Topic 3 .16Finishes

Paints are broadly classified into

Solvent-based coatings have binders dissolved in or containing organic solvents, water-based type has binders that are soluble or dispersed in water.

finish

is a single material applied to another substrate.

To estimate the amount of carpet needed for a given installation, two pieces of information are needed:

1.)the area of the space 2.) carpet layout showing the seam locations and direction of the nap.

Rubber flooring (RF)

-made from synthetic rubber -excellent resistance to deformation under loads, -very comfortable, quiet -is not very resistant to oils or grease. -available in tiles or sheets in several thicknesses.

Engineered wood floors

1. available either unfinished or prefinished. 2. consists of three, five, or seven layers of wood veneer, each oriented at 90° to the adjacent ones, 3. The top layer is the actual finished wood species 4. they shrink and swell less with changes in moisture. 5. Some are glued directly to a stable wood subfloor; others are laid loose over thin foam padding so they can move independently of the subfloor.

Successful application of coatings depends ON

1. correct selection for the intended use 2.surface preparation of the substrate 3.primer used, 4.method of application **Application can be done by brushing, rolling, or spraying.

5 Stone Flooring Installation Methods

1. mortar bed bonded to concrete subfloor 2. Mortar bed separated from concrete subfloor 3.Thin set mortar on concrete subfloor 4.adhesive on concrete subfloor 5. Mortar bed separated from wood subfloor

fabrics can be used for wallcovering

1.)wool 2.)silk 3.)synthetics APPLICATION -heavy enough, it can be applied directly to the wall with adhesives. -Seams are butted together to give the appearance of a continuous wall surface. -In most instances, the fabric must be backed with paper or some other material to prevent the adhesive from damaging the fabric

Stone Flooring Installation (2)

1. thin-set -uniform thickness of stone is set on the subfloor with a special thin-set mortar (about 1/8 in or with adhesive **are less expensive, add much less weight to the floor, and are faster to install. 2. thick-set installation-requires that a layer of mortar from 3/4 in to 1 1/4 in hick be applied to a suitably prepared, structurally sound subfloor. Either the stone is then set in the semiwet mortar or the mortar, is allowed to cure and the stone is set with another thin layer of dry-set mortar on top of the first. **must be used when the subfloor is uneven or when the stone varies in thickness

7 variables affect slip resistance,

1. wet versus dry conditions, 2. shoe material and the degree of wear, 3. the presence and nature of surface contaminants, 4. a person's weight, 5. the angle of impact, 6. stride length, the wear of the flooring material, 7. and whether the floor is flat or inclined.

Carpet Flamability: All carpet sold in the United States must meet the requirements of

1.) ASTM D2859, more commonly known as the methenamine pill test or simply the pill test. This test measures the response of a carpet sample to a burning methenamine tablet. Carpet that does not pass the test cannot be sold in the United States. 2.)In the International Buiding Code (IBC), carpet must also meet the requirements of the flooring radiant panel test, ASTM E648, under certain conditions. In the IBC, when carpet is not required to be either a Class I or Class II material according to the flooring radiant panel test, it must meet the requirements of the pill test.

Tile is also classified according to its resistance to water absorption 3 types

1.) Nonvitreous tile has a water absorption rate of more than 7%. 2.)Impervious tile has a water absorption rate of 0.5% or less. 3.)Semivitreous tile and vitreous tile are classified between nonvitreous and impervious tile.

2 sustainable woods

1.) bamboo- fast-growing grass, not a tree, and can be obtained from managed forests where other agricultural crops are difficult to grow. The only downside is that it must be transported a long distance. 2.) palm wood- This is harvested as a by-product from plantation-grown coconut palms. Palm wood flooring is available in 3/40 × 30. wide strips with tongue-and-groove edges like those of standard strip flooring. It is harder and more stable than maple, red oak, and white oak.

Window treatments are used to:

1.) enhance the appearance of windows, 2.) control light, provide privacy, 3.) reduce heat gain and heat loss, 4.) block undesirable views, and reduce sound reflections within a space. 5.) unify or disguise an awkward or undesirable grouping of openings.

Four categories Window coverings:

