Theories of personality

reaction formation (defense mechanism)

- Preventing unacceptable thoughts or behaviors from being expressed by exaggerating opposite thoughts or types of behaviors. EX: Jane hates nursing. She attended nursing school to please her parents. During career day, she speaks to prospective students about the excellence of nursing as a career.

Carl is obsessed with cleanliness and control. Which stage of Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development has Carl become fixated at?

Anal Stage -Anal Stage. According to Freud's theory Carl could have ended up on the opposite end of the spectrum and become messy and disorganized as a result of being fixated at the Anal Stage.

Albert Bendura

Another proponent of behaviorism, believed behavior is based on observation and imitation "monkey see, monkey do" -bobo doll experiment

psychoanalytic theory

Freud: the childhood and UNCONSCIOUS influences our behavior (libido). psychosexual: development ID: in the unconscious stage (development early in the stage)

According to Freud, which part of our personality understands that other people have needs and that being selfish can hurt us in the future?

Ego -According to Freud, this part of our personality is based on the reality principle, which is the ability of the mind to assess the reality of the external world and act on it accordingly.

According to Freud, which part of our personality are we born with that allows our basic needs to be met?

ID

Humanistic Theory

FREE-WILL self-actualization. Focuses on the conscious and we are all driven to improve. 1. Maslow: we have needs that needs to be fulfilled in specific order 2. Rogers: growth-promoting: have to be GENUINE to themselves (true), acceptance When we are genuine and have acceptance= we have self concept.

Trait theory of personality

Trait: STABLE CHARACTERISTICS that causes a consistent behavior. 1. Allport: individuals have different traits. (1. cardinal (dominant trait), 2 central (less dominant), 3 secondary Cattel: 16 personality Eysenck we all have 3 traits and we all express in different levels (extraversion, neuroticism, psychotics) Big 5: found in everyone. ex. openness, (independent, practical,) conscientiousness. extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism (OCEAN)

Drives

impulse to reduce discomfort (intrinsic, unreal)

defense mechanisms

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality -Denial (pathological) is also a defense mechanism (immature) -projection: jealously -passive aggression: in direct way of experiencing defense (regression: acting like a baby) Neurotic -intellectualization Mature Defense Mechanism: using humor or sublimation to transform negative emotion and feeling to positive.

Behavioral theory:

our interactions with the environment guides our behaviors. OBSERVABLE 1. skinner --> operant conditioning 2. Pavlov--> classical conditional (trigger involuntary stimulus) (the dog, bell experiment) PSYCHOANALYTIC mental: The cognitive theory: thinking as a behavior combines observation and mental theory.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization

psychosexual stages

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

Carl smokes, drinks alcohol, overeats, and bites his nails. Which stage of Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development has Carl become fixated at?

Oral Stage -Oral Stage. According to Freud's theory, Carl must have received too much or too little gratification as a child so he has developed and Oral Personality and has become fixated at the Oral Stage.

Which stage of Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development is characterized by a boy developing unconscious sexual desires for his mother?

Phallic Stage -Phallic Stage. According to Freud's theory, the boy will identify with his father and develops masculine characteristics and suppresses his sexual feelings towards his mother.

Our need for air, food, water, and sleep best fall under which category according to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

Physiological Needs

Which stage is characterized by realizing your full potential according to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

Self-Actualization Needs

Our need for belonging, love, and affection best fall under which category according to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

Social Needs

According to Freud, which part of our personality is the moral part that develops due to the moral and ethical restraints placed on us by our caregivers?

Superego -It is this part of our personality many believe dictates individual's understanding of right and wrong (age 5)

The id, ego, and superego can be best characterized as:

Systems that make up personality

biologic theory

The brain and the behavior. ex: mail have a lot more sexual partners than female because we are scared of pregnancy. -these are inherited/genes: twins study help with this. -social potency: the leadership roles, similar for both twins. and ability to follow a authority achievement and closeness is differing for both twins. Temperament: is innate Our inherited/genes --> traits ---> behaviors/personality <---environmental factors.