Theatre of the AIDS Epidemic Comprehensive Quiz

Visual AIDS and the Red Ribbon

"Visual AIDS formally appeared in 1988. It was preceded by six months of informal and sporadic discussions among gay, white men: William Olander, Thomas Sokolowski and Gary Garrels. Between us we'd volunteered and buddied at the GMHC, ACTed UP, raised funds for Art Against AIDS, and would continue to do these things...we were also tracking a growing body of artwork about AIDS and trying to give it visibility."- Robert Atkins, critic and co-founder of Visual AIDS. Visual AIDS utilizes art to fight AIDS by provoking dialogue, supporting HIV+ artists, and preserving a legacy, because AIDS is not over. The red ribbon is the global symbol for solidarity with HIV-positive people and those living with AIDS.The Red Ribbon Project was created by the New York-based Visual AIDS Artists Caucus in 1991. Their goal was to remain anonymous as individuals and to credit the Visual AIDS Artists Caucus as a whole in the creation of the Red Ribbon Project, and not to list any individual as the creator of the Red Ribbon Project; Keep the image copyright free, so that no individual or organization would profit from the use of the red ribbon; The Red Ribbon should be used as a consciousness raising symbol, not as a commercial or trademark tool. The artists who formed the Visual AIDS Artists Caucus wished to create a visual symbol to demonstrate compassion for people living with AIDS and their caregivers. Inspired by the yellow ribbons honoring American soldiers serving in the Gulf war, the color red was chosen for its, "connection to blood and the idea of passion—not only anger, but love, like a valentine." First worn publicly by Jeremy Irons at the 1991 Tony Awards, the ribbon soon became renowned as an international symbol of AIDS awareness. At the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert held at Wembley Stadium, London on Easter Sunday 1992, more than 100,000 red ribbons were distributed among the audience by Red Ribbon International, with performers such as George Michael wearing one. The Red Ribbon continues to be a powerful force in the fight to increase public awareness of HIV/AIDS and in the lobbying efforts to increase funding for AIDS services and research. To symbolize the United States' commitment to combat the world AIDS epidemic through its landmark PEPFAR program, Steven M. Levine, a communications aid in President George W. Bush's administration, proposed that the administration display a 28 foot (8.5 m) AIDS ribbon on the White House's iconic North Portico on World AIDS Day 2007. The display, now an annual tradition across three administrations, quickly garnered attention, as it was the first banner, sign or symbol to prominently hang from the White House since Abraham Lincoln lived in the building.

Entry inhibitors

(including fusion inhibitors) stop HIV from entering a healthy cell

The Normal Heart

1981 play by Larry Kramer Very autobiographical Go over the bathhouse controversy 1983 intergroup conflicts - Ned vs. the others

1991

Americans with Disability Act - Privacy policies No HIPPA - Blacklisted people in communities Envelopes labeled "gay men's health crisis" Blacklist by association - Vicious stigma Magic Johnson in the media

The Denver Principles

1983. Just a year prior, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) became the fearful nameplate for the murderer of gay friends and lovers. The virus that caused it, HIV, had only been identified a few weeks earlier. Amidst this atmosphere of unremitting grief and fear, a group of activists met in Denver as part of a gay and lesbian health conference. Among them, a dozen men with AIDS. And among their number, the inspirational Michael Callen of New York City, and safe sex architect Richard Berkowitz (Sex Positive), the only surviving member of the group today. They were about to do something that would change our response to AIDS—and health care in general—forever.The group took turns reading a document to the conference they had just created themselves, during hours sitting in a hospitality suite of the hotel. It was their Bill of Rights and Declaration of Independence rolled into one. It would be known as The Denver Principles, and it began like this: "We condemn attempts to label us as 'victims,' which implies defeat, and we are only occasionally 'patients,' which implies passivity, helplessness, and dependence upon the care of others. We are 'people with AIDS.'" They outlined 17 principles that covered everything from health care decisions to civil rights to sexual conduct. And their impact on all of us is so obvious today it can easily be taken for granted. Please honor their service and read on. They demanded that physicians see their patients as "whole people," and provide "accurate information." They believed their opinion on their care should be awarded equal weight, and this was revolutionary. The next time your doctor consults you about a change of medications or whether a diagnostic test may be required, you can thank The Denver Principles.

The AIDS Quilt

1985 1. Created by social activist Cleve Jones 2. world's largest piece of community folk art as of 2016 3. it was created to bring awareness of the deaths from the AIDS epidemic to the American public and media. Still growing. Too big to be shown now. The NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt, often abbreviated to AIDS Memorial Quilt, is an enormous quilt made as a memorial to celebrate the lives of people who have died of AIDS-related causes. It weighs an estimated 54 tons.

Susan Sontag: "AIDS and Its Metaphors"

1989 work of critical theory by Susan Sontag. In this companion book to her Illness as Metaphor (1978), Sontag extends her arguments about the metaphors attributed to cancer to the AIDS crisis. Sontag explores how attitudes to disease are formed in society, and attempts to deconstruct them. AIDS and cancer Cancer was at one time the identity of a patient. It was a shameful and stigmatized condition, and was often omitted from obituaries and concealed from as many people as possible. Often, it was perceived to be a curse or a punishment. Sontag claims that AIDS has taken over on all counts, and that AIDS patients now suffer the same, or worse, judgment and stigmatization that cancer patients once did. AIDS and syphilis Like syphilis, AIDS is perceived as having stages. The tertiary stage of syphilis was the most severe, as it is with AIDS, and both have a period of latency before the progression. However, syphilis did not run its full course in every case, and even cases that ended in death could be romanticized. For example, numerous artists suffered from syphilis, and it came to be an accepted view that its effects on the brain could actually inspire original thought. No such compensating factor exists for AIDS, and it was too early in the epidemic at the time of the writing of this book to determine definitively whether AIDS always progresses to death. Relative perceptions of diseases Sontag examines a theory regarding relative perceptions of diseases. She believes that those diseases that society finds most terrifying are not the most widespread or the most lethal, but those that are seen to be dehumanizing. For example, a rabies phobia tore through nineteenth-century France, but rabies was actually incredibly rare, and was just terrifying with its ideas that it could transform humans into raving animals. Cholera has killed fewer people than smallpox, but the "indignity of the symptoms" made it more dreadful. Polio "withered the body" but did not touch the face, placing it above afflictions like leprosy.