1.) roller shades and inverted roller shades: hese coverings consist of a piece of cloth wound around a spring roller. They are normally pulled closed from the top but can also be mounted so a pulley-mounted cord unwinds them from the bottom up. 2.) Roman shades: pull up with a cord into accordion folds. 3.Austrian shades: These operate in a way similar to Roman shades but are made of several rows of fabric seamed in such a way that they fold into scallops when opened. 4.)Venetian blinds: consist of horizontal slats of wood, aluminum, or plastic whose angle can be adjusted with a control cord. The blinds can also be pulled up to varying levels with another cord. 5.)mini blinds: are horizontal slats of aluminum like Venetian blinds, but they are only 1/2-1 in (13-25 mm) wide. The angle of the slats is controlled with a plastic rod. They can be pulled up to expose the entire window area. 6.) blinds: Vertical blinds hang from a track and adjust only in the vertical direction. They can be pulled to the side to expose the window. They are available in several materials (primarily plastic), widths, and colors. 7.)Shutters: Shutters are rigid panels, usually of wood, that are hinged so they can be opened or closed. Individual panels have thin, adjustable, horizontal louvers to control the view and light. Plantation shutters are similar in design but feature much wider louvers. 8.drapery: is any loosely hung fabric that covers the window. Most commonly, the fabric is attached to a traverse rod that allows the drapery to be drawn open and closed, but many styles of hanging are possible, including fixed, tieback, and loose-hung swags. 9.Curtains: Like draperies, curtains use fabric, but they are usually hung within the window frame and close to the glass. In most instances, curtains are not intended to be opened, 10.)Translucent panels: When a clear view is not required or desired, translucent panels can be used to admit diffused light. These can be constructed of various types of plastic, sheer fabric, frosted glass, or even paper using fixed or sliding shoji screens. 11.) Grilles can be used to modify strong light or minimize an undesirable view while still providing some visual connection between the inside and outside. Grilles can be constructed of any durable material, such as wood or metal, and can be fixed or movable. Decorative metal grilles can also be used when security is required.

The appearance and durability of a carpet are affected by

1.) the amount of yarn in a given area 2.) how tightly that yarn is packed, and the 3.) height of the yarn.

Carpet is manufactured by

1.) weaving, is the traditional method of making carpet by interlacing warp and weft yarns. It is a method that produces a very attractive, durable carpet, but it is the most expensive method of manufacturing carpet by machine. 2.) tufting, 3.).needle punching, 4.) fusion bonding, 5.) knitting and custom tufting.

Five types of stone are commonly used in interior construction

1.)Granite 2..) Marble 3.)Limestone 4.) Slate 5.)Sandstone

four basic types of wood flooring:

1.)Strip flooring-most common and consists of thin strips from 3/8 in to 25/32 in thick of varying lengths with tongue-and-groove edges. Most strip flooring is 2 1/4 in wide, but 1 1/2 in wide strips are also available. 2.)Plank flooring- comes in the same thicknesses as strip but is from 3 1/4 in to 8 in (83 mm to 203 mm) wide. It is used where a larger scale is desired or to emulate wider, historic planking. 3.)Block flooring is made of preassembled wood flooring in three basic configurations ---1.Unit block flooring is standard strip flooring assembled into a unit held together with steel or wood splines. ---2.Laminated block flooring is flooring made from three to seven plies of cross-laminated wood veneer. Both types of block flooring are from 3/8 in to 25/32 in ---3.)Parquet flooring is made of preassembled units of several small, thin slats of wood in a variety of patterns. It may be finished or unfinished. Parquet flooring is usually sold in 12 in. squares, 5/16 in (8 mm) thick, for mastic application. Parquet flooring is easier and less expensive to install than other types of flooring and can be installed in a wide range of designs. 4.)solid end-grain blocks. These are solid pieces of wood from 2 1/4 in to 4 in (57 mm to 102 mm) thick laid on end. Solid block floors are very durable and resistant to oils, mild chemicals, and indentation. They were often used for industrial floors, but their use has been supplanted by other materials.

Terrazzo Installation methods

1.. The sand cushion method (a) is the best way to avoid cracking of the terrazzo because the finish system is physically separated from the structural slab with a membrane, much the same as in one of the thick-set stone floor installation methods 2.If floor movement or deflection is not expected, the bonded method (b) can be used. 3.Where the thickness of the installation is a problem, a monolithic (c) or thin-set (d) method can be used.

Vinyl wallcovering provides

1.Durable, abrasion-resistant finish 2.easy to clean 3.an satisfy most code requirements for flammability. 4.available in a wide range of colors and patterns SIZE:52 in or 54 in wide and 30 yd long APPLICATION: can be specified either with or without an additional coating of polyvinyl fluoride film, which provides added stain resistance and extra protection for the vinyl. -applied with mastic to properly prepared gypsum wallboard or smooth plaster walls. -Primer should be used on new wallboard to prevent damage Primer should be used on new wallboard to prevent damage 1.double-cutting -involves overlapping adjacent strips and then cutting through and removing both. This results in a very tight butt joint. 2. butting-sed for patterned wallcovering where matching is critical, or with dark-colored or deeply embossed material where removal of adhesive is difficult. There are three grades of vinyl wallcovering: Type I is light duty: weight of 7-13 oz/yd2 (residential and commercial) Type II is medium duty: weight of between 13 oz/yd2 (residential, commercial, and institutional) Type III is heavy duty: weight of over 22 oz/yd (public corridors, food-service areas, and hospitals.)

Alkalinity in concrete can cause two types of problems.

1.High alkalinity on the surface of a slab can damage a tile installation by causing the adhesive to re-emulsify, or return to its original liquid state. 2.It can also cause problems with other coatings. At a level of about 9 or 10, most tile adhesives may begin to experience problems, although professional-grade adhesives can sometimes be used with a pH of 11. Surface alkalinity can be controlled with various proprietary coatings.

