TOEFL

dubious

Choose the adjective dubious for something you have doubts about or you suspect is not true. That bridge you just "bought" might be of dubious value. Dubious stems from Latin dubiosus, "doubtful" or "uncertain," and contains the Latin root duo in this case meaning "of two minds." This is apparent in that dubious generally describes something that appears one way but is truly another. A dubious claim is probably not true, whereas a dubious website or character is of questionable quality. Dubious can also be synonymous with doubtful, as in "she was dubious about the idea." fraught with uncertainty or doubt "dubious about agreeing to go" King Street used to be one of those places you never went, a place of dingy warehouses and rumbling trucks and dubious alleyways. While I was already dubious about many of the foster parents and caseworkers, I do not remember being angry or resenting my mother. Even their dubious company was preferable to the death-haunted emptiness which surrounded him now. "Say. . . ." the man called; his voice sounded tentative, dubious. مشکوک

minute

Craftsmen can paint whole villages or detailed portraits of people on a grain of rice using minute, or tiny, paintbrushes. Often the works of art are so minute that you can only see them with a magnifying glass. Minutus is the Latin word for "small," and it gave rise to both the adjective minute (my-NOOT), or incredibly small, and the noun minute (MIN-it), or 60 seconds of time. Though they are pronounced differently, both words refer to small measurements. An object can be minute, like a flea compared with its dog, and less concrete things can be minute, like your minute chance of winning the lottery. A minute freckle on the side of your nose is a minute detail of your whole face. infinitely or immeasurably small Ten minutes later, I stuck two fingers down my throat. There were ten minutes left in the period when I raised my hand. I lay back and after a few minutes of thinking about Mr. Galanter I fell asleep. We arrive at the house within five or ten minutes. بسیار خرد

indignant

When you're indignant, you're angry about an unfair situation. If you discovered that a teacher gave ten extra points on a test to all students who sat in the front row, you'd be indignant. Indignant is from Latin indignus "unworthy," and it refers to anger based on unworthy or unfair behavior rather than merely injury to one's own interests. You may be angry, even furious, if someone shoves you, but you are indignant if the shove is directed at someone weak or helpless. The related noun is indignation, and something that arouses indignation is an indignity. angered at something unjust or wrong "an indignant denial" We exploded on the surface, in the middle of the Santa Monica Bay, knocking a surfer off his board with an indignant, "Dude!" After relentless questioning about why he was changing his testimony and Chapman's suggestion that someone was putting him up to this, Ralph became indignant. Then he vanished through the beaded curtain with an indignant look on his face. Ma Charles was more entertained than she was indignant. خشمگین از شرایط نادرست و غیر عادلانه

mushroom

expand or grow rapidly grow and spread fast "The problem mushroomed" بسرعت رویاندن

telling

having a great important effect showing the true character or nature of something or someone often without intending گفتن واقعیت

sound

logically valid in good condition; free from defect or damage or decay سالم درست

paramount

most important To the President, protecting our nation's security is of paramount importance — it's at the very top of his to-do list. Paramount goes way beyond "important." It's absolutely critical. Something that is of paramount importance has a great urgency to it. Getting your oil changed is important, but making sure your car's brakes are working before you drive down a steep, icy slope is absolutely paramount. For Lutheran Pietists like Bach, illuminating the Gospel was paramount, as were metaphors of light and transparency. Howard did his best to warm them to the idea of rescheduling the match, even setting aside his heretofore paramount goal of breaking Sun Beau's earnings mark. Soon we are told that war reaches into a place where emotion is paramount, where instinct is king. Woolf was in a career in which staying light was of paramount importance. مهمترین

catalyst

A catalyst is an event or person causing a change. Getting kicked out of your parents' house might be a catalyst for becoming more independent. The noun catalyst is something or someone that causes a change and is derived from the Greek word katalύein, meaning "to dissolve." It can be somewhat ordinary, like when moving to a warmer climate was the catalyst for getting a short, sporty haircut. Or it can be major, like how the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of the Austro-Hungarian Empire is said to be a catalyst of World War I. omething that causes an important event to happen "the invasion acted as a catalyst to unite the country" He was rarely the catalyst for their activities, and he was proud. Not so many days later I received, in the mail, the perfect catalyst for explaining a change in my behavior during my one-on-ones, though it didn't present itself as that right from the start. Hearing about Rosa Parks and her protest showed me that there is hope for me and all the students in Ms. G's classes to truly be catalysts for change. Leaders such as E. D. Nixon and Jo Ann Robinson kept looking for the catalyst—the "right" person or event—that would spark citywide action. تشکیلات دهنده

dwelling

A dwelling is a home — where someone lives. Houses, apartments, and condos are all dwellings. If you know that to dwell means to live somewhere, then the meaning of dwelling won't be a surprise: it's an abode, domicile, or home. Your dwelling might be a house or an apartment. Tents, trailers, and igloos are all dwellings. Anything people live in is a dwelling. If you have no dwelling, then you have no shelter and you're probably homeless. housing that someone is living in He left the dwelling shortly after the sky became dark and the community still. I'd like to appeal to all our listeners to emulate their example, perhaps by casting a protective charm over any Muggle dwellings in your street. It was only on very rare occasions that one saw inside the dwelling places of the Inner Party, or even penetrated into the quarter of the town where they lived. This beast is believed to be wizard-bred, possibly intended to guard wizard dwellings or treasure, as is often the case with magically created monsters. مسکن

fable

A fable is a moral tale that often features animal characters. "The Tortoise and the Hare" is a well-known fable whose moral is "Slow and steady wins the race." We often associate fables with the master of them all, Aesop. Among the most famous fables attributed to this storyteller of ancient Greece are "The Boy Who Cried Wolf" and "The Fox and the Grapes." But like its cousins tale, myth, and legend, the word fable is also used to describe a deliberate fabrication or fiction. In other words, it can be a polite way to describe a lie. a short moral story (often with animal characters) It was a rumor, a fable, but it was a rumor and fable from which marvels emerged, carried by camels across the desert to fire the imaginations of folk the world over. Those whose fables and metaphors, whose similes, and soliloquies, whose diction and je ne sais quoi daily slip into your survival soup, by way of their fingers. There's no question that this Texas-of-the- mind fable is often synthetic, sometimes untruthful, and frequently romantic, but that in no way diminishes its strength as a symbol. "Then the Warrior's sword is only a fable?" حکایت اخلاقی

facet

A facet is one side or aspect of something. If you're thinking about quitting your day job to become a circus performer, you should first consider every facet of what your new life would be like. Facet, which is related to the word face, can also refer to one of the flat "faces" of a diamond or other gem. This was the word's original definition, and it was evidently seen as an apt metaphor for one side of a complex idea. When a problem has many parts to consider (or when it's just a huge mess), you can describe it as multifaceted. a distinct feature or element in a problem "he studied every facet of the question" Subsistence is a convenient facet of society with which to start, since it in turn affected other facets. A gene that causes facets to appear in the fruit fly eye, for instance, is temperature dependent. "All right," he said, with Ms eyes full of bark and a hideous scowl on Ms facet "All right. All right." With each of these rereadings and rewritings it seemed that I'd gather in facts and facets that tried to run away. منظر وجه

savage

A polar bear in a zoo might look like an adorable giant stuffed animal, but if you met a hungry one in its native environment, it would seem more savage — wild and fierce — than cute. Describing an animal as savage means that it is true to its wild, ferocious nature, but if you describe a person or the actions of a person as savage, it means "cruel" or "brutal." A place can also be described as savage if it's untamed, uninhabitable, and unwelcoming. When savage takes the form of a noun, it means "a brutal person," and when it's a verb it means "to attack ferociously." Any way you use it, savage is uncivilized and violent. without civilizing influences "a savage people" synonyms: barbarian, barbaric, uncivilised, uncivilized, wild noncivilised, noncivilizednot having a high state of culture and social developmen It would be just my luck, of course, to be savaged by an animal with a flea collar and a medical history. "We're hungry but we're not savages! He is a guest! What was I supposed to do?" he said in a strained voice. "—to find something tomorrow." He noticed the young mouse's evident interest in his surroundings and quickly diverted his attention with a savage kick at the helpless figure. Lady Galbert-Bertulf grabbed a knife in each hand, leapt up on her chair, and let loose a high, savage battle cry. وحشی

haphazard

Anything haphazard is random, disorganized, slipshod, or hit-or-miss. A tent erected haphazardly might look more like a big nylon bag of dirty laundry than a place to sleep. Ever heard the expression "I'll hazard a guess?" In it, the word hazard means "chance," as in "take a chance." Think of the hap in haphazard as short for "happen." Combine hap- and -hazard and you get something that happens (or appears to have happened) by chance. If you approach a math problem with haphazard reasoning, you're likely to get it wrong dependent upon or characterized by chance "a haphazard plan of action" synonyms:hit-or-miss Its axles were set on piles of cinder blocks and the formerly yellow vehicle was painted a rather haphazard eggshell white. For them it was just after lunch, quarter-past-three on a haphazard afternoon, like any hour, like any day. So through a complicated, haphazard, and constantly readjusted web of economic, social, and moral incentives, modern society does its best to militate against crime. It's getting toward "that time of year," and my father sits at the kitchen table with his laptop, stressed and distracted by the new tax code, and some client's haphazard collection of receipts. اتفاقی

torrent

A torrent is a heavy rain, or the flooding or wildly-running streams it causes, like the torrent that soaks everyone unlucky enough to be out on the street at that moment. Because the noun torrent literally means "rushing stream," it is often describes fast-flowing water, like a rainstorm or creeks and rivers that overflow their banks. But the word can also describe any sudden inundation, like a deluge of words or thoughts, like when, in anger, you unleash a torrent of emotional words on your friend. Like a violent storm, you pour those words, not letting up in order to let him or her explain the other side of the story. an overwhelming number or amount "a torrent of abuse" synonyms:deluge, flood, inundation a heavy rain My question was lost in Hamlet's fresh torrent. The rain, which was falling in torrents, added to the uproar. Arrests, indictments, and a torrent of media coverage flooded the case of the atomic spies. It's filled with words like "thug" and "tyrant," and it goes on for pages, a torrent of frustration and abuse. بارش شدید سیل تعداد زیاد

adept

Are you looking for another word to describe a person who is highly skilled, very proficient or expert at something? Try the adjective adept! In the days of Medieval Latin, an adeptus was a person who had learned the secrets of alchemy. Although an adept person today cannot turn lead into gold, the adjective is still high praise meaning "skilled, expert, highly proficient." having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude "adept in handicrafts" "an adept juggler" There are a few genuine adepts present who throw themselves rapturously into the music, eyes shut, arms upraised, waiting, no doubt, for the onset of glossolalia. Candidates would need a degree of stenographic and typewriting skill, but what he most looked for and was so very adept at sensing was that alluring amalgam of isolation, weakness, and need. In two days we were fairly adept at matching the colors on our fingers with the colors on the keyboard diagrams. Harry supposed that as Hogsmeade was the only all-wizard village in Britain, it was a bit of a haven for creatures like hags, who were not as adept as wizards at disguising themselves. ماهر

