Theoretical Orientation/Intervention

C. It can be performed by a human services worker who has completed a two- or four-year human services degree, if he or she has the HS-BCP credential. Psychotherapy should be performed by a licensed social worker, counselor, or psychologist.

101. All of the following statements about psychotherapy are true except A. it is considered a curative procedure. B. it has been called talk therapy. C. it can be performed by a human services worker who has completed a two- or four-year human services degree, if he or she has the HS-BCP credential. D. it can be performed by a licensed clinical psychologist.

D. A licensed psychiatrist. Modern psychiatrists are experts in medication management but are generally no longer trained to do psychotherapy.

102. All of the following experts would be qualified to perform psychotherapy on your clients except A. a licensed professional counselor (LPC) B. a licensed clinical social worker (LCSW) with training in psychotherapy. C. a licensed PhD clinical psychologist. D. a licensed psychiatrist.

A. The client's behavior. Behavior modification is also called functional analysis or applied behavior analysis (ABA). This is really simple because, just as the name implies, behavior modification focuses on behavior. Human service workers who are not licensed to perform psychotherapy are often qualified to implement behavior modification techniques.

103. Behavior modification primarily focuses on A. the client's behavior. B. the client's past, such as her childhood. C. you client's cognitions. D. an analysis of the client's emotions.

D. Positive reinforcement, which is based on B. F. Skinner's operant conditioning. The behavior is often called the antecedent and the reinforcement is the consequence.

104. The most popular technique in behavior modification is A. punishment because, contrary to popular belief, it is very effective. B. dream analysis because it allows you to understand the client's unconscious mind. C. catharsis. D. positive reinforcement, which is based on B. F. Skinner's operant conditioning.

A. Come immediately after the behavior in order to be effective. If you think about it, it makes sense that, within reason, the sooner you give the reinforcer, the better.

105. When conducting behavior mod (also known as behavior modification), you will use the technique of positive reinforcement very often. a reinforcer should A. come immediately after the behavior in order to be effective. B. be delayed for at least 60 seconds in order to be effective. C. not be used in K-12 schools due to strict ethical guidelines. D. only be performed by a licensed social worker (LCSW), licensed professional counselor (LPC), or by a doctoral-level licensed PhD or PsyD clinical psychologist.

D. To have Evelyn tell Kelsey she will give her a piece of her favorite candy as soon as she completes the math problem, and then follow through and actually give her a piece of the candy. Behavior modification is concerned with what takes place immediately after the behavior. Per choice A, if you give Kelsey the candy before she completes the problem, she might just never complete it.

106. Evelyn's 9-year-old daughter, Kelsey, is refusing to do her math homework each night. The best approach to treat this challenge from a behavior modification standpoint would be A. to give Kelsey her favorite candy and then kindly ask her to complete the problem. B. to ask Evelyn to smile and say to Kelsey, "Kelsey, please complete the problems." C. to have Evelyn complete the problem and then smile at Kelsey and say, "Kelsey, please complete the problem." D. to have Evelyn tell Kelsey she will give her a piece of her favorite candy as soon as she completes the math problem, and then follow through and actually give her a piece of the candy.

D. Kelsey has weak ego strength.

107. Which diagnosis or evaluation would not be suited toward a behavior modification paradigm? A. Johnny is too anxious to give a speech in his high school class. B. Five-year-old Sally refuses to wipe her feet before coming in the house when they are muddy. C. Kelsey says she will not do her math homework. D. Kelsey has weak ego strength.

D. Choices A and B. You must be able to measure something or replicate it if it's operationally defined.

108. Behavior modification relies on operational definitions. All of these statements are operational definitions except A. Tom has a co-dependent relationship with his ex-wife. B. Brandon has a bad self-image. C. Michelle wants to get off of TANF and secure a job in fast food. D. choices A and B.

A. Take a baseline measure of his smoking. Behavior modification begins by taking baseline data. Baseline data tells us how much or how frequently the behavior is taking place. Therefore, once we apply intervention, we can see if the behavior modification procedure us helping, causing his smoking to stay the same, or causing it to get worse.

109. Pete is just 22 years old, but he is having lung problems because he smokes too much. He says he wants to quit (thus, smoking is considered his target behavior), but can't. According to behavior modification theory, your first step would be to A. take a baseline measure of his smoking. B. find pictures online that show the actual damage smoking causes to your lungs and allow Pete to examine them. C. tell him that you really care about him and you will help him find out why he smokes so much, so he can quit. D. use punishment as your initial or first approach.

A. To have Pete chart the number of cigarettes he smokes everyday for the next week. For evaluation purposes, taking a baseline for a few days is more accurate than just tracking a behavior for a single day. In choice D, the term lay, which, in this case, refers to a person who doesn't have the necessary degrees or specialized training to be performing the procedure or approach in question.

110. The best method to secure baseline data would be A. to have Pete chart the number of cigarettes he smokes everyday for the next week. B. to simply ask him approximately how many cigarettes he smokes in an average day. C. to ask Pete to switch his brand of cigarettes for a week and see what transpires. D. to refer Pete to a lay hypnosis for smoking cessation.

B. A. The uppercase A is used to signify the baseline in a behavior modification procedure.

111. When we chart a baseline, it is signified by A. X. B. A. C. the abscissa and the ordinate. D. the XY axis model

B. The letter B. The uppercase letter B is used to signify the treatment phase in behavior modification.

112. In behavior modification, we signify the baseline using A. Treatment would be signified by A. the letter X. B. the letter B. C. The letter X or B - more information is clearly necessary to answer this question. D. the letter T for treatment.

A. Continuous reinforcement, and it is recommended at the beginning of treatment. Continuous reinforcement - recommended at the beginning of treatment - occurs when you reinforce each desired behavior, such as completing a math problem.

113. Every time 11-year-old Almeda completes a math problem, you giver her a piece of her favorite candy. This is A. continuous reinforcement, and it is recommended at the beginning of treatment. B. continuous reinforcement, and it is never recommended at the beginning of treatment. C. a rather typical cognitive therapy strategy, but it works well. D. a fine example of intermittent reinforcement.

B. Known as thinning. Thinning occurs when you stop reinforcing each and every desirable behavior. The term is also used to show that you're reinforcing less than you did at first. So, if you gave the client a stick of gum after each math problem and then lowered it to a stick of gum for every two problems completed, you're using thinning.