"Philadelphia"

1993 significance of Tom Hanks choosing to do this importance of Joe's homophobia Use of camera and angles in film Use of music in film (opera, Mozart's requiem) Joe's character arc or lack thereof? Ends with Andy dying, Joe going to the funeral family dynamics tolerance instead of actual acceptance, understanding, and compassion "this was as good as it got"

"Angels in America Part One: Millennium Approaches"

1993-1994 run on Broadway Set in New York City, the play takes place between October 1985 and February 1986. The play begins with the funeral of Sarah Ironson, an elderly Jewish woman, whose Rabbi eulogizes not only her, but her entire generation of immigrants who risked their lives to build a community for their children in a strange land. After the funeral, Sarah's grandson, Louis Ironson, learns that his lover Prior Walter, the last member of a long lived WASP family, has AIDS. As Prior's illness progresses, Louis becomes unable to cope and moves out, leaving Prior to deal with his abandonment. He is given emotional support by his friend Belize, an ex-drag queen and a hospital nurse, who also must deal with Louis' self-castigating guilt and myriad excuses for his behavior. Joe Pitt, a Mormon, Republican clerk in the same judge's office where Louis holds a clerical job, is offered a position in Washington, D.C., by his mentor, the McCarthyist lawyer and power broker Roy Cohn. Joe hesitates to accept out of concern for his agoraphobic, valium-addicted wife Harper, who refuses to move. Harper suspects that Joe does not love her in the same way she loves him, which is confirmed when Joe confesses his homosexuality. Harper retreats into drug-fueled escapist fantasies, including a dream where she crosses paths with Prior even though the two of them have never met in the real world. Torn by pressure from Roy and a burgeoning infatuation with Louis, Joe drunkenly comes out to his conservative mother Hannah, who reacts badly. Concerned for her son, she sells her house in Salt Lake City and travels to New York to help repair his marriage. Meanwhile, a drug-addled Harper has fled their apartment after a confrontation with Joe, wandering the streets of Brooklyn believing she is in Antarctica as Joe and Louis tentatively begin an affair. Meanwhile, Roy Cohn discovers that he has advanced AIDS and is dying. Defiantly refusing to publicly admit he is gay, Roy instead declares he has liver cancer. Facing disbarment for borrowing money from a client, Roy is determined to beat the case so he can die a lawyer and he attempts to position Joe in the Justice Department with the aim of having a friend in a useful place. When Joe at last refuses his offer, he flies into a rage and collapses in pain. As he awaits transport to the hospital, he is visited by the ghost of Ethel Rosenberg, whom he prosecuted in her trial for espionage, and who was executed after Roy illegally lobbied the judge for the death penalty. Prior begins to hear an angelic voice telling him to prepare for her arrival, and receives visits from a pair of ghosts who claim to be his own ancestors, who inform him he is a prophet. Prior does not know if these visitations are caused by an emotional breakdown or if they are real. At the end of Part One, Prior is visited by an angel, who crashes through his bedroom ceiling and proclaims that "the Great Work" has begun.

Age of Bono

2000s advocacy product red to support AIDS research in Africa us versus them idea in the continuum

Ricky Ray and family

3 hemophiliac sons burned down their house Ricky (January 28, 1977 - December 13, 1992), Robert D (January 27, 1978 - October 20, 2000) and Randy Ray (born June 3, 1979) were three hemophiliac brothers who were diagnosed with HIV in 1986. The media coverage following the 1987 burning of their family home and activism of the Ray family is often considered a signal event in the history of AIDS in the United States. The sons of Arcadia, Florida natives Louise and Clifford Ray, were the subject of a federal court battle against the DeSoto County School Board to allow the children to attend public school despite their diagnosis. Although the Rays were victorious in their legal battle, the Ray home was burned down a week after the 1987 decision, forcing the family to leave Arcadia. After the arson of their home, the Ray Family settled in nearby Sarasota. The brothers attended Gocio Elementary School in spite of opposition from groups like Citizens Against AIDS. Ricky Ray died in 1992 at age 15. Prior to his death, he made headlines by planning to marry his 17-year-old girlfriend, but a judge blocked the wedding because of his age. Robert died in 2000 at age 22 when AIDS claimed him. Shortly thereafter, their father, Clifford Ray, attempted suicide but failed. Randy Ray married in 2001 and lives in Orlando, Florida, and manages his HIV through medication.

"Night Sweat"

Absurd; Title: wet dream, early sign of infection, sexual undertones The word AIDS doesn't need to be said The end: Pigs going to slaughter embodies the horrific nature of the epidemic (people with AIDS going to slaughter, the gay community being slaughtered) Humanity of the pigs as significant Begins with one of the "experiences," possibly to foreshadow what is to come or to let the audience know what they're getting into Shock value - necessary

2015

All people living with HIV are recommended by WHO for treatment

Alliance for Living

Alliance For Living is dedicated to improving the quality of life for people affected by HIV/AIDS in New London County. They accomplish their mission through direct services that support the life needs of people affected by HIV/AIDS. The Alliance is dedicated to empowering and advocating for people living with HIV/AIDS. When: Founded in 1998 when SECAP and HOPE joined together in Lena Hospital to help victims of HIV/AIDS in need. Where: 154 Broad Street, New London, CT 06320 Serves around 200 individuals and their families every year. Alliance for living provides housing services, treatment services, Early Intervention Services (EIS), HIV testing, and syringe-access programs

"Common Threads: Stories from the Quilt"

A 1989 documentary film that tells the story of the NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt. Narrated by Dustin Hoffman with a musical score written and performed by Bobby McFerrin, the film focuses on several people who are represented by panels in the Quilt, combining personal reminiscences with archive footage of the subjects, along with footage of various politicians, health professionals and other people with AIDS. Each section of the film is punctuated with statistics detailing the number of Americans diagnosed with and dead of AIDS through the early years of the epidemic. The film ends with the first display of the complete (to date) Quilt at the National Mall in Washington, D.C. during the 1987 Second National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights. The film, made for HBO, was based in part on the book The Quilt: Stories From The NAMES Project by Cindy Ruskin (writer), Matt Herron (photographs) and Deborah Zemke (design). The film relates the lives of five people memorialized with panels: Dr. Tom Waddell, founder of the Gay Games; his story is told by his friend and the mother of his child, Sara Lewinstein. David Mandell Jr., a young hemophiliac; his storytellers are his parents, David Mandell and Suzi Mandell. Robert Perryman, an African-American man who contracted the disease through intravenous drug use; his widow, Sallie Perryman, tells his story. Jeffrey Sevcik, a gay man; his story is told by his partner, film critic and historian Vito Russo, who himself succumbed to the disease in 1990, five years after he was diagnosed. David C. Campbell, a Washington, D.C. landscape architect; his storyteller is his lover, U.S. Navy commander Tracy Torrey, who then became his own storyteller as well as he succumbed to the disease and was memorialized in the course of filming. Along with these personal stories, the film reviews the history of the NAMES Project and shows the process of creating quilt panels. It also documents the response - or perceived lack of it - to the onset of the AIDS epidemic by the Reagan administration through the use of archive footage of Reagan and members of his administration, the medical community's action in the face of the burgeoning health crisis, and the earliest attempts within the gay community to organize around the AIDS issue through the actions of such activists as self-proclaimed "KS poster boy" Bobbi Campbell, Vito Russo (co-founder of the Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD)), and Gay Men's Health Crisis and ACT UP co-founder Larry Kramer.

