Treatment and Rehabilitation

What type of exercise is a prone push-up? a. Open kinetic chain b. Closed kinetic chain c. Plyometric d. Functional e. Balance

b. Closed kinetic chain

What is the duration of short-term rehabilitation goals? a. One week b. Two weeks or less c. One month or less d. Two months e. Goals that can be accomplished for only an acute injury

b. Two weeks or less

The athletic trainer now has the following information: (+) Hawkins-Kennedy test (+) Forward head (+) Kyphosis (+) Hypomobile thoracic spine (+) Weak posterior thoracic musculature (+) Tight anterior thoracic musculature (+) Pain in subacromial space when arm is overhead Given this information, the athletic trainer must decide on the rehabilitation progression. What instructions and actions should be part of the initial phase of rehabilitation?

-Avoid side-lying on injured shoulder -Use non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs -Use upper-body ergometer (picture) -Stretch the anterior thoracic musculature

Which of the following best describes the first set, the amount of weight, and the number of repetitions associated with the DeLorme's program? a. 100% of 2- to 3-repetition maximum b. 100% of 10-repetition maximum c. 75% of 10-repetition maximum d. 50% of 10-repetition maximum e. 20% of 10-repetition maximum

d. 50% of 10-repetition maximum

When determining the functional ability of a limb for return to competition, what is the recognized score when compared to the non-injured limb? a. 100% equal b. 95% equal c. 90% or more d. 85% or more e. 80% or more

d. 85% or more

The patient would like to know why the athletic trainer has elected to use positive polarity in this instance.

-It attracts macrophages -It increases clot formation -It increases granulation of tissue

The following is information obtained during the assessment of this injury: (+) Pain over ASIS (+) Discoloration over the ASIS (+) Decreased active ROM with hip flexion (+) Decreased active ROM with trunk flexion (+) Pain with trunk rotation (+) Anterior pelvic tilt on the affected side The athletic trainer decides to use ice and ultrasound over the area. First, select the supplies that you need in order to apply a conductor for ultrasonic waves.

-5 cm sound head and ultrasonic gel

A patient with hip and abdominal weakness has been given a home exercise program to strengthen various muscle groups. Match each exercise to the muscle group(s) used. -Abdominal muscles -Abdominal muscles, latissmus dorsi, rectus femoris, and paraspinal muscles -Gluteus medius, multifidus, and erector spinae -Multifidus, gluteals, obliques, and erector spinae -Quadratus lumborum and obliques Match to -Side bridge -Side bridge (plank) -Exercise ball roll-out -Four-point kneeling -Curl-up

-Abdominal muscles=Curl-up -Abdominal muscles, latissmus dorsi, rectus femoris, and paraspinal muscles=Exercise ball roll-out -Gluteus medius, multifidus, and erector spinae=Four-point kneeling -Multifidus, gluteals, obliques, and erector spinae=Side bridge -Quadratus lumborum and obliques=Side bridge (plank)

Match each of the following exercises and activities to the appropriate level of rehabilitation: -Backward walking -Sport-specific activities in the water, use of flotation cuffs -Total land-based programs; pool program: deep water with no flotation equipment to -Advanced -Initial -Intermediate

-Backward walking=Initial -Sport-specific activities in the water, use of flotation cuffs=Intermemdiate

A football player was injured in a game the previous night. He indicates he took a helmet to the anterior superior iliac spine of the hip. X rays of the affected hip are negative. This patient has an antalgic gait. What signs will the athletic trainer likely see when evaluating this patient's gait?

-Body weight is shifted over affected hip -Velocity of walking and cadence is decreased -Stance phase on affected leg is shorter -Swing phase of unaffected leg is shorter

When using high-voltage pulsed-current stimulation, which waveform diagram corresponds to each type of therapy?

-Direct (galvanic) -Sinusoidal -Faradic -Interferential -Biphasic -Interrupted direct current -Twin pulse -Rectangular or modified square (Testlet 2) for waveform diagram

This patient needs to be educated on his home exercise program and use of therapeutic modalities. The patient sees the athletic trainer three times per week.

-Do all exercises at home on days when you do not come into the training room -If an exercise causes pain, stop the exercise -If the area swells, stop exercising -Ice for 20 minutes after exercise -Do the exercises using proper form *DO NOT increase resistance if exercise gets easier

The athletic trainer decides to assess postural alignment from the lateral view. Using a plumb line from the lateral view, which postural landmarks when malaligned will contribute to the impingement syndrome?

-External auditory meatus anterior to plumb line -Lower cervical vertebral bodies anterior to plumb line

The athletic trainer decides to use aquatic rehabilitation for this patient. Which of the following are contraindications to aquatic exercise?