The interior designer should be aware of two important environmental and safety considerations when recommending paint removal and specifying paint:

1.lead-based paint : If the building was built before 1978, it may have lead-based paint. Such paint is dangerous if it flakes off, is chewed on, or is released as dust during construction activities and ingested by children or other occupants. 2.volatile organic compounds (VOCs):are hydrocarbon solvents used in paints, stains, and other products. They are released into the air during the application of coatings and react with nitrous oxides and sunlight to form ozone, the same product caused by automotive exhaust and other pollutants. As required by the Clean Air Act (CAA) of 1972, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a regulation in 1999 that requires the amount of VOCs in paint and other coatings to be reduced from previous levels.

Concrete moisture level

1.tested for moisture level prior to applying any critical finishes, such as vinyl, rubber, linoleum, urethane, and wood. (flooring industry generally recommends that these types of flooring not be installed until the moisture emission from the concrete has reached a certain level.) MAX: maximum limit for moisture emission is 3.0 lbm/1000 ft2/24 hr when exposed to a 73°F (23°C) temperature and 50% relative humidity. - REQUIREMMENTS NEED TO BE STATED IN SPEC

Acoustic Panels

1.they are covered with a permeable material, such as a loose-weave fabric, so that the sound energy can pass through the fabric and be dissipated in the material underneath. 2.individual panels and have at least 1 in (25 mm) of sound-absorbing material. 1. fabric type-must be permeable to allow for sound energy to pass through. fabric should not be backed. fabrics should be hydrophobic; that is, they should not absorb and hold moisture 2. core material; Mineral fiberboard is a dimensionally stable composite of inorganic mineral fibers with a microperforated surface. Tackable acoustic fiberglass is noncombustible, fibrous glass mat bonded with a resinous binder and formed into a rigid board with a finish face of thin, rigid fiberglass mesh.

traditional, standard-set method of applying stone, slabs

3/4 in (19 mm) thick are attached to wall substrates with stainless steel wires or ties. These are anchored to the substrate and hold the stone by being set in holes or slots cut into the back or sides of the stone panel. Lumps of plaster of paris, called spots, are placed between the substrate and the back of the stone panel at each anchor to hold the slab in place and allow for precise alignment before they harden. SIZE; 3/8 in (10 mm) thick and come in sizes of 19 × 19 and 19 × 29

Carpet: Fibers

Carpet is made from several fibers and combinations of fibers, including: 1. wool, ---natural material ---overall one of the best ---It is very durable and resilient, --- flame resistant, and is ---easy to clean and maintain. ---most expensive fibers 2.nylon, ----is an economical carpet ----Durable ---- high stain resistance ---crush resistance --- dyed variety of colors ---cleans easily. --- have static issues ----glossy sheen, but these ---most widely used fiber for residential and commercial carpet. 3. acrylic- ---moderate abrasion resistance, ---wool-like appearance than nylon. --- dyed with a variety of colors, ---good crush resistance, ---easy to maintain. 4.modacrylic, ---Modacrylic is a modified version of acrylic. 5.polyester, ---made from synthetic polymers, ---highly abrasion resistant ---good crush resistance, ---cleans well, --- is mildew resistant ---low in cost. ---It is sometimes blended with nylon. 6. olefin.(polypropylene) --- is used primarily for indoor-outdoor carpet and as an alternative to jute for carpet backing. ---very durable, ---is stain resistant, ---cleans easily. ---least attractive of the artificial fibers ---has a low melting point.

jalousie window

Consists of individual horizontal pieces of glass, about 3-4 in (76-102 mm) wide, that all pivot outward at once for ventilation. When closed, the lower edge of each piece of glass overlaps the piece below it to prevent water from entering. Because it is impossible to get a good seal on the joints between windows and because single panes of glass are used, these types of windows are seldom used anymore. When they are, they are appropriate only for warm climates.

protocol in the United States to measure COF is known as

DCOF AcuTest. Tile Council of North America designation for the test procedure contained in ANSI A137.1, Specifications for Ceramic Tile. Measurements are made with a small, portable device known as a BOT-3000 digital tribometer. The ANSI A137.1 standard states that ceramic tiles for level interior spaces expected to be walked upon when wet must have a minimum value of greater than or equal to 0.42. However, just specifying a tile with a minimum value of 0.42 does not necessarily make the floor safe, because of all the other variables listed.

Wood Grading

Grading rules are set by the various trade associations 1.) National Oak Flooring Manufacturers Association (NOFMA) 2.)Maple Flooring Manufacturers Association (MFMA). Clear = Unfinished oak flooring: Clear is the best grade with the most uniform color . Plain-sawn = standard quarter-sawn = available on special order. Lengths of pieces are 1 1/4 ft and longer, with the average length being 3 3/4 ft Beech, birch, and maple are available in first, second, and third grades along with some combination grades.