114. At first, you give Almeda a piece of candy after she completes each math problem. You do this for the first five problems. Then you decide to give her a piece of candy after every other problem. This is A. known as cognitive restructuring. B. known as thinning. C. an old gestalt therapy technique recommended by Fritz Perls. D. an old reality therapy technique recommended by psychiatrist William Glasser.

C. An indication that satiation or habituation is an issue. When you give a reinforcer too often, habituation or satiation sets in. When this occurs, the individual is no longer reinforced and might not even want the reinforcer.

115. You give Almeda a piece of candy after each problem. When you reach problem number 27, she says, "Yuck, I hate that candy, I'm sick of it." This is most likely A. psychoanalytic resistance. B. an unusual situation and virtually never happens when using behavior modification. C. an indication that satiation or habituation is an issue. D. due to childhood sexual abuse.

D. When a reinforcer should be given. Your schedule for school tells you when you should be in a certain class. Along these same lines, a schedule of reinforcement tells the human services practitioner when to use the reinforcement.

116. A schedule of reinforcement tells the worker A. quite a bit about the client's personality. B. whether the client is a morning or an afternoon person. C. something about the client's IQ or intelligence level. D. when a reinforcer should be given.

C. Choices A and B. In a token economy, a secondary reinforcer (something that represents the real primary reinforcer) is used, such as fake money, plastic chips, or a gold star. When you get enough fake money, gold stars, or tokens, these can be turned in for the reward.

117. An addiction treatment center for adolescents gives the clients play money that can be turned in for real goods and services, such as a baseball glove or trip to the park. In this case, the fake play money is A. used to create a token economy. B. a secondary reinforcer. C. choices A and B. D. a primary reinforcer.

B. A ratio schedule. Ratio schedules are based on performance or work output. After every two problems, you'll receive a piece of candy, or after every three problems, you get a toy, etc. In a ratio schedule, we don't care about time.

118. Almeda is given a piece of her favorite candy after every two math problems she completes. This is A. an interval schedule. B. a ratio schedule. C. a continuous reinforcement schedule. D. choices A and B.

A. An interval schedule. Interval schedules are based on time. After each 5 minutes, you get a toy or maybe a stick of gum. In an interval schedule, we don't care about work output - we only care about time.

119. Almeda is given a piece of her favorite candy after each 5 minutes she works on her math. This is A. an interval schedule. B. a ratio schedule. C. thinning. D. an example of using a secondary reinforcer.

A. Is a fixed schedule. In a fixed schedule, the reinforcement is always given at the same interval - say, 5 minutes. If we were talking about a ratio schedule, then the work output would remain the same; so, we would provide the reinforcement after each two problems are completed.

120. Almeda is given a piece of her favorite candy after each 5 minutes she works on her math. This A. is a fixed schedule. B. is a variable schedule. C. could be a variable or a fixed schedule. More information is necessary. D. is not an acceptable form of behavior modification.

B. An example of a variable schedule of reinforcement. In a variable schedule, you vary when the reinforcement is given. You might give the reinforcement after the client completes three problems, then after she completes five more problem, then after she completes two additional problems.

121. Almeda is given a piece of her favorite candy after she worked on her math for 5 minutes. Then she gets another piece after she worked on the math problems for just 4 minutes. This is A. a gross misuse of the behavior modification model. B. an example of a variable schedule of reinforcement. C. an example of a fixed schedule of reinforcement. D. an example of paradoxical intention.

D. Of a pay scale that is based on interval reinforcement. Since the employees are paid by the time they work (and not the number of clients served), this is an interval scale.

122. You work for a non-for-profit agency. All non-for-profit agencies have a board. Your board has decided that all paid employees will get paid once a month. This is an example A. of ratio reinforcement, which is based on work output or performance. B. of a pay schedule that is not based on reinforcement. C. that is based on behavioral techniques, but is not based on reinforcement. D. of a pay scale that is based on interval reinforcement.

A. F.

123. A fixed scale of reinforcement is designated by A. F. B. V. C. R. D. I.

A. V.

124. A variable schedule is designated by A. V. B. I. C. R. D. F.

C. A variable reinforcement scale. In a variable scale, the point when the reinforcer is given changes. In a fixed scale, it stays the same.

125. Lillie gets a piece of her favorite candy after she completes five math problems. Next, the human service practitioner gives her another piece after she completes three additional problems. Finally, the worker gives her another piece after she completes a dozen more problems. This is an example of A. fixed reinforcement. B. F reinforcement. C. a variable reinforcement scale. D. none of the above.

A. A fixed interval scale. In the FI, or fixed interval scale, the time interval when you provide the client with the reinforcer remains constant, such as every 5 or 10 minutes.

126. FI stands for A. a fixed interval scale. B. a variable ratio scale. C. a variable interval scale. D. a fixed intention model.

C. Performance/work output. This is an analogy question. An analogy describes two things that are similar in one way, but different in another. So I, or interval scales, are based on time and R, or ratio scales, are concerned with performance/work output.

127. I is to time as R is to A. psychoanalysis. B. Medicare. C. performance/work output. D. none of the above.

A. A ratio scale of reinforcement. Since this has nothing to do with time and everything to do with work output, it's a ratio scale.

128. Clint must complete 10 math problems before he gets a token. This is obviously A. a ratio scale of reinforcement. B. an interval schedule of reinforcement. C. More information is needed. D. a VI schedule.

C. Believe VR is the strongest or best schedule of reinforcement.

129. Human services workers A. believe FI is the strongest or best schedule of reinforcement. B. believe FR is the strongest or best schedule of reinforcement. C. believe VR is the strongest or best schedule of reinforcement. D. are split on whether the best schedule of reinforcement is FI or FR.

A. FI is the weakest schedule of reinforcement. Weakest in context means it has the least impact in terms of changing behavior.

130. Human service professional believe A. FI is the weakest schedule of reinforcement. B. VR is the weakest schedule of reinforcement. C. VI is the weakest schedule of reinforcement. D. FR is the weakest schedule of reinforcement.

B. VR. Here, the number of clients Lillie needed to see to get paid changed, so it's a variable reinforcement schedule (VR) based on her work output. If she always needed to see 10 clients to get paid, then it would be a FR, or a fixed ratio scale or schedule.

131. Lillie gets paid based on the number of clients she sees. The first week, her supervisor made her see 10 clients. During the second week, her supervisor felt she could do even more and made her see 12 clients to secure her paycheck. This is an example of A. VI. B. VR. C. FR. D. FI.

