Topic 31
This psychologist adopted a theoretical position based upon a motivational theory. It consisted of a hierarchy of needs, the most basic of which is (1) physiological needs, followed by (2) safety and security needs, then (3) the need for love, leading to (4) the need for self-esteem, with the highest level being (5) self-actualization (which our author refers to as a "need for beauty."
Abraham Maslow
Primarily an existentialistically-oriented novelist in post-war France. Known for his novel The Stranger and to a lesser extent the essay The Myth of Sisyphus (p. 338)
Albert Camus
The creator of "client-centered therapy," the first major alternative to psychoanalysis and behaviorism after World War II.
Carl Rogers
Max Wertheimer did his undergraduate studies at _______ and at _______, and his PhD work at ________.
Charles University in Prague; Berlin; Würzburg.
A graduate student of Oswald Külpe at the University of Munich—married the professor who replaced Külpe after his untimely death. They achieved notably in the psychology profession, teaching together at the University of Vienna, until that country was taken over by the Nazis. They eventually emigrated to the United States where this theorist became president of the Association for Humanistic Psychology in 1965-1966.
Charlotte Bühler
Who is the author of the pivotal 1890 paper "On Gestalt Qualities" that proposed that form qualities have an immediacy in experience?
Christian von Ehrenfels
Student of Franz Brentano, who became the founder of modern phenomenology. One of the two or three most famous and notable of the philosophers, psychologists, and psychiatrists within this chapter. Martin Heidegger was his student.
Edmund Husserl
Which three famous physicists influenced Gestalt psychology either by their friendship with one of the three founding Gestaltists, or through indirect influence of their writings?
Einstein, Planck, and Mach
He refers to his own philosophy as "personalism," and he sought to explain this position in his 1938 Personalist Manifesto, and his definitive work Personalism (1950). He advocates moving beyond self-focused individualism toward personalism, a focus upon others. His 1950 book is filled with many statements of deep wisdom, such as "The person only exists thus towards others, it only knows itself in knowing others, only finds itself in being known by them." He corrects Descartes with "I love, therefore I am; therefore being is, and life has value (is worth the pain of living)."
Emmanuel Mounier
The noted physicist _________, who discovered the speed of sound, and several important visual phenomena, played a major role in laying the conceptual foundation for Gestalt psychology with the publication of his 1886 book The Analysis of Sensations, where he discusses space-forms and time-forms (such as a melody).
Ernst Mach
One of the founding figures of personality psychology in America, well-known for developing a "trait" theory of personality and focusing on the ideographic (individual uniqueness, as contrasted with the nomothetic which stresses group identity). This psychologist's later theorizing was consistent with the existential branch of third force psychology.
Gordon Allport
Referred to by the author of our chapter as "perhaps the most popular existentialist of the twentieth century. His major philosophical work is the 1943 book Being and Nothingness. A good summary of his fundamental view is the cryptic statement that "existence precedes essence." Fought in the French resistance to the Nazi occupation (p. 337).
Jean-Paul Sartre
Developed his view of an existential basis for psychology while teaching as a member of the philosophy faculty at the University of Heidelberg from 1913 to 1938. One of his greatest works is the small book Reason and Anti-Reason in Our Time (1952), which is filled with deep insights and wise aphorisms. He was forbidden by the Nazi government to teach or publish, but formed a group to rebuild the University of Heidelberg after it was liberated by the Americans. (p. 339)
Karl Jaspers
Better known as Pope John Paul II (from 1978 to 2005), he began his introduction to philosophy as a young Polish priest at the Catholic University of Lublin learning of Husserl and his students many of whom contrasted with him. He was to become in many ways an extraordinary citizen of the world and an effective spokesman for the philosophy of personalism, distinguishing between the "world of persons" and the "world of things." His writings, including Love and Responsibility (1960) and Person and Act (1969) sought to combine Thomistic realism (Thomas Acquinas) with phenomenology.
Karol Wojtyla
Which of the Gestalt psychologists is author of the 1935 book Principles of Gestalt Psychology?
Kurt Koffka
The "Zeigarnik effect," that is, the demonstration that tension dissipates after the completion of a mental task, was named for Bluma Zeigarnik, who discovered the phenomenon in collaboration with her mentor, ___________.
Kurt Lewin
Which of the Gestaltists is well-known for drawing the distinction between the Aristotelian and the Galilean (that is, similar to Galileo) thought modes?
Kurt Lewin
The creator of Daseinanalysis, based upon Heidegger's concept of Dasein (from the German words da=there and sein=being, which emphasizes the "situatedness" of existence). He combined the existential-phenomenological philosophy in the works of Husserl and Heidegger with psychoanalysis. He has many intriguing concepts, such as his division of the world of the person into Umweld (literally the "around" world, the world of things, the environment within which we are situated); Mitweld (literally the "with" world, or our existence in relation to those with whom we live and share our lives); and finally the Eigenweld (literally the "own" world, or the world that uniquely belongs to each individual person, as we say "he is in his own little world.") (pp. 348-349).
Ludwig Binswanger
Actively involved in the Zionist movement when he received his degree in philosophy in 1904 from the University of Vienna. A Hasidic scholar and philosopher, well known for his book I and Thou. He taught at the University of Frankfurt until dismissed by the German government in 1933. Taught social philosophy at Hebrew University of Jerusalem from 1938 to 1951 (p. 339).
Martin Buber
His major work was Being and Time (1927), dedicated to Husserl, but contains the seeds of their later divergence. Distinguished between being as a noun and as a verb, and focused on the latter as a return to the "act of being." There is some ambiguity regarding his relationship with the Nazis that has clouded his reputation.
Martin Heidegger
This profound thinker defines the person as not merely a consciousness with physical, biological characteristics that biobehavioral disciplines suggest, but a person is the "absolute source of existence." Existential-phenomenological psychology is often an application of philosophical principles in therapy (p. 346), using philosophy to help with the healing of spiritual ills, and this theorist is a particularly good example of that. He sees psychology as the study of individual intentionality, defined in the Husserlian way (pp. 346-348).
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
Kurt Lewin could be considered to be one of the four founding fathers of Gestalt psychology, albeit one with a divergent focus from the other three into applied topics such as conflict resolution, social psychology, personality, and motivation. Three of the four of them received their PhD degrees from Carl Stumpf at Berlin. Which one did not receive his PhD from Carl Stumpf?
Max Wertheimer
From whom did the person named in the preceding question receive his PhD?
Oswald Külpe
Fairly well-known as a partisan for existentialism in American psychology. Published an edited book in 1958, entitled Existence: A New Dimension in Psychology and Psychiatry.
Rollo May
Which of the Gestalt psychologists did research with chimpanzees on the Island of Tenerife during World War I (while perhaps also spying for Germany).
Wolfgang Köhler
Which of the Gestalt psychologists was president of the APA in 1958?
Wolfgang Köhler