope to help discover distant galaxies Mg: used in old flashbulbs, burns @ extremely hot temps, burns bright white. Essential element for your body Ca: found in foods, ocean, limestone, shells/sand, essential element for body, obtained from foods (if you lack calcium you could suffer from a condition known as osteoporosis which is a bone weakening)
Who's Popular in Group 2?
Boron (B): used in laundry detergent, silly putty. Aluminum (Al): 100% recyclable, doesn't rust, light-weight. Used in a lot of commercial products, is in deodorant.
Who's Popular in the Boron Fam.?
*JUST CHILL PEEPS IK ITS LONG REMAIN CALM* -Iron (Fe): Latin root (Ferrum), the Iron Age was named after it once we discovered that we could heat it and mold it into weapons, tools, armor, building. It's essential for oxygen to transport in our hemoglobin (blood). If you have low levels of Fe, you are considered anemic/you have anemia -Copper (Cu): Reacts with oxygen and turns green. Only the outer part of our pennies are made out of copper. Used in jewelry. Expensive metal nowadays. Copper has antimicrobial properties that make it useful in hospitals for doorknobs and other surfaces on which infections may be passed. Has 2nd highest electrical conductivity of any metal, therefore we use it for electrical wiring. -Zinc (Zn): A post-1982 US penny has a zinc core now with a thin copper coating, helps fight infection @ the first signs of illness. -Gold (Au): inherently valuable. Pyrite is "fools gold" no gold make up at all, good conductor, does not tarnish. European alchemists tried to change Pb into Au. -Mercury (Hg): Literally drips from the walls of caves in ancient mines in Spain. Once thought of as a magical liquid now is known to be extremely toxic. Incredibly dense, a metal that is liquid @ room temp. Iron floats in it. the mad hatter went mad from it! -Uranium (U): the last naturally occurring element. Used in nuclear power plants or the energy given off during nuclear fission bombs (one dropped over Hiroshima, Japan). Fiesta ware plates and bowls made prior to 1942 (orange ones) contained so much U, peeps were exposed to large quantities of radiation. -Americium (Am): Used in smoke detectors, radioactive *KNOW HOW TO DRAW THE SMOKE DETECTOR AND HOW SMOKE ABSORBS THE ALPHA PARTICLES*
Who's popular in Groups 3-12, Transition Metals?
-Carbon (C): *18% of your body,* MOST IMPORTANT ELEMENT OF LIFE, anything living is made of C and is ORGANIC, coal, graphite, and diamonds. -Silicon (Si): Used in computer chips, breast implants, sand, sponges, glass. Lead (Pb): Comes from the Latin origin "Plumbum" is quite dense, used in bullets, ideal for pipes bcuz it's malleable, poisonous, could be in paints for walls and toys, *FLINT WATER CRISIS* The lead in flint started going through the showers and tap water, people bathing in it are getting ear-infections, skin rashes, coughs, it smells, it's making hair fall out, bones are aching, there is dry skin, and bloody scratches on the knees and arms. Flint uses corrosion controls to prevent the river from leaching contaminants off the water pipes, whole town had high lead levels tho.
Who's popular in the Carbon Fam?
-Fluorine (F): most reactive nonmetal on the PT. Breathing the gas could kill you, blow a stream of F gas @ almost anything and it will burst into flames. Is in toothpaste as a compound, usually sodium fluoride (NaFl) -Chlorine (Cl): gas used to WWII in trench-warfare. In table salt (NaCl) as a compound. -Bromine (Br): Only liquid nonmetal @ room temp.
Who's popular in the Halogen Fam?
-Nitrogen (N): Liquid N has a low boiling point, will freeze anything it touches, N2 (Ngas) in the air is *78%*. Plants need N in the soil to grow, fertilizers have Nitrogen. -Phosphorus (P): In its elemental form, P is NASTTYYY! There are 3 different kinds: white, red, black. White P is toxic, used in weapons for war, it combusts when exposed to O in the air, deadly, glows in the dark. Red P is used in the head of matches an an igniter, discovered in urine, essential element in the body.
Who's popular in the Nitrogen Fam?
Oxygen (O): 21% of the air, essential for life, in its elemental form, flammable, used to fuel rockets. 65% of your body. Sulfur (S): smells like rotten eggs, one of the ingredients in pyrite, Sulfur hexafluoride gas (SF6) Polonium (Po): Radioactive element that killed Russian govt. KGB agent, used in atomic bombs. Named after Poland.
Who's popular in the Oxygen Fam.?
Because, I would get different answers, I wouldn't get the same results
Why were you cautioned not to mix the solution in one spot with the solution in another spot on your spot plate?