D. Extinction. Ignoring a behavior is a form of extinction. Extinction is intended to reduce, lower, or totally eliminate a behavior.

132. Rolf ignores his client when she curses. This is an example of A. VR. B. FI. C. FR. D. extinction.

A. Rolf's client will curse even more at first when Rolf ignores her, but then her tendency to curse will go down. When you first begin to ignore or extinguish a behavior, it will go up before it goes down. This is known as a response burst or extinction burst. Choice D, although incorrect, introduces you to the fact that if a law is different than an ethic, the law is the stronger of the two.

133. The best example of an extinction burst would be A. Rolf's client will curse even more at first when Rolf ignores her, but then her tendency to curse will go down. B. Rolf's client will begin cursing less as soon as Rolf ignores her. C. none of these, since ignoring a client is against ethical guidelines. D. none of these because ignoring a client is against state statutes that supersede ethical guidelines.

D. Extinction. Time out is a form of extinction that reduces an unwanted, inappropriate, or dysfunctional behavior. Extinction is a lack of reinforcement. To make time out effective, the situation in the room or time out area must not be reinforcing, such as a room with no windows and nothing in it except possibly a chair.

134. Time out is a form of A. positive reinforcement. B. the Premack Principle. C. an FI reinforcement schedule. D. extinction.

C. Positive reinforcement is superior to punishment in terms of changing behavior. B.F. Skinner, one of the key pioneers in behavior modification, was adamant that reinforcement was superior to punishment.

135. Pick the most accurate statement. Most experts agree that A. positive reinforcement and punishment are equally effective in terms of changing behavior. B. positive reinforcement and punishment are equally effective in terms of changing behavior, but since punishment hurts the client, it should not be used as often. C. positive reinforcement is superior to punishment in terms of changing behavior. D. positive reinforcement and punishment are ideally used together to change behavior in most instances.

C. Raises behavior. All reinforcers, both positive and negative, raise behavior.

136. Negative reinforcement A. lowers behavior. B. does not raise or lower behavior. C. raises behavior. D. is the same thing as time out.

A. Punishment lowers behavior. Reinforcement is used to raise or strengthen it. Reinforcement (positive or negative) raises behavior - punishment lowers behavior.

137. Choose the correct statement A. Punishment lowers behavior. Reinforcement is used to raise or strengthen it. B. Negative punishment is spanking your child lightly and telling him you love him. C. Punishment never works, so don't use it. D. Negative punishment is spanking your child lightly, but not telling him you love him.

C. Lower behavior. All punishment - both positive and negative - lowers behavior.

138. Positive and negative punishment A. raises behavior. B. do not impact the rate or frequency of behavior. C. lower behavior. D. are never recommended in the same treatment program for a single client.

A. If the cursing stops, negative punishment has taken place. In math, when you see a positive sign (+), it means to add. When you view a negative sign (-), it means to subtract or take something away. May has taken something away (negative sign), so it is negative punishment.

139. You instruct Max to take his daughter's video game system away if she doesn't stop cursing. Her cursing continued and Max took the video game system away, as you suggested. A. If the cursing stops, negative punishment has taken place. B. If the cursing stops, positive punishment has taken place. C. If the cursing stops, extinction has taken place. D. If the cursing stops, positive reinforcement has taken place.

B. Positive punishment. In positive punishment, you add soemthing to the behavior to lower it. Cognitive restructuring, as in choice D, is a way of saying you are teaching your client to think a more effective manner about his or her life. This is the basis for treatments such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), or rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), pioneered by Albert Ellis.

140. Maranda decided to lightly swat her 4-year-old daughter on her posterior because she crossed the busy street herself. Maranda tells you that the technique was effective and her daughter has not been trying to cross the street. This is A. an act of child abuse and needs to be reported in a timely manner, even though Maranda meant well. B. positive punishment. C. negative punishment. D. cognitive restructuring.

D. All of the above. Glasser's model is one of the few that actually suggests you make friends with the client. Keep in mind that he's talking about the way you treat the client during a session, not going to dinner and a movie with them.

141. Dr. William Glasser, a psychiatrist, created reality therapy. When using reality therapy, A. make friends with the client. B. accept no excuses. C. never give up on the client. D. all of the above.

D. ABC theory of personality/ABCDE theory of treatment. A is the activating event, this could be anything in your life. B is the belief system, which, for most folks, is irrational, illogical, and unscientific. C us the emotional consequence. D occurs when the therapist disputes the belief. When B (the belief) us replaced with a rational, logical, scientific thought, then E, a new, healthier emotional consequence, is the result.

142. Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) was created by Dr. Albert Ellis. REBT uses the A. VR theory of personality. B. eight concrete steps for treatment. C. the ABA design. D. ABC theory of personality/ABCDE theory of treatment.

A. Irrational beliefs (also abbreviated as IRBs), and works well for depressed clients. Ellis believes that humans have a genetic propensity to think in a crooked, irrational manner that leads to emotional problem. The real goal of REBT is to help the client think in a rational manner. In REBT, the therapist, is very didactic, meaning he or she functions somewhat like a teacher to instruct the client have to think in a new, health fashion.

143. REBT, or rational emotive behavior therapy, focuses on A. irrational beliefs (also abbreviated as IRBs), and works well for depressed clients. B. dream analysis. C. radical behaviorism. D. insight from childhood.

D. All of the above.

144. Dr. Carl Ransom Rogers, a psychologist, created non-directive therapy. This is a form of humanistic/existential treatment. It can also be called A. Rogerian therapy. B. person-centered therapy. C. self-theory. D. all of the above.

C. Empathy. Empathy - also called accurate empathy - is the ability of the practitioner to understand what it's like to experience the life of the client (feelings, thoughts, behaviors, and even their overall worldview). Next, the helper needs to covey this understanding back to the client. This is a very important term in our field, some experts feel empathy is the most important component of helping.

145. Carl Rogers popularized the concept of A. free association. B. dream analysis. C. empathy. D. the use of psychological testing in the treatment process.

D. Choices A and C. Rogers believed that three components he called "conditions for change" were necessary for efficacious healing. First, the helper needed to show empathy. The second condition is genuineness or congruence. Basically, genuineness is the opposite of being phony. Finally, unconditional positive regard takes place when the practitioner accepts the client exactly as he or she is, regardless of what the person says or does. No conditions are placed on the client that would determine whether the helper would like the client.