Lawrence K. Altman: "Rare Cancer Seen in 41 Homosexuals"

A July 3rd, 1981 New York Times article recording the outbreak of Kaposi's Sarcoma diagnosed in homosexual men. First article in the New York Times involving what would later be considered AIDS. Headline juxtaposition: "Sing out on the 4th!" and "Rare Cancer Seen in 41 Homosexuals." Laid the foundation for stigma ascribed to gay men.

David Ho

A Taiwanese-American medical doctor and HIV/AIDS researcher who was born in Taiwan and has made many innovative state of the art scientific contributions to the understanding and technological treatment of HIV infection. Ho has been at the forefront of AIDS research for three decades. He published over 400 papers (cited June 2011), enabling the scientific community to understand the mechanism of HIV replication. He championed the combination anti-retroviral therapy which had earlier been developed by scientists at NIAID and Merck. This approach allowed the control of HIV replication in patients Ho's research team is working on developing vaccines for AIDS. He heads a consortium of organization in China and the U.S. to address the crisis of HIV/AIDS in China. In a June 13, 2011 interview with Asian Scientist Magazine, he discusses his team's progress with Ibalizumab, the antibody his team is developing for HIV vaccination with support from the Gates Foundation.

"The Nature of Forgetting"

A beautiful play depicting the nuances of dementia. I found "The Nature of Forgetting" absolutely haunting. Never have I been so moved, and in such a surprising way—I teared up on and off throughout the performance, but not at all for the reasons which I thought I would. Watching it felt like watching a ballet, so intricate were the dance-like choreographic moves that occurred throughout the play. For me, the play really drove home the damage that Alzheimer's does to one's life in the process of destroying memory. Watching Tom struggle to piece through his memories, his very life, then seeing him jolted rudely back to the present in a state of utter confusion, was heart-wrenching. I found myself thinking more and more existentially as the play went on: once we have our memories stolen from us, how on earth do we measure how we've lived and whom we are today? The scenes from Tom's school days stayed with me the most, along with the final scene, and I'm not entirely sure why. I think seeing a fifty-five year old metamorphosed into his younger self was an incredibly emotional process to witness; seeing Tom playing around at the desks, and watching the repetitive action of writing, joking around, punishment, writing, joking around, punishment, hit a nerve for me. Overall, I found this play absolutely stunning. I was surprised by my reactions to it. It was one of the few plays which I've been lucky enough to get into tune with myself, deeply, as I'm watching it. It was such a powerful experience.

"We Are Proud to Present ..."

A harrowing look into the reality of the Namibian genocide. The play is a comedic dramatization of the largely forgotten Herero and Namaqua genocide which took place in Namibia between 1904 and 1907 when the region was a German colony, after Germany confiscated tribal lands and the Herero people rebelled. The retribution over four years by German soldiers resulted in more than 65,000 deaths. The play deals with the enormity of this story by introducing it through the actors of a "presentation" which is intended to tell the story, and shows how the various players respond to the gruesome facts during first rehearsal.

Larry Kramer: "1,112 and Counting"

A plea and call for activism in Kramer's community and nation. 1,112 and Counting is an essay that was written by novelist and playwright Larry Kramer in 1983. It was published in the New York Native. The newspaper is a gay daily newspaper for the LGBT community. It was believed to be the first essay to be written about the AIDS crisis. The essay begins with the HIV death toll at the time. Many homosexuals did not like the essay. This was because the essay blamed them for the widespread of the disease. Many others did not like it because Kramer was a known self-hating gay man. This was because of his novel ******s which gave negative views on causal and anonymous sex. The essay helped influence much of queer writing. It also helped Kramer's reputation as an gay rights advocate

Present Perfect

A poignant play centering upon immigration, learning a new language, and cultural assimilation and tolerance. The various characters of the play become intertwined, either through history, family, shared culture, or other commonalities while all trying to learn English for their respective purposes in the United States.

ACT UP

AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power, AIDS advocacy group founded by Larry Kramer, Vito Russo, and Didier Lestrade, motto is "Silence=Death" When: Officially founded in 1987 Where: New York City Significance: ACT UP took AIDS activism to the streets, they fought hard and did so much to change the face of the epidemic including protesting in the streets and at the FDA, protesting at the White House, essentially coming up with a treatment plan and doing their own research for this plan and for AIDS because they received little to no help from the federal government, they were a group of playwrights, scientists, and "regular" people who got together and generated so much awareness, which lead to actual attention from the government

Robert Gallo

An American biomedical researcher. He is best known for his role in the discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as the infectious agent responsible for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and in the development of the HIV blood test, and he has been a major contributor to subsequent HIV research. Gallo is the director and co-founder of the Institute of Human Virology (IHV) at the University of Maryland School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland, established in 1996 in a partnership including the State of Maryland and the City of Baltimore. In November 2011, Gallo was named the first Homer & Martha Gudelsky Distinguished Professor in Medicine. Gallo is also a co-founder of biotechnology company Profectus BioSciences, Inc. and co-founder and scientific director of the Global Virus Network (GVN).

Sander L. Gilman: "Seeing the AIDS Patient"

An essay which discusses various representations of medical patients and provides their analysis. Images of madness are included, which elicit new glosses on several topics. Gilman looks at madhouse scenes because he has found an 1887 political caricature by Joseph Keppler based on one by Wilhelm Kaulbach. Discovering 1886 photographs of asylum inmates, he compares them to previously studied images stressing the contrast between the healthy/beautiful and the ill/ugly. Discussing a wanted poster for a mentally ill patient, he notes the importance of extensive captions for the posters intended audience. He compares two photographs of patients with Graves' disease to point out how the patients' physiognomy changed as the disease was better understood. In distinguishing between madness and sanity, Gilman emphasizes repeatedly that the ill are ugly and the healthy beautiful—melancholic patients, for example, had darker skin, and religious ecstasy was marked by bulging eyes. The duality of beautiful/healthy and ugly/ill has repercussions in several areas beyond the analysis of images of illness, not least in eugenics and the formation of racial stereotypes. AIDS posters, reviewed in 1988, are also revisited, this time with a much larger sample. Gilman is surprised to find that poster images do not necessarily follow the dictum of illness/ugliness, health/beauty, and he tries nobly to find a compelling reason why. But because these posters are propaganda, designed to change behavior, they do not quite fit the general pattern of images of disease and illness represented in the fine arts. The artist creating the poster knows it will not be heeded if it shows the progress of the disease. There is little interest in truth or accuracy, only results, for the art of the poster have their own criteria.