The classifications of abrasion resistance are

Group I, light residential; Group II, moderate residential; Group III, maximum residential; Group IV, commercial (having the highest abrasion resistance).

drop match.

If the next piece must be lowered to continue the patter

Wood Flooring Installation

MUST: 1.must be installed over a suitable nailable base. Because wood swells if it gets damp, 2.provisions must be made to prevent moisture from seeping up from below and to allow for expansion of the completed floor Option 1: STRIP FLOORING OVER PLYWOOD 1.Strip flooring is installed by blind nailing through the tongue. 2.A layer of polyethylene film is laid down first if moisture may be a problem. Option 2: STRIP FLOORING OVER SLEEPERS 1.wood flooring is laid on wood sleepers. more resilient floor that is more comfortable underfoot, provides an air space so any excess moisture can escape. **In both instances, a gap of about 3/8-3/4 in: allows for expansion and is concealed with the wood base. OPTION 3:wood framing with a plywood or particleboard subfloor, -A layer of #15 asphalt felt may be laid to prevent squeaking and act as a vapor barrier. Resilient pads are also available for use in place of sleepers for strip flooring installation. These provide an even more resilient floor and are often used for dance floors and gymnasium floors.

Urethanes are used for s

Superior resistance to abrasion, grease, alcohol, water, and fuels. They are often used for wood floors and for antigraffiti coatings.

Sandstone

TYPE: sedimentary rock made of sand and other substances. When cleaved from the original rock, it is called flagstone and has a naturally rough surface. used with irregular edges as it comes from the rock, or it can be saw-cut into rectangular or square shapes.

Granite

TYPE: -igneous rock with visible grains. -wide variety of colors 5 FINISHES: 1.polished finish has a mirror gloss with sharp reflections. 2. A honed finish has a dull sheen, without reflections. 3.Fine-rubbed finishes produce a smooth surface that is free from scratches, with no sheen. 4.rubbed finish has a surface with occasional slight "trails" or scratches. 5.thermal, or flame, finish has a coarse surface, which varies depending on the granite's grain structure.

Marble

TYPE: -metamorphic rock formed by layers of shells that, under heat and pressure, form into a composition of crystalline grains of calcite and/or dolomite. -range of colors and patterns, FINISHES: -smoothest finish for marble is a polished finish, which produces a glossy surface -honed finish has a satin-smooth surface, with little or no gloss. -abrasive finish has a flat, nonreflective surface suitable for stair treads and other nonslip surfaces. -wet-sand finish yields a smooth surface that is also suitable for nonslip floors.

Slate

TYPPE: fine-grain metamorphic rock that is easily split into thin slabs, making it ideal for flooring as well as roofing. -comes in many colors FINISHES: 1. natural cleft finish shows the surface as it is cleaved from the rock, so it is rough and the surface level varies by about 1/8 in 2.A sand-rubbed finish gives an even plane showing a slight grain. 3.A honed finish is semipolished, without a sheen.

Tile and Stone Installation Methods

Tile is laid on a suitable substrate using one of several formulations of mortar, or with adhesives. The joints are filled with grout. The particular type of mortar or adhesive and grout depends on the type of tile and the parameters of the job. The two most common methods of laying a tile floor are the thin-set method and the full mortar bed method.

straight match.

When one length of wallpaper is aligned with the next piece in a direct horizontal line

Oil paints use

a drying, or curing, oil as a binder. drying oil = alkyd resin: alkyd is a chemical compound made from vegetable oils and synthetic resins. Oil paints are durable but have a strong odor when being applied and must be cleaned up with solvents such as mineral spirits. can not: -be painted on damp surfaces or on surfaces that may become damp from behind. -process can cause the paint to yellow and crack or chip as it ages.

Satin finish paints provide

a dull luster while still retaining some washability. The type of gloss is determined by the amount of light reflected from a surface according to a standard test method

Latex paints

are water based, with vinyl chloride (also called polyvinyl acetate (PVA)) or acrylic resins as binders. Acrylic latex is better than vinyl latex. Both can be used indoors as well as outdoors and can be thinned with water.

Vinyl flooring (RF)

a good, durable resilient flooring that is resistant to indentation, abrasion, grease, water, alkalis, and some acids. -l comes in a variety of colors and patterns and is inexpensive and easy to install. includes: 1. pure vinyl 2. vinyl composition 3.vinyl tiles 4.sheet vinyl. INSTALLATION:It must be installed over a clean, dry, smooth surface. Vinyl tiles are generally 12 in square, although some are available in 9 in squares. Both 1/16 in and 1/8 in -Normally, this tile is applied with mastic; however, peel-and-stick types are available for residential applications. Tile is also available with attached foam backing for greater resilience. SHEET VINYL: Sheet vinyl comes in 6, 9, or 12 ft Although slightly more difficult to install, it results in a floor with fewer seams. Vinyl composition tile- is similar to vinyl tile but includes various types of fillers that decrease the percentage of polyvinylchloride. While composition tile costs less than homogenous vinyl, it has less flexibility and abrasion resistance.