146. Carl Rogers popularized the concept of A. genuineness (also called congruence) on the part of the helper. B. disputing illogical, unscientific beliefs in therapy. C. unconditional positive regard. D. choices A and C.

D. All of the above. Psychoanalysis is a long form of treatment. It can take three to six sessions a week and can last three to five years. It's considered a historic theory since analysis focuses on the past and the client's childhood. The analytic client (sometimes called an analysand) lies on a couch (just like you see in movies). The analyst tells the analysand to "say whatever come to mind." This is known as free association. Dream analysis is also important because dreams allow the analyst to get a glimpse of the client's unconscious mind. When something that was unconscious is brought into the conscious mind, it's known as insight. Psychoanalysts believe that insight can be very curative. Behaviorists often disagree with this notion.

147. Psychoanalysis - which is both a theory of personality and a modality of therapy - was created by Sigmund Freud. A psychoanalyst would use A. free association. B. dream analysis. C. insight. D. all of the above.

A. Reinforce her for writing the letter H. Next, tell her to write the letters HE and give her a reinforcer when she does this successfully. Successive approximations, also called shaping or successive approximations with shaping, teaches clients to learn more complex tasks by breaking the big task into small chunks or baby steps.

148. A client, who is diagnosed as mentally challenged, must learn to write her name in order to fill out a job application for employment. Your supervisor recommends that you use shaping with successive approximations to help your client accomplish this task. She does know how to spell all the letters of the alphabet. Her name is Heidi. You should A. reinforce her for writing the letter H. Next, tell her to write the letters HE and give her a reinforcer when she does this successfully. B. tell her to spell the letters of her name out loud at least 20 times. C. give her instructions to relax her entire body before you begin to teach her how to do this. D. use REBT. It is very successful in situations like this.

D. All of the above. TA took psychoanalytic concepts and made them simple to understand a fun to use. It also took into account transactions between individuals, a dynamic that was not emphasized very much in psychoanalysis. Practitioners of TA often used diagrams to illuminate transactions and communication patterns between individuals.

149. Transactional analysis (TA), which was very popular in the 1970s, is still used occasionally today. This approach was created by a psychoanalytically trained psychiatrist, Eric Berne. TA champions A. Parent, Adult, and Child ego states. B. the PAC, which roughly corresponds to Freud's super-ego, ego, and id. C. life scripts (a personal life plan based on childhood decisions which can shape the personality and identity) and games. D. all of the above.

C. Send the client a letter. Note, choice A reminds us that B. F. Skinner's behavior modification is often called operant conditioning. Narrative therapy centers on the belief that stories we and others tell about us help to create our identity and personality. Stories can create meaning in the client's life. The post modern theory asserts there's no objective truth. Instead, anything which happens to us in life can be interpreted in many different ways. Narrative therapists often send letters to clients between sessions to summarize or give new perspectives on the client's stories.

150. Narrative therapy, created by Michael White of Australia and David Epston of New Zealand, is a post modern approach. A practitioner of this method is most likely going to A. use operant conditioning techniques created by B. F. Skinner. B. use behavior therapy techniques based on Ivan Pavlov. C. send the client a letter. D. do none of the above.

C. Brief strategic solution-focused therapy based on the work of Gregory Bateson, Jay Hakey, and Milton H. Erickson. Brief strategic therapy is famous for asking clients the so-called miracle question. Basically, it goes something like this: "Say you went to sleep tonight and a miracle took place. You were magically cured of your problem. How would you know this? How would your life change or in what ways would it be different? What would it be like for others who know you?"

151. Which therapy would be the most likely to take six sessions or less? A. Psychoanalysis. B. Person-centered Rogerian therapy by Carl R. Rogers. C. Brief strategic solution-focused therapy based on the work of Gregory Bateson, Jay Hakey, and Milton H. Erickson. D. Transactional analysis.

C. Aversive conditioning. Aversive conditioning takes place when an unpleasant/aversive consequence follows an undesirable behavior. Antabuse is a drug (disulfiram) that causes a client to get sick if he or she ingests alcohol.

152. A client is given antabuse so she will be come nauseous is she drinks an alcoholic beverage. The therapist is most likely using A. systematic desensitization. B. reality therapy. C. aversive conditioning. D. Not enough information is given.

A. Assertiveness training in a group or individual setting. Assertiveness training is a behavioral procedure used in group and individual treatment to help nonassertive individuals - as well as aggressive - become assertive to better meet their needs. Assertive behavior takes place when a person stands up for his or her rights without violating the rights of others. Modeling and role playing is often used.

153. Lisa has a wonderful performance rating at work but can't muster up the courage to ask her boss for a raise. The best treatment would be A. assertiveness training in a group or individual setting. B. sensate focus. C. brief strategic therapy based on Jay Haley's work from the study of Milton H. Erickson. D. William Glasser's reality therapy.

A. You would reinforce LPB (writing a page for her term paper) with an HPB (enjoying her favorite dinner at her favorite restaurant). LPB stands for low probability behavior. Basically, the LPB isn't something you'd do or engage in unless you absolutely must. HPB, however, stands for high probability behavior, or something you like to do. To use the Premack Principle, you reinforce the LPB with the HPB. Reminder: You can't reverse the order of the LPB and HPB. If you engage in the HPB first, you won't complete the LPB. Also, the HPB should come soon after the LPB. Choice C can be rejected because writing the 10 page paper is just too long. When using this approach, keep the LPB at a very low level.

154. You are pleased that your client is now attending a community college program. Unfortunately, she is procrastinating and is not working on a term paper that is due in three weeks. To help her, you assign her a homework assignment using the behavior modification Premack Principle, named after David Premack, who created it. A. You would reinforce LPB (writing a page for her term paper) with an HPB (enjoying her favorite dinner at her favorite restaurant). B. You would reinforce an HPB with an LPB. C. You would have her write the entire 10-page paper (the LPB) and then reinforce it by having her eat dinner at her favorite restaurant (the HPB). D. You would discuss her self-talk, also known as internal verbalizations.

A. Discuss her self-talk centering around her irrational beliefs. REBT is a type of CBT, or cognitive behavioral therapy. Cognitive methods focus on thinking and belief systems. A lot of helpers just say cognitive therapy helps change "stinking thinking."

155. Instead of using the Premack Principle for your client's issue in the previous question, a counselor who believes in Albert Ellis' REBT, or rational emotive behavior therapy, would most likely A. discuss her self-talk centering around her irrational beliefs. B. focus strictly on the real problem - the client's childhood. C. focus strictly on the real problem - the client's dreams. D. focus strictly on the real problem - the client's life script.