arid

Arid is so dry that nothing will grow. Death Valley in California features an arid climate, which is why it's called Death Valley and not Life Valley. Arid can also mean terribly dull or lifeless. A textbook about the climate of Death Valley might be called arid if it's written in an uninteresting way. Just like you wouldn't want to live in an arid climate, you wouldn't want to sit through an arid performance of the film-turned-musical, "Some Like it Hot." lacking sufficient water or rainfall "an arid climate" synonyms:waterless Everyone was looking at Papa arid waiting for his answer. "For Murder Capital U.S.A., it isn't much—just a depressed oil town in an arid stretch of West Texas," wrote Newsweek. It made her predictable arid easy to lie to. Young and athletic, probably, arid lean from years on the streets. بایر

involved

Being involved means being a part of something or associated with it. If you volunteer on a team to clean up the playground, you're involved in making it a safer and more fun place for kids to play. Involved is an adjective with many different uses. It can describe something difficult or complicated, as in "really involved instructions for putting together a plane model," or it describes relationships and partnerships, like when you're involved with someone in a serious dating relationship or are involved in helping out as a tutor after school. You can be involved in more negative situations, too, as when a country is involved in spying on another or a group is involved in plotting a crime. highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious "the plot was too involved" synonyms: Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous I remembered once he was involved with a pen-pal program and got a letter from some kid in Logan, West Virginia. For example, before building a pipeline, the government and the companies involved must do an environmental impact study to determine how the pipeline and its construction will affect nearby communities. Even if that means getting involved in someone's obsessive-compulsive underwear disorder. But even though I was involved in other matters I felt a closeness with the community. پیچیده

exacerbate

For a formal-sounding verb that means to make worse, try exacerbate. If you're in trouble, complaining about it will only exacerbate the problem. Exacerbate is related to the adjective acrid, often used to describe sharp-smelling smoke. Think of exacerbate then as a sharp or bitter thing that makes something worse. A drought will exacerbate a country's food shortage. Worsen, intensify, aggravate and compound are similar, but exacerbate has the sense of an irritant being added in to make something bad even worse. make worse synonyms: aggravate, exasperate, worsen But maybe his fatigue is exacerbated by the potassium iodide he's taking. He exacerbated his trouble by creating a pseudonym, "Mary Rosh," to defend his theory in online debates. In the end, some eighteen hundred people died, and more than half a million others were displaced, a tragedy exacerbated by the ineptitude of the federal government's response. The problem was exacerbated by the fact fare-beating was not easy to fight. بدتر کردن

trappings

Big house, shiny new car, a custom-made suit, an expensive watch, cool sunglasses... If you have these things, you have the trappings of success, which means you own things that give you the outward appearance of success. The word trappings originally described the decorations people attached to their horse's bridle and saddle. The goal was to make a statement about the rider's power and privilege. Today, we still have trappings, but they take other forms, such as expensive clothing with big logos or big diamond earrings. Trappings are material items that tell the world that someone has money — or a credit card — but not about who he or she is on the inside. ornaments; embellishments to or characteristic signs of synonyms: furnishing I saw spears, javelins, and banners—the trappings of an army. While I abhorred the notion of British imperialism, I never rejected the trappings of British style and manners. His trappings of scarlet and gold flapped about him in wild tatters. The opulent fur-trimmed silk and gold ornaments told of the woman's wealth and nobility, but those were mere faded trappings compared with her loveliness. تجملات و تزئینات

wary

Describe yourself as wary if you don't quite trust someone or something and want to proceed with caution. Be wary of risky things like wild mushrooms and Internet deals! You can trace wary through Old English back to Old High German giwar "aware, attentive." If you keep a wary eye on something, you are attentive for signs that it is becoming dangerous. Likewise, if you give someone a wary glance, your face conveys the suspicion and caution you feel. When you are wary of driving alone at night or making promises, you fear something bad might happen if you do these things. marked by keen caution and watchful prudence "they were wary in their movements" "a wary glance at the black clouds" "taught to be wary of strangers" Synonyms:on guard, on one's guard, on your guard, upon one's guard They are silent and distant—always alone, always wary. Bigwig made his way into the field, conscious of the wary glances of the rabbits he passed. I said, trying not to sound too wary, for ideas are not Katz's strongest suit. He looked wary, as he always did when I asked an open-ended question. محتاط

dismal

Dismal is a dreary, depressing sort of bad. "With the cold rain and their team behind by six field goals, the mood in the stands was so dismal even the cheerleaders had lost their 'Rah.'" Dismal comes from the Latin dies mali which means "bad days." There is a hopelessness implied in the word. If you fell on the way to school and cut your knee, it would be bad, but not dismal. If you fell into a giant mud puddle and had to wear dirty, crusty clothes until you got home, it might make the school day seem pretty dismal. causing dejection "the first dismal dispiriting days of November" synonyms:blue, dark, dingy, disconsolate, drab, drear, dreary, gloomy, grim, sorry My performance as a law student was dismal. It didn't matter who was at fault for his dismal life. B-block's plumbing was unbelievably dismal, I thought as I locked an inmate into the second shower. He looked about, but there seemed nowhere even for an animal to crawl into in this dismal country. ناخوشایند ملالت انگیز

augment

Do you need to make something bigger, better, or stronger? Then you need to augment it. To augment is to increase the amount or strength of something. Maybe your bike isn't getting around very well on hills: the bike needs to be augmented with a better set of tires. People augment their computers and phones all the time, adding new gadgets and apps. They augment the storage space in their cars by buying roof racks. If the President decides to augment taxes, taxes are going up. When you see the word augment, think "More!" enlarge or increase "The recent speech of the president augmented tensions in the Near East" What are the consequences of augmenting the natural information encoded by our genes? Genes for "desirable" attributes might be selected or augmented, while undesirable genes might be eliminated from the gene pool. Do we truly want to select soldiers incapable of registering trauma, or genetically "augmented" with the capacity to extinguish the psychic anguish of violence? Kendra pressed her hands over her ears, trying to augment the dampening power of the earplugs. افزودن تقویت کردن

eerie

Eerie means spooky, creepy or suggestively supernatural. If it's eerie, it's sure to make the hair on the back of your neck stand up. Back in the 1300s when eerie first came on the scene, it meant "fearful or timid." It took a good 500 years or so before it morphed into the adjective we know today, which now means "causing fear because of strangeness." And the strangeness is key: Something that's eerie isn't just scary. It's mysterious, ghostly, and gives you the creeps. Like dark old castles, misty graveyards and creaky sounds in the middle of the night. suggestive of the supernatural; mysterious It was silly, but eerie at the same time. Dressed in silver halters, robed in see-through shifts, they danced, reciting strophes that didn't scan to the eerie piping of flutes. Most eerie, the Risk game was put away, back on top of the bookshelf. Aarfy was like an eerie ogre in a dream, incapable of being bruised or evaded, and Yossarian dreaded him for a complex of reasons he was too petrified to untangle. وهم آور ترساننده

fuse

Figuratively, if you say that someone has a short fuse, it means they get angry easily. If someone gets so angry they lose their temper, you can say that they blew a fuse. As a verb, if two things fuse, they blend or stick together. mix together different elements The silver architecture looks kind of ridiculous to me, like a spaceship and spiderweb fused together, but everyone always takes pictures of it like it's some sort of masterpiece. Unable to afford the suit's matching top, she's been reduced to waddling the streets much like two women fused together in some sort of cruel experiment. Lazlo's mind was afire with marvel, the lit match touching off fuse after fuse. With the beam of his field light, he shows Werner that he is holding two bent screwdrivers and a box of electrical fuses."The radio," he says into Werner's good ear. ترکیب کردن یا شدن

fleeting

Fleeting is an adjective that describes something that happens really fast, or something that doesn't last as long as you'd like. Driving in a car on the highway, you see a unicorn in the woods, but you only get a fleeting glimpse of it because you're driving too fast. Bummer. Fleeting comes from the Old English word flēotan, which means "float, swim." Like a ghost ship floating by on a foggy night, fleeting things disappear as fast as they appear. Fleeting love may last more than a moment, but it won't stay for very long, and that's why it's called fleeting. lasting for a markedly brief time "a fleeting glance" synonyms:fugitive, momentaneous, momentary She wants to help Vivian find some kind of peace, elusive and fleeting as it may be. Favor was like a rose, glorious in bloom but fleeting, and hiding the thorn below its flower. My sleep was fleeting, and my bones, when I rose, sore. He catches a fleeting glimpse of something—something enormous and dark—flying across the yard of the inn. زودگذر

foremost

Foremost is an adjective that means holding the highest position or rank. When naming advisors, presidents usually search for the foremost experts on various subjects. If you are the foremost in your profession, you're the expert people will seek out for an opinion. If your foremost concern in a project is money, all other factors are secondary. You can also use this word as an adverb meaning "before anything else." The film, Gone With the Wind, is set against the backdrop of the American Civil War, but first and foremost, it is a love story. ranking above all others "the foremost figure among marine artists" synonyms: first, world-class First and foremost in my mind, Mr. Grady was the school's varsity basketball coach. Suddenly they swept up with a noise like thunder, and the foremost horseman swerved, passing by the foot of the hill, and leading the host back southward along the western skirts of the downs. Its foremost symptom was a sensation of heat that on occasion flamed in the nerve endings of his forehead until the arteries in his temples pulsed visibly. To yourself, foremost, but also to your friends and family, to the world around you. در درجه نخست

retract

Have you ever said something you wish you could retract, or take back? You're not alone. Even newspapers and magazines have sections where the editors can retract something written that was incorrect. The sense of the word retract meaning to draw back or withdraw comes from the mid-16th century, and its meaning was clear when Napoleon Bonaparte said, "In politics...never retreat, never retract...never admit a mistake." Still, sometimes you wish you could retract something you said or did. Cats can retract their claws, and some snakes can retract their fangs, but words spoken in anger can never be fully retracted, or taken back. ormally reject or disavow a formerly held belief, usually under pressure "He retracted his earlier statements about his religion" synonyms: abjure, forswear, recant, resile Shay twisted the handle again, and the ribs retracted. Unfortunately, the paper never identified this statement as rumor and never bothered to retract it either. His eyes started to work again, and he noticed the large hypodermic needle retracting from his forearm. For a second they both shuffle back and forth, one jerking an arm forward and then retracting it, the other kicking and missing. عقب کشیدن

grueling

If a job is grueling, that means it is really difficult. If a race is grueling, that means it is really difficult. If a trip to the dentist is grueling, that means you need to toughen up. Once upon a time in a land far far away (like eighteenth century England) there was an expression, to "get one's gruel," which meant "receive one's punishment." This saying morphed into the word grueling, which can be applied to any punishing activity. Presumably, to "get one's gruel" involved horrible punishments, but now the more pampered among us might even find a long tennis match grueling characterized by effort to the point of exhaustion; especially physical effort "a grueling campaign" He relished the role and concocted novel, grueling training regimens that his teammates still remember well. It seemed like every day, despite the grueling schedule and media interviews, another gift was bestowed upon me. It was grueling work, but it paid the rent. Building an airplane was nothing compared to shepherding research through Langleys grueling review process. طاقت فرسا

