Toxicology Exam Two

Which of the following statements are not true?

a. metallic mercury is non-toxic b. organic mercury is toxic to the kidney c. inorganic mercury is toxic to the brain

An analgesic that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness is ____.

acetaminophen

About tetrodotoxin, which of the following is true?

b & c; improper preparation of food accounts for 60% of fatalities, poisons the sodium channels and alters generation of action-potential

Which of the following classes of compounds may be included in drugs of abuse screening?

barbiturates

All of the following are true about the therapy of aspirin toxicity EXCEPT:

bicarbonate decreases the pH of the urine and this facilitates the excretion of salicylate into the urine and therefore elimination from the body

Which of the following is true about ethanol use as antidote for the treatment of ethylene glycol poisoning?

block the metabolism of ethylene glycol

Ethanol is used as an antidote for the treatment of ethylene glycol poisoning because it____.

blocks the metabolism of ethylene glycol

All of the following symptoms would be expected following anticholinsterase insecticide poisoning EXCEPT:

bronchodilation

Which of the following is true about the reasons for risk assessment studied?

c&d; likelihood of persistence of the chemical in the environment and bioaccumulation, likelihood that sensitive human and ecological populations may be exposed to significant levels

Which of the following is false about epidemiological types of toxicological study?

chemical studies

All of the following are physio-chemical considerations in toxicity testing EXCEPT:

diet

The principal route of lead exposure among the general population is ____.

environmental and ingested

T/F: Aromatic amine toxicity is especially prominent in those individuals who are fast acetylators.

false

T/F: Ozone is a non-toxic gas that promotes good health.

false

T/F: Reaction of the ethylene glycol with calcium leads to the formation of calcium oxalate which when deposited in the kidney will lead to damage to the kidney and also hypercalcemia.

false

T/F: Exposure to organochlorine pesticides does not primarily alter the movement of ions across the nerve membranes.

false; DOES primarily alter

T/F: OSHA requires employers to monitor employee exposure to toxic materials and discard records of such exposure.

false; keep records

T/F: Acid rain is formed from chlorinated hydrocarbons interacting with the ozone layer.

false; not chlorinated hydrocarbons

T/F: NADPH maintains the level of reduced glutathione in the RBC and this predisposes the RBC to oxidizing substances like metabolites of certain drugs/

false; not predisposes

T/F: Organophosphate and carbonate phosphate act primarily by adhering the movement of ions across the nerves?? membrane.

false; not primarily adhering

Carbon monoxide affinity for hemoglobin is____.

greater than oxygen's affinity for hemoglobin

Anticholinesterase agents:

increase Ach concentration in the synaptic cleft

All of the following are characteristics of DDT poisoning EXCEPT:

increased potassium transport across the membrane

The treatment strategy for the toxicity of aspirin includes one of the following:

increasing pH

The primary toxic effect of salicylate is that it___.

interferes with the function of the electron transport chain in the mitochondria

Which of the following statements is TRUE about DDT?

it is very lipid soluble

Which of the following is NOT true about acid rain?

it may interfere with ferrochelatase

Which of the following is NOT true about hydrolasine(??)?

its action result in vessel constriction

Which of the following is caused by both cadmium and vinyl chloride?

kidney damage

Which of the following is not true about cadmium mechanism of toxicity?

metallothionein is a high molecular weight protein involved in the transport of cadmium

All of the following are insecticides EXCEPT:

organomercurials

The mechanism of action of organophosphates with acetylcholinesterase is best described by which of the following statements?

organophosphates inhibit acetylcholinesterase

Which of the statements is correct?

organophosphorus pesticides are powerful inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase

Ethylene glycol metabolizes to which of the following acids?

oxalic acid

Which of the following manifestations is not an organophosphorus pesticide-induced muscarinic effect of the parasympathetic nervous system?

sweating

All of the following are examples of toxins of plants origin EXCEPT:

tetrodotoxin

For organophosphorus pesticides, which of the following statements is correct?

they are esters of phosphoric acid

T/F: Alkaline urine can be achieved by giving sodium bicarbonate either orally or by intravenous injection in the treatment if aspirin poisoning or barbiturate poisoning.

true

T/F: Halothane is taken up by the liver where it is metabolized in susceptible individuals to a metabolite that has the ability to acylate proteins.

true

T/F: In carbon monoxide poisoning, tissues are starved of oxygen and patients suffer ischemic damage to major organs.

true

T/F: Morphine poisoning which causes respiratory depression can be treated by blocking the receptor where it acts with the drug naloxone.

true

T/F: Parathion poisoning involved the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by the metabolite paraoxan which can be treated with pralidoxime that removed the organophosphate from the enzyme.

true

T/F: Regulatory toxicology is aimed at ensuring that the benefits of chemical substances intended for use by humans outweigh the risks from that use.

true

T/F: Ricin (??) is a highly toxic plant product found in the seeds of castor oil plant.

true

T/F: Tetrodoxin causes paralysis of muscles in humors.

true

T/F: Threshold limit value of a chemical substance is a level to which it is believed a worker can be exposed day after day for a working lifetime without adverse health effects.

true

T/F: Ventilation, appropriate hygenic practices, housekeeping, protective clothing, and proper training for safe handling may eliminate or reduce hazards that may exist.

true

T/F: Vinyl chloride is metabolized to reactive intermediate chloro-ethylene oxide and chloro-acetaldehyde, which alkylate DNA.

true

Exposure to which of the following can cause autoimmune disease?

vinyl chloride

All of the following compounds can result in metabolic acidosis EXCEPT:

isopropanol

Carbon monoxide is poisonous because____.

it binds to hemoglobin

Calculate the pH of an acetate buffer composed of .2 M sodium and .05 M acetic acid. (pKa for acetic acid is 4.76.)

it cannot be determined by the information provided

Which of the following is true about parathion as an insecticide?

it causes excessive cholinergic stimulation

blurry T/F question

true

Which of the following enzymes is used to provide a specific measurement of ethanol in serum?

alcohol dehydrogenase

The toxicity of a chemical can be determined using which of the following methods?

all of the above

Which of the following industrial chemicals are known human carcinogens?

all of the above; cadmium, vinyl chloride, asbestos

Which of the following is true about the environmental problems associated with organochlorine?

all of the above; low volatility, lipid solubility, interference with reproductive systems

Which of the following is a type of toxicity study?

all of the above; sub-acute, carcinogenicity, skin sensitive tests

Lead inhibits which of the following enzymes?

aminolevulinic acid dehydrase and coproporphrinogen oxidase

Which of the following metals used in occupational settings may exhibit a total-body elimination half-life of up to, or greater than, 10 years?

cadmium

Which of the following pesticides inhibits the enzyme cholinesterase?

carbamate

Which of the following is true about ethylene glycol?

causes metabolic acidosis

The routes of exposure to asbestos include all of the following EXCEPT:

dermal absorption

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of IgE-mediated food allergies?

diabetes

The mechanism of halothane toxicity includes all of the following EXCEPT:

previous history of allergy decreases the risk

All of the following are examples of household poison EXCEPT:

saxitoxin

Leads toxicity is largely due to its ability to mimic and interfere with normal functioning of which of the following ions?

Ca2+

T/F: Safety is defined as the certainty that adverse effects will not occur when a substance is used incorrectly.

False; "correctly"

The production of antivenom required neutralizing antibodies of which [??] type?

IgG

Which of the phases of clinical trials a drug must.... [blurry question].

a, b & c