A. A worker who is using extinction and notices response bursting or an extinction burst. In a response burst, the behavior will get worse before it gets better. Another popular form of CBT therapy was created by Aaron T. Beck. He has been called the father of CBT.

156. The statement, "The behavior will most likely get temporarily worse before it gets better," most likely applies to A. a worker who is using extinction and notices response bursting or an extinction burst. B. a counselor using REBT, which is a cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) C. a counselor using reality therapy. D. a counselor using a non-directive model.

C. Yelling the word stop in her mind as loudly as possible. This is a covert technique. Another version might be placing a rubber band on her wrist and snapping it to disrupt the pattern. Overt techniques are behaviors you can see and hear, like smacking the rubber band. Covert techniques are private, or in the person's mine. We can't actually see them.

157. Meg has been a longtime client of yours. She often spends lots of time during the day thinking negative thoughts about herself. You teach her to use the behavioral technique of thought stopping. This would entail A. trying to get Meg to relax as soon as the thoughts manifest themselves. B. clenching each major muscle group and then relaxing them when the thoughts are present. C. yelling the word stop in her mind as loudly as possible. D. taking three long, slow, deep breaths.

C. Biofeedback. Biofeedback uses sensitive electronic equipment to monitor relaxation or tension. The meters and equipment don't do anything to you, they merely tell what you body is doing. For example, a person might look at a screen or perhaps listen to a tone. When the tone gets lower, the biofeedback device is indicating the client is relaxing.

158. Your client hasn't taken a meditation course and still can't relax. Psychiatric medication hasn't worked either. The most logical referral would be A. REBT. B. brief strategic solution/resolution-focused therapy. C. biofeedback. D. psychodynamic psychotherapy.

C. A therapist who practices REBT, since this is an active-directive model. REBT and CBT are considered active-directive models because the therapist talks a lot, is active, and often very directive, telling the client what to do or how to think in a different manner.

159. The client's record indicates that he seems to do best with a therapist who talks a lot and gives homework assignments. The best referral would be A. a strict Freudian analyst. B. a psychodynamic psychotherapist. C. a therapist who practices REBT, since this is an active-directive model. D. a person-centered (nondirective) Rogerian counselor.

B. A Rogerian person-centered therapist who uses the principles set forth by Carl R. Rogers. In most situations, the Rogerian would be the best since, typically, he or she would not give a lot of advice and, in most instances, would talk less.

160. Rhonda hated her last therapist because he talked too much and gave her too much advice. The best referral would be A. the REBT therapist who uses the principles set forth by Albert Ellis. B. a Rogerian person-centered therapist who uses the principles set forth by Carl R. Rogers. C. a behavior therapist who uses principles set forth by Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson. D. a behavior modification expert who uses principles set forth by B. F. Skinner.

A. Could benefit from family therapy. Family therapy assumes that the entire family system is relevant.

161. A person who is having family problems A. could benefit from family therapy. B. should only participate in individual therapy because change starts with the individual. C. should be placed in group counseling. D. should be in individual therapy for six months and then transfer to family therapy.

A. Eight members is the perfect size. If you have a co-leader, the number can be bumped up, but no more than 75% higher. If you are seeing extremely disturbed people or kids, even the figure of eight is generally too high. Unfortunately, in the real world, students often work or serve practicum experiences at agencies where a group in an addiction treatment center might have 30 plus clients.

162. You are going to run a psychoeducational group for adult substance abusers in an addiction treatment center. Most experts would agree A. eight members is the perfect size. B. 15 members is ideal. C. you can have as many as 25 clients if you have a leader who is very perceptive. D. four members is the number of people that would be best.

D. Higher than normal. Some research indicates that prematurely dropping out of a group (also known as early termination) can be related to low socioeconomic status, a below normal IQ score, and lack of motivation. A poor leader could also have something to do with it.

163. You are leading a group composed of poverty-stricken individuals in your caseload. The drop out/termination rate will be A. almost nonexistent. People in lower socioeconomic classes stick to their commitments. B. the same as any other population. C. higher or lower; it depends on the type of group. D. higher than normal.

A. A dog sees meat and salivates. A tone is presented before the meat several times. Eventually, the dog salivates to the tone without the presentation of the meat. A tone or a bell used in this experimental model made famous by Ivan Pavlov. Experts often refer to this as Pavlovian conditioning. Conditioning in this case means learning.

164. Behavior modification, based on operant conditioning, is often performed by human services practitioners. Behavior therapy, based on classical conditioning, is only practiced by licensed therapists. In classical conditioning A. a dog sees meat and salivates. A tone is presented before the meat several times. Eventually, the dog salivates to the tone without the presentation of the meat. B. a form of punishment is always used. C. a dog sees meat and salivates. The meat and an tone are presented together) at exactly the same instant) several times and the dog salivates. D. a dog sees meat and salivates. A tone is presented before the meat several times. Eventually, the dog salivates to the meat, but it is much stronger than the original response to the meat.

B. A UR, or unconditioned response. A US/UCS, or unconditioned stimulus, causes a UR, or unconditioned response. Unconditioned simply means it's unlearned or automatic.

165. The meat is an unconditioned stimulus, or US. It is sometimes written or called a UCS because, once again, it stands for unconditioned stimulus. the US/UCS causes the dog to salivate. The response when the dog salivates is called A. a CR, or conditioned response. B. a UR, or unconditioned response. C. a CS, or conditioned stimulus. D. choices A and B.

C. US or UCS, or unconditioned stimulus.

166. In Pavlov's famous experiment, the meat is the A. CR, or conditioned response. B. CS, or conditioned stimulus. C. US or UCS, or unconditioned stimulus. D. UR, or unconditioned response.

A. Come before the US, the meat.

167. In Pavlov's experiment, the CS (the tone or ringing of the bell) must A. come before the US, the meat. B. come after the US, the meat. C. occur at exactly the same time as the US, the meat, is displayed. D. be loud enough to scare the dog.

B. If it occurs in nearly every member of a species, it is classical conditioning. Nearly every human would salivate if you put a lemon in their mouth. However, not every single kid would do their math homework for baseball tickets, because some kids don't like baseball. So, if nearly every person responds in the same way, it's classical Pavlovian conditioning and not operant conditioning. Tokens (choices C & D) are used in behavior modification or operant conditioning, rather than the classical conditioning model.