hazy

If it's hazy, it's definitely not clear — there's fog, mist, smoke or something like that blurring the view. Hazy usually describes a sky that's fogged over or otherwise unclear. But if you're feeling a little uncertain or unsure about something, with only a bleary outline in your mind, you could say you're a bit hazy on the details illed or abounding with fog or mist synonyms: brumous, foggy, misty cloudyfull of or covered with clouds She saw no sign of pursuit by whales or otherwise, but Percy, Frank, and Hedge didn't start to recover until the Atlanta skyline was a hazy smudge in the distance. They are not hazy around the edges, but sharp and clear. I guess there's this hazy middle ground between laughing at someone and laughing with someone. As Clancy leaned in, he slipped a hazy image beneath my closed eyes—the two of us just before he walked into my memories. مبهم

ornate

If something is ornate — whether it's a ball gown, a set of dishes, or a poem — it seems to be covered in ornaments. It's lavish, flowery, or heavily adorned. Look at the first four letters of ornate, and you'll spot the beginning of its close relative ornament. Ornate most often describes how something looks, but it doesn't have to be visual. The prose in Victorian love letters was more ornate than the email messages people send today. The ornate gilded mirrors and enormous chandeliers in the palace at Versailles were the height of fashion in Marie Antoinette's time, but home decor is simpler today. Now, it seems too ornate. marked by complexity and richness of detail synonyms:elaborate, luxuriant That was the way most houses on the South Side were, ornate, old, stinking; homes once of rich white people, now inhabited by Negroes or standing dark and empty with yawning black windows. On West Harrison Street in Chicago, two miles west of the city's downtown, there is an ornate, block-long building designed and built in the early part of the last century. All around were giant chandeliers and ornate mirrors. The Glass Terrace is as ornate as Blonos's classroom was bare and lives up to its name. بیش ازحد اراسته

pressing

If something's pressing, it's very important and should be taken care of right away. Your French club's most pressing issue might be raising money for the big trip to Montreal. Pressing business needs urgent attention, and pressing problems will turn into disasters if you don't figure out a quick way to solve them. Another meaning of pressing is "the act of exerting a strong pressure," like the pressing of apples into delicious cider. Pressing comes from the verb press, "to push against" or "to squeeze out," and later also "to urge or argue for." compelling immediate action "too pressing to permit of longer delay" synonyms:urgent I was very aware of Rachel's shoulder pressing against mine. Meanwhile, the ghosts were pressing close, poor things, and the children especially couldn't leave Lyra alone. The rat placed his foot on the weasel's throat and began pressing down. When she felt the stone pressing coldly against her skin, she was disconcerted by the sense of relief that flooded through her. عاجل

cope

If you are able to cope with something, you are able to deal with it. If you can cope with waiting in long lines, you'll get the best seats. If you can cope with the stress, you will be excellent at defusing bombs. From the Old French couper, cope means "come to blows with." Coping can imply struggle, but it's usually met with success or at the very least, not failure. Another word to describe the balancing act of a mother who takes care of three children while also working part-time and pursuing a graduate degree is coping. "Understanding does not cure evil, but it is a definite help, inasmuch as one can cope with a comprehensible darkness," warns Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung. come to terms with synonyms:contend, deal, get by, grapple, make do, make out, manage As he absorbed the advice on coping with the Bird, Louie learned something else that surely sank his heart. A beat as the father and son try to cope with the tension. Some coped with it better than he, some worse. In those early months, we'd somehow developed this idea that how well you were settling in at the Cottages—how well you were coping—was somehow reflected by how many books you'd read. از عهده برامدن منیج کردن یک شرایط دشوار

tactful

If you are tactful, you have a knack for saying the right thing at the right time. A tactful person is appropriate and sensitive, never rude or careless. Tactful means "full of tact." What's tact? It's the gift for saying the right thing because you understand what the situation calls for. So, if you are tactful, you wouldn't tell your friend that the food at her party was awful — you'd talk about the interesting conversation you had and the great music. But even when tactful people have to give criticism, they do it in such a way that the other person doesn't get offended. having or showing a sense of what is fitting and considerate in dealing with others "she was tactful enough not to shatter his illusion" "a tactful remark eased her embarrassment" Synonyms:considerate I became more tactful, careful to keep separate the two very different worlds of my day. You must want it just enough, and you must be very tactful with God or the gods. I thought perhaps it was not very tactful to talk about blindness, and I glanced at the nurse. "Be easy, mon vieux, I will be most tactful. A mere formality." با نزاکت موقع شناس

adhere

If you don't want monkey droppings to adhere to the sole of your shoe, watch where you're walking. Maybe if you'd adhere, or stick to, the zoo rules and stay on the walking path, you wouldn't have to worry about it. Adhere is from the 15th-century French verb meaning "to stick." Things that are sticky will adhere, or attach, to surfaces and stay there, whether you want them to or not; in other words, they're adhesive, an adjective that comes from the same Latin source as the French verb. When a person chooses to adhere to something, it is more of a choice to stick with it or agree to abide by rules or guidelines. You can also adhere by being loyal, as when you adhere to the high moral standards or behavior expected of some organization. stick to firmly "Will this wallpaper adhere to the wall?" synonyms: bind, bond, hold fast, stick, stick to cleave, cling, cohere, stick Scraps of soiled toilet paper adhered to the commodes. "And what's wrong with the doll, anyway? Why is it a misfit? It seems to adhere to the standards of a typical doll." But many of these same scholars adhere to memetics' twin sister—postmodernism. The flutes were shining black to brown, and only a few small barnacles adhered to the shell. چسبیدن پایبند بودن

knack

If you have a knack for doing something, you do it well. You may have a knack for baking cakes or a knack for cracking jokes. These things come easy to you. Although the noun knack refers to a special talent, the sense is that it is a more innate talent — as opposed to a certain technique. So if someone instinctively has a talent for fixing plumbing, for example, you can say they have a knack for it. If, however, they unclog a sink by having a wrench in one hand and a how-to book in the other, then they may have the technique, but they probably don't have the knack. a special way of doing something "he had a special knack for getting into trouble" synonyms: bent, hang He possessed an uncanny knack for winning the big races, the ones that really counted. Harding is a small and chirpy Australian, from Brisbane originally, with the rare knack for being amused and earnest at the same time. A charismatic eleventh-grade geometry teacher stoked her interest in math, and for the first time, she entertained the idea of a future that took advantage of her knack for numbers and all things analytical. If we were born with all these knacks inbuilt, automated like ants, we would surely miss the variety. استعداد

barter

If you make a deal with your brother to change the oil in his car in exchange for one of his video games, what you've just done is barter — or trade goods and services. Before money was invented, people traded goods and services in order to acquire the things they needed. An individual might trade, for example, a cow in exchange for help building a shed, or a dozen eggs in exchange for several yards of cloth. To this day people continue to barter for goods and services although this method of commerce is no longer widespread. The verb barter has survived into modern times to refer to making a transaction that involves the exchange of goods or services rather than money. exchange goods without involving money Leaving the wheelbarrow, Seth carried the chicken, while Kendra collected an armful of bartering items. Much like a hunter-gatherer band, each village was a self-sufficient economic unit, maintained by mutual favours and obligations plus a little barter with outsiders. He hesitated just long enough for the Ancient to add quickly, "A fig or whatever else you care to barter." Much of the time was spent in friendly barter. معاوضه

peril

If you realize mid-climb that your rock climbing rope is frayed, you might be in peril. The word peril means imminent danger to life and limb. Peril comes from the Latin peric(u)lum, meaning danger. Today it's often used in tandem with the word mortal, which relates to death. For example, you're in mortal peril when you're flying down a cliff-side trail on your mountain bike and you hit loose gravel. Peril can also describe dangers of a less physical sort, though it's less common. If your employer sinks your 401K into what turns out to be a Ponzi scheme, he's put your retirement in peril. a state of danger involving risk synonyms:riskiness They escaped that peril, but only to meet another as great. The peril of irrigation for farmers is evaporation. He spoke of the perils of changing, above all when the wizard transforms his own shape and thus is liable to be caught in his own spell. "National peril is a lot easier to convey than individual peril," noted Johns Hopkins University foreign policy expert Michael Mandelbaum. خطر

supplant

Kate was out sick for a month with mono, and when she came back to school, Jessie had supplanted her as the funny girl at the lunch table. Supplant means to take the place of. Being supplanted is something that often happens to ideas or ways of thinking. Encouraging children's freedom has supplanted old ideas about children being better seen than heard. After a shocking upset at Wimbledon, a new tennis player has supplanted the reigning champion. ake the place or move into the position of "the computer has supplanted the slide rule" synonyms: replace, supercede, supersede, supervene upon This helps to explain why although massive amounts of foreign technology are imported to the Arab regions, very little of it is internalized or supplanted by Arab innovations. Intensive postwar lobbying by truck manufacturers and armies finally convinced the public of its own needs and enabled trucks to begin to supplant horse-drawn wagons in industrialized countries. Compton was seized with a vision of Lawrence supplanting his own authority by the sheer exercise of will, abetted by geography. Every few minutes the insects' piercing whine is supplanted by the boom of distant thunder, rumbling over the taiga from a wall of thunderheads rearing darkly on the horizon. جای چیزی را گرفتن

qualify

Make sure you know the context when using the word qualify. In one sense, it means to be right for, to measure up. In another sense, though, qualify means to change something slightly, to limit it or add a condition to it. If you want to qualify for your driver's license, remember not to drive through that final stop sign without stopping. I guarantee you that if you don't stop you will not qualify. You don't just get your Eagle Badge. You have to qualify for it—there's a lot to do before you get it. The word might be used in its other sense like this: If you plan to get married, keep your vows simple: say "I do." Don't qualify them by saying something like "I do...except sometimes, when I don't." If you have to qualify your wedding vows, don't get married prove capable or fit; meet requirements synonyms: measure up make more specific "qualify these remarks" synonyms: restrict That was a cause for worry, because if Tin Man fell one more place, we'd fail to qualify for the final round. Faizah was in a good position to qualify for the Olympic team as well because her national ranking was around fifth or sixth place. But of course the response was a letdown for Hickock's attorney, who hopelessly asked, "Can you qualify that answer?" For example, those planning to join a Ranger battalion or one of the elite Army units like the 82nd Airborne Division needed to be qualified as paratroopers. ویژه سازی

morale

Morale is the spirit a group has that makes them want to succeed. It's a sense of well-being that comes from confidence, usefulness, and purpose. We often talk about the morale of groups in tough situations, and we can describe them as having "good morale" or "low morale." If too many members of a combat unit are killed and the surviving soldiers start to doubt they'll make it home alive, then their morale is very very low. We can also talk about individual morale. In order to succeed, a sailor on a solo trip around the world needs plenty of ways to keep her morale up. a state of individual psychological well-being based upon a sense of confidence and usefulness and purpose It was an embarrassment to the government and a boost to our morale. It is, after all, important to form a clear view of them both technically and in terms of their impact on general morale. "How long are we gonna keep this from the Ares 3 crew? They all think Watney's dead. It's a huge drain on morale." "And I've always opposed it. On the grounds that it would lower department morale." روحیه