Alkalinity is also responsible for the phenomenon known as

alkali-silica reaction (ASR). In this process, strongly alkaline cement begins to dissolve sand and rock within the concrete. The chemical reaction creates a gel-like material that causes tremendous pressure in the pores of the concrete surface. This pressure, in turn, can buckle or blister floor finishes. The risk for ASR can be reduced by specifying aggregates that are not susceptible to ASR, using low-lime cement, proper curing, and not finishing the concrete with a hard trowel surface.

a titration test can be used to determine the level of

alkalinity in concrete. This involves grinding portions of the concrete, mixing those portions with demineralized water, and performing laboratory chemical analysis. A testing laboratory must perform this test.

Thin-set tile floors

are laid on a suitable substrate, commonly a glass mesh mortar unit specifically manufactured for tile installation. This is a cementitious panel nailed to the subfloor. The tile is laid on a thin coating of dry-set or latex-portland cement mortar with latex-portland cement grout When using thin-set tile, the subfloor must be level, free from dirt and other contaminants, and able to support the extra weight of the tile. If a subfloor deflects or moves in some way, a thin-set tile installation will probably develop cracks. If movement or deflection of more than 1/360 of the span is expected, then a full mortar bed with a cleavage membrane should be used.

Axminster carpets

are made on a modified Jacquard loom that delivers different colors of yarn at different times according to the pattern desired. because of the weaving process, carpets can be produced in a range of patterns and colors, from geometric to floral. Unlike the Wilton process, most of the pile yarn is placed on the surface. The carpet has an even, cut-pile surface with a heavily ribbed backing.

Expansion joints

are required for large expanses of tile and where the tile abuts restraining surfaces. They are also required where backing materials change and where dissimilar floors occur. Expansion joints are not required in small rooms or corridors less than 12 ft wide. Expansion joints must be filled with sealant rather than grout. For joints where traffic is expected, a two-part polyurethane sealant is used. Nontraffic areas can use a silicone, one-part polyurethane, or polysulfide sealant.

Tiles

are small, flat finishing units made of clay or clay mixtures. The two primary types are ceramic tile and quarry tile The advantages of tile include durability; water resistance (if glazed); ease of installation and cleaning; a wide choice of colors, sizes, and patterns; fire resistance; fade resistance; and the ability to store heat for passive solar collection.

pigments

are the finely ground natural or synthetic insoluble materials that give paint its color and concealing abilities. PRIMARY PIGMENT: titanium dioxide, which is white. OTHER COLORANTS: are added to produce the desired color. EXTENDERS: May also be added to the pigment to reduce the total amount of titanium dioxide, but this lowers the paint quality. Extenders includes: 1. clay, 2. silica, 3. silicate, 4. calcium 5. carbonate, 6. zinc oxide. As pigment is added, the gloss is reduced. Paint with a low ratio of pigment to binder yields a gloss finish high ratio of pigment to binder gives a flat finish.

epoxy is used as a

binder for resistance to corrosion and chemicals. Epoxies also resist abrasion and strongly adhere to concrete, metal, and wood.

Carpet Calc: For rectangular rooms no wider than 12 ft

calculate the area in square feet and divide by 9 to get the number of square yards required If waste must be included in the calculation, the area of carpet needed will be a multiple of 4 yd2 For example, a room 10 ft wide × 15 ft long requires 20 yd2 of carpet (4 yd wide × 5 yd long) with a 2 ft waste strip.

For rooms wider than 12 ft (3.66 m), the amount of carpet required can vary depending on the locations of the seams and the direction of the NAP.

carpet is the direction in which the pile tends to slant. To give a consistent appearance, avoiding apparent light and dark areas, carpet should be laid so that all the nap runs in the same direction.

Linoleum

composed of oxidized linseed oil, wood flour, pigments, and fillers applied over a backing of burlap or asphalt-saturated felt. -sustainable material. -good abrasion and grease resistance -limited resistance to alkalis. available: in solid colors or with multicolored patterns that extend through the thickness to the backing. SIZES: 0.10 in thickness, other thicknesses

Terrazzo Advantages / 4 Types

composite material poured in place or precast that is used for floors, walls, and stairs. It consists of marble, quartz, granite, or other suitable chips, in a matrix that is cementitious, chemical, or a combination of both. Terrazzo is poured, cured, ground, and polished to produce a smooth surface. Advantages: 1.durability, 2.water resistance, 3.ease of cleaning, 4.fire resistance, 5. wide choice of patterns and colors. by specifying various combinations of chips and matrix colors. TYPES: 1.Standard terrazzo is the most common type, using small chips no larger than 3/8 in 2.Venetian terrazzo uses chips larger than 3/8 in 3.Palladian terrazzo uses thin, random-fractured slabs of marble with standard terrazzo between. 4.Rustic terrazzo has the matrix depressed to expose the chips. FINISHES: smooth surface with an 80-grit stone grinder, but it can be ground with a rough, 24-grit to achieve a more textured surface. Rustic terrazzo exposes some of the stone when the matrix is washed before it has set, but this finish is usually not appropriate for interior flooring.

