Topic 22

In the history of Earth and in the evolution of living cells, two self-replicating molecules have formed: DNA and RNA. Determine whether each of the following characteristics can be attributed to DNA or RNA. Answers may be used more than once. A) both DNA and RNA B) DNA C) RNA 1) molecule that directs production of proteins in modern cells 2) molecule first formed on templates of clay in mudflats 3) the self-replicating molecule of present-day cells 4) first molecule to evolve 5) more stable of the two molecules

1) molecule that directs production of proteins in modern cells A 2) molecule first formed on templates of clay in mudflats C 3) the self-replicating molecule of present-day cells B 4) first molecule to evolve C 5) more stable of the two molecules B

The following is a list of events that were involved in the formation of self-replicating living cells. What is the sequence / order of the events that best represents the order in which these events are believed to have occurred? ________ 1. formation of RNA 2. enclosure of small organic molecules within a membrane 3. formation of simple organic molecules from atmospheric gases 4. formation of a lipid-protein membrane

3, 1, 4, 2

The figure below shows an evolutionary tree. At which of the following locations (Label A, B, C, or E) does this map indicate extinction? _______________

A & D

There are several sources of scientific evidence to support the theory of evolution. Match each of the following to its description. A) comparative biochemistry B) fossil record C) comparative embryology D) taxonomy E) comparative anatomy 1) study of the structure of molecules to infer the evolutionary relatedness of organisms 2) study of homologous and analogous structures 3) branch of science that focuses on classifying and naming life-forms 4) preserved remains of organisms 5) study of the early development of organisms

A) comparative biochemistry 1 B) fossil record 4 C) comparative embryology 5 D) taxonomy 3 E) comparative anatomy 2

The process of ________ has had a major impact on species distributions worldwide A) continental drift B) comparative biochemistry C) genetic engineering D) divergent speciation E) adaptive mobility

A) continental drift

Which one of the following processes tends to mix gene pools? A) gene flow B) the bottleneck effect C) founder effect D) continental drift E) adaptive radiation

A) gene flow

When conditions are right, many new species may develop in a relatively short period of time from a single ancestor. Such short bursts of evolutionary activity are called A) gene flow. B) adaptive radiation. C) the founder effect. D) population explosion. E) genetic drift.

B) adaptive radiation.

The first step in the development of living organisms was the formation of A) DNA. B) organic molecules from gases in the atmosphere. C) enzymes. D) inorganic molecules from elements in the ocean waters. E) simple sugars.

B) organic molecules from gases in the atmosphere.

When two species contain identical or nearly identical molecules such as proteins, this suggests A) genetic modification has occurred to the populations. B) the two species share a common ancestry. C) the two species are in fact only one species displaying divergent evolution. D) the two species are in fact only one species displaying convergent evolution. E) the two species overlap in niches and likely share a common diet.

B) the two species share a common ancestry.

Cytochrome c is a small protein that is found in present-day organisms. Comparison of the structure of cytochrome c from different organisms to infer evolutionary relationships would be part of the science involving A) fossil evidence. B) developmental biology. C) comparative biochemistry. D) migration patterns. E) comparative anatomy.

C) comparative biochemistry.

Movement of individuals into or out of the population, called gene flow, impacts evolution of populations because A) it can lead to extinction of one or more populations. B) it may cause genetic drift. C) it leads to a redistribution of alleles. D) adaptive radiation results. E) a founder effect will occur

C) it leads to a redistribution of alleles.

Differences in populations may arise over time when physical structures in the environment, such as mountains or large bodies of water, change. These structures are referred to as A) Pangaea. B) continental drift. C) macroevolution. D) geographical barriers. E) micro-isolation bottleneck effect.

D) geographical barriers.

The process of evolution ultimately depends on changes that occur in the ________ of organisms.

DNA

List the characteristics of fossils / fossil records

Fossils found in sedimentary rock, made up of clams and other hard shell, extinct organisms now extinct, fossils found in one layer different found in another layer

In each local environment, populations of living organisms have evolved to possess the traits necessary to survive and reproduce. This concept is called ___________

Natural selection

The theory that individuals with certain traits are more fit for their local environment and therefore are more likely to survive and reproduce is known as _____________

Natural selection

The early atmosphere of Earth did not contain the gas ________; it is believed that life as we know it would not have evolved if this gas had been present.

Oxygen

Why are humans classified as hominoid?

They have longer bodies and bigger brains than other primates

Anatomical parts of the body that serve little or no function are referred to as _________

Vestigial structures

Name the process that describes the ability to extract oxygen from the environment and use it to make energy. __________

aerobic metabolism

The process of producing energy from organic substrates in the absence of oxygen is called ________ metabolism.

anaerobic

The wings of birds and insects share similar functions but evolved from different structures. These wings are said to be ___________

analogous

When considering evolution, structures of present-day organisms that have the same function but did not develop from the same ancestral structure are said to be ________.

analogous

Movement of individuals into or out of population that results in a redistribution of alleles is called ________.

gene flow

________ refers to random changes in allele frequency as a result of chance events.

genetic drift

The figure below shows the skeletal structure of the forelimbs of several vertebrates. Because these skeletal elements are similar in form and are believed to have evolved from a common ancestral structure, they are said to be _________

homologous

Darwin's proposal that organisms that are better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce is termed ________.

natural selection

The early embryos of vertebrates follow the same pathway of development; one structure that all vertebrate embryos have in common is the ________, which serves as a primitive support structure.

notochord

As geographically isolated human subpopulations became adapted to different environments over time, different phenotypes resulted, causing the evolution of various human ________.

races