notwithstanding

Notwithstanding means "in spite of something." Your boasts about having memorized the entire textbook and bribing the teacher with apples notwithstanding, you still managed to fail the final exam with flying colors. You don't have to look too closely at the word to be able to break it into three parts: not- + withstand (to successfully oppose or resist) + the participial ending -ing. In the most literal sense, notwithstanding actually means to successfully oppose or resist. Top-of-the-line wet-traction tires notwithstanding, the car still got stuck in the mud. Notwithstanding works just as well in a more figurative context. His reputation for charm and tact notwithstanding, he offended everyone in the room. despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) synonyms: all the same, even so, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still, withal, yet He looked to me and added, "Your highly skeptical friend may not believe me at all. That notwithstanding, it is true." The entry of America into the European war, with its stupendous resources, made an Allied victory seem almost inevitable by mid-1943, notwithstanding earlier tactical setbacks in North Africa and the Balkans. Like I said, I didn't really believe in any sort of higher power, The Picard notwithstanding. Leonard Loeb, notwithstanding his role in recruiting Lawrence to Berkeley, warned Livingston superciliously that working on Lawrence's project would be a waste of time. باوجود اینکه

remote

Remote describes something far, far away, like a campsite way out in the woods, a distant planet, or the chance you'll win the lottery. The Australian outback is remote, since it's hard to get to and there aren't many people there. It's also remote in the sense that it's far away from civilization. Someone with a faraway look in her eye, not answering your questions is also remote. Remote can describe something unlikely, like that lottery win. You might win, but your chances are so remote you shouldn't count on it. ocated far away spatially "remote stars" synonyms:distant Mmmmm," she said, using the remote to open the garage door, acting like it was taking all her concentration to get the FM in there without scraping it up. This time Winnie was not being arrested, or detained, or interrogated; she was being banished to a remote township in the Free State called Brandfort. Bai Shan spent years in the remote countryside near the Russian border, but now he is the business manager of the Shanghai branch of a foreign company. Tom talked incessantly, exulting and laughing, but his voice was as remote from Jordan and me as the foreign clamor on the sidewalk or the tumult of the elevated overhead. دور

pretext

Pretext is a false reason given for doing something. If you catch your mother going through your drawers, and she says she was just tidying up, cleaning was her pretext for snooping. Sometimes a government will try to take away its citizens' rights under the pretext of national security. Though pretext sounds like text that comes before other text, the text you see in it is actually more closely related to the word textile, meaning fabric. Its Latin root meant pretty much "to pull the wool over someone's eyes." something serving to conceal plans; a fictitious reason that is concocted in order to conceal the real reason synonyms: stalking-horse It was merely a pretext to invite her to lunch, which I did. Without warning or pretext the sailors tried to shove them into the hold. The Court ruled that the police are free to use minor traffic violations as a pretext to conduct drug investigations, even when there is no evidence of illegal drug activity. Perhaps predictably, Graham ensured that his own sperm was added to the bank on the pretext that—although the committee in Stockholm was yet to recognize it—he was a "future Nobel laureate," a genius-in-waiting. بهانه

prose

Prose is so-called "ordinary writing" — made up of sentences and paragraphs, without any metrical (or rhyming) structure. If you write, "I walked about all alone over the hillsides," that's prose. If you say, "I wondered lonely as a cloud/that floats on high o'er vales and hills" that's poetry. See the difference? (Let's not get into prose poetry!) From prose we get the term prosaic, meaning "ordinary" or "commonplace," or lacking the specially delicacy and beauty of its supposed opposite — poetry. ordinary writing as distinguished from verse At this point in my life, and significantly as his daughter, it is quite meaningful for me to contribute my prose to this living record. Luce was interested in the gender giveaways of my prose, of course. Coherence connectives are the unsung heroes of lucid prose. Classic prose is a pleasant illusion, like losing yourself in a play. نثر

quaint

Quaint means strange and unusual in an old-fashioned and charming way. It's a word you'd use to describe a little store that sells tea cozies and antique tea services, or your grandmother's habit of calling the radio the "wireless." There is a commonly used sarcastic sense of quaint — when something is run down or shabby and you're trying to say something positive, you might substitute "How...quaint" for "How...interesting." In Middle English, this adjective meant "clever" or "cunning." Its origin is Old French queinte, cointe, from Latin cognitus "known," from cognōscere "to learn." attractively old-fashioned (but not necessarily authentic) "houses with quaint thatched roofs" He passed a quaint old synagogue on Freiheit street, a bright Star of David rising above its peaked roof. But such a fear seemed quaint to Sarai now, compared to her other concerns. But high school theater programs that draw material mostly from bygone eras are regarded as somehow quaint. Sometimes Stevens wondered if his views weren't quaint, given the temper of the modern world. عجیب و جالب و قدیمی

raze

Raze means to tear an object down to the ground. Before a real estate developer can raze a family's home to build another skyscraper, he's going to have to cut them a big check. Raze is most often used to refer to knocking buildings down for construction projects, but it can also describe tearing down other objects. You can raze the sand dunes in order to make the beach perfectly flat. Raze comes from the word rasen, meaning "to scrape or erase," and it sounds similar to the word erase, which can help you remember its meaning. If you raze something, in a way it has been erased — it no longer exists in its previous form. tear down so as to make flat with the ground synonyms: dismantle, level, pull down, rase, take down, tear down he British then moved on, razing fifteen more towns and burning fourteen hundred acres of corn. "It takes a village to raze a camp." Bands of displaced peasants roamed the razed countryside, fighting the crows for gleanings. But after the first city there was another, then another, city after city razed, the survivors drifting about like specters, picking through the rubble.

juxtapose

See the word "pose" in juxtapose? When you juxtapose, you are "posing" or positioning things side by side. The verb juxtapose requires contrasting things placed next to one other: "The collage juxtaposed pictures of Jane while she was growing up and as an adult." Juxtapose is used often when referring to contrasting elements in the arts. "The music juxtaposed the instrumentation of jazz with the harmonies of soul." place side by side "The fauvists juxtaposed strong colors" The entries would juxtapose the mundane thrill and confusion of being a young girl with the terror of living with Danny. This Old Testament miracle, often juxtaposed with New Testament miracles, enjoyed great favor in Early Christian art as proof of the Lord's power to rescue the faithful from the jaws of death. The smell of home juxtaposed with the sweaty, breathless odor of desperation and the taste of rust in my mouth. In it, Mr. Gober juxtaposes a nauseating article about a serial child abuser with one whose headline reads "Bush Is Sent Forth as Champion of Family Values." کنار هم قرار دادن

seep

Seep means to leak slowly. When you see the word, imagine water coming in through your sneakers on a rainy day. It's not a lot of water, but your feet still get pretty wet. The word seep is related to the Dutch word for ooze. Oil seeps from the earth and blood seeps from a wound. Seep falls somewhere between gush and drip on a scale of how liquid flows and suggests a liquid that is thick, and unwanted. In the figurative sense, some things that seep, like bad thoughts that seep into your mind, are also unwanted. But sometimes you wish that the flow would increase like when financial aid only seeps into a disaster zone. pass gradually or leak through or as if through small openings synonyms: ooze At first the road took me by open areas, but soon it led me into a forest of densely twisted trees that allowed neither moon nor starlight to seep through. He stared at it for a long time as the night lifted and dawn seeped into the sky. The silk of my dress steams in the heat of the fire, and with one eye on the bath door, I let its warmth seep into me. I further believe that personality seeps into walls and is slowly released. رسوخ تراوش کردن

prolific

Someone or something that is prolific is fruitful or highly productive. A prolific songwriter can churn out five hit tunes before breakfast. A prolific writer cranks out two novels a year, and a prolific rabbit has baby bunnies every few months. The word comes from combining the medieval Latin prolificus ("offspring") with a form of facere ("to make or do"). It can also connote something taking root and growing, like prolific poison ivy that takes over the yard. intellectually productive "a prolific writer" synonyms: fecund, fertile Rembrandt was a prolific draftsman who was constantly jotting down observations of daily life and other ideas for further development. After about a decade of comparative calm, paleoanthropology embarked on another period of swift and prolific discovery, which hasn't abated yet. Wagner uses them prolifically throughout his ten most famous operas to evoke pain or anguish, or to tell you something grim might be about to happen. For the next two hundred years his prolific body of music would stay silent, his career forgotten. پربار پروداکتیو

incessant

Something incessant continues without interruption. When you're on a cross-country flight, it's tough to tolerate the incessant crying of a baby. In Latin, cessare means "to stop," so when you add the negative prefix in-, you get a word meaning "never stopping." A near synonym is continual, but something incessant is more relentless; ceaseless is a closer synonym. It's rare to find incessant used in a positive way. Even incessant sunshine would grow boring. uninterrupted in time and indefinitely long continuing "night and day we live with the incessant noise of the city" synonyms: ceaseless, constant, never-ending, perpetual, unceasing, unremitting In five years, to the incessant sound of trees being clubbed to death, she bore four children. I'm continually being scolded for my incessant chatter when I'm upstairs. When she moved about there was an incessant clicking as innumerable pottery bracelets jingled up and down upon her arms. Oma grows accustomed to the incessant tapping, the constant ring of the carriage return. بی وقفه

bleak

Something that is bleak is gloomy and depressing. If it's raining and dark, you might describe the night as bleak. If you have looked for work and no one will hire you, you could describe your prospects as bleak. If you and the ten people sharing your lifeboat have been adrift for ten days and are down to your last cracker, your situation is bleak. A near synonym is dismal. Bleak is from Middle English bleik, from Old Norse bleikr "white, pale." This word is related to the English word bleach. offering little or no hope unpleasantly cold and damp Seeing bleak truth in an unbreakable china cup? It is a startlingly bleak place overrun by delinquency, alcoholism, violence, mental illness, and drug use. Pascal and Patrice helped me scratch up a little plot that eventually produced a few bleak, dusty bouquets of spinach and beans, which were gobbled up one night by our neighbor's goat. Those of you who are interested in the latest bleak frankfurter news will find none. تیره و تار غم افزا

gaudy

Something that's gaudy is showy, bright and definitely tacky. So think twice about that gaudy rainbow-colored suit and shiny gold shoes ensemble. Gaudy is an adjective that means "ostentatious" — in other words, flashy and in your face, and not in a good way. Someone in a gaudy outfit is probably trying too hard to be cool and stylish. Gaudy evolved from the Middle English gaud "deception, trick" in the 1520's. That word, in turn, came from gaudi, used to describe a "large, ornamental bead in a rosary." tastelessly showy "a gaudy costume" synonyms:brassy, cheap, flash, flashy, garish, gimcrack, loud, meretricious, tacky, tatty, tawdry, trashy Lancelot, who did not care for gaudy things, wore a few heron's hackles bound with silver thread, which suited the argent of his shield. She'd worried that the clothing would be gaudy signals to the commandant, but clearly he already knew—as did the guards—where the children hid. I faced the gaudy sunflower on her canvas bag—it looked hand-painted—and at last my eyes fell into hers. Most gang members in the Barrel loved flash: gaudy waistcoats, watch fobs studded with false gems, trousers in every print and pattern imaginable. پر زرق و برق