1993

Angels on Broadway from 1993-1994 Philadelphia comes out Congress voted for ban to remain Tests for AIDS through saliva, rather than blood Less dangerous for handlers, and saliva has antibodies that fight HIV Things need to change medically

The A.I.D.S Show

Artists Involved with Death and Survival - began 1984 Series of skits about AIDS, produced by Theatre Rhinoceros Peter Adair, Rob Epstein

"Angels in America Part Two: Perestroika"

At the funeral of a friend, a shaken Prior relates his encounter with the Angel to Belize. After revealing the presence of a mystical book underneath the tile in Prior's Kitchen, the Angel reveals to him that Heaven is a beautiful city that resembles San Francisco, and God, described as a great flaming Aleph, created the universe through copulation with His angels, who are all-knowing but unable to create or change on their own. God, bored with the angels, made mankind with the power to change and create. The progress of mankind on Earth caused Heaven to suffer earthquake-like tremors and physically deteriorate. Finally, on the day of the San Francisco earthquake in 1906, God abandoned Heaven. The Angel brings Prior a message for mankind—"stop moving!"—in the belief that if man ceases to progress, Heaven will be restored. Belize believes that Prior is projecting his own fears of abandonment into an elaborate hallucination, but Prior suspects that his illness is the prophecy taking physical form, and that the only way the Angel can force him to deliver her message is to die. Roy lands at the hospital in the care of Belize, where his condition rapidly declines. He manages to use his political clout to acquire a private stash of the experimental drug AZT, at the expense of withholding the drug from participants in a drug trial. Alone in a hospital, Cohn finds himself increasingly isolated, with only Belize, who despises him, and the ghost of Ethel for company. Joe visits Roy, who is near death, and receives a final, paternal blessing from his mentor. However, when Joe confesses he has left Harper for a man, Roy rejects him in a violent reaction of fear and rage, ordering him to return to his wife and cover up his indiscretion. Prior goes to a Mormon visitor's center to research angels, where he meets Hannah, who is volunteering there and taking care of Harper, who has slowly returned to reality but is now deeply depressed. The two share a spark of recognition from their shared dream, and witness a vision of Joe and Louis together. Louis, regretting his actions, begins to withdraw from Joe and begs Prior's forgiveness, which Prior angrily refuses. Belize informs Louis about Joe's connection with Roy, whom Louis despises for his conservative politics and underhanded dealings. Louis, as a result, researches Joe's legal history and confronts him over a series of hypocritical and homophobic decisions Joe recommended to the courts. The confrontation turns violent, and Joe punches Louis in the face, ending their affair. Ethel Rosenberg watches Roy suffer and decline before delivering the final blow as he lies dying: He has been disbarred after all. Delirious, Roy seems to mistake Ethel for his mother, begging her to comfort him, and Ethel sings a Yiddish Lullaby as Roy appears to pass away. However, with a sudden burst of energy he reveals that he has tricked her, viciously declaring that he has finally beaten her by making her sing. He then collapses and dies. After Roy's death, Belize forces Louis to visit Roy's hospital room, where they steal his stash of AZT for Prior. He asks Louis to recite the Kaddish for Roy. Unseen by the living, Ethel guides Louis through the prayer, symbolically forgiving Roy before she departs for the hereafter. Prior, who has jealously started stalking Joe, collapses from pneumonia while visiting the Mormon center and Hannah rushes him back to the hospital. Prior tells her about his vision and is surprised when Hannah accepts this, based on her belief in angelic revelations within the Mormon church. At the hospital, the Angel reappears enraged that Prior rejected her message. Prior, on Hannah's advice, wrestles the Angel, who relents and opens a ladder into Heaven. Prior climbs into Heaven and tells the other angels that he refuses to deliver their message, as without progress, humanity will perish, and begs them for more Life, no matter how horrible the prospect might be. He returns to his hospital bed, where he awakes from his vision with his fever broken and his health beginning to recover. He makes amends with Louis, but refuses to take him back. Meanwhile, Harper leaves Joe and departs New York for San Francisco. The play concludes in 1990. Prior and Louis are still separated, but Louis, along with Belize, remains close in order to support and care for Prior, and Hannah has found new perspective on her rigid beliefs, allowing her to accept her son as he is and forge a friendship with Prior. Prior, Louis, Belize, and Hannah gather before the angel statue in Bethesda Fountain, discussing the fall of the Soviet Union and what the future holds. Prior talks of the legend of the Pool of Bethesda, where the sick were healed. Prior delivers the play's final lines directly to the audience, affirming his intentions to live on and telling them that "the Great Work" shall continue.

Larry Kramer

Born in 1935, Bridgeport, CT - still alive American playwright, screenwriter, gay activist made waves by being angry 1981 - campaigned to raise awareness of AIDS GMHC (gay men's health crisis) cofounded Active member of Act Up very aware of the privilege he had The Normal HeartWho/ what: Gay man, playwright, and activist When: He was one of the early activists, as early as 1981 (when GMHC was founded) and continued his activism till today at age 83! Go him! Where: NYC based Significance: He wrote many plays on the subject but most relevantly The Normal Heart (1985), which was more or less about him and the founding and struggles of GMHC and the difficulty making AIDS a more widely addressed issue. Other plays include his controversial ******s (pre-AIDS) which scorned the promiscuous lifestyle of gay men at the time.

1988

Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS founded Visual AIDS founded

Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS

Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS is an American nonprofit organization, headquartered in New York City. It is the theatre community's response to the AIDS crisis. The organization raises funds for AIDS-related causes across the United States. As of 2016, it has raised over $285 million for critically needed services for people with AIDS, HIV, or HIV-related illnesses since its founding in 1988. Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS was originally two separate organizations. In October 1987, the Council of Actors' Equity Association founded Equity Fights AIDS, and in February 1988, The Producers' Group founded Broadway Cares, both in response to the growing AIDS epidemic. The groups merged in May of 1992, to form Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS. The new organization was established as a not-for-profit fundraiser and took on the missions of the previous organizations.

PEPFAR (President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief)

Bush presidency

1986

Call for Compassion: '86-'96 May - virus that causes AIDS is HIV Prep - Pre-exposure prevention Pep - post exposure prevention

Surgeon General Koop

Charles Everett Koop (October 14, 1916 - February 25, 2013) was an American pediatric surgeon and public health administrator. He was a vice admiral in the Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, and served as the 13th Surgeon General of the United States under President Ronald Reagan from 1982 to 1989. According to the Associated Press, "Koop was the only surgeon general to become a household name." Koop was known for his work to prevent tobacco use, AIDS, and abortion, and for his support of the rights of disabled children.Koop was Surgeon General when public health authorities first began to take notice of AIDS. For his first four years in office, Koop, the nation's top health officer, was prevented from addressing this health crisis, for reasons he insisted were never fully clear to him but that were no doubt political. Koop wrote the official U.S. policy on the disease, and in 1988 he took unprecedented action in mailing AIDS information to every U.S. household. Gay activists and their supporters were unhappy with the way in which he targeted gay sex and the risk of infection through anal sexual intercourse as primary vectors of the disease, but Koop was unapologetic, claiming such activities entail risks several orders of magnitude greater than other means of transmission. Religious activists, upset over the pamphlet's frank discussion of sexual practices and advocacy of condom use, called for Koop's resignation. Koop also infuriated some former supporters by advocating sex education in schools, possibly as early as the third grade, including later instruction regarding the proper use of condoms to combat the spread of AIDS. While a straightforward telling to the public about the disease was controversial, Koop was also criticized by some health activists who claimed that his office had not gone far enough in attempting to develop a cure or vaccine, reducing the role of his office to educating the public on health concerns.