Fusion bonding

embeds the pile yarn in a backing of liquid vinyl. When the vinyl hardens, the tufts are permanently locked in the vinyl. Fusion bonded carpet has no backing as other carpet types do and is used primarily for carpet tiles.

Needle punching

is similar to tufting except the fiber is pulled through a backing with barbed needles. It produces a carpet of limited variation in texture and accounts for a very small percentage of the total carpet market.

Concrete moisture level test: hygrometer test (sometimes called the relative humidity test)

determines the moisture emission by measuring relative humidity (RH) of the atmosphere confined adjacent to the concrete floor. In this test, a pocket of air is trapped below a vapor-impermeable box, and a probe in the device measures the RH. Test standards recommend that moisture-sensitive flooring not be installed unless the RH is 75% or less.

coefficient of friction (COF)

evaluate and specify the slip resistance of floor surfaces -measurement of the degree of slip resistance of a floor surface and ranges from 0 to 1 2 Types 1. static coefficient of friction-is measured from a resting position 2. dynamic coefficient of friction-is measured when the two surfaces are in relative motion. always less than the static COF

Gloss and semigloss paints are used

for their washability and shiny appearance. gloss paints tend to show defects in the surfaces on which they are applied.

Resilient Flooring application/ 4 TYPES

generic term describing several types of composition materials made from various resins, fibers, plasticizers, and fillers. It is formed under heat and pressure to produce a thin material, either sheets or tiles TYPES: 1.vinyl, 2.rubber, 3.cork. 4.Linoleum APPLIED: with mastic to a subfloor of concrete, plywood, or other smooth underlayment.

Paint

generic term for the application of thin coatings of various materials to protect and decorate the surfaces to which they are applied. Paints are composed of four components: 1.binder, 2.pigments, 3. liquid (or carrier), 4. additives. **The binder and pigments together are often called the solids

Quarry tile

glazed or unglazed tile, usually with 6 in2 or more of facial area, and is made by the extrusion process from natural clay or shale. Some of the common types of tile include glazed wall tile, unglazed tile, ceramic mosaic tile, paver tile, quarry tile (glazed or unglazed), abrasive tile, and antistatic tile.

The pile height is

height of the fibers from the surface of the backing to the top of the pile. Generally, shorter and more tightly packed fibers result in a more durable but more expensive carpet.

thermoplastic flooring

includes acrylic and mastic products. Mastics are composed of asphalt emulsion, portland cement, and various types of sand or stone filler. Various proprietary mixtures are also on the market. -Seamless flooring is applied in thicknesses from 1/16 in to 1/2 in

Tufting

is a process in which the pile yarn is punched through the backing with rows of needles, much like the method employed by a sewing machine. As the needle goes through the backing, the yarn is caught and held while the needle makes the next pass. The loop of yarn can be left as is for loop carpet or cut for cut-pile carpet. Because of the speed and relative low cost of tufting, this process accounts for the majority of the carpet manufactured.

Ceramic tile

is a surfacing unit, usually relatively thin in relation to facial area, made from clay or a mixture of clay and other ceramic materials, having either a glazed or unglazed face. It is fired above red heat during manufacture to a temperature high enough to produce specific physical properties and characteristics.

Wallpaper

is available in a range of colors, patterns, textures, and materials for direct application to plaster or gypsum wallboard partitions. SIZE: Wallpaper is generally packaged in rolls 20 1/2 in wide × 21 ft long APPLICATION: all paper or paper backed with cotton fabric or some other material. liquid sizing must be applied to the wall to seal the surface against alkali, reduce the absorption of the paste or adhesive used, and provide the proper surface for the wallpaper.

Ceramic mosaic tile

is formed by either the dust-pressed or extrusion method, size: is 1/4-3/8 in thick, and has a facial area of less than 6 in2 Dust pressing uses large presses to shape the tile out of relatively dry clay, while the extrusion process uses machines to cut tiles from a wetter and more malleable clay extruded through a die.

Installation Carpet

is installed in one of two ways: 1.) direct glue-down: the carpet is attached to the floor with adhesive. The carpet may have an attached cushion or be installed without a cushion. 2.)stretched-in installation: uses tackless strips attached around the perimeter of the room. These strips have embedded, sharp points that face toward the walls. The carpet is stretched against these strips, which hold the carpet in place. A carpet cushion is either stapled to wood floors or glued to concrete floors after the tackless strips are in place.