lucid

Something that's lucid is clear and understandable. Lucid writing is important in journalism, so that readers easily get the point of the article they're reading. When what you write or say is lucid, it's straightforward and its meaning is crystal clear. You can also use the adjective lucid to describe your mind or thoughts when you're thinking in a rational, sensible way: "I was worried about my grandmother's confusion yesterday, but she seems really lucid today." Another meaning is "translucent," or "letting light shine through" — which makes sense since lucid comes from the Latin lucidus, "light or clear," with its root of lux, "light." (of language) transparently clear; easily understandable "lucid directions" synonyms: crystal clear, limpid, luculent, pellucid, perspicuous clear uliet was the only human she knew who was probably more lucid under the mesmer. In the end, he confused me with Clara, and at times with Rosa, but he died without pain or anguish, more lucid than ever and happy, conscious, and serene. "Sometimes she is lucid, other times she talks of Rochelles and needles and snakes." At first I thought she was joking, but she was lucid and totally serious. واضح

murky

Something that's murky is dim, gloomy or hard to see through clearly. Think of the dark fog around a haunted house or the cloudy, muddy water in a swamp. Rarely used before the 17th century, this adjective came about by adding a "y" to the word murk. Murk itself evolved from myrkr, a Norse word for "darkness." Things that are murky are unclear; that goes for murky, sediment-filled lakes, shady business deals, and arguments that don't seem to make any sense. dark or gloomy "a murky dungeon" "murky rooms lit by smoke-blackened lamps" She spots flashes of The Taker in the dim grottos and murky hollows where the bears and the cougars might be. The green light of the forest was strangely at odds with the adolescent laughter, too murky and ominous to be in harmony with the light banter around me. Now she was odd, murky, and worst of all, unkempt. The black-and-white answer I was expecting swirls into murky gray. کدر

adverse

Steer clear of anything adverse. If it's adverse, it's working against you — like adverse weather conditions or the adverse effects of eating too much sugar. Coming from the Latin adversus meaning "turned against," adverse is an adjective describing a factor that seems to work against or actively harm something. Think of the related word, adversary, which means "enemy or opponent," so that if something is adverse, it acts as if it were the enemy. If you have an adverse reaction to an antibiotic, your doctor will need to prescribe a new medication. in an opposing direction contrary to your interests or welfare The Department declared, however, that it would continue to cooperate with the Forest Service "in determining ways to minimize adverse effects." Protected me from any adverse force of nature. "I never accept presents from men, ''said Lorelei, 'except when we've been properly introduced. " adverse/averse. It does not seem a very good rate, but then conditions were a bit adverse. مخالف نا سازگار

spawn

Technically, the mass of small eggs laid by animals like fish, frogs, mollusks is called spawn. But the word has been borrowed to mean offspring, or the act of making them in general. When someone is in league with the devil, a preacher might refer to them as "Satan's spawn." Your dad probably find something satanic in the kids next door when he refers to them as the neighbor's spawn. Bill Gates' programming project in college spawned Microsoft, a multi-billion dollar industry giant. the mass of eggs deposited by fish or amphibians or molluscs This modest beginning spawned a global network of timetables, synchronised down to the tiniest fractions of a second. Ron's magic wand was lying on top of a fish tank full of frog spawn on the windowsill, next to his fat gray rat, Scabbers, who was snoozing in a patch of sun. By September, the salmon began working their way upstream to spawn. A normal Blackcliff student would beat me for touching him without permission—and this is no student, but an Aspirant and the Commandant's spawn. تخم ریزی

jeopardy

To be in jeopardy is to be in danger. Eating three plates of nachos a day may improve your chances of winning your office's nacho-eating contest; unfortunately, it could also put your health in jeopardy. Jeopardy is a state of being, so this word is almost always preceded by the preposition "in." The phrase "in jeopardy" is just one of several ways to convey that someone is in trouble. You can also try "at risk," "in danger," or — if you're into idioms — "on thin ice," "out on a limb," or "up the creek without a paddle." a source of danger; a possibility of incurring loss or misfortune synonyms: endangerment, hazard, peril, risk But we fear that your continued success is in much jeopardy. While the fire no longer posed an immediate threat, their lives were still in jeopardy. "You put yourself in jeopardy keeping those," says the second policeman. As well, the way my father was regarded during his lifetime robbed him of any peace in knowing that his life and contributions mattered, and that his family would live without jeopardy or repercussion. مخاطره

propulsion

The act of moving something forward is called propulsion. Propulsion is the force that pushes a rocket into space, that sends a football spiraling toward a receiver's hands, and that moves a strongly kicking swimmer through the water. The noun propulsion came from the Latin prōpellere, "to push away." The modern meaning of propulsion meaning "the act of moving forward" was first recorded in 1799. In water, flippers, fins, and the wind can aid propulsion. In a general sense, if society is to move forward, we must stop using fossil fuels as our main means of propulsion. the act of propelling synonyms:actuation I doubted the usefulness of these oars as a means of propulsion. John Mayer tackled orbital mechanics, Al Hamer lectured on rocket propulsion, and Alton Mayo handled reentry, the problems faced by an object returning to Earth. We studied astronomy, aerodynamics, rocket propulsion, meteorology, guidance and navigation, and digital computers—to name just a few. I was directed to an area on the outer edge of the displays with other exhibitors of propulsion projects. نیروی محرکه

depress

The act of pressing down on something is called making a depression, and when people suffer from psychological depression that is often what it feels like — the world itself is pressing down on them. Depression can be a persistent mood (rotten), an economic situation (the worst), or just the geography (low). The Great Depression was when poor policy and economic circumstances combined to create a long period of time everyone struggled to even get food on the table. pushing down "depression of the space bar on the typewriter" The effects of the depression were bad everywhere, but in the black ghetto they were horrible, Mr. Muhammad told me. He sought help at the VA and used therapy to cope with the depression and rage he was feeling. Did this depression of his start in childhood? They emerged through a small gap into a bowl-shaped depression. از ارزش انداختن

erratic

The adjective erratic describes things that are unpredictable, unusual, and that deviate from the norm. An erratic quarterback might completely confuse his receivers waiting for a pass. Like its linguistic relative, error, the adjective erratic means "deviating from the norm," or "wrong." It also implies behavior or qualities that are unpredictable or odd. The word comes from the Latin verb errare, or "to wander" off course. In the field of geology, a rock that is erratic is unlike others in its environment because it has been transported by glacial activity. Likewise, someone driving a car that veers out of its lane is said to be driving erratically. liable to sudden unpredictable change "erratic behavior" synonyms:fickle, mercurial, quicksilver There was a marching formation now, and in their own dim body light, the rough-hewn walls of the mine tunnel swam past noiselessly, checkered with misty erratic blobs of shadow. From that day on, both his victims and his fellow Japanese would ponder his violent, erratic behavior and disagree on its cause. When someone from the audience asked Burt if he was suggesting that this erratic behavior was directly caused by increased intelligence, Burt ducked the question. Vincent is moody and erratic, and not doing well at his job. متغیر خارج از نرم

advent

The advent of something means that it's finally here. You might be waiting for the advent of a new iPhone or for the advent of cloning. Don't hold your breath. Generally, the noun advent is used for the introduction of something important. The twentieth century saw the advent of many important inventions — including television, computers, and microwave dinners. If the word is capitalized, it has a religious meaning, referring to the period, observed in certain Christian religions, that begins on the fourth Sunday before Christmas (December 25). arrival that has been awaited (especially of something momentous) "the advent of the computer" synonyms:coming mention my sweater's advent here because I think of it as part of the endgame—as though my poor loving nanny is a sort of Mme. But it was the advent of DDT and all its many relatives that ushered in the true Age of Resistance. The advent of ffee-to-air music for the world's grateful millions would change the value, purpose and style of music more dramatically than any other development in its history. With the advent of Cathy, his life extended long and pleasantly ahead of him. یک چیزی که منتظرشی بالاخره رخ بده ظهور

elusive

Things that are elusive are hard to find, pin down, or remember. They slip right out of your grasp. Ever try to catch a mouse? It's not easy, because mice are quick and elusive — they're tough to catch. Rabbits are speedy, so they're elusive too. Also, things that are tough to understand or describe are elusive — like the concepts of love and beauty. If you had an idea and then forgot it, the idea is elusive: it slipped away. Anything you can't get hold of, with your hands or with your brain, is elusive. skillful at eluding capture ""a cabal of conspirators, each more elusive than the archterrorist"- David Kline" Synonyms:artful difficult to detect or grasp by the mind or analyze "that elusive thing the soul" Soon after returning to Berkeley, Alvarez decided to focus his research efforts on the lab's most intriguing experimental project: the search for an elusive decay process known as K-capture. Gordon is a Maven — a Maven for the elusive, indefinable quality known as cool. "Oh, like super elusive. Beefy and hunky but kind of drinks too much, and...I shouldn't...it's not really my place to talk about him." In 1966 the discoverers prepared to turn over to the Smithsonian Institution the cigar box in which they deposited their very first sample of the elusive element. گریزان فرار

verge

Think of an edge, a border, a boundary, and you are thinking about the verge, the point where something begins or ends. We talk about a nervous person being on the verge of a breakdown, or about a scientist being on the verge of a major breakthrough, but the British have another good physical meaning: they call the strip of grass that borders a walkway the verge, giving you a clear mental picture that goes beyond the abstract. border on; come close to he limit beyond which something happens or changes "on the verge of tears" synonyms: brink Lazlo was on the verge of making his usual response, but paused, considering. It was so different from Marcus's bedroom, which was enormous and always spotless, and from Jesse's, which always looked on the verge of being condemned. He also seemed on the verge of laughing. Sometimes I found myself cackling on the verge of hysteria when I was stacking bottles of no-name brands of dishwashing liquid. مشرف بودن بر لبه برای یک رویداد استفاده میشه

audacious

This adjective is very bold — if you are audacious, you are daring and unconventional! The adjective audacious comes from the Latin word audacia and means "daring, boldness, courage," and often gets applied in situations where someone does something pretty unusual, like becoming an astronaut and going to the moon. It can also mean challenging conventions and doing things that most people don't do, such as when Elizabeth Blackwell became the first woman in the United States to become a doctor. Blackwell then inspired Elizabeth Garrett Anderson to become the first female doctor in England. And the rest is history! disposed to venture or take risks "audacious visions of the total conquest of space" "an audacious interpretation of two Jacobean dramas" synonyms: daring, venturesome, venturous The moment I enter the courtroom it is understood that I am the most audacious and beautiful woman in the world. Time for the most audacious step in his scheme. Harry's was an age that spawned bold dreams and audacious dreamers. The new plan was audacious, maybe even mad. جسور