Cleve Jones

Cleve Jones (born October 11, 1954) is an American AIDS and LGBT rights activist. He conceived the NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt which has become, at 54 tons, the world's largest piece of community folk art as of 2016. In 1983, at the onset of the AIDS pandemic, Jones co-founded the San Francisco AIDS Foundation which has grown into one of the largest and most influential People with AIDS advocacy organizations in the United States. Jones conceived the idea of the AIDS Memorial Quilt at a candlelight memorial for Harvey Milk in 1985 and in 1987 created the first quilt panel in honor of his friend Marvin Feldman. The AIDS Memorial Quilt has grown to become the world's largest community arts project, memorializing the lives of over 85,000 Americans killed by AIDS.

1990s

Clinton elected in 1992 - campaign of false hope regarding AIDS ban on people with HIV from entering the US

"The Yellow Boat"

David Saar - 1997 play about his 8 year old son, Benjamin, who died of AIDS Benjamin had hemophilia. A uniquely gifted visual artist, Benjamin's buoyant imagination transformed his physical and emotional pain into a blaze of colors and shapes in his fanciful drawings and paintings.

AIDS/US clip

Documentarian drama Personal stories related to AIDS comprises a cast of those who have AIDS and those who are closely affected by it

The Battle of AmFAR

Documentary 1983 - early days of AIDS were a death sentence Founded in 1985 Mathilde Krim and Elizabeth Taylor Badass bitches; power duo Nation really responded because of them 1985 - Reagan administration - Taylor got Reagan to say AIDS for the first time cure wasn't even on the radar, but AmFAR (American foundation for AIDS Research) provided the funds for medical research get funding for research, do research into how the virus works and mutates Joseph Sonnabend Jeffrey Lawrence HIV has the ability to become physically attached to the DNA in the nucleus of the cell huge, huge activists who gained information at a time where nothing was really known star power, clout of these women and other celebrity support they were able to gain to help destigmatize the disease Federal government had gaps; AmFAR filled them in

Bathhouse controversy

Early 80s a place for gay men to be open and free about their sexuality closing of the bath houses meant the loss of individuality and who gay men were as people removal of identity appears in And the Band Played on and in The Normal Heart arguments to keep the bath houses open; tried to spread condom use and education eventually they were closed

"Elegies for Angels, Punks, and Raging Queens"

Elegies For Angels, Punks and Raging Queens is a song cycle with music by Janet Hood and lyrics and additional text by Bill Russell. The work features songs and monologues inspired by the NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt and Edgar Lee Masters' Spoon River Anthology. Each of the monologues is written from the perspective of characters who've died from AIDS and the songs represent the feelings of friends and family members dealing with the loss. The piece was developed in the late 1980s and was originally titled "The Quilt." It was produced first at the Ohio Theatre in Soho in NYC in 1989, where the new title was adopted, and then again Off-off-Broadway in Manhattan's East Village in February 1990. In 1992, it was produced at the King's Head Theatre in London, where it played for several months. In June 1993, the production was transferred to the Criterion Theatre in London's West End, where it played until July of the same year. Powerful song: "My Brother Lived in San Francisco"

"Endgame: AIDS in Black America"

Every 10 minutes, someone in the U.S. contracts HIV. Half are black. Thirty years after the discovery of the AIDS virus among gay white men, nearly half of the 1 million people in the United States infected with HIV are black men, women and children. A FRONTLINE special presentation, ENDGAME: AIDS in Black America, is a groundbreaking two-hour exploration of one of the country's most urgent, preventable health crises. A devastating, heart-wrenching portrait of a home-front reality that America is ignoring while it continues to send help to those in Africa.

1987

FDA approved first antiretroviral drug ART - antiretroviral therapy 1st time medication in the market for people with HIV - AZT December 1: world AIDS day Ryan White becomes an HIV/AIDS activist Ryan White care ACT

1997

FDA approves certain combination of pills; single day tablet; makes taking medication easier

2002

FDA approves first rapid HIV test - 20 min; 24 hours to start medical care

1996

Fulcrum of History Rent comes out - on Broadway until 2008 Soviet Union, India, Cambodia, and other countries experience outbreaks of HIV/AIDS

GRID

Gay Related Immune Deficiency (initial name for AIDS)

Patient Zero

Gaëtan Dugas, February 20, 1953 - March 30, 1984, a Canadian flight attendant, was a relatively early HIV patient who once was widely regarded as "patient zero" or the primary case for AIDS in the United States; his case was later found to have been only one of many that began in the 1970s, according to a September 2016 study published in Nature. In March 1984, a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) study tracked the sexual liaisons and practices of gay and bisexual men, especially in California and New York. Dugas was code-named as "patient O" (pronounced "oh", and standing for "Out-of-California"); misconstruing of the letter "O" as 0 (zero) led to the origin of the term "patient zero." The extent to which HIV/AIDS was known about in the early 1980s, how it was spread, or when Dugas was diagnosed are disputed. Dugas worked as a flight attendant for Air Canada and died in Quebec City in March 1984 as a result of kidney failure caused by AIDS-related infections.

Bertolt Brecht

German dramatist and poet who developed a style of epic theater (1898-1956) Alienation techniques do not become complacent as an audience member - Tony Kushner heavily used this

HIV 101 Material

HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus Someone can be infected, have an infection, or have the disease; all mean that the person has AIDS in their body and can pass it on to other people. HIV attacks the body's immune system. Treatments slow the process and allow people to live longer, healthier lives. People infected may have no symptoms for ten or more years. An HIV test is the only way to find out if you have it. A person with HIV has AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) when they have a CD4 Cell count (way to measure the strength of the immune system) below 200, or develops any of the specific AIDS-defining illnesses linked with HIV infection. Anyone can get HIV; those most at risk are those who have unprotected (vaginal, anal, and oral) sex; and IV drug users who share needles. You can get HIV through blood, semen, vaginal fluids, or breast milk. Before 1985, people were infected through contaminated blood transfusions. In May of 1985, the US began screening all blood products for HIV. HIV mutates. Weakened immune system= a greater risk of TB Hepatitis can cause severe liver problems for people with HIV

The Four Hs

Haitians, Heroin users, Homosexuals, Hemophiliacs

HAART

Highly Active Anti-Retroviral therapy

"How to Survive a Plague"

How to Survive a Plague is a 2012 American documentary film about the early years of the AIDS epidemic, and the efforts of activist groups ACT UP and TAG. It was directed by David France, a journalist who covered AIDS from its beginnings. France's first film, it was dedicated it to his partner Doug Gould who died of AIDS-related pneumonia in 1992. The documentary was produced using more than 700 hours of archived footage which included news coverage, interviews as well as film of demonstrations, meetings and conferences taken by ACT UP members themselves. France says they knew what they were doing was historic, and that many of them would die. The film, which opened in select theatres across the United States on September 21, 2012, also includes footage of a demonstration during mass at St. Patrick's Cathedral in 1989. Importance of primary source video footage Larry Kramer - "this is a ****ing plague!" Silence=Death (triangle symbol) Act-Up: take it to the street activism It's focused in Greenwich Village, NYC hospitals turned away dying people Advocates and patients had to take things into their own hands - came up with a treatment plan themselves, doing their own research and activism and forcing the federal government to pay attention protests, etc. on city hall, White House, churches Video artists, street artists - Ray Navarro David Barr - Gay rights attorney Lesbian and gay community center Iris Long - Housewife chemist that stepped up They all had to become scientists to some degree

