Todd Test 7,9, And 20

Wells

A hole drilled into the zone of saturation for the purpose of extracting water

What river has the largest watershed in the United States?

Mississippi river

Which of the following locations would most likely have the highest rate of physical weathering?

New York

How does stream capture, or stream piracy occur?

Sometimes, a stream erodes its way through the high area separating two drainage basins, joins the other stream, and then draws away its water.

Which of the following is found in acid precipitation?

Sulfuric acid

What is the source of the energy that drives the water cycle?

The sun

Which of the following is not true about S-waves?

They generally cause vertical movement

Deltas are

Triangular

Eutrophication causes dissolved oxygen levels to decrease.

True

Loose soil absorbs water more efficiently than packed soil.

True

Sedimentary rocks are more easily weathered than igneous rocks

True

The Grand Canyon is a V-shaped channel.

True

All the land area that drains into a

Watershed

mechanical weathering results in

a change in a rock's size and shape

Chemical weathering results in

a change in the composition of a rock

Permeability

a material's ability to release water

Earthquake magnitude is

a measure of the energy released during a quake and can be measured on the Richter scale

A stream's load is

all the material the stream carries

A seismometer has a frame that is

anchored to the ground and a suspended mass

A wetland that is not stream-fed and receives its water from precipitation is called a ____.

bog

The process of weathering

breaks down Earth materials

A floodplain is a

broad, flat area that extends out from a stream's bank during times of flooding

In chemical weathering, chemical reactions between rocks and water result in the formation of new minerals and the release of dissolved substances. The new minerals have ___ properties from those of the original rocks

different

Elevated land areas called

divides separate one watershed from another

Alluvial fans are ___ shaped

fan

Aquitard

formed by impermeable materials that create a zone of saturation above it

Spring

groundwater that emerges naturally from the ground surface

Water from precipitation gathers in

gullies

Seismic gaps are places along an active fault that

haven't experienced significant earthquakes for a long period of time

Reverse faults form as a result of

horizontal compression

Geyser

hot spring that shoots water up from the ground periodically

Wetlands are

low-lying areas that are periodically saturated with water and support specific plant species

Which measurement scale would the depth of an earthquake's focus most affect?

modified Mercalli

Which type of fault extends the crust?

normal

Eutrophication occurs in a lake when

nutrients from fertilizers, detergents, or sewage are added

Zone of Saturation

open spaces in the soil fill with water (groundwater) that can be extracted by wells

A magnitude 6 on the Richter scale represents how much more energy than a magnitude 5?

over 1000 X

Aquifer

permeable layers that allow water to flow freely through

Groundwater is replenished mostly by

rain

Seismic waves are

reflected and refracted as they strike different materials

Soil is residual or transported. Residual soil

remains on top of its parent bedrock

S-waves cause rocks to move at

right angles to the direction of the waves

P-waves squeeze and pull rocks in the

same direction along which the waves travel

Most earthquakes occur in areas associated with plate boundaries called

seismic belts

Alluvial fans and deltas form when

stream velocity decreases and sediment is deposited

Porosity

the amount of water that can be stored in the pore spaces in the rock or sediments

Belt of Soil Moisture

water that covers the top of the soil

___ wedging is usually responsible for the formation of potholes in roads

Frost

___ is the driving force behind all agents of erosion

Gravity

Water that soaks into the ground after rain

Ground Water

How does mechanical weathering help increase chemical weathering?

Mechanical weathering breaks up rock into smaller pieces which increase the surface area of the material. This means that more surface area is available for chemical weathering

Intensity is a measure of the damage caused by a quake and is measured with the modified

Mercalli scale

major factors in the process of mechanical weathering

Temperature and pressure

____ soil is moved to a location away from its parent bedrock by water, wind, or a glacier

Transported

Zone of Aeration

area above the water table that contains air in between soil particles

Wetlands include

bogs, marshes, and swamps

Water Table

boundary between the zone of aeration and zone of saturation

If S-waves arrive at a seismic station 6 minutes after the P-waves arrived, what is the epicentral distance?

4500km

How does elastic deformation differ from ductile deformation?

Elastic deformation is proportional to the amount of stress on the material. If the stress is reduced to zero, the deformation disappears. Material undergoes ductile deformation when the stress exceeds the elastic limit. At this point the deformation is permanent even if the stress is eliminated.

Surface waves cause both an

up-and-down and a side-to-side motion as they pass through rocks

Floods that cover small areas are known as ___.

upstream floods

__ form where water flows down steep slopes onto flat plains

Alluvial fans

What is the difference between an earthquake's focus and its epicenter?

An earthquake's focus is the point of initial fault rupture which is often located deep underground. The epicenter is the point on Earth's surface directly above the focus.

In which country would intense chemical weathering most likely be found?

Brazil

__form when streams enter large, relatively quiet bodies of water

Deltas

Groundwater Cleaning

If water travels slowly through sand or permeable sandstone, the water is purified

How can you identify the development level of a soil by its soil profile?

Poorly developed soils show little distinction between their soil horizons or may be missing horizons all together

What has to occur for a stream to begin the process of rejuvenation?

The land over which the stream flows either has to be uplifted or the base level must be lowered.

humus is

decayed organic matter in soil

Where is water flow the slowest in a meander?

inside

Stress is

the force per unit area that acts on a material

Erosion is

the process that moves weathered pieces of rock to new locations

Artesian Well

the water in the ground rises under its own pressure