adorn

To adorn is to dress something up by decorating it. You might adorn your poncho with fringe or your poodle's dog collar with rhinestones. Adorn shares some Latin roots with words like ornament and ornate. So it makes sense that some people adorn their Christmas trees with tinsel and lights. Others adorn their eyelids with glitter. In any case, if you want to adorn yourself with all kinds of fabulous baubles, it might be wise to follow Coco Chanel's advice: take at least one accessory off before you walk out the door. make more attractive by adding ornament, colour, etc. synonyms: beautify, decorate, embellish, grace, ornament His eyes land on a small, circular pin that adorns her dress. The Hunger GamesThe mute flipped the dagger, caught it, then flung it end over end at the sheepskin map that adorned Lord Wyman's wall. The halls are lined with floor-to-ceiling mirrors, reflecting the light of chandeliers adorning the ceilings, while the doorways to each private karaoke room are painted in glittering gold. He's bearded, his kurta is unbuttoned, and three gold disco chains adorn his hairy chest. زینت دادن

avert

To avert is to turn away or to prevent. You might avert your gaze or avert a disaster — either way, you are avoiding something. The verb avert comes from Latin roots that mean "to turn away from." Averting has that sense of deflecting, turning away, or preventing something (usually bad) from happening. You might put salt on an icy sidewalk to avert accidents, or you might avert a toddler's meltdown by supplying a lollipop turn away or aside prevent the occurrence of; prevent from happening We move, balancing it as though it were something infinitely precious, our faces averted, breathing through our teeth to keep our nostrils closed. I averted my gaze just as Sherrie looked over at me. I was aware of the eyes upon me, the eyes of those for whom I wept turned impassively upon me; I averted my own eyes and wiped away the late evidence of my weakness. I flattened myself against the dark red wall and averted my eyes as the techs from the medical examiner's office took my parents away in body bags. جلوگیری از چیز منفی

banish

To banish is to get rid of. Think very carefully before you banish someone from your group. Someday, you may want that person around again. Banish rhymes with vanish, which is exactly what happens when you banish someone. Suppose a king, angry with some of his subjects, banishes them. They have to leave the kingdom and vanish — not just go home and wait for the king to change his mind. Banish comes from the Old French word banir, which means "proclaim as an outlaw." It is serious and absolute. You can see the word ban in banish, but to ban something is not as harsh as banishing it. expel, as if by official decree "he was banished from his own country" synonyms:bar, relegate expel from a community or group synonyms:ban, blackball, cast out, ostracise, ostracize, shun She needed to tell Keeper about her family, about being banished, about her talk with Robin, and how with every day that passed Ivy was more and more sure that she liked June. "Sort of," Qareeb would tell me before banishing me from his room. He was not sure whether he was being banished. And the way he'd banished Minos, and called himself the king of ghosts—it was kind of impressive, but it made me uncomfortable, too. تبعید کردن طرد کردن

bombard

To bombard is to attack, whether physically (with something like missiles) or metaphorically (with something like questions). See the word bomb in bombard? That's a clue to its meaning. When a place is bombarded, an enemy could literally be dropping bombs on it. In the days of stoning, people were bombarded with rocks. A politician getting pestered with questions is also being bombarded. You could say a teacher who assigns a lot of homework is bombarding the class with assignments. Bombarding involves a series of attacks; one bomb or one question can't be described as a bombardment. throw bombs at or attack with bombs synonyms: bomb nstead of salsa music, police walkie-talkies were on full blast, bombarding the streets with what sounded like a nest of hissing snakes. The wipers slapped faster, trying to keep up with the fat, chunky flakes bombarding the windshield. The Kidnapping Club was so busy bombarding the Ocarrion they didn't even notice." Books bombarded his shoulders, his arms, his upturned face A book alighted, almost obediently, like a white pigeon, in his hands, wings fluttering. حمله بدون توقف بمب باران

crave

To crave something is to have a great desire for it, as one might crave love, fame, or French fries. Crave is typically used in the context of emotional or physical desires rather than practical needs. For example, most people crave a hug or a cup of hot cocoa every now and then, but it's unusual to crave a new filing cabinet or tie rack — although if that's how you feel, don't let us interfere. Interestingly, crave comes from an Old English word meaning "demand." Perhaps our ancestors were more assertive about getting what they wanted. have a craving, appetite, or great desire for synonyms:hunger, lust, starve, thirst Her craving settled on the red liquid coursing through the other woman's veins. As I see it today, the ability to read awoke inside me some long dormant craving to be mentally alive. "I bet I would crave it, if I knew what it was! I like food!" They offered something Nicole actually wanted — scholarship money — and it satisfied her mother's craving for the spotlight. اشتیاق داشتن هوس کردن

cull

To cull means to select or gather. If you decide to make a literary anthology, you must cull the best possible stories and then arrange them in a pleasing manner. When you use cull as a verb, the things you gather can be the good or bad ones from a group. In your garden, you can cull the good vegetables for dinner, or the rotten ones for the compost pile. In fact, often no judgment of quality is made, as when you cull information from the Internet for your next research project. The sorting through will come later. However, if you use the word as a noun, a cull is a selection of things you intend to reject, often in reference to a group of animals. An outbreak of a disease such as foot-and-mouth disease can cause authorities to order a cull of farm pigs. remove something that has been rejected "cull the sick members of the herd" "Is that what your long face is for? Somebody cull you for a copper?" Here are examples of how I culled information relating to Bigger from my reading: There is in me a memory of reading an interesting pamphlet telling of the friendship of Gorky and Lenin in exile. He would open the rakes and drop his catch onto the wooden culling board. Hurd is wearing a casual robe and turban, and before him are two books, one of them devoted to heraldry from which he culled the coats of arms he needed for his work. جمع کردن

deplete

To deplete is to use up or consume a limited resource. Visiting relatives might deplete your refrigerator of food, or a pestering friend might deplete your patience. The verb deplete is used like "to drain." A long, exhausting day can deplete your body of energy and a summer drought can deplete a region's water supply. If you deplete your body of hydration after a lot of exercise, be sure to replete yourself with a nice glass of water. use up (resources or materials) synonyms:consume, eat, eat up, exhaust, run through, use up, wipe out occupy, take, use up The first stage depleted its fuel, and the booster coasted for a fraction of a second as it jettisoned stage clamps via explosive bolts. She reached for another dagger, but found she'd depleted her stock again. Hunger, thirst, and exposure to blistering sun by day and chill by night depleted survivors with frightening rapidity. Miig took her other hand, and she began to sing, low, sweet words depleting breath that wasn't being replaced. خالی کردن

drench

To drench something is to get it thoroughly wet. You might drench your sister with the garden hose to pay her back for squirting you with her water pistol. When you're sailing a small boat on a stormy day, waves might drench you, and a torrential rain storm can also drench you, if you leave your umbrella at home. If your dog is crazy about swimming, he might drench himself often by plunging into whatever body of water you're near. Drench comes from the Old English drencan, which means both "submerge or drown" and "give drink to or make drunk." cover with liquid; pour liquid onto synonyms:douse, dowse, soak, sop, souse Darla slid a plate of fries drenched in gravy in front of Jonas Apple, watching with satisfaction as he popped a fry into his mouth. I made a little bitter grin as another soak of blood let itself through the drenched padding and started the tedious journey into my shoes. A woman so strong she burns heaven and drenches hell. His skin is burned and his face drenched with sweat, but his eyes are still bright, if a bit unfocused. خیساندن خیس کردن

endow

To endow is to furnish, but not with furniture. If you've been endowed with something, it means you've been given a gift — most likely a gift that can't be returned or exchanged, like a sense of humor or athletic ability or trust. We usually use endow to refer to an ability or a quality, but you can endow someone with money, too. Endow is related to the word dowry, which is a gift that a man — or sometimes a woman — receives from his or her fiancé's family before the wedding. The practice of giving dowries has fallen out of fashion in most Western countries, but there are still many parts of the world where it's common for the bride's family to provide the groom with an endowment of land and livestock. give qualities or abilities to synonyms: empower, endue, gift, indue, invest The spider's mutant genes are transmitted to Parker's body presumably by horizontal transfer—a human version of Avery's transformation experiment—thus endowing Parker with the "agility and proportionate strength of an arachnid." A small elite, like Dorothy Hoover, were endowed with an aptitude for complex math so strong that it exceeded the ability of many of the engineers at the lab. The new injury endowed the big oaf with a disconcerting lisp. The Higgs boson may or may not actually exist; it was invented simply as a way of endowing particles with mass. اعطا کردن به

forage

To forage is to wander around looking for food. When it's cold and snowy outside, birds may forage for food in your backyard, digging around for whatever they can find. The verb forage often describes animals searching for food, but it can also be applied to people. In those circumstances it retains the slightly desperate sense of coming up with whatever is available. For example, if you want to cook dinner but have no time to go to the grocery store, you might forage your refrigerator and cabinets to find good substitutes for ingredients in your recipe. collect or look around for (food) synonyms: scrounge bulky food like grass or hay for browsing or grazing horses or cattle To the west lay the ancient Grunewald forest, where sixteenth-century German princes hunted stags and wild boars and where Berliners of all classes nowadays enjoyed hiking, picnicking, and foraging for mushrooms. One day he was walking around Cambridge, foraging for beetles to study. The literature of veterinary medicine is rife with cases of animals stricken by swainsonine poisoning after eating damp forage contaminated with R. leguminicola. I went around the table and spoke of each person's contribution to my foraging education and to this meal. دنبال خوراک گشتن علوفه

hoist

To hoist is to raise up or lift, like a crane or forklift would. You can hoist yourself up onto the roof to get a better view, or hoist your teammate onto your shoulders after she scores the winning goal. This word is generally used to describe heavier lifting, like the hoisting of a fallen tree onto the bed of a truck or hoisting the Super Bowl trophy over your head after the big game. In nautical terms, where it comes up often, hoist refers to a group of flags that are raised all at once to communicate a signal. raise or haul up with or as if with mechanical help "hoist the bicycle onto the roof of the car" synonyms: lift, wind But outwardly, I smile and hoist my electric board on my shoulder. They made their way past beer gardens illuminated by bright strings of electric lights, full of people singing gaily, dancing polkas, and hoisting steins of beer in their direction. I remain in my awkward position, muscles trembling with exertion for a while longer, then hoist myself back onto my branch. Together, they heaved the dust and blood-covered ptero off to the side and then hoisted Mapper up and brought him to where their dactyl waited anxiously. بلند کردن بالا بردن

lure

To lure is to entice or bait someone. A lure is used to bait or entice fish to attach themselves to your hook. "He had a new shiny lure, which was enough to lure me into going on the fishing trip." The verb lure is related to words that mean "bait," "deceit," and "invite." Often, when lure is used, there is a nefarious implication, as in: "He was able to lure her into the alley, but her friends soon came looking for her." The noun lure is the thing that draws in the person or animal, which can be either a physical object or a concept. "The lure of his great wealth kept her in the relationship despite his infidelity." provoke someone to do something through (often false or exaggerated) promises or persuasion "He lured me into temptation" synonyms:entice, tempt Once the men are seated in the living room off the inside patio, they try to lure the children into conversation. The new drive-ins competed for attention, using all kinds of visual lures, decorating their buildings in bright colors and dressing their waitresses in various costumes. "The Chief God's purpose in the creative advance is the evocation of novel intensities. He is the lure for our feeling." "The one lures the other who in turn lures the one." تطمیع