"And the Band Played On"

In a prologue set in 1976, American epidemiologist Don Francis arrives in a village on the banks of the Ebola River in Zaire and discovers many of the residents and the doctor working with them have died from a mysterious illness later identified as Ebola hemorrhagic fever. It is his first exposure to such an epidemic, and the images of the dead he helps cremate will haunt him when he later becomes involved with HIV/AIDS research at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In 1981, Francis becomes aware of a growing number of deaths from unexplained sources among gay men in Los Angeles, New York City and San Francisco, and is prompted to begin an in-depth investigation of the possible causes. Working with no money, limited space, and outdated equipment, he comes in contact with politicians, numerous members of the medical community (many of whom resent his involvement because of their personal agendas), and gay activists. Of the latter, some such as Bill Kraus support him, while others express resentment at what they see as unwanted interference in their lifestyles, especially in his attempts to close the local bathhouses. One day, when exercising at a local gym, Kraus notices a spot at the base of his leg, worrying that it might be Kaposi's sarcoma. After a series of blood tests, Kraus is horrified that his worst fears have been confirmed when he learns that he has been diagnosed with AIDS. While Francis pursues his theory that AIDS is caused by a sexually transmitted virus on the model of feline leukemia, he finds his efforts are stonewalled by the CDC, which is unwilling to prove the disease is transmitted through blood, and competing French and American scientists, particularly Dr. Robert Gallo. These medical researchers squabble about who should receive credit for discovering the virus. Meanwhile, the death toll climbs rapidly. Takeaways: The fear, and the violence that such fear caused is incredible; we don't hear about it today, but it was so great, and so potent. "The only ones who are interested in gay men dying are gay men and the one's who'd wish they'd all die."

"In the Continuum"

In the continuum puts a human face on the devastating impact of AIDS in Africa and America through the lives of two unforgettably courageous women. Living worlds apart, one in South Central LA and the other in Zimbabwe, each experience a kaleidoscopic weekend of life changing revelations. The two-woman show In the Continuum began as a graduate school acting project. Now the off-Broadway show has been named one of the ten best plays of the year by The New York Times. Nikkole Salter and Danai Gurira, who met at New York University, are the play's authors and actresses. Both play black women with HIV, as well as other characters. Salter is Nia, a teenage African-American girl. Gurira is Abigail Murambe, a newsreader for the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corp. She's pregnant with a second child and having marital problems. The play takes place over a 48-hour period in which both protagonists, living continents apart, discover that the men in their lives have infected them with HIV. Each goes on a personal journey, encountering various characters and cultural bias, as they try to come to grips with their diagnosis and sense of isolation.

Protease Inhibitors/ Triple Cocktail

Interrupt the last step that HIV takes to copy itself Saquinavir battle of early approval Lazarus effect with it Dr. David Ho was important in its creation made AIDS no longer a death sentence Are very expensive They are a class of antiviral drugs that are widely used to treat HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C. Protease inhibitors prevent viral replication by selectively binding to viral proteases (e.g. HIV-1 protease) and blocking proteolytic cleavage of protein precursors that are necessary for the production of infectious viral particles. Given the specificity of the target of these drugs there is the risk, as in antibiotics, of the development of drug-resistant mutated viruses. To reduce this risk it is common to use several different drugs together that are each aimed at different targets. The first of them were approved in late 1995-1996

2010

Jan. Travel ban lifted for those with HIV/AIDS - why was this so enduring? Fear, stigma There are countries that still have a ban PREP approved by FDA for HIV negative people: one pill a day, every day; 96-98% effective

1983

June - children born HIV positive CT - no mother-to-child HIV transmission since 1981

Rock Hudson

Masculine sex symbol clean, unmarred ladies' man his manager worked to hide his sexuality came out in 1985 forced to come out because he had AIDS treated in France died in October of 1985 power of celebrity - Liz Taylor's love for him helped enact change first celebrity to come out with AIDS; forced people to realize it was a problem; critical in changing the way people thought of AIDS

MAC

Mycobacterium avium complex

Truvada

PREP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) form

PCP

Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia

Mathilde Krim

Researcher/Scientist/AIDS activist at Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City When: Began activism for AIDS in the 80s, continued activism and research into the 90s and 2000s, passed away in January of 2018, she remained committed to AIDS research and activism throughout her career Where: New York City Significance: Helped found AmFAR, contributed in some of the most pivotal AIDS research and activism the nation had seen, due to research from AmFAR, they were able to make actual medical developments in terms of treatment and research into how the virus works, also interesting that this "high society" woman is at the helm of AIDS research

1990

Ryan White dies at 18

Ryan White

Ryan white was born in 1971 in Kokomo, Indiana. He was diagnosed with HIV in 1984, banned from his school in 1985 when he tried to return to school. He died in 1990. When: Already covered it. Where: Born in Kokomo, Indiana, moved to Cicero, Indiana, died in Indianapolis, Indiana, gained national attention. Significance: Ryan White became the "poster child" of the AIDS epidemic because he was seen as an "innocent victim" (young, white child who did not contract the disease through any "fault" of his own), he was critical in changing how schools dealt with HIV/AIDS, spread public awareness, and changed public consciousness surrounding AIDS, many celebrities showed their support for Ryan and AIDS which helped destigmatize the disease, Ryan White CARE Act provides medical care and support services for people affected by HIV/AIDS and is still used today, critical in states that do not have Medicaid because Medicaid provides insurance for conditions related to HIV/AIDS

Magic Johnson

Since his retirement, Johnson has been an advocate for HIV/AIDS prevention and safe sex, as well as an entrepreneur, philanthropist, broadcaster and motivational speaker. His public announcement of his HIV-positive status in 1991 helped dispel the stereotype, still widely held at the time, that HIV was a "gay disease" that heterosexuals need not worry about; his bravery in making this announcement was widely commended. Named by Ebony magazine as one of America's most influential black businessmen in 2009, Johnson has numerous business interests, and was a part-owner of the Lakers for several years. Johnson also is part of a group of investors that purchased the Los Angeles Dodgers in 2012 and the Los Angeles Sparks in 2014.After announcing his infection in November 1991, Johnson created the Magic Johnson Foundation to help combat HIV, although he later diversified the foundation to include other charitable goals. In 1992, he joined the National Commission on AIDS, a committee appointed by members of Congress and the Bush Administration. Johnson left after eight months, saying that the White House had "utterly ignored" the work of the panel, and had opposed the commission's recommendations, which included universal healthcare and the expansion of Medicaid to cover all low-income people with AIDS. He was also the main speaker for the United Nations (UN) World AIDS Day Conference in 1999, and has served as a United Nations Messenger of Peace. HIV had been associated with drug addicts and homosexuals, but Johnson's campaigns sought to show that the risk of infection was not limited to those groups. Johnson stated that his aim was to "help educate all people about what [HIV] is about" and teach others not to "discriminate against people who have HIV and AIDS". Johnson was later criticized by the AIDS community for his decreased involvement in publicizing the spread of the disease. To prevent his HIV infection from progressing to AIDS, Johnson takes a daily combination of drugs. He has advertised GlaxoSmithKline's drugs, and partnered with Abbott Laboratories to publicize the fight against AIDS in African American communities.