168. A question asks you to state whether the procedure is classical conditioning or operant conditioning. A. If it occurs in nearly every member of a species, it is operant. B. If it occurs in nearly every member of a species, it is classical conditioning. C. If you are using a token economy, then you are using classical conditioning. D. If you are using plastic tokens, then you are using classical conditioning.

C. Allow Carson's mom (but not Carson) to have input into the time he must be home, which will be stipulated on the contract. Ideally, all parties should sign a behavioral contract. Why? Because if Carson doesn't sign it, then he will say, "I never signed the stupid contract, so I didn't agree to come home early."

169. You are meeting with Carson and his mother because Carson is staying out almost all night. His is 16 years of age. You create a behavioral contract. Find the incorrect statement. A. Have his mother reinforce him for coming in at a reasonable hour as set forth in the contract. B. Have Carson and his mom sign the contract. C. Allow Carson's mom (but not Carson) to have input into the time he must be home, which will be stipulated on the contract. D. Give Carson and his mom a copy of the contract.

D. A lab rat was given a piece of food every time it pressed a lever. After it pressed the lever, the researcher spent more time with this experiment than any other experiment he was working on at the time. Linear causality proposes that causation occurs in one direction; like in the situation with the dominoes. Circular causality - again, very popular in family therapy - postulates that you affect others, and they, in turn, affect you.

170. Family therapists often rely on circular rather than linear causality. The best example of circular causality would be: A. You line up 100 dominoes and push the first domino on the left. The first domino hits the second domino right next to it on the right, which hits the third domino, until they all topple over with a single push. B. You give a child his favorite candy after he finishes a math problem and then he does his math more frequently. C. A client ignores her son's behavior and the behavior increases. D. A lab rat was given a piece of food every time it pressed a lever. After it pressed the lever, the researcher spent more time with this experiment than any other experiment he was working on at the time.

D. Systematic desensitization. All the choices may be helpful; however, a procedure based on classical conditioning, known as systematic desensitization, is extremely effective for curbing or eliminating fears. A phobia (such as agoraphobia, which manifests itself as a fear of being outside or being in public places) is an extreme, irrational fear which causes the person to avoid the thing he or she fears. In this case, Uma will remain in the house and not look for gainful employment if she doesn't overcome her phobia. Public assistance consists of payments by the state, such as TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, formerly known as welfare payments or AFDC, Aid to Families of Dependent Children), and food stamps (now called SNAP, or Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program), which are given to needy families who have no other way to support themselves. There are two other popular public assistance programs, but they are administered by the Social Security Administration (SSA): Supplemental Security Income (SSI) for older adults, those who are blind, or people with a disability; and Old-Age, Survivors, Disability, and Health Insurance (OASDHI), more commonly known as Social Security.

171. Uma is a 29-year-old client with three children. She would like to secure a job and get off public assistance, but she is agoraphobic and thus cannot leave her home to look for gainful employment. __________ would be the best treatment. A. REBT, or reality therapy with choice therapy B. Psychodynamic therapy C. The research clearly shows family therapy D. Systematic desensitization

D. The family. IP is an old human services abbreviation that stands for identified patient, or the person in the family who has a problem. In family therapy, however, the assumption is generally that the family system, rather than a single individual, is the client or IP.

172. Mr. Salmon is a 51-year-old parent who has been emotionally abusive to his children. His 16-year-old daughter, Tyra, has run away numerous times and is verbally abusive to her dad. His 14-year-old son, Clint, is using drugs and alcohol on a regular basis. You refer the family to see and family therapist. __________ will most likely be the IP. A. Clint (since he has a substance abuse problem) B. Mr. Salmon (since he is emotionally abusive) C. Tyra (since she might be pulled out of school and placed due to truancy) D. The family

D. All of the above persons. Since a boarder (such as an exchange student) is living with the family, this person is often included in the family counseling and therapy.

173. The family therapist chosen to help the Salmon family believes that an extended family model might work best. __________ might be included in the family sessions. A. A boarder living in the home B. Mr. Salmon's father C. Mr. Salmon's girlfriend D. All of the above persons

A. Mr. Salmon's father, who has a record of shoplifting. Multigenerational means including family members from other generations; in this case, Mr. Salmon's dad.

174. The family therapist who is treating the Salmon family is using a multigenerational model. If this is the case, __________ would most likely be included in the family therapy sessions. A. Mr. Salmon's father, who has a record of shoplifting B. Mr. Salmon's home health worker C. Mr. Salmon's food stamp caseworker D. Tyra's history teacher

C. Ask Tyra to purposely try to shake as much as she possibly can in front of the class. Paradoxical intention strategies are a bit like what the average person calls reverse psychology. The client is told to purposely engage in the behavior she wants to eliminate and then exaggerate it.

175. Tyra, who has run away on several occasions, admits that sometimes when she leaves it is not because her father is abusive. Instead, she has a morbid fear of giving a speech in front of her high school class. You have referred her to an individual counselor, in addition to the family therapy the family is receiving. The individual counselor is using paradoxical intention with Tyra. She will most likely A. tell Tyra to take three deep breaths before begining her speech to calm down. B. refer Tyra to a psychiatrist for some prescription medicine to relax her. C. ask Tyra to purposely try to shake as much as she possibly can in front of the class. D. analyze Tyra's thought process because she is definitely a victim of stinking thinking.

C. Use paradoxical intention, such as commenting, "Well, if you want me to help push you, I'll be glad to help." Older adults (those 65 years of age and older) have a much higher rate of suicide than the general population. Choice B is typically considered a very good approach, since it reminds her of her value to others. On the other hand, the question is asking you for basically the worse strategy. That is clearly choice C. Never, ever, ever use paradox when a client is suicidal, homicidal, or both. The consequences are just too high if it fails and it's ethically incorrect.

176. Mrs. Clarkson, a 79-year-old client, is so depressed she actually runs out of a session with you and climbs on a ledge outside her kitchen window and is threatening to jump. The client lives on the 10th floor of her housing project. Which approach would be totally inappropriate? A. Tell her that you really care for her and don't want her to do it. B. Remind her that if she commits suicide, there will be nobody to teach her grandchildren how to sew. C. Use paradoxical intention, such as commenting, "Well, if you want me to help push you, I'll be glad to help." D. Yell out, "Let's examine what you are thinking right now that is causing this behavior."