Limestone

is most commonly used for exterior surfaces, but a type of limestone called travertine is frequently used for interior flooring. Because of the way it is formed, travertine has a network of holes in it. FINISHES: -These must be filled with an epoxy resin (which can be colored to be compatible with the stone) to make a smooth surface. -light, creamy color and is usually finished with a polished surface.

carpet cushion, sometimes called padding.

is not required for all carpet (such as with direct glue-down), but cushions do increase the life of the carpet, provide better resiliency and comfort, help sound absorption, and lessen impact noise. Common cushion materials include sponge rubber, felt, urethane, and foam rubber. 1.)ponge rubber is made from natural or synthetic rubber, along with other chemicals and fillers, and has a facing on the top side. It is available in flat sheets or a waffled configuration. 2.)Felt: is available in four forms: hair, combination, fiber, and rubberized. Hair felt is composed of 100% animal hair. Combination felt is a mixture of animal hair and other fibers. Fiber felt is composed entirely of non-animal fibers. Rubberized felt is any of the other three types with a rubberized coating on one side. 3.)Urethane is manufactured in three different ways to produce prime, densified, or bonded sheets, each of which has a different range of densities. Thickness ranges from 1/4 in to 3/4 in 4.)Foam rubber is commonly applied as an integral backing to some carpet. It is natural or synthetic latex rubber with additives, and it has a backing on one side.

Wilton carpet

is produced on a Jacquard loom that allows complex patterns to be woven into the carpet and can create several types of surface textures, including: 1. level cut-pile, 2. level loop, 3. cut/uncut, 4. multilevel loop. -different colors of yarn run beneath the surface of the carpet and are pulled up only when they are needed for the pattern, Wiltons are generally heavier and more expensive than the other woven types for the same total weight.

Porcelain tile

is similar to ceramic tile in that it is made from clay, sand, and water, but the clay used is lighter in color and generally denser than that used for ceramic tile. Porcelain tile is fired at a temperature higher than ceramic tile and for longer periods of time. This firing process removes almost all the water, resulting in a tile that is denser and harder than ceramic tile. Because of its density, porcelain tile is more durable and less porous than ceramic tile, making it preferable for commercial installations or in high-traffic areas. It is also less susceptible to freezing and thawing, so it can be used for exterior applications.

Binder

is the component that gives the paint film integrity and holds the particles of pigment together. It is the main component that determines the quality of the paint. The quality of the paint is a product of its durability, flexibility, color retention, gloss, and resistance to peeling, scrubbing, and staining.

The stitch (or stitch rate)

is the number of lengthwise tufts in 1 in.

Velvet carpet

is the simplest form of weaving and places all the pile yarn on the face of the carpet. Velvet carpets are generally solid colors, but multicolored yarns can also be used in a variety of surface textures including 1.) plushes, 2.) loop pile, cut-pile, 3.)multilevel loop, 4..) cut-and-loop styles.

pH test

is used to test the surface of concrete that will come in contact with flooring adhesives or other critical floor coatings. It is a simple test that uses a coated paper strip or a small pH meter. Once the pH level is known, it can be compared with the maximum pH recommended by the flooring manufacturer. A pH of 8.5 is considered ideal and about the minimum that concrete can have, with values up to 9.0 being acceptable.

Ceramic tile install

laying ceramic tile or stone floors tile and reinforced mortar bed are separated from the structural floor with a cleavage membrane (15 lbm roofing felt or 4 mil polyethylene film) to allow the two floors to move independently. This system should be used on floors where excessive deflection is expected and on precast and post-tensioned concrete floors. waterproof membrane can be used in place of the cleavage membrane. This is the preferred method for tile floors in commercial showers or where continuous wetting will be present. used in existing construction because of the required thickness of the mortar bed and the extra weight. Ideally, subfloors should be depressed about 1½ in (38 mm) so that the level of the floor matches adjacent flooring construction.

Concrete moisture level test: calcium chloride test (sometimes called the moisture dome test)

made by placing a standard mass of calcium chloride below a plastic cover and sealing it to the concrete floor. After 60-72 hr, the calcium chloride is weighed to compare it with its pre-test weight. Through a mathematical formula, the amount of moisture the calcium chloride absorbed is converted to the standard measure of pounds per 1000 ft2 per 24-hour period. One test should be conducted for every 500-1000 ft2

Cork flooring (RF)

made from granulated pieces of bark from the cork oak tree that are bonded together under heat and pressure. -variety of colors and patterns can be produced -Patterns range from standard, uniform flakes to alternating strips of dark and light material. -renewable resource because after it is harvested, the tree grows a new skin in approximately nine years, and then the bark can be harvested again. -In addition, the cork industry helps preserve forests. SIZES: -available in tile and plank forms and is square = 12 in and 1/8-1/4 in thick. Planks = 12 in wide and 3 ft long consist of cork laminated to tongue-and-groove, medium-density fiberboard. USED: Where acoustical control or a high degree of resilience is desired. INSTALLATION: using adhesive, while the plank form is edge-glued without being adhered to the subfloor. The entire floor then "floats" on the subfloor. In either case, the subfloor must be perfectly smooth so any unevenness does not telegraph through. FINISHES: 1. ) Acrylic requires frequent reapplication—every four to six months. 2.) Polyurethane must be reapplied every three to seven years, and the old finish must be completely sanded off to ensure the new application will stick. 3.) carnauba wax must be reapplied about once a year.

