The Protestant Reformation & Counter-Reformation Questions '23
Most of the Protestant groups:
-Denied the power of the pope and church ceremonies -Believed that faith in God's mercy gave salvation -Accepted only the sacraments of Baptism and the Lord's Supper (Eucharist/ Communion) -Encouraged individual interpretation of the Bible
What were the protestants protesting about?
-the church was more interested in making money than saving people's souls -the Church was too involved in secular (non-church related) issues such as politics -the Church officials claimed to be the only source of religious truth-only they could interpret God's word
What was the time period of the Protestant Reformation?
1517 to 1650
The Church had influence over the people economically
the Church collected a tithe (like a tax)- 10% of all members' wealth
The Church had influence over the people politically
the Church influence over the Kings and Queens in Europe-laws too
The religious diversity in Western Europe is mainly the result of
the Protestant Reformation
What forced the Catholic Church to consider making some reforms?
the disunity among Christians throughout Europe
Martin Luther's Ninety-five Theses were a call for
reforms within the Roman Catholic Church. The 95 Theses listed the changes needed within the Catholic Church. Luther cited the sale of indulgences and the taxing of citizens as two examples of church corruption
During the Reformation, a major criticism of the medieval Catholic Church was that it
refused to tolerate opposing ideas about religious practices. Martin Luther was the most successful in a long line of individuals (Hus and Wyclif) who had challenged the Catholic Church. Luther opposed the sale of indulgences and broke away from the Church
What happened following the Reformation period?
Europe was no longer united under one religion as it had been since the fall of the Roman Empire (500 C.E..)
List the 4 acts during the Counter Reformation
Council of Trent, instituted reforms, The Index, and founding the Jesuits
Where was Lutheranism practiced?
Germany
What did the pope declared Luther as and why?
He declared Luther a heretic and excommunicated him because Luther rejected the power of the pope and priests
Name one king who gained more power over the Catholic Church by officially changing the religion of his country?
Henry VIII
The most significant way in which the Renaissance influenced the Reformation was in the Renaissance emphasis on
Humanism, which encourages a questioning attitude. The Renaissance influenced the Reformation in that artists and writers were encouraged to question areas of social, political, and economic life.
What was Luther's argument?
Luther argued that salvation came through faith alone, not through good deeds or the sacraments
What religion to Luther start?
Lutheran
What are three examples of religions that arose from the Protestant Reformation?
Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Anglicanism
One way Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII were similar is that they all were
Reformation leaders. All three men were at one time devout (strict) followers of the Roman Catholic Church. Luther and Calvin developed questions about the spiritual guidance offered by the Church. Henry's break with the Church was more political in that he wished to get a divorce, a practice that the Church would not grant him
What were the underlying Causes of the Reformation
The Renaissance- based on the philosophy of humanism, led people to question the authority of the Church and to place greater faith in human reason The Rise of Nation States- led some monarchs' to resent the power of the pope in their countries. A growing sense of nationalism, prompted people to feel more loyal to their king than to the pope People also resented the tithe, the 10 percent tax on income Worldliness and Corruption- within the Church caused a crisis of faith among believes
In the early 1500s, Martin Luther's "Ninety-five Theses," Henry VIII's "Act of Supremacy," and John Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion contributed to
a decline in the power of the Catholic Church. Luther, Calvin and Henry VIII were all part of the Protestant Reformation, an attempt to alter the direction of the Catholic Church. Their efforts, though initially aimed at redirecting the administration of Christianity, resulted in the loss of power of the Catholic Church. Each of these "protestants" created a separate Christian faith
Prior to the Protestant Reformation, the medieval church in western Europe was criticized for
being too concerned with worldly power and riches. Criticism of the Church began growing in the 1300s. Its inability to emerge victorious during the Crusades and its ineffectiveness in stemming the death toll of the Plague led to a crisis of faith among its members. In addition, the Church's growing concern for wealth and power led many to question its spiritual leadership
In the Reformation, Henry VIII of England
established the Anglican Church
What were some of the significant consequences of the Protestant Reformation?
increase in literacy (self-study of Bible and Printing Press), religious unity of the Middle Ages disappeared, and religious wars were fought
The Church had influence over the people spiritually
it controlled access to Heaven- people had to what the Church told them to do
What was Luther's key idea?
justification by faith alone.
Information In western Europe, a long-term effect of the invention of Gutenberg's printing press was that the
literacy rate increased. The effect of having more printed materials available was that more people had the opportunity and the desire to learn to read (literacy). This increased availability of information did a great deal to fuel the Protestant Reformation (1500s), the Scientific Revolution (1600s), the French Revolution (1700s) and the Industrial Revolution (1800s)
What did the Protestant Reformation enable?
monarchs and civil governments to increase their power at the expense of the Catholic Church
Which was a major result of the Reformation?
new Christian denominations emerged. As a result of Luther's 95 Theses which questioned the practices of the Roman Catholic Church, other Protestant sects or denominations aside from Lutheranism emerged
What was the result of the challenges of authority to the Catholic Church during the Reformation?
new branches/practices of Christianity emerged. (The Anglican religion in England and Lutheranism in Germany)
What situation was a direct challenge to the political and religious authority of the Catholic Church in England?
passage of the Act of Supremacy under Henry VIII
An important effect of the Protestant Reformation in Europe was that it strengthened the
power of monarchies. The Protestant Reformation was a time of protest against the abuses such as taxation and the sale of indulgences, by the Catholic Church in the 1500s. Among those who supported the revolt were the monarchs (kings) who wished to lessen the control that the Church, led by the Pope, had in their nations. A good example of this was Henry VIII of England
What change to Christian church practice was suggested by Martin Luther?
printing the Bible in the vernacular so all could read it. Luther did suggest that the Bible be translated into the common language (vernacular) of the people. He himself produced a translation of the New Testament into German
Which was a result of the Protestant Reformation in Europe?
the power of the Catholic Church is Europe was weakened. Several Protestant denominations evolved in Europe to challenge the power of the Catholic Church. People began to question many of the long standing beliefs they been thinking about for many years. The power and concept of the individual increased-people began to believe that they had choices in their lives. There was no longer one Church in Europe
The Roman Catholic and Protestant religions differed in regard to
the power of the pope and church officials
What did Luther reject?
the power of the pope and priest
During the Renaissance, which development contributed most to the Protestant Reformation?
the questioning of traditional authority. This was a bold step in the Renaissance period, because up to this time no one dared to question the Church
What was the reason why some powers clashed with the church? Give an example
to increase their own power. Ex. The pope refused to give Henry VIII of England an annulment (cancellation of marriage). Henry persuaded Parliament to pass the Act of Supremacy. The English monarch also became head of the Anglican Church. Henry seized Roman Church's properties and gave some of them to the Anglican Church