C. Both choices A and B are good possibilities. Gestalt therapy stresses the importance of dreams. Unlike most practitioners, gestalt therapists believe the client must tell the dream as if it's happening in the present moment. This approach also focuses in on nonverbals.

177. After Mrs. Clarkson is over her suicidal crisis, you refer her to a gestalt therapy group. Which statement is she most likely to hear in this treatment setting? A. "Tell me the dream as if it is happening right this minute." B. "What is your foot doing right now?" C. Both choices A and B are good possibilities. D. "Umhm. I hear you saying that it seems hopeless and I can feel your pain."

C. She will go back to her husband and he could beat her again. The average battered woman leaves seven or eight times before she leaves for good. Domestic violence is very often referred to as Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) or Intimate Partner Abuse (IPA). Intimate partner violence and battering does occur in same-sex relationships, as well.

178. You are meeting with Trish for the first time at a domestic violence shelter where you are the intake coordinator. Trish has been married for just six weeks and her husband beat her severely. From a theoretical standpoint, A. the husband will never beat her again. B. she will never go back to her husband. C. she will go back to her husband and he could beat her again. D. she will go back to her husband, but he will be fearful she will leave again and, thankfully, will never beat her again.

C. Both choices A and B are realistic possibilities. Because Austin looks like her husband, who is the batterer, it's possible Jean might be abusive to this child. The term whipping boy has been used in literature.

179. Jean's firstborn child looks exactly like Austin, his dad. Jean's husband was a batterer and beat Jean on numerous occasions. He was verbally abusive to her on a daily basis. Three years ago, he left the country and has never been seen. From a theoretical standpoint, A. Austin could become the whipping boy and could suffer physical abuse. B. because Austin reminds Jean of his father, Jean could be extremely verbally abusive to Austin. C. both choices A and B are realistic possibilities. D. none of the choices are realistic.

A. He could abuse the 5-year-old again. Although sexual abuse can be only a single incident, in most situations, it transpires more than once. As in choice D, perpetrators often do threaten the victim, insisting that if he or she doesn't keep the abuse a secret, this could result in physical harm or death. The threat is sometimes made toward the victim or another family member.

180. Bella was horrified when she discovered that her live-in boyfriend (often referred to in this client's chart as her paramour) sexually abused her 5-year-old daughter. In terms of planning the treatment, you should consider the fact A. he could abuse the 5-year-old again. B. he will most likely not abuse the 5-year-old again. C. he will abuse the child again, but not until she hits puberty. D. he will most likely sexually abuse her in the future, but will not threaten her to keep it a secret.

C. He will buy her flowers because he is in the honeymoon cycle. Batterers generally abuse their spouses more than once.

181. You discover during a home visit that Tess was physically abused by her husband for the first time. Based on the cycle of violence theory, you would expect that A. he will never abuse her again. B. he will give her the silent treatment for approximately 7 days. C. he will buy her flowers because he is in the honeymoon cycle. D. he will leave the home and spend several weeks with his partners.

A. The honeymoon periods will get shorter and shorter and eventually may not exist. A theory called the cycle of violence predicts that after an abusive episode, there will be a honeymoon period during which the batterer swears he or she will never do it again. The batterer may buy flowers or shower the person he or she abused with gifts. However, the honeymoon periods will dwindle in length and frequency. Ultimately, the honeymoon period could vanish and the abuse becomes more frequent.

182. According to the cycle of violence theory, A. the honeymoon periods will get shorter and shorter and eventually may not exist. B. the honeymoon periods will get longer and Tess will falsely believe the relationship is improving. C. the physical abuse will change into emotional and verbal abuse only. D. it depends on the age of the perpetrator what will occur next.

D. Choices B or C. Psychoanalytic (psychodynamic) helpers and those practicing gestalt emphasize the value of dreams.

183. A therapist who puts a lot of emphasis on dreams is most likely A. a Rogerian. B. a helper who used REBT. C. a psychodynamic or gestalt practitioner. D. choices B or C.

D. A psychodynamic helper. Psychodynamic approaches are based on psychoanalysis, which emphasizes the importance of the client's childhood in terms of the formation of the personality. Rogerian, REBT, and gestalt therapies focus much more on the present than the past.

184. Mr. Jefferies informs you that he wants to really do his treatment the right way and focus on his childhood. A good match for him would be A. a person-centered Rogerian helper. B. a counselor who uses rational emotive behavior therapy, also known as REBT. C. a gestalt practitioner. D. a psychodynamic helper.

A. REBT, which is a form of cognitive therapy. In REBT, the therapist disputes the client's irrational beliefs and shows the client that the beliefs are illogical and not scientifically sound.

185. Disputation is used primarily in A. REBT, which is a form of cognitive therapy. B. group psychotherapy. C. family therapy. D. couples therapy.

A. External. Julian B. Rotter popularized the idea of internal or external locus of control in the mid 1950s. Internal - living by your own behaviors, thoughts, and feelings - is viewed as healthy, because you feel you have control over your life. External locus of control implies that your life is controlled by outside environmental factors and, therefore, you're not the one in control. Choice C is not correct because there's no IO or I-O locus of control. In our field, IO or I-O stands for industrial organizational psychology. IO psychologists apply the principles of psychology to the workplace. They often do research and give tests to help select employees and make certain workers are happy and can perform their jobs in a productive matter.

186. Edna blames her problems on her circumstances and on everybody else. She has an __________ locus of control. A. external B. internal C. IO or I-O D. None of these answers would be technically correct.

B. Older adults have a higher rate of suicide than the general population. Depending on the age bracket you examine, older adults have a high incidence of depression, and post double, if not triple, the suicide rate for the general population. They're also less likely than younger people to call a suicide prevention center and seek out counseling or therapy.

187. You are working in gerontology (also known in the field as gero.). It is accurate to say that A. older adults are rarely suicidal because they have accepted their life circumstances. B. older adults have a higher rate of suicide than the general population. C. older adults are depressed, but strangely enough, rarely take their own lives. D. older adults are depressed, but eager to seek out treatment, and thus don't kill themselves very often.

A. The client or the patient with an emotional disorder could benefit from a prescription medicine. Psychopharmacology makes the assumption that a chemical imbalance (usually in the brain) is responsible for mental and emotional disorders and this is best treated by a prescription medicine. In essence, drugs prescribed by a psychiatrist or other physician - rather than talk therapy - is emphasized.