Seamless flooring

mixture of a resinous matrix, fillers, and decorative materials applied in a liquid or viscous form that cures to a hard, seamless surface. flooring is either poured or troweled on a subfloor. Some products are self-leveling, while others must be worked to a level surface. -high-performance flooring -hardness, -severe stain and chemical resistance, or -Cleanable -excellent water resistance seamless flooring are generally divided into thermosetting and thermoplastic -thermosetting matrices are two-part epoxy, two-part polyurethane, polychloroprene (neoprene), and two-part polyester. -One-part mixtures are also available but are not as good as two-part mixtures.

In addition to moisture, the slab should be tested for

pH level and alkalinity. material rated on a scale from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. Materials with a pH less than 7 are considered acidic, while those with a pH above 7 are considered alkaline. T Concrete normally has a pH of about 12.0-13.3.

liquid

part that keeps the paint fluid until it dries and makes it possible to apply the paint.

carpet

pros: -attractive, - durable, - quiet -easy to install, - it requires less maintenance than many other types of flooring. three basic forms of carpet: 1.)rugs, is a soft floor covering laid on the floor but not fastened to it. It does not cover the entire floor. 2.)sheet carpet- Comes in long rolls, commonly 12 ft wide, and is installed so no seams are visible. 3.)carpet tiles. s are individual pieces of carpet, typically 18 in square, that are applied to the floor with pressure-sensitive adhesive. Because of their modular design, damaged or worn pieces can be replaced without removing the entire floor covering.

Carpet backing

provides support for the pile yarn and gives added strength and dimensional stability to the carpet. Polypropylene backing yarn is the most common for woven carpet, but others include jute, cotton, and polyester. Tufted carpet is manufactured by punching the yarns through a primary backing of woven or nonwoven polypropylene or woven jute. A secondary backing, usually of latex, is then applied.

Concrete moisture level test: mat test.

qualitative method and uses a 240 × 240 sample of vapor-retardant floor finish. The sample is applied with adhesive, and the edges are sealed with tape. After 72 hours, a visual inspection is made. If the mat is firmly bonded or removal of the mat is difficult, then the level of moisture present is considered to be sufficiently low for installation of the flooring material.

Concrete moisture level test: polyethylene sheet test

qualitative method conducted by sealing an 180 × 180 sheet of plastic to the floor to trap excessive moisture. After a minimum of 16 hours, a visual inspection is made of the floor and the sheet. The presence of visible water indicates the concrete is insufficiently dry for the application of finishes.

Concrete moisture level test: electrical impedance

test uses proprietary meters to determine the moisture content of the concrete by measuring conductance and capacitance. Probes of the meter are placed on the concrete, and the percentage of moisture content in the slab is read out directly.

When the fabric wall covering is placed over a thick fiberglass batting

the assembly becomes an acoustic panel

The higher the pitch or gauge number and stitch numbers are

the denser the carpet is.

short pattern repeat—

the distance from one point to the next instance of the same point in the pattern.

The pitch of a woven carpet is

the number of ends of surface yarn in a 27 in width.

Carpet is measured by

the square yard

The United States tile industry classifies tile based on size:

under 6 in is mosaic tile, over 6 in is wall tile. Glazed and unglazed nonmosaic tile made by the extrusion method is called quarry tile. Glazed and unglazed tile over 6 in made by the dust-pressed method is called paver tile.

Laminate Flooring

variation of plastic laminate material, is composed of a clear wearing sheet over a melamine-impregnated decorative printed sheet with core layers of phenolic-impregnated kraft paper. These sheets are laminated to a high-density fiberboard core under heat and pressure and covered with a water-resistant backing sheet. made to resemble natural wood, tile, or stone, or it can be printed in solid colors or even have photographic quality images in it. SIZE: 1. planks 2. strip flooring square tiles 3. rectangular blocks Thick: t 5/16 in thick. cushioned foam underlayment with the tongue-and-groove edges glued together. A vapor barrier is normally required when it is laid over a concrete floor. Characteristics: 1.hard, 2.durable, 3.resistant to staining, 4.relatively easy to install.

Additives are

various components added to the paint to impart certain attributes. Rheology modifiers affect the thickness or viscosity of the paint to make it easier to apply and to resist spattering. Surfactants help wet the surface as the paint is applied and keep the paint from separating or becoming too thick to use. Defoamers break bubbles that form when paint is applied and are especially helpful for paint applied with a roller.

Clear, solvent-based coatings include

varnishes, shellac, silicone, and urethane. When a small amount of pigment is added, the coating becomes a stain, which gives color to the surface but allows the appearance of the underlying material to show through. Stains are most often used on wood. For interior applications, clear coatings can be used. It is not necessary to have a pigment to protect an interior surface as is usually required for exterior surfaces

tufted carpet gauge,

which is the spacing in fractions of an inch between needles across the width of the carpet. SIZING: of 5/64, 1/10, and 1/8 in (2.0, 2.5, and 3.2 mm) are common for contract carpet.