-Fear of water -Active infection -Rash -Incontinence (lack of control with urination) -Open wound

A 20-year-old cross-country runner has a lower-leg stress fracture. The physician has asked that the athletic trainer maintain the cardiovascular integrity of this patient while healing occurs. What are the most common sites of stress fracture in the lower extremity?

-Femoral neck -Proximal (closer to origin/trunk) 1/3 (third) of Femur -Calcaneus -Sesamoids of the great toe

The athletic trainer has decided to use joint mobilization to address the stiffness. Match each joint to the correct loose-packed position. -Full wrist extension -Neutral wrist with slight ulnar deviation -10 degree forearm supination -20 degrees flexion

-Full wrist extension=None -Neutral wrist with slight ulnar deviation=Radiocarpal joint -10 degree forearm supination=Distal radioulnar joint -20 degrees flexion=Metacarpophalangeal joint

The athletic trainer needs to develop a plan for this patient to strengthen the area. What exercises should be incorporated for this patient once he is pain free? Match each muscle with the exercise used for strengthening: -Gluteus medius, gluteus maximus, tensor faciae latae -Piriformis and gluteus maximus -Iliopsoas -Gluteus maximus and hamstring -Quadriceps and iliopsoas -Gluteus minimus, tensor faciae latae, semitendinosus, semimembranosus -Adductor magnus, brevis, longus, pectineus, and gracilis -Erector spinae multifidus, gluteals, obliques

-Gluteus medius, gluteus maximus, tensor faciae latae=Lateral side -Piriformis and gluteus maximus=External hip rotation -Iliopsoas=Hip flexion -Gluteus maximus and hamstring=Hip extension -Quadriceps and iliopsoas=Supine straight-leg raise -Gluteus minimus, tensor faciae latae, semitendinosus, semimembranosus=Internal hip rotation -Adductor magnus, brevis, longus, pectineus, and gracilis=Hip adduction -Erector spinae multifidus, gluteals, obliques Side-lying bridge (plank)

The athletic trainer needs to ensure the patient stays within the target heart rate zone to maintain fitness. Other than target heart rate calculations, what alternatives can be used to ensure the athlete stays within the zone?

-Metronome -Talk test -Brennan scale of perceived exertion

What are the criteria for this patient to return to full activity?

-Patient has full ROM -Patient agrees to preventive follow-up program -Patient has improved strength of the rotator cuff and scapular musculature -Patient is pain free without medications -Patient test negative on impingement tests -Patient has a normal pain-free rehabilitative workout

The patient begins to have the following signs and symptoms: (+) Increased pain that is disproportionate to the injury (+) Pain that is burning in nature (+) Discoloration of entire upper extremity (+) Redness of upper extremity (+) Excessive sweating (+) Excessive swelling over the medial collateral ligament What should the athletic trainer suspect as the issue for referral to the physician?

-Reflex sympathetic dystrophy

A patient has suffered a wrist fracture. After treatment, the fracture was immobilized for six weeks, and the patient now has stiffness in the wrist. This patient has no contraindication to joint mobilization. Colles Fracture is what the x-ray shows Which statements describe the proper splinting of this type of fracture?

-Sugar-tong splint -No restriction of metacarpophalangeal joints -Wrist in ulnar-deviation position

A patient has recently had hand surgery, and the incision is not healing as quickly as the physician would like. The patient is in no pain. The patient's incision is on the palmar surface of the hand, midway between the metacarpal heads and the wrist. The athletic trainer must determine which therapeutic modalities can aid in the healing process.

-Ultrasound -Laser -High-voltage pulsed-current stimulation

The athletic trainer decides to place the athlete in the pool for aquatic exercise. What are the upper and lower target heart rate zones for this individual if he is submerged up to his neck?

-Upper rate is 207 target Heart Rate -Lower rate is 103 target Heart Rate

An athlete is in rehabilitation for a medial collateral ligament tear of the elbow. What are the accepted protocols for application of bagged ice to the area of injury?

-Wrap Ice pack in wet towel -Set timer for 20 minutes -Check the athlete after 2 minutes

The patient is ready to return to full-contact play, and the athletic trainer needs to create a protective pad to prevent reinjury.

1. Spray adherent 2. Self-adhesive large donut 3. Hard shell 4. Elastic tape

A client comes with a prescription for rehabilitation for a right-shoulder impingement syndrome. The physician asks that the athletic trainer evaluate and treat as needed. The following is the history of this injury: •It is insidious in onset after playing tennis. •Started about a month prior. •Client plays tennis three times per week for at least an hour. •Client has no serious health issues. •Client does not take any medications. •Shoulder has a dull ache, especially when he sleeps on his side. The athletic trainer moves the patient's arm to 90° abduction, 90° horizontal adduction, and glenohumeral internal rotation. This motion describes which of the following tests?