lurk

To lurk is to creep around, hide out, and wait to attack. Your team's strategy for winning capture the flag might be to lurk in the bushes for an hour until the opposing side thinks you gave up and went home. The verb lurk means to move furtively or sneak around, usually while you wait to pounce. Tigers lurk through the jungle, stalking their prey, and creepy characters are always lurking in the shadows in horror movies. Perhaps that's why you'll often hear people describe not-so-safe places by saying that danger lurks at every turn. Other words for lurk include creep, prowl, and snoop. lie in wait, lie in ambush, behave in a sneaky and secretive manner synonyms:skulk They lurked in corners, or in the shadow of the deejay booth. But I knew that lurking in the tide pools were the treach-erous sea urchins. I can't lurk in the shadow of this squat shrub for much longer. "It's sure terrible," he mused, "to be a parent knowing that there are eagles and goshawks lurking everywhere in these mountains." کمین کردن

overlook

To overlook something is to fail to see it. When planning a party, it's best to write out a to-do list so that you don't overlook any details. The verb overlook literally means to look over the top of. The word has come to refer to the act of neglecting something, usually because your focus is aimed elsewhere. You might overlook the cost of car insurance if you're busy calculating the cost of buying the car and paying for gas and parking. As a noun, an overlook is a space high above ground. You might overlook your curfew if you're busy enjoying an overlook with your date. look down on synonyms: command, dominate, overtop At noon, when I was not running errands, I would join the rest of the Negroes in a litde room at the front of the building overlooking the street. Three graves under a tree on a hill overlooking the river. Most damaging to the claim that New York's police innovations radically lowered crime is one simple and often overlooked fact: crime went down everywhere during the 1990s, not only in New York. On the edge of the roof, overlooking the street, was this chick. غافل شدن

salvage

To salvage something is to save it...before it's too late. You might try to salvage your damaged reputation by defending yourself, or salvage a burnt piece of toast by scraping off the black residue. As a noun salvage is the act of rescuing stuff from a disaster like a shipwreck or fire — or the rescued goods themselves. As a verb, salvage means to collect or rescue that sort of item, or more generally to save something from harm or ruin. If you want to salvage your grade, you need to stop gaming so much and start studying more. the act of rescuing a ship or its crew or its cargo from a shipwreck or a fire We left our tent, as it was too torn from grapeshot for salvage. Nailer scrambled around the shack, looking for possessions to salvage. "A strange creature, that one. I've never heard of a salvage company that would bond that sort of muscle." But he plucked the weeds and filled in the rabbit holes and watered the garden, too, just in case there was something to salvage, something under the surface that couldn't be seen. از خطر نابودی نجات دادن

sever

To sever something is to cut it off from the whole. If your girlfriend breaks up with you on your anniversary, you might respond by severing the blossoms off the roses you were planning to give her. (Just an idea.) Sever rhymes with ever, but it looks like the word severe, which means "harsh." The similarity between sever and severe is a good reminder to reserve sever for harsh, unpleasant circumstances. If you're trimming your fingernails, you might use the word clip, but sever wouldn't be appropriate. If, however, you somehow cut off your finger while clipping your fingernails, you're free to use the word sever — or any other word you like — on your way to the hospital. set or keep apart "sever a relationship" synonyms:break up discerp, lopcut off from a whole see more verb cut off from a whole "His head was severed from his body" It was an easy shot now and he felt the cartilage sever. The agreement infuriated Chief Buthelezi, who severed relations with the NP and formed an alliance with a group of discredited homeland leaders and white right-wing parties solely concerned with obtaining an Afrikaner homeland. He was going to sever the lifelong connection between her and the golden monkey and use the power released by that to destroy her daughter. I am like a severed branch flung by a storm from the trunk of a great, dying tree. جداسازی

spur

To spur something on is to get it going, to encourage it, to hasten it or stimulate. Cowboys wear spiky metal tools called spurs on their boots to kick their horses and spur them to greater speed. Economists talk of lowering interest rates to spur spending. A new source of funding for research will hopefully spur new proposals for research from scientists. An earthquake in China might spur cities in California to a higher standard of earthquake preparedness. You might spur your team on to victory by cheering from the sidelines. a prod fixed to a rider's heel and used to urge a horse onward "cowboys know not to squat with their spurs on" synonyms: gad The cataract of Saint-Jean-les-Eaux plunged between pinnacles of rock at the eastern end of a spur of the Alps, and the generating station clung to the side of the mountain above it. Finally seven or eight Spaniards on horseback spurred on their horses, rushed upon the litter from one side, and with great effort they heaved it over on its side. The spy turned and spurred back to die crossroads. He spurred the horse, but he couldn't move fast because of the dark. تحریک کردن تشویق کردن به یک کار

trickle

To trickle is to weakly flow out of something, like a faucet. A trickle is like a drip. There are a lot of ways water can flow, but one type of slow dripping is called trickling. If your shower is only releasing a trickle of water, you're not going to get much of a shower. If it's raining — but only a trickle — you might not need an umbrella. A slightly leaky roof is trickling. A trickle is the opposite of a downpour or flood. Trickling can also be called dribbling. run or flow slowly, as in drops or in an unsteady stream "water trickled onto the lawn from the broken hose" synonyms: dribble, filter see more noun flowing in drops; the formation and falling of drops of liquid synonyms: dribble, drip Even in the cool breeze, sweat trickles down my face. Their hair trickles blood and sweat, their clothes drip, their faces red and rigid. A trickle of sweat began at my temple and worked its way down the length of my spine. He stared at the cut above Bill's right eye, from which blood still trickled down his cheek. چکیدن

undergo

Undergo means "endure until something is complete." You might undergo testing to check your hearing or undergo special training if you want to volunteer at a homeless shelter. The verb undergo means "experience" or "undertake." It is often used to describe medical procedures, such as, an injured quarterback who will undergo shoulder surgery. The word implies that it is something that has to happen so that a positive change occurs, like healing in the case of the quarterback or greater communication skills for a hot-tempered person who undergoes anger management training. pass through "undergo a strange sensation" But as to just how much that incident contributed to the large changes our relationship subsequently underwent, it is very difficult now to say. The proliferation of many similar languages in the Philippines and Indonesia merely reflects the fact that the islands never underwent a political and cultural unification, as did China. I'd never undergone any kind of surgery, and to be honest, I was terrified. The principal targets of physical or chemical mutagenic agents are cells that are undergoing especially active division. تحمل کردن

disingenuous

Use the adjective disingenuous to describe behavior that's not totally honest or sincere. It's disingenuous when people pretend to know less about something than they really do. Disingenuous combines dis-, meaning "not," with ingenuous (from the Latin gen-, meaning "born") which was originally used to distinguish free-born Romans from slaves, and later came to mean honest or straightforward. So disingenuous means dishonest. Ingenuous is less common now than disingenuous, but we still use it for someone who is sincere to the point of naiveté. A good synonym is insincere. not straightforward or candid; giving a false appearance of frankness These ideologies are at best naïve; at worst they serve as disingenuous window-dressing for crude nationalism and bigotry. It was far from an ideal solution—there was something obviously disingenuous about scientists telling scientists to restrict their scientific work—but it would at least act as a temporary stay order. To these families, it all seemed so disingenuous, the thinly veiled plea for mercy and, most of all, the idea that Reggie was taking responsibility, "willing to man up." But isn't our disquiet about critics confessing to finding certain performers attractive disingenuous? دو رو

levy

Use the word levy as you would use the word tax: "When the state government imposed a levy on soft drinks, thousands of citizens took to the streets in protest." The word levy can act as either a verb or a noun in a sentence. The noun levy refers to a charge, such as a tax, fine, or other fee, that is imposed on something. The verb levy is used to describe the act of imposing or collecting the charge. If you need to raise money, for example, you may decide to levy a fine on your family every time you have to make the coffee in the morning. (Be careful though: your family may also take to the streets in protest.) a charge imposed and collected Cob predicted a third levy tax after the harvests were in. And if the Ptolemies excelled at anything, it was at delivering mail and levying taxes. They talked about merchants, and deserters, and levies, and not enough salt to last the winter. That whole week Baby Kochamma eavesdropped relentlessly on the twins' private conversations, and whenever she caught them speaking in Malayalam, she levied a small fine which was deducted at source. وضع مالیات خراج

ware

Ware is a particular type of item — luster ware is a kind of ceramic with a shiny metallic finish. Fiesta ware is a brand of colorful tabletop china that first became popular in the 1930s. The word shows up as a suffix, too — software, silverware, dinnerware — where it means articles of the same type or within the same category. A warehouse is a place where goods or raw materials are stored. When the word's plural, it means merchandise — when you display your wares in your shop, you're showing what you've got for sale. articles of the same kind or material; usually used in combination: `silverware', `software' see more noun commodities offered for sale synonyms:merchandise, product 'Not much fine hollow ware. Plenty of buckles, spoons, and such.' What she didn't notice was that the Costas ware alert every second for unusual signs of interest in Lyra from the waterside people. "There is exchange of all things for fire and of fire for all things, as there is of wares for gold and of gold for wares." There were merchants advertising their wares, people shouting, strains of music competing for attention. کالا اجناس

vessel

What do a canoe, a soda can, and your arteries have in common? Each one is a type of vessel. A vessel can be a ship, a container for holding liquids, or a tube that transports blood throughout your body. Vessel has a number of different meanings, yet all of them relate in some way to liquids and transportation. This relationship in meaning has existed in language for a long time; the word vessel comes from the Latin word, vascellum, which also means both "vase" and "ship." The use of the word vessel in reference to "blood vessels" came about in English during the 14th century. an object used as a container (especially for liquids) Then I hummed a few bars: Welcome into this place . .. welcome into this broken vessel. And hell upon those who shatter the holy vessel. If there was no vessel for her to transmit spirit into, she would be the vessel. Day 874 A loss of the ship's lock on the star Canopus—in the lore of constellations the rudder of a sailing vessel. ظرف حامل مایعات حتی رگ

dwindle

What do love, money, and the earth all have in common? All can dwindle, or shrink away, if we don't handle them properly. The word dwindle has a wonderfully descriptive, almost childlike sound to it, as though it belongs in a nursery rhyme. That might help you remember the meaning, which is to shrink away gradually, like the Cheshire Cat in "Alice in Wonderland," who dwindles away until nothing is left but his grin. become smaller or lose substance "Her savings dwindled down" synonyms: dwindle away, dwindle down As McCunn's food supply dwindled to almost nothing, he wrote in his journal, "I'm getting more than worried. To be honest, I'm starting to be a bit scared." Here is the great secret, the great mystery to an immigrant's success, the dwindle of irredeemable hours beneath the cheap tube lights. They liked fruits the most, but once those dwindled they began selecting certain leaves and munching on those, too. As time wore on and the inquiries dwindled, Holmes modified the story a bit. تدریجا کاهش یافتن

