topic test 92%

How does culture affect learning?

A culture creates context for behavior through the reinforcements and punishments it provides for each discrete behavior. By shaping behaviors, cultures reaffirm acceptable behavior and discourage deviant behavior. Cultures shape behaviors through the unique reinforcements and punishments available to social interactions, including attention and fame as reinforcement and shunning and exile as punishments.

Cognitive maps allow organisms to __________. A. create and speak a language B. mentally represent their environment C. achieve high levels of wellness D. train and exercise effectively

B?

Self-observation involves which of the following? A. identifying strengths and weaknesses associated with one's performance B. evaluating the effectiveness of one's strategy used to accomplish the goal C. responding to evaluations concerning one's performance D. adjusting ineffective regulation strategies that occurred during performance

a

When describing the way operant conditioning works, a cognitive psychologist is likely to emphasize the importance of which of the following elements? A. the type of stimulus B. information processing C. one's conditioned response D. one's physiological behavior

When describing the way operant conditioning works, a cognitive psychologist is likely to emphasize the importance of which of the following elements? A. the type of stimulus B. information processing C. one's conditioned response D. one's physiological behavior

What is the relationship between self-regulation and behavior modification? A. Self-regulation is the process that enables individuals to accomplish behavior modification goals. B. Self-regulation is an internal form of behavior modification, which is generally external. C. Self-regulation is about understanding the self, while behavior modification is about changing others. D. Self-regulation is a responsibility, while behavior modification is a optional luxury.

a

All of the following are factors that occur during the self-reflection phase of self-regulation except __________. A. self-judgment B. self-planning C. self-reaction D. self-observation

a?

All of the following are involved in gathering data about target behavior in a self-modification program except __________. A. identifying how often target behavior occurs B. noting possible events that trigger target behavior C. identifying consequences that follow target behavior D. evaluating whether or not target behavior was changed

a?

In Albert Bandura's Bobo doll experiment, children who witnessed aggressive adult modeling were more likely to __________. A. behave aggressively B. behave unaggressively C. be unaffected by social modeling D. act according to their personalities

a?

In general, an organism will be more likely to develop phobias of __________. A. dangers faced during natural circumstances B. unnatural modern inventions, like cars C. easily understood forces and pressures D. dangers encountered in dreams and visions

a?

Stereotype threat is more likely to affect those who are high achievers because high achievers are __________ than low achievers. A. more likely to care about performance B. less likely to base self-esteem upon performance C. more likely to hear performance-based comments D. less likely to hear performance-based comments

a?

Of the following, which is not likely to occur while utilizing collaborative learning? A. Each student researches and then shares necessary information vital to completing the task. B. Each student works independently to come up with a solution for solving a problem. C. One student teaches another in learning about a new math concept. D. Each student is matched with another student of varied ability, and together they complete the task.

b?

Superstitious behavior breaks the traditional rules of conditioning because superstitions __________. A. only develop when a behavior has been continuously reinforced B. can develop even if a behavior is only intermittently reinforced C. develop as a result of innate beliefs inherited from ancestors D. occur as a result of a person feeling like one has no control over the environment

b?

The basic process of social learning that emphasizes that there must be a reason or reward to demonstrate behavior involves __________. A. retention B. motivation C. attention D. reproduction

b?

Which of the following statements best describes the importance of attention in social learning? A. Without attention, a behavior cannot be forgotten. B. Without attention, a behavior cannot be remembered. C. Without attention, a behavior cannot be justified. D. Without attention, a behavior cannot be reinforced.

b?

Gary has frequently suffered from stereotype threat in the past. Now, whenever he takes a test, he does not feel concerned if he does poorly. Instead, he uses his social network to bolster his self-esteem. Based on the information above, what phenomenon related to stereotype threat has Gary been affected by? A. decreased self-efficacy B. assessment anxiety C. disidentification D. self-handicapping

c

In Edward Tolman's experiments, the group of rats that ended up with the best results was the one that had __________. A. experienced continuous reinforcement B. received no reinforcement at all C. received reinforcement after eleven days D. received reinforcement for the first two days

c

Preparedness is often linked to the concept of __________. A. latent learning B. superstitions C. phobias D. learned helplessness

c

An individual who is establishing a strategy to use in order to accomplish a goal is demonstrating which phase of the self-regulation cycle? A. self-reflection B. performance C. forethought D. goal accomplishment

c?

Knowledge is necessary for self-regulation and behavior modification because __________. A. if one isn't driven to change behaviors, then one cannot change B. coping with weakness is a necessary skill for changing behavior C. understanding current behaviors is vital to changing them D. recruiting others is helpful for changing behaviors

c?

Which of the following explanations represents why taste aversion breaks the rules of conditioning? A. Taste aversion requires no cognitive processes in order to develop. B. Taste aversion is a learned response that does not occur without cognition. C. Taste aversion can develop after only one pairing of a stimulus and response. D. Taste aversion cannot be explained by using conditioning processes.

c?

According to research involving observational learning, violent media tends to make observers behave __________. A. less assertively B. more assertively C. less aggressively D. more aggressively

d

All of the following are phenomena that break traditional rules of conditioning except __________. A. phobias B. taste aversion C. learned helplessness D. effects of reinforcement

d?

What is the likely effect of disidentification? A. An individual will likely prefer performance-based tasks over other tasks. B. An individual will likely become excited about performance-based tasks. C. An individual will likely put forth more effort on performance-based tasks. D. An individual will likely devalue performance-based tasks.

d?

Kyle wants to encourage himself to start exercising. He establishes a plan to give his friend Melanie $500 and have her give him $10 every time he exercises. Which step in the self-modification program is Kyle demonstrating? specifying which target behavior to change gathering data about target behavior designing a program to increase desired behavior evaluating the effectiveness of the program

designing a program to increase desired behavior

Self-reaction is a process that occurs during the forethought phase of self-regulation. t/f?

false

Stereotype threat affects only minority groups. t/f?

false

A symbolic model for learning is a model that is observed in person. t/f?

false?

The evidence is conclusive; aggression and violence in the media lead to aggression and violence in the general population. t/f?

false?

There is only one way to decrease unwanted behavior. t/f?

false?

An individual who wants to lose 30 pounds and therefore selects a particular weight and exercise program to do so is demonstrating what phase of the self-regulation cycle? self-reflection performance forethought goal accomplishment

forethought

Culture creates the context for behavior in society. t/f?

true

In order to replicate behavior, one must retain it in memory. t/f?

true

Self-efficacy is the belief in one's ability to accomplish tasks. t/f?

true

Superstitious behavior is a phenomenon that breaks traditional rules of conditioning. t/f

true

A person who practices effective self-regulation generally has high self-efficacy. t/f?

true?

Observation is an important part of learning and replicating many human behaviors. t/f?

true?

Phobias are generally out of proportion to the actual danger. t/F?

true?

Self-modification is the self-implemented behavior program that helps people change their behavior. t/f?

true?

Social learning theory takes into account the influence of reinforcement on behavior t/f?

true?

The effects of stereotype threat usually impact those who are high achievers. t/f?

true?