Hawkins-Kennedy

How long does the proliferation phase after an acute injury last? a. 3 to 4 weeks b. 4 to 6 weeks c. 6 to 8 weeks d. 8 to 24 weeks e. 1 year

a. 3 to 4 weeks

What does poor proprioception tell the athletic trainer about a patient? a. The patient has a leg length discrepancy. b. The patient has vertigo. c. The patient has joint instability, or muscular strength deficits may be present. d. The patient has pes planus. e. The patient has an early-onset neurological issue.

The patient has joint instability, or muscular strength deficits may be present

What is shortwave diathermy?

Uses high frequency alternating current to heat tissues

Which statement best exemplifies positive self-talk as part of the recovery process? a. "Today was a bad day, but my athletic trainer told me there would be ups and downs. Tomorrow will be better." b. "Basically this is all I will ever be able to do. I need to accept this." c. "If I were a better athlete, I would not have gotten hurt in the first place." d. "The season is almost over. No need to be in a hurry to get better." e. "I will get better. The athletic trainer needs to figure out how to help me."

a. "Today was a bad day, but my athletic trainer told me there would be ups and downs. Tomorrow will be better."

In which of the following instances would iontophoresis steroidal anti-inflammatory medication be beneficial? a. Age-related compromised circulation of muscle tendons that have been strained b. A parasitic infection c. Atrophy d. Analgesia e. Poor wound healing

a. Age-related compromised circulation of muscle tendons that have been strained

What injury or illness is a contraindication to using paraffin bath? a. An open wound b. Diabetes c. Raynaud's disease d. Light-headedness e. Pain in the extremity

a. An open wound

Which tissue absorbs the most ultrasonic energy? a. Bone b. Skeletal muscle c. Fat d. Whole blood e. Blood plasma

a. Bone

How does the athletic trainer determine the correct size of a Swiss ball for a patient? a. By height of patient b. By the exercise to be performed c. By the stability of the ball d. By the thickness of the ball skin e. By the air pressure of ball and weight of patient

a. By height of patient

Which of the following answers best describes the exercises used to improve postural stability and balance from the most basic to most advanced? a. Double-leg balance on stable surface, double-leg balance on tremor box, and double-leg sit-to-stand from a stability ball b. Double-leg balance on stable surface, single-leg balance on flat side of Bosu, and double-leg stand on balance board c. Single-leg balance on stable surface, double-leg balance on air discs, and staggered stance with both feet and eyes closed d. Double-leg balance on stable surface, single-leg balance on foam pad, and double-leg stand on rocker board e. Double-leg mini-squat on stable surface, double-leg balance on tremor box, and single-leg stand on mini-trampoline

a. Double-leg balance on stable surface, double-leg balance on tremor box, and double-leg sit-to-stand from a stability ball

How is joint hypomobility addressed during rehabilitation? a. Dynamic splint, stretching, and joint mobilization b. Thermotherapy, high-voltage electrical stimulation, and taping c. ROM exercises, strengthening, and bracing d. Isometrics, strain-counterstrain, and traction e. Immobilization, cryotherapy, and dynamic stretching

a. Dynamic splint, stretching, and joint mobilization

If a patient's history includes chronic lower-leg pain and her current complaint is anterior knee pain, the athletic trainer might be led to believe what? a. Gait biomechanics may be a factor in both injuries. b. The patient is overtraining. c. The patient has poor nutrition. d. The patient is going through a growth spurt. e. The previous injury has not been healed.

a. Gait biomechanics may be a factor in both injuries.

What tactic can the athletic trainer use to ensure the patient performed exercises correctly during the home exercise portion of the plan? a. Have the patient demonstrate the home exercises. b. Have the patient video-record the exercise. c. Ask family members about compliance. d. Assume the patient remembered how to do them correctly. e. Quiz the patient on proper technique.

a. Have the patient demonstrate the home exercises.