inexorable

When a person is inexorable, they're stubborn. When a thing or process is inexorable, it can't be stopped. This is a word for people and things that will not change direction. An inexorable person is hard-headed and cannot be convinced to change their mind, no matter what. You can also say that a process, like the progress of a deadly illness, is inexorable because it can't be stopped. A speeding train with no brakes is inexorable; it's not stopping till it crashes. When you see the word inexorable, think "No one's stopping that." not to be placated or appeased or moved by entreaty "Russia's final hour, it seemed, approached with inexorable certainty" synonyms: grim, relentless, stern, unappeasable, unforgiving, unrelenting Human destiny is in the hands of inexorable supernatural forces, and death is now the great divide rather than a continuation, albeit on a different plane, of life on earth. But these break-ups are temporary reversals in an inexorable trend towards unity. The convoy was moving at its old inexorable pace. It would be very difficult for me to avenge all those who should be avenged, because my revenge would be just another part of the same inexorable rite. نرم نشدنی دگم

cohesive

When the parts of the whole work or fit together well, they are cohesive, like a cohesive family whose members pitch in with everything from making dinner to painting the house. The adjective cohesive comes from the Latin word cohaerere, or "to cleave together." Cohesive things stick together, so they are unified. A cohesive neighborhood's members get together to plan things like block parties, and they work together to solve problems. A cohesive fitness plan would include menus and exercise routines designed to lose weight, build muscle, and so on. cohering or tending to cohere; well integrated "a cohesive organization" Synonyms:united Paragraph breaks generally coincide with the divisions between branches in the discourse tree, that is, cohesive chunks of text. Levittown rarely felt like a small town, a cohesive place where people were connected to one another. From this raw material, Lawrence was creating a cohesive research organization. Faced with this ever-growing flood of squatters, two Shawnee brothers, Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa, began building a larger, more cohesive Indigenous resistance. منسجم

drought

When there is a drought somewhere, there's not enough rainfall. In certain areas, a drought can last for weeks, months, sometimes even years! Forget about running your lawn sprinkler during a drought; the water is needed for drinking, bathing, and toilet flushing. Another way drought can be used is to refer to a shortage of something (other than rainfall) that lasts for a long period of time, like a drought in job growth during a recession. Typically a drought is not a good thing and something you hope to avoid. For example, if your friend Kenny hasn't gone on a date in five years, it's safe to say that he is having a romantic drought. a shortage of rainfall "farmers most affected by the drought hope that there may yet be sufficient rain early in the growing season" synonyms:drouth With a disproportionate number of Hampton citizens earning a living from the liquor industry in the early days of the twentieth century, the alcohol drought that was rolling across the country was potentially devastating. The year follows seasons of rain and drought. Most of those inhabitants depended on ranching, but various droughts made survival almost impossible because of the lack of grazing land for cattle. He lived in a cave, and for years whenever there was drought the villagers asked him to eat yellow croaker and pork together, and he did. خشکسالی

apex

When there's no mountain left to climb and nothing but blue sky above, you know you've reached the highest peak — the apex. Apex can mean the highest point in a literal sense, like climbing to the apex of the Eiffel Tower for a fabulous view of Paris. It also can be used to mean the highest point in a figurative sense. An actor who wins an Oscar can say she's reached the apex of her career. If you're describing more than one high point, you could add an -es to form the plural apexes, but apices would also be correct. And if you're a botanist, you'd probably use apex to describe the tip of a flower or leaf. the highest point (of something) synonyms: acme, peak, vertex In a related exercise, Democritus imagined calculating the volume of a cone or a pyramid by a very large number of extremely small stacked plates tapering in size from the base to the apex. To tell the truth, I wasn't super-high on this idea, since Lena was not only a cheerleader but also the apex of the pyramid. But unlike those ancient structures, the symbol at the apex of the central steeple was not a cross, but a two-pronged tuning fork. Gritting his teeth, he made it to the apex of the arch. راس

thaw

When things thaw, they're coming out of deep freeze and warming up. You can thaw a chicken, and a chilly friendship can thaw too. Anything that thaws is warming up after a frigid or chilly period. The weather thaws when spring hits, especially after a bad winter. When you take food out of the freezer, it thaws. When you have an unpleasant relationship with someone, that can thaw too. A warm, friendly gesture from one person to another can be a sign that their cold relationship is thawing. When you think of thawing, think "Warming up." ecome or cause to become soft or liquid "the ice thawed" synonyms: dethaw, dissolve, melt, unfreeze, unthaw After rain, or when snowfalls thaw, the streets, unnamed, unshaded, unpaved, turn from the thickest dust into the direst mud. The citation goes on to say that the best time to dig wild potatoes "is in the spring as soon as the ground thaws.... During the summer they evidently become dry and tough." Little round islands of frozen sap simply waited in the buckets for the next thaw. The cladding of frost on thorny branches was thawing and fat drops drip-drip-dripping. ذوب شدن

coax

When you coax someone, you try to convince him gently, with pleasant words and maybe a little flattery. You'll have to be patient, as you can't rush someone you're trying to coax. When you coax, you have to be nice about it — you can't threaten or force. You put on a little charm and gently urge, so that the person or thing is happy about being coaxed. You might coax the runaway elephant back into the zoo by patting her gently and talking into her ear. If you wake up with a terrible bedhead, you might coax your hair back into place with the help of a little hair gel and a comb. influence or urge by gentle urging, caressing, or flattering synonyms:blarney, cajole, inveigle, palaver, sweet-talk, wheedle "No one coaxed Howard to put his horse in the race because we figured something like this would happen," he sniped. I tried my best to coax my mom back into our lopsided family circle. In other words, the body took its own measures to rid the humors of poisons and set them in balance once again; the doctor's job was to coax the body along in this process. It would be a stretch to say that I enjoyed coaxing mattresses up five flights of stairs, but it was nice to work as part of a team. چرب زبانی کردن برای راضی کردن یک نفر

hurl

When you hurl something, you throw it hard. You might hurl your shoe at a horrible bug if it suddenly scuttled across the floor. If you hurl a rock at a glass window, it will probably break, and if you hurl your trash in the direction of a garbage can, it may or may not land inside. The verb hurl implies some force behind your throw. The earliest English version was hurlen, which in the thirteenth century meant "run against each other or collide." It probably comes from the Germanic root hurr, which is also the root of hurry, and means "rapid motion." hrow forcefully synonyms:cast, hurtle She hurled the cup toward the sink with a baseball player's fast, hard pitch. The goal of the game was for each team to hurl sticks at the opposing target and knock it down. I find him alone in the Cuddledown great room, hurling bits of Play-Doh at the wall and watching the colors stain the white paint. He was shocked and astounded by her depraved subterfuge as he tore the knife from her grasp and hurled it away. پرتاب کردن

uphold

When you uphold something, you stick up for or support it. Police officers are paid to uphold the law, and crazy Elvis fans uphold their belief that he's still alive out there somewhere. If you reverse the two parts of this word, you get hold up. And that's exactly what upholding is: holding up or supporting an idea or practice. You might uphold your dog's innocence, even though it's pretty obvious he dug up the neighbor's flower bed. When America fought for independence, we upheld the idea of fair representation. When you uphold something, you're taking a stand for it. stand up for; stick up for; of causes, principles, or ideals see lesstype of:defend, fend for, supportargue or speak in defense of Jesus Christ died on the cross because the Pharisees of His day were upholding their law, not the spirit. But we also need to be vig- ilant in upholding the teaching of art and music and literature, because they too are essential for innovation. Back home in Honduras, most smugglers are honest; they must uphold their reputations if they want business. Judge Ramsbottom, who heard the case, was an example of a judge who refused to be a mouthpiece for the Nationalists and upheld the independence of the judiciary. حمایت کردن

wither

Wither means to shrivel up or shrink. If you forget to water your plants for six weeks, they'll wither — they'll dry up and you probably won't be able to bring them back to life. Wither comes from the Middle English word wydderen, meaning "dry up, shrivel." In addition to shrinking, the verb wither can also refer to losing vitality and fading away, like people who wither as they age. They slowly lose their physical stamina and grow feeble. People also start to physically shrink at a certain age. In that way, they wither in both senses. Not only do they wither by losing their youth, they also wither by shrinking. lose freshness, vigor, or vitality synonyms: fade Worse, almost no rain fell between mid-May and mid-July, withering their crops. The withered land and the people's wasis and the smaller mountains spread below me tiny and bound to the earth. They lay about on the floor, dry and withered. They were singing in the blacksnakes, the free woman of color and the slave woman with the withered arm. پژمرده شدن خشک کردن

feeble

You know how you feel when you can't open a jar of pickles? And then grandma walks in and does it in one shot without even grunting? That's called feeling feeble, or lacking strength. In fact, feeble, comes from the Latin word flebilis, which means "lamentable" or "unsatisfactory." But don't let it get to you. Your puny, inferior muscles are nothing compared to the guy who makes feeble attempts at humor. Lame-o jokes are way more lamentable than inadequate biceps. pathetically lacking in force or effectiveness "a feeble excuse" "An old woman's hand, I am thinking, wrinkled and feeble. I pray Daenerys returns to us soon." The afternoon's last feeble light filtered down from the windows above. The feeble attempt at magic was too much for Harry's wand, which split into two again. But John was staring at the door that held back the music; towards which, with an insistence at once furious and feeble, his hands were still outstretched. ناتوان

forthcoming

You know when you go to a movie and they show the previews under the heading "coming soon?" They could just as well say forthcoming, because it means the same thing. Only who would want to see that stuffy movie? "Forthcoming with" means "providing"--if your neighbors are not forthcoming with candy on Halloween, you might have to egg their house. When parents complain that their teenagers are not forthcoming with information about their life at school, they should remember how much they valued their privacy when they were their kid's age. available when required or as promised "federal funds were not forthcoming" Synonyms:availableobtainable or accessible and ready for use or service I am trying to get some kind of explanation from God, but none is forthcoming. There is a prolonged pause, each waiting to see how forthcoming the other is. "I assume your accolades will be forthcoming in writing," Mama replied. When it seemed that no help was forthcoming, we resigned ourselves to the inevitable: eviction and starvation. اماده ارائه دادن نزدیک

spearhead

a person or a group of people who lead an attack or organize an action Almost overnight the Glorious Loyalty Oath Crusade was in full flower, and Captain Black was enraptured to discover himself spearheading it. Sometime early in 1992, he'd been approached by the leaders of a national nonpartisan organization called Project VOTE!, which spearheaded efforts to register new voters in states where minority turnout was traditionally low. It was the first of a lengthy list of philanthropic projects he spearheaded. These multinationals went global for markets and labor, spearheaded first by the expansion of the Dutch and English joint-stock companies and the Industrial Revolution. رهبری کردن پیشگامی کردن