Transboundary Viral Diseases

True: it causes mild disease in sheep and goats; severe disease in cattle (pigs serve as amplifiers)

True or False: FMD causes mild disease in sheep and goats.

False: FMD DOES affect wildlife

True or False: FMD does NOT affect wildlife.

True: FMD does infect via aerosol

True or False: FMD infects via aerosol.

False; FMD IS NOT zoonotic

True or False: FMD is zoonotic.

False: FMD does not even make it to the GI tract. It goes to the respiratory tract and skin!

True or False: FMD will cause diarrhea?

True: FMD WILL destroy economies

True or False: FMD will destroy economies.

True: a great vaccine does exist, just need funds

True or False: For PPR, a great vaccine exists so it could be eradicated.

False: PPR is closely related to canine DISTEMPER virus

True or False: For PPR, it is closely related to canine parvovirus.

True: PPR causes both diarrhea and pneumonia.

True or False: PPR causes diarrhea and pneumonia.

True: PPR is currently spreading around the world.

True or False: PPR is currently spreading around the world.

False; there is not a very effective vaccine for FMD

True or False: There is a great vaccine for FMD

False: FMD is NOT the only vesicular disease, there are many others.

True or false: FMD is the ONLY vesicular disease.

OIE (Office International des Epizooties) also known as World Organization for Animal Health

- physically located in Paris - established in 1924 to help coordinate rinderpest control after WWI - interprets WTO "sanitary" agreement (standards and regulations for animal health interpreted) - important as international recommending body - works with FAO to define transboundary diseases and try to create standard so countries can remain safe

subtle

signs and lesions of FMD in sheep can be very ______.

Food Security

- 30% of the people in Africa have moderate food insecurity - this is largely due to continual circulation of transboundary animal diseases - animal sourced foods are essential for providing the micronutrients essential for brain growth

African Swine Fever

- killing disease - important because pork is most consumed meat in the world - environmental and one health problem - present in Africa, went to republic of GA via garbage, then went to Germany - In 2019 went to china (year of the pig), then it went to other places --> throughout southeast Asia - when cannot get food, must go other places --> like africa, with lots of transboundary diseases

PRR (Peste Des Petitis Ruminants)

- killing disease of sheep and goats - really spread in recent years - moved across Africa, down into southern Africa - EXCELLENT vaccine (same technology as used in rinderpest): protective immunity for minimum of 11 years - we can get rid of it

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

- part of united nations - works with OIE to define transboundary diseases and try to create standards so countries can remain safe - intergovernmental body

production, body weight

Foot-and-mouth is NOT a killing disease, rather the animals lose ______. Easy to take it from one country to another. Animals don't eat, nurse, or move around. Tremendous loss in ______. Recover three weeks later but in gaunt condition.

Viruses live inside cells. Virus uses receptor to get into cell. Other part of the velcro is something the virus can bind to --> in this case macrophages, such as the liver, kidney, lymph nodes, and spleen (biggest). IT gets into all the organs that have big populations of macrophages. Macrophages eat things when they get excited, but then start dying --> create cytokines, specifically TNF-alpha, IL-1 (this is what makes you feel sick). Pig dies in cytokine storm! Big bloody spleen, hemorrhagic lymph nodes (bloody and necrotic, especially one that drains into the fever.

Give an overview of African Swine Fever Pathogenesis

wimpy virus, doesn't survive in environment. Spread by animal to animal contact. young animals are more susceptible (In these susceptible populations almost all animals get sick --> 90% morbidity). Most affected animals will die (50 - 90% morbidity)

Given an overview of PPR transmission?

Prevent entry, depopulation and disinfection, ring vaccination, vaccination when endemic

How can we control FMD?

Keep affected animals segregated, create increased awareness about disease so it can be immediately diagnosed in an area, if disease is in the region vaccinate

How can we protect against PPR?

coughing, diarrhea, fomites

How is PPR transmitted?

There is NO vaccine for African swine fever. Pathogenesis of African swine fever is complicated, so makes it hard to make vaccine.

Is there a vaccine for African Swine Fever?

SLAM receptor (CD150) part of lymphocytes; wipes out lymphocytes. Also likes Nectin-4 receptor --> holds GI cells and pulmonary cells together. Goes through the system --> gets into GI cells and kills them. After replicating in oropharynx goes to lung where it also kills lung cells. replicates in GI tract, specifically Peyer's patches.

PPR Pathogenesis

fever, lethargic/lying down, crusting around nose and mouth, lesions in mouth and diarrhea; if survive develop pneumonia, dental pad is crusty, Gut affected with ulceration, then goes to lungs

PPR signs

C. Epithelium from Vesicles

What special samples will you take to help diagnose FMD? A. Serum B. Tail Hairs C. Epithelium from Vesicles D. Feces

Foot-and-mouth disease, Rinderpest, Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia, Highly pathogenic Avian Influenza, Newcastle Disease, African and Classical Swine Fever

What are some examples of transboundary viruses?

Makes Key Proteins that help avoid host defenses! 1. inhibit NF-kappa Beta --> NO immunomodulatory proteins to control infection 2. adsorption of red blood cells --> virus is protected 3. inhibits apoptosis --> virus can survive inside the cells

What are the key factors of ASFV (African swine fever virus) that allow it to persist?

1. Infected Animal 2. Feeding contaminated garbage 3. Fomites, including humans 4. contaminated biologicals

What are the sources of outbreak of foot and mouth disease?

comes in by aerosol, replicates in the pharynx, goes to the bloodstream, goes to the thick non-haired stratified epithelium --> results in blisters (vesicles)

What is the foot and mouth disease pathogenesis?

All cloven-hoofed animals; pigs serve as amplifier (spread it much more than other animals) and cattle serve as an indicator; sheep and goats don't show disease much but can take it to another place

Where is foot and mouth disease found (species)?

All of the Above are true

Which of the following is true about African Swine Fever Virus? 1. Virus Hemadsorbs red cells and so is "hidden" 2. There is decreased apoptosis of infected cells in late infection 3. Virus inhibits NF-kappa B transcription 4. There is a cytokine storm in the acute infection 5. DIC and hemorrhage occur due to pro-thrombotic state

goats and sheep (horizontal transmission)

Who gets PPR (species)?

FMD is a very acute disease. Get the disease, get sick, so no antibodies.

Why do we NOT use serum to test for foot and mouth?

Transboundary Animal Diseases

epidemic diseases that are highly contagious or transmissible and have the potential for VERY rapid spread, irrespective of national borders, causing serious socio-economic and possibly public health consequences