GMHC

The GMHC (formerly Gay Men's Health Crisis) is a New York City-based non-profit, volunteer-supported and community-based AIDS service organization whose mission statement is "end the AIDS epidemic and uplift the lives of all affected." 1982, founded by Nathan Fain, Larry Kramer, Lawrence D. Mass, Paul Popham, Paul Rapoport and Edmund White. They organized the formal, tax-exempt entity. At the time it was the largest volunteer AIDS organization in the world. Paul Popham was chosen as the president. Relied heavily on volunteer work AIDS hotline - first one buddy program social support systems focused on providing information to people

MMWR

The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report is a weekly epidemiological digest for the United States published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). It is the main vehicle for publishing public health information and recommendations that have been received by the CDC from state health departments. Material published in the report is in the public domain and may be reprinted without permission. famous early article on AIDS: "Pneumocystis Pneumonia"

1985

Turning point Rock Hudson FDA blood test to detect antibodies Ryan White in Indiana, banned from school Same occurrence in New London with a child being kicked out of school. Special classroom, separation, stigma, fear-mongering Dec. - recommendation for preventing mother-to-child transmission

u = u

Undetectable - untransmittable

1999

WHO stated AIDS as biggest cause of death in the world Developing countries and countries lagging behind otherwise are most in need of help. Appeals for drugs were actually tested in developing countries 'generic' forms become available

HOPWA

Who/ what, when: HOPWA, also known as Housing Opportunities for Persons With AIDS, is a foundation started in 1990 through the AIDS Housing Opportunity Act, which is part of the Cranston-Gonzales National Housing Act of 1990. It was created to provide housing and support services for low-income individuals and families with HIV/AIDS. HOPWA's goal is to provide people with much-needed economic stability and healthcare through housing. HOPWA receives federal funding to carry out its missions, but the United States government does not provide enough for the institution to help everyone in need. HOPWA provides those in need with funding through grants. Where: Throughout the US in low-income communities and in communities affected by the AIDS Epidemic. Significance: HOPWA has provided and continues to provide vital support to those in low-income communities and those suffering from HIV/AIDS with housing and economic support.

Elizabeth Taylor

Who/ what: A FLIPPIN BADASS: one of the most high profile celebrities of all time, actress all throughout late 40s, the 50s, 60s, 70s, and a little of the 80s and 90s, lots of other celebrity business including wrecking Italy during the filming of Cleopatra, became an AIDS activist and philanthropist after Rock Hudson's death in 1985 When: Began activism for HIV/AIDS after Rock Hudson's death in 1985, helped found AmFAR and the Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation (take a look, there's a website an everything, they have helped people worldwide), continued activism and raising awareness for HIV/AIDS until her death in 2011 Where: AmFAR was founded in New York City, but Elizabeth Taylor went all over the US and world doing activism and spreading awareness Significance: She put her entire reputation as a revered celebrity on the line at a time when activism was so necessary, the fact that she dared talk about AIDS and show her support for those affected was crucial in the destigmatization of the disease, she was able to get Reagan to say AIDS for the first time, she could have easily stepped back and let others handle AIDS, which is what so many other people did, but she chose to utilize her fame for positive change

AmFAR

Who/ what: American Foundation for AIDS Research, founded by Mathilde Krim and Elizabeth Taylor, acquires funding for AIDS research and provides support services for people affected by HIV/AIDS When: Founded in 1985 Where: Founded in New York City Significance: The star power of these women, and the following support from celebrities and others holding significant cultural clout/money, helped destigmatize AIDS, AmFAR was able to cure a man from AIDS (the disease was undetectable in his body), this (in addition to the other information and research AmFAR was able to gain) generated a new sense of hope. Timothy Brown - Berlin patient whom AmFAR was able to cure Psychological importance of seeing a cure and getting/giving hope

AZT

Who/ what: Azidothymidine, Antiretroviral medication. Released by Burroughs Wellcome with very little trials and with no real proof that it was causing the disease to slow down. When: Released in 1987 Where: The drug mainly went to cases who could afford it, more privileged AIDS patients. Significance: How it works is by disguising itself as a thymidine to stop the HIV from killing the cell.There were many problems with this drug including high cost (prohibitive price of 8,000 to 10,000 a year), severe side effects (intestinal problems, vision problems, damage to the immune system, nausea, vomiting, and headaches), did not work well alone, and did not work on infected children. Most people could not handle the intensity of the drug and access to it was not widespread.

Elizabeth Glaser

Who/ what: Elizabeth Glaser was born on November 11, 1947, and was married to actor and director Paul Michael Glaser. She contracted HIV after receiving an HIV-contaminated blood transfusion while giving birth to a daughter, Ariel. She unknowingly passed on the virus to her daughter through breastfeeding. Ariel died in 1988. Her son Jake contracted HIV from his mother in utero, but has lived to adulthood. When: 1947-1994; activism in 1988, 1992 Where: Santa Monica, California Significance: Mourning Ariel's death and determined to save Jake's life, Glaser created the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation with friends in her kitchen in 1988. The work helped to raise national awareness of HIV, and eventually spurred funding for the development of pediatric AIDS drugs and research into mother-to-child transmission of the disease. Glaser spoke at the 1992 Democratic National Convention. She published a book, In the Absence of Angels. Glaser used her celebrity, clout and influence to call for advocacy and change the way our nation viewed what had previously been deemed a white, homosexual man's disease.

Keith Haring

Who/ what: Keith Haring was born on May 4th, 1958, in Kutztown, PA into a conservative household. He moved to New York at 19, and enrolled at the School of Visual Arts to begin to create a recognizable style for himself. He created graffiti style works, and was eventually able to start selling his works and making a career. He came out of the closet and began engaging in the active gay community, attending bath houses and orgies. In 1985, he lost many friends and acquaintances to the raging AIDS Epidemic, and his art began to confront themes of death and sexuality, as well as other dark themes. When: 1978-1988; dies in 1990 Where: New York City Significance: In 1988, when Haring discovered that he had Kaposi's Sarcoma, he became a militant fighter for organizations such as Act Up and Visual AIDS. He advocated safe sex and education through his art. Still widely known today, Haring's art manifested as a targeted response to the epidemic, and was marketed as such, and continues to be marketed in such a way even after his death.