Which modality is likely to stimulate the release of endorphins? a. High-intensity noxious TENS b. Massage c. Ultrasound d. Cryotherapy e. Biofeedback

a. High-intensity noxious TENS

Of the following diseases, which one can impair surgical wound healing? a. Hypertension b. GERD c. Asthma d. Celiac disease e. Colitis

a. Hypertension

What is the benefit of exercise for proprioception and agility? a. Improved neurovascular, neurosensory, and kinetic functions b. Improved strength, balance, and movement c. Enhanced motivation of patient d. Decreased chance of reinjury e. Improved speed and power

a. Improved neurovascular, neurosensory, and kinetic functions

What is a contraindication to the use of electrical stimulating currents? a. Infection b. Ligament disruption c. Edema d. Chronic pain e. Paresthesia

a. Infection

When can accelerated rehabilitation protocol be used if a patient has a fracture? a. Internally fixed fracture, compliant patient, and under the supervision of the athletic trainer b. A spiral fracture that is immobilized c. A long oblique fracture that shows signs of healing d. A comminuted fracture that is immobilized and the patient is on crutches

a. Internally fixed fracture, compliant patient, and under the supervision of the athletic trainer

What is the benefit of early aquatic physical therapy after shoulder surgery? a. It puts less stress on the tissues during active exercise. b. The buoyancy takes the patient through passive range of motion. c. The buoyancy supports the body weight of the patient, which allows the patient to not be concerned about having to keep the head out of the water. d. The water acts as mild agitation to the area without creating pain. e. The cooling effect of the water decreases temperature of the area to allow greater range of motion.

a. It puts less stress on the tissues during active exercise.

When using intermittent compression, what is the inflation pressure used for the lower leg? a. Less than 60 mmHg b. More than 80 mmHg c. 80 to 100 mmHg d. Less than 30 mmHg e. Less than 10 mmHg

a. Less than 60 mmHg

In an acute injury, what is the effect of superficial heat on circulation? a. No change b. Negative c. Positive d. Very negative e. Very positive

a. No change

The athletic trainer is evaluating a patient for a possible sacroiliac (SI) joint condition using the standing forward bend test. The patient bends forward and both of the athletic trainer's thumbs move inferiorly. What condition does this patient have? a. Outflare on both sides b. Inflare on both sides c. Hypermobility of the SI joint d. Pubic synthesis subluxation e. None. This is normal.

a. Outflare on both sides b. Inflare on both sides c. Hypermobility of the SI joint d. Pubic synthesis subluxation e. None. This is normal.

What are the return-to-participation criteria after a surgery to remove a bone fragment from a hamate fracture? a. Patient is pain tolerant and is wearing a splint or pad scar b. Patient has full range of motion, full strength, and healed scar c. Patient has no edema and is pain free d. Six weeks after surgery patient has full strength

a. Patient is pain tolerant and is wearing a splint or pad scar

How is a positive lateral tilt of the patella corrected using McConnell taping technique? a. Place tape at the middle of the patella, pull the strip medially, pull the medial soft tissue toward the patella, and anchor the tape on the medial femoral condyle. b. Place tape at the middle of the patella, pull the strip medially, and anchor the tape on the medial femoral condyle. c. Place tape at the middle of the patella, pull the strip laterally, pull the lateral soft tissue toward the patella, and anchor the tape on the lateral femoral condyle. d. Place tape at the lateral aspect of the patella, pull the strip medially, pull the medial soft tissue toward the patella, and anchor the tape on the medial femoral condyle. e. Place tape at the lateral inferior aspect of the patella, pull the strip medially upward, and anchor posteriorly on the hamstring.

a. Place tape at the middle of the patella, pull the strip medially, pull the medial soft tissue toward the patella, and anchor the tape on the medial femoral condyle.

Which of the following exercises should the athletic trainer prescribe for neuromuscular control once this patient is pain free? a. Prone Y exercises b. Prone W exercises c. Prone T exercises d. Weight shifting on a ball e. Body blade used in a kneeling position f. Isometric scapular retraction g. Dip h. Kneeling abduction and adduction motion on a slide board i. Wall push-up j. Kneeling counterclockwise circular motion on a slide board

a. Prone Y exercises b. Prone W exercises c. Prone T exercises d. Weight shifting on a ball e. Body blade used in a kneeling position h. Kneeling abduction and adduction motion on a slide board j. Kneeling counterclockwise circular motion on a slide board

Of the following exercises, which will help strengthen the middle and lower trapezius? a. Prone with arms abducted, then contract the shoulder blades to lift arms at shoulder joint into extension b. Supine with waist flexed over the edge of a table, then contract until the back is at neutral c. Standing facing the wall, shoulders and elbows flexed, then fully extending arms upward d. Standing with elbows extended at chest level while holding elastic tubing, which is secured to the wall; then elbows are flexed e. Standing with elbows flexed at waist level while holding elastic tubing, which is secured to the wall; then shoulders are externally rotated and abducted

a. Prone with arms abducted, then contract the shoulder blades to lift arms at shoulder joint into extension

A patient develops what appears to be cellulitis. What course of action should the athletic trainer take? a. Refer the patient to a physician for treatment. b. Apply hot packs to the area. c. Apply hot packs and an over-the-counter anti-inflammatory agent to the area. d. Apply compression and heat to the area and elevate the area. e. Apply compression to the area, elevate the area, and have the patient rest.

a. Refer the patient to a physician for treatment. Cellulitis is a common bacterial skin infection that causes redness, swelling, and pain in the infected area of the skin.