188. The notion of psychopharmacology suggests that A. the client or the patient with an emotional disorder could benefit from a prescription medicine. B. the client or patient with an emotional disorder could benefit from a natural remedy. C. the client or patient should receive a natural remedy and a prescription medication. D. the client or patient should always receive a prescription medicine and psychotherapy.

C. Clinical depression. SSRI and SNRI medications are used to treat clinical depression. SSRI stands for Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. These medicines keep a chemical called serotonin at higher levels in the brain to improve mood. Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors, or SNRIs, regulate serotonin and norepinephrine in the levels in the brain, once again to improve the client's mood.

189. SSRI and SNRI medications work well for A. xenophobia (a fear of strangers). B. schizophrenia (a psychotic condition where the client has a tough time telling what is reality and what is not). C. clinical depression. D. ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder).

A. Psychiatric medicine. Tardive dyskinesia is a disorder where the client has involuntary movements he or she can't control. The movements, such as repeatedly sticking out one's tongue, rapidly blinking their eyes, or smacking their lips, doesn't really serve a purpose. Unfortunately, in a high percentage of cases, this problem is caused by taking antipsychotic medication for disorders such as schizophrenia. When a doctor or a therapist causes an illness that the cluient or patient didn't have before treatment (such as tardive dyskinesia), we call it an iatrogenic illness.

190. Tardive dyskinesia (a neurological difficulty of the face and jaw) is caused by A. psychiatric medicine. B. non-psychiatric medicine, such as those given for blood pressure or high cholesterol. C. incompetent psychotherapy and counseling. D. heredity, and it is considered a congenital condition.

A. Prevention, and the fact that clients are linked to social issues. Any state, federal, or local program or policy which attempts to prevent disease, improve health, and enhance longevity could be considered part of the public health model. Government health centers using physicians and nurses to diagnose or stop communicable diseases would be included into this category. Personal hygiene classes and literature are also frequently utilized.

191. The public health model emphasizes A. prevention, and the fact that clients are linked to social issues. B. psychoanalytic concepts. C. the medical model advocating prescription drugs for psychiatric disorders. D. the biomedical or psychotropic model advocating prescription drugs for psychiatric disorders.

D. All of the above. Perhaps you have worked at various agencies or organizations and have used all of the terminology to describe the people you were serving.

192. Depending on the agency, hospital, or treatment center, clients can be called A. patients. B. clients. C. consumers. D. all of the above.

C. Basic physiological needs and safety needs must be met before you can meet higher needs, such as self-actualization. Maslow created the hierarchy of needs. The theory postulates that lower needs must be met before you can reach higher growth needs. At the bottom of the hierarchy, Maslow lists lower physiological needs, such as food, water, air, nutrition, sex, and sleep. Next, he mentions safety needs: protection for your family, law, and order. Beyond safety, he lists relationship needs such as love, friendship, affection, belonging, and the family. Moving up the hierarchy, we have esteem needs, such as self-esteem, mastery, achievement, and confidence. Finally, at the top of the hierarchy, is self-actualization. Self-actualization is reaching your full potential; a creative state of no prejudice, peak experiences, and the search for personal growth.

193. Abraham Manslow suggested that A. dreams were the royal road to the unconscious mind. B. the I/E locus of control was the central issue in terms of personality. C. basic physiological needs and safety needs must be met before you can meet higher needs, such as self-actualization. D. none of the above statements are accurate.

A. Mrs. Smith went to family court and was told she must attend six sessions of counseling in order to keep her children and not go to jail. An involuntary client (also called a mandated client) is told by an outside authority, usually the court, that they must use a social or mental health service. Mandated clients can be difficult because they don't necessarily want the service.

194. Pick out the involuntary client. A. Mrs. Smith went to family court and was told she must attend six sessions of counseling in order to keep her children and not go to jail. B. Mrs. Smith wants counseling for her adolescent son who is very depressed. C. Mrs. Smith is homeless. She called the homeless hotline and is now in a shelter. D. Mrs. Smith is in an AA group suggested by her caseworker and Mrs. Smith felt it would be beneficial.

C. Native Americans or Latinos would be the exception. In the case of Asians, they may or may not prefer eye contact. Hopefully, your clinical experience will help you decide which would be beneficial in such instances.

195. Most theories believe you should use direct eye contact when interviewing a client. A. Caucasians are generally the exception. B. Female Caucasians are the exception because they will see it as flirtatious from either a male or female helper. C. Native Americans or Latinos would be the exception. D. Males under the age of 16 are the exception.

D. An assertiveness training group. The assertiveness training group is ideal for persons who are nonassertive (never stick up for their own rights), or those who are aggressive.

196. You are working at an organization that prefers interventions based on behavior modification. Your client explains that she never sticks up for her own rights. You should recommend A. relaxation training. B. a 12-step group, such as Alcoholics Anonymous or Overeaters Anonymous. C. negative punishment. D. an assertiveness training group.

B. Freud is to insight. Here, CBT relies on self-talk or cognitive restructuring, while Freud relied on insight.

197. CBT, or cognitive behavioral therapy, is to self-talk as A. Rogers is to positive reinforcement. B. Freud is to insight. C. Ellis is to dreams. D. gestalt theory is to accurate empathy.

A. Approximately half of the people who work their way out of poverty will fall back into it within about 5 years. Choice D is totally false, 40% of the people who live in poverty actually work full-time.

198. According to most experts in human services, A. approximately half of the people who work their way out of poverty will fall back into it within about 5 years. B. most people are in poverty for just a few months. C. more African Americans are poverty stricken than whites. D. almost nobody working full-time lives in poverty.

B. Applies to clinical unipolar depression and poverty. Depression or major depressive disorders are more common in people living in poverty; hence, choice B is the best option.

199. Martin E. P. Seligman's theory of learned helplessness syndrome A. applies to psychotic clients. B. applies to clinical unipolar depression and poverty. C. applies to ADHD. D. has never been accepted in the field of positive psychology.

A. Learned optimism. Optimistic people are healthier. Optimistic sports teams bounce back from a slump more effectively, and politicians who give optimistic speeches win more elections. They key word here is "learned," generally using cognitive therapy strategies. People can be taught to be more optimistic.

200. According to Seligman's theory of learned helplessness syndrome (originally based on dog studies), the cure or best way to fight depression is A. learned optimism. B. insight psychotherapy. C. experimental psychotherapy, such as psychodrama. D. empathy, warmth, and positive regard.