Mary Fisher

Who/ what: Mary Fisher, an artist, mother, and AIDS advocate, was born on April 6, 1948 in Louisville, Kentucky. Her parents divorced when she was four years old, and Fisher's mother remarried; her adoptive father, the multi-millionaire Max Fisher, held influence in the Republican Party. Fisher attended the and left the University of Michigan after just one year, later joining the staff of then-President Gerald R. Ford, becoming known as the President's first female "advance man." When: 1992, 1996, Present Where: Kentucky, Michigan Significance: Fisher contracted HIV from her second husband, Brian Campbell. Luckily, her children tested negative for the disease. She decided to go public with her diagnosis in 1992, and was invited to speak at the 1992 Republican National Convention. She spoke then, and once again in 1996. Her speeches comprised a poignant thesis: cultivate love, cultivate understanding, and work to enact change through compassion. She created the Family AIDS Network, which provided a support group for families affected by AIDS. Fisher used her clout and influence to call for advocacy and change the way our nation viewed what had previously been deemed a white, homosexual man's disease.

Needle Exchange Programs/Harm Reduction

Who/ what: Needle Exchange Programs, or NEPs, are community-based initiatives that allow IV drug users to trade used needles for clean, sterile ones. These programs were established in an effort to halt the spread of HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis B, and other blood-borne diseases. Harm Reduction is a set of practical strategies and ideas aimed at reducing negative consequences associated with drug use. Harm Reduction is also a movement for society built upon a belief in, and respect for, the rights of people who use drugs. When: Began in 1984 in Amsterdam; in 1986, Jon Stuen-Parker, the founder of AIDS Brigade, created the first NEP. NEPs are still functioning with success today. Where: The first NEP in the U.S., founded by Jon Stuen-Parker, was created in New Haven, CT. Today, there are nearly 200 NEPs in more than 36 states. Significance: Although there is controversy involving NEPs (they are illegal in some states and thought to encourage, as well as perpetuate drug use and raise crime levels), they have overall greatly reduced the risk of dangerous behaviors, as well as having reduced the incidence of HIV and other blood borne infections. They also provide greater access to drug treatment and other HIV prevention services.

Richard Berkowitz and "Safe Sex"

Who/ what: Richard Berkowitz was born on October 6, 1955 to a Jewish family in New Jersey, and attended Rutgers University. He organized what is considered the first gay rights protest in New Jersey in response to an anti-gay effigy hung from a tree by a fraternity at Rutgers. Berkowitz was an S and M sex worker for several years. When: 1983 Where: New Jersey Significance: Berkowitz was seen as controversial in the gay community due to his comments about condemning promiscuity in the community, as well as due to his support of protected, safe sex. Berkowitz published How to Have Sex in an Epidemic: One Approach in 1983. It was considered to be the first sex positive guide to practicing safe sex. It approached ways to prevent the spread of AIDS that did not recommend celibacy, but at the same time, it did not condemn celibacy, either. Its honest explicitness and graphic transparency made the material easy to follow and provided multiple ways to engage in sexual activity safely. It also helped to approach the content such as S and M and other fetishes so that sexual fantasies could still be engaged in. Message: safe sex can still be sexy and fun. The guide was considered outdated and was even debated in the future because it was designed to prevent the spread of the Cytomegalovirus (CMV), which was thought to be one of the factors causing AIDS, but it was not designed to prevent the spread of AIDS itself; some recommendations can be disregarded because it was designed to prevent CMV transmission.

World AIDS Day/Day Without Art

World AIDS Day, designated on 1 December every year since 1988, is an international day dedicated to raising awareness of the AIDS pandemic caused by the spread of HIV infection and mourning those who have died of the disease. Government and health officials, non-governmental organizations, and individuals around the world observe the day, often with education on AIDS prevention and control. World AIDS Day is one of the eight official global public health campaigns marked by the World Health Organization (WHO), along with World Health Day, World Blood Donor Day, World Immunization Week, World Tuberculosis Day, World No Tobacco Day, World Malaria Day and World Hepatitis Day. As of 2017, AIDS has killed between 28.9 million and 41.5 million people worldwide, and an estimated 36.7 million people are living with HIV, making it one of the most important global public health issues in recorded history. Thanks to recent improved access to antiretroviral treatment in many regions of the world, the death rate from AIDS epidemic has decreased since its peak in 2005 (1 million in 2016, compared to 1.9 million in 2005). Day Without Art (DWA) is an annual event where art museums and other organizations organize programs to raise awareness of AIDS, remember people who have died, and inspire positive action. Day Without Art began on December 1, 1989 as the national day of action and mourning in response to the AIDS crisis, which had rapidly and conspicuously decimated the artistic community. To make the public aware that AIDS can touch everyone, and inspire positive action, some 800 U.S. art and AIDS groups participated in the first Day Without Art, shutting down museums, sending staff to volunteer at AIDS services, or sponsoring special exhibitions of work about AIDS. Since then, Day With(out) Art has grown into a collaborative project in which an estimated 8,000 national and international museums, galleries, art centers, AIDS service organizations, libraries, high schools and colleges take part. In the past, "Visual AIDS" initiated public actions and programs, published an annual poster and copyright-free broadsides, and acted as press coordinator and clearing house for projects for Day Without Art/World AIDS Day. In 1997, it was suggested Day Without Art become a Day With Art, to recognize and promote increased programming of cultural events that draw attention to the continuing pandemic. Though "the name was retained as a metaphor for the chilling possibility of a future day without art or artists", we added parentheses to the program title, Day With(out) Art, to highlight the proactive programming of art projects by artists living with HIV/AIDS, and art about AIDS, that were taking place around the world.

NNRTIS

also interrupt the 1st step that HIV takes to copy itself, but in a different way than NRTIS (non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors)

Bobby Campbell

another poster child for AIDS was gay, of a marginalized group

1984

cause found - retrovirus transmission: blood, semen, anal fluids, vaginal fluids, breast milk, precum, needle use, mother-to-child

"Rent"

comes out in 1996 Lazarus effect - Mimi does not die - super awesome La Bohème, but with AIDS and different deaths showed AIDS as a problem for marginalized people and those in low income pockets massive popularity and commercialization; commodification of Rent merchandise in Macys, etc. Ends with 525,600 minutes - Seasons of Love directed toward audience importance of Jonathan Larsen, who dies before premiere - romanticization of his death

Travel ban in the US

imposed in 1987 lifted in 2009/10 having HIV was once a reason for being denied entry into the US

Innocens suggere poena

innocence suggests guilt

NRTIS

interrupt the first step that HIV takes to copy itself within a cell (nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors)

Reagan Administration

known for what it didn't do involving AIDS

MSN

man who has sex with men/men who have sex with men

1989

number of reported cases: 100,000

1981

pneumocystis pneumonia intersections, things moving faster people who injected drugs, homosexuals sexual, gay-related immune deficiency already/initially stigmatized initial focus on letting people live