Which of the following is an example of an open kinetic chain exercise for the patellofemoral joint? a. Short arc with weights b. Wall sits c. Standing knee extension with elastic tubing resistance d. Lateral step-up e. Decline squat

a. Short arc with weights

When performing a volar glide on a patient's wrist, what are the positions of the stabilizing and mobilizing hands? a. Stabilizing hand is on the distal radius and ulna while the mobilizing hand grasps the distal carpal bones. b. Stabilizing hand grasps the proximal carpals and the mobilizing hand grasps the distal radius and ulna. c. Stabilizing hand grasps the radial and ulna 2 inches (5 cm) from the joint while the mobilizing hand grasps the distal carpal bones. d. Stabilizing hand grasps the proximal carpal bones while the mobilizing hand grasps the distal carpal bones. e. Stabilizing hand grasps the distal carpal bones while the mobilizing hand grasps the metacarpals.

a. Stabilizing hand is on the distal radius and ulna while the mobilizing hand grasps the distal carpal bones.

What non-invasive treatment is the most effective for relief of plantar fasciitis? a. Stretching the Achilles tendon and plantar fascia b. Icing c. Ultrasound d. Night splints e. Heel cushions

a. Stretching the Achilles tendon and plantar fascia

What is the treatment for a meniscal injury that will not be surgically repaired and there is little swelling, guarding, and an abnormal gait? a. Stretching, neuromuscular re-education, and gait training b. Crutches, hamstring strengthening, and OTC medications c. Range of motion, strengthening of hip abductors and adductors d. Stretching of gastrocnemius and soleus muscles and hamstring eccentric strengthening e. Squat exercises, patellar mobilization, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation

a. Stretching, neuromuscular re-education, and gait training

What are the positive outcomes of cardiovascular aquatic exercise for obese patients? a. The ability to reduce overheating, improved high-density lipoprotein, and a reduction in weight-bearing stress b. Increased body temperature, improved weight loss, increased buoyancy, and improved insulin uptake c. Improved VO2max, improved tissue perfusion, and fat stabilization d. Improved pulmonary function, reduction in blood serum cholesterol, and improved temperature regulation e. Increased cardiac output, improved flexibility, and hypotension

a. The ability to reduce overheating, improved high-density lipoprotein, and a reduction in weight-bearing stress

Which best describes the D2 PNF movement pattern for the upper extremity? a. The hand starts at the opposite hip with fingers flexed; movement takes the arm diagonally across the body and terminates in flexion, external rotation, and abduction with the fingers extended. b. The hand starts at the opposite hip with fingers extended; movement takes the arm diagonally across the body and terminates in flexion, external rotation, and abduction with the fingers flexed. c. The hand starts on the same-side hip with fingers extended; the arm moves diagonally across the body into flexion and internal rotation with fingers flexed. d. The hand starts on the same-side hip with fingers flexed; the arm moves diagonally across the body into flexion and internal rotation with fingers flexed. e. The hand starts at the opposite hip with fingers flexed; movement takes the arm straight up the body, ending in internal rotation and adduction with the fingers extended.

a. The hand starts at the opposite hip with fingers flexed; movement takes the arm diagonally across the body and terminates in flexion, external rotation, and abduction with the fingers extended.

A patient is immobilized and unable to engage in her total-body exercise program. Why should the athletic trainer have this patient engage in some exercise while not exacerbating the immobilized body part? a. The immobilization will cause the body to lose conditioning and it will extend the length of reconditioning. b. It will keep the patient motivated to accomplish daily activities. c. It will help the patient stay socially connected. d. It supports a goal-oriented patient. e. It keeps the patient from focusing on the injury itself.

a. The immobilization will cause the body to lose conditioning and it will extend the length of reconditioning.

A patient with the inability to climb stairs has a functional limitation. How might this functional limitation affect the patient's social functioning? a. The patient might not be able to work, interact with friends, or interact in a social community. b. There are no social limits. c. A patient might need to have family support based on the functional limitation. d. A patient might develop mental illness as a result of the functional limitatio

a. The patient might not be able to work, interact with friends, or interact in a social community.

When comparing one extremity to another in functional testing, how does the athletic trainer determine whether the patient passes or fails the goal? a. Use functional tests that best emulate the range of motion and strength necessary in the sport and count the errors made on both sides. b. Measure the range of motion, strength, and diameter of the muscles on both extremities. c. Measure the total effort by the patient as well as motivation to return. d. Have the patient demonstrate a functional test and grade the patient's pain scale and strength. e. Measure the range of motion, strength, and diameter of the muscles on both extremities. This is done with eyes open and again with eyes closed.

a. Use functional tests that best emulate the range of motion and strength necessary in the sport and count the errors made on both sides.

What type of exercise do youth prefer? a. Marathon running b. Circuit training c. Hour-long cycling d. Stair-stepping machines e. Long-distance swimming

b. Circuit training

What is the temperature and duration for a whole-body whirlpool treatment? a. 100 °F (37.7 °C) for 10 minutes b. 98 to 102 °F (37-39 °C) for 15 to 20 minutes c. 100 to 110 °F (37.7-43.3 °C) for 15 to 20 minutes d. 95 to 110 °F (35-43.3 °C) for 20 minutes e. 98.6 to 110 °F (37-43.3 °C) for 30 minutes

b. 98 to 102 °F (37-39 °C) for 15 to 20 minutes

When using heat along with stretching, there is a window of opportunity for effective stretching. How long is the stretching window after the removal of the heat therapy? a. 1 minute b. 3 minutes c. 10 minutes d. 30 minutes e. 1 hour

b. 3 minutes

When using electrical stimulation, the athletic trainer needs to re-educate a muscle. What wave form best creates muscle re-education? a. Interferential b. Biphasic or Russian c. Twin pulse d. Direct galvanic e. Interrupted direct current

b. Biphasic or Russian

What is the rehabilitation for olecranon bursitis? a. Compression wrap from distal to proximal, elevation, and ultrasound b. Cryotherapy, electrical stimulation, and compression sleeve c. Electrical stimulation and topical corticosteroids d. Analgesics, hot packs and wrist flexion, and extension isotonics e. No rehabilitation necessary; bursitis will resolve on its own

b. Cryotherapy, electrical stimulation, and compression sleeve

What factors influence a patient's pain perception and tolerance threshold? a. Age, sex, and weight b. Ethnicity, genetics, and sex c. Body composition, nutrition, and age d. Number of nociceptors, release of endogenous chemicals, and severity of injury e. Experience with an injury, number of pain receptors, and release of serotonin

b. Ethnicity, genetics, and sex

To prevent back injuries, what is the proper lifting technique to teach a patient? a. Feet together, knees bent, head up, shoulders rolled forward, and load close to body b. Feet shoulder-width apart, knees bent, head up, spine in neutral, and load close to body c. Feet shoulder-width apart and externally rotated, knees slightly bent, head up, spine in neutral and load away from body d. Feet shoulder-width apart, knees slightly bent, head forward, spine flat, and load placed on back e. Feet shoulder-width apart, knees bent, head up, spine in neutral, and elbows always flexed during lift

b. Feet shoulder-width apart, knees bent, head up, spine in neutral, and load close to body

How can an athletic trainer help a patient who has been diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux? a. Have the patient drink baking soda and water to neutralize the acid. b. Have the patient avoid food triggers and take antacids as needed. c. Have the patient eat foods with ginger to neutralize the acid. d. Have patient cease smoking and avoid carbonated drinks and mints. e. Place the patient on a weight-loss diet and have him tested for Helicobacter pylori.

b. Have the patient avoid food triggers and take antacids as needed.

When rehabilitating the forearm using wrist flexion exercises, how can the athletic trainer be sure that the forearm remains stable throughout the movement? a. Have the patient hold the forearm at 90°. b. Have the patient place the forearm on a table with the wrist off the edge. c. Use only light weights. d. Use manual resistance. e. Use isometrics.

b. Have the patient place the forearm on a table with the wrist off the edge.

When observing the antalgic gait of a patient, the hip is flexed at 30°. Which body part should be suspected as injured? a. Knee b. Hip c. Foot d. Ankle e. Pubic symphysis

b. Hip

What is the treatment cycle when using a contrast bath? a. Immerse in warm water for 3 to 4 minutes, then in cold water for 3 to 4 minutes. Repeat 4 times. b. Immerse in warm water for 3 to 4 minutes, then in cold water for 1 minute. Repeat 5 or 6 times. c. Immerse in cold water for 10 minutes, then in hot water for 10 minutes, and finally in cold water for 10 minutes. d. Immerse in cold water for 10 minutes, then in hot water for 10 minutes. e. Immerse in hot water for 5 minutes, in cold water for 5 minutes, and in hot water for 5 minutes.

b. Immerse in warm water for 3 to 4 minutes, then in cold water for 1 minute. Repeat 5 or 6 times.

What is the sensation sequence when cryotherapy is applied? a. Burning, numbness, and analgesia b. Intense cold, aching, and analgesia c. Cool to intense cold d. Tingling and intense cold

b. Intense cold, aching, and analgesia

A patient has muscular weakness in a specific angle of a joint. What activity should be used to engage the area of muscular weakness? a. Plyometrics b. Isometrics c. Isokinetics d. Isotonics with light weight and high repetitions e. Isotonics with heavy weights

b. Isometrics

What is the benefit of teaching muscle relaxation techniques to an acutely injured patient? a. It will alleviate anxiety. b. It provides relief of muscle guarding. c. It improves flexibility. d. It is a lifelong skill. e. It improves sleep.

b. It provides relief of muscle guarding.

What is the typical healing time line for articular cartilage? a. It takes six weeks for type II collagen to be present. b. It takes two months for type I collagen to be present and up to six months for type II. c. Proliferation occurs at the fourth week; total remodeling occurs at three months. d. Proliferation occurs at the second week; total remodeling occurs in a year. e. Proliferation occurs within seven days; total remodeling occurs within six weeks.

b. It takes two months for type I collagen to be present and up to six months for type II.

To ensure neutral positioning, what verbal cues does the athletic trainer need to give a patient who is doing lunges? a. Keep eyes straight ahead. b. Keep trunk erect and shoulders over hips. c. Tighten gluteal muscles. d. Stretch the back leg. e. Keep the forward leg at a 90° angle in the lunge.

b. Keep trunk erect and shoulders over hips.

When observing the antalgic gait of a patient, the knee is in flexion during midstance, and during the swing phase the hip hikes as the patient goes up on the toes of the uninvolved leg to bring the involved leg through. What is the suspected body part that has been injured? a. Hip b. Knee c. Ankle d. Foot e. Sacroiliac joint

b. Knee

Which of the following conditions is cause for precaution when using diathermy? a. Diabetes b. Obesity c. Hypertension d. Infection e. Poor circulation

b. Obesity

Which finger splint can be used to create extension as part of rehabilitation of the proximal interphalangeal joint? a. Stack splint b. Louise M. Barbour (LMB) splint c. Spica splint d. Cock-up splint e. Capener splint

b. Louise M. Barbour (LMB) splint

Which electrical unit would be selected to heal tissue with low-current intensity? a. Transcutaneous electrical stimulator b. Microcurrent electrical nerve stimulator c. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulator d. Neuromuscular electrical stimulator e. Ultrasound with electrical stimulation

b. Microcurrent electrical nerve stimulator

When using iontophoresis, the athletic trainer would like to soften the tissues. What ion should be used, and what pad should it be placed on? a. Positive ions on the positive pole b. Positive ions on the negative pole c. Negative ions on the positive pole d. Negative ions on the negative pole e. Ion type does not matter but it must be at the positive pole

b. Positive ions on the negative pole

A patient is performing an Achilles tendon stretch on an incline board. What typical substitution might this patient use that would make this stretch less effective? a. Supinate the foot. b. Pronate the foot. c. Drop the hip. d. Lean too far forward. e. Lift toes into hyperextension.

b. Pronate the foot.

What are the benefits of low-level laser therapy? a. Slows cancerous growth and improves wound healing b. Reduces pain and decreases scar tissue c. Increases range of motion and decreases inflammation d. Heals bones and improves sensory functioning e. Improves tensile strength of scars and increases circulation

b. Reduces pain and decreases scar tissue

What is the most effective way to use a foam roller or massage roller to reduce a trigger point? a. Use rhythmic movement the length of the muscle involved. b. Roll the length of the muscle but spend more time on the most tender areas. c. Roll the length of the muscle but focus on the areas to either side of the most tender areas. d. Use a rhythmic movement but only over the tender area. e. Place the roller directly over the tender area and vibrate the roller.

b. Roll the length of the muscle but spend more time on the most tender areas.

Why does the Achilles tendon usually rupture at a point 2 to 6 cm proximal to the insertion? a. This is where the heel counter of a shoe applies pressure. b. The blood supply is poorest in this area. c. The tensile strength is weakest at this point. d. There is less ligamentous supportive tissue in this area. e. There is the least amount of synovial fluid in this area.

b. The blood supply is poorest in this area.

A patient has a skinfold thickness of 20 to 30 mm. What is the duration of cryotherapy treatment for this patient compared to the duration for a patient with a skinfold thickness of 20 mm or less? a. Both receive 20-minute treatment to achieve the same goal. b. The greater the skinfold, the greater the duration to achieve the same goal. c. The patient with the lesser skinfold thickness requires less than 20 minutes of treatment for the same goal. d. The patient with the lesser skinfold thickness requires more than 20 minutes of treatment for the same goal. e. The greater the skinfold, the lesser the duration to achieve the same goal.

b. The greater the skinfold, the greater the duration to achieve the same goal.

When an athlete is traveling out of state with prescription medications, who is legally responsible for these during transportation? a. The athletic trainer b. The team physician c. The pharmacist d. The athlete for whom the medication is prescribed e. The receiving team's physician

b. The team physician

When using ultrasound, what happens to the waves when they come in contact with bone? a. The waves dissipate. b. The waves traverse along the bone. c. The waves continue longitudinally through the bone. d. The waves refract and travel back to soft tissues. e. The waves accumulate and become more focused

b. The waves traverse along the bone.

What can be done to increase the depth of heating by an infrared heating lamp? a. Place the head of the lamp closer to the skin. b. Use a moist towel between the head of the lamp and the skin. c. Use a dry towel between the head of the lamp and the skin. d. Increase the amplitude of the heat. e. Increase the duration of the heat.

b. Use a moist towel between the head of the lamp and the skin.

When can plyometrics be incorporated into a patient's rehabilitation program? a. When the patient has full range of motion, balance, and no edema b. When the patient has normal strength and flexibility and is pain free in functional testing c. When the patient has full strength and range of motion as well as no heart or pulmonary condition d. When the patient is over the age of 14 and has full range of motion and strength e. When the patient has movement in one plane of motion

b. When the patient has normal strength and flexibility and is pain free in functional testing

When making a doughnut pad for a blister on the foot, what type of material should be used? a. Layered moleskin b. Neoprene c. 1/8- or 1/4-inch (~3 or 6 mm) felt or foam d. 1/4- or 1/2-inch (~6 or 12 mm) felt or foam e. Silicone

c. 1/8- or 1/4-inch (~3 or 6 mm) felt or foam

When applying joint mobilization to the glenohumeral joint, what is the loose-packed position it needs to be in? a. Arm at the side b. Full abduction c. 30° horizontal adduction and 55° abduction d. 90° shoulder flexion e. 15° shoulder adduction and internal rotation

c. 30° horizontal adduction and 55° abduction

When irrigating a wound, what is the proper pressure for safe removal of debris? a. Greater than 20 pounds per square inch b. 7 to 20 pounds per square inch c. 4 to 15 pounds per square inch d. 3 pounds per square inch e. 1 pound per square inch

c. 4 to 15 pounds per square inch

What leg-length difference will result in abnormal gait biomechanics and predispose patients to overuse injuries? a. 1 mm b. 3 mm c. 7 mm d. Only congenital leg-length differences cause gait biomechanical issues e. Only leg-length differences caused by an upslip cause gait biomechanical issues

c. 7 mm

What is the non-surgical treatment for a Baker's popliteal cyst? a. Anti-inflammatory drugs, knee immobilizer, and physical therapy b. Rest, cryotherapy, and knee immobilizer c. Anti-inflammatory drugs, compression, and physical therapy d. Four-way straight-leg raises, quadriceps and hamstring contractions, and elevation e. Popliteal massage, gastrocnemius stretching, and cryotherapy

c. Anti-inflammatory drugs, compression, and physical therapy

What is the proper procedure when using vapocoolant spray to stretch the lateral aspect of the neck? a. Apply zigzag sweeps of the spray over the length of the muscle while holding tension on the muscle. b. Apply small sweeps of spray over the trigger point of the muscle while holding tension on the muscle. c. Apply two to five parallel sweeps of spray over the length of the muscle from origin to insertion while holding tension and a passive stretch on the muscle. d. Apply two to five parallel sweeps of spray over the length of the muscle while holding traction on the head. e. Apply two to five parallel sweeps of spray over the length of the muscle; have the patient actively stretch the neck away from the coolant.

c. Apply two to five parallel sweeps of spray over the length of the muscle from origin to insertion while holding tension and a passive stretch on the muscle.

What conditions can be treated by low-dye taping support? a. Great toe strain and bunions b. Metatarsal arch strain and plantar neuroma c. Arch strain and plantar fasciitis d. Excessive supination and hyperextension of the great toe e. Calcaneal contusion and pes cavus

c. Arch strain and plantar fasciitis

How does the athletic trainer know that scar tissue is still in the remodeling process? a. Based on the amount of time b. Based on the range of motion in the scar c. Based on the red color being brighter than surroundings d. Based on lack of paresthesia of the scar itself e. Based on the adhesion to the surface below

c. Based on the red color being brighter than surroundings

What will Bodyblade exercise support in a patient with a wrist injury? a. Aerobic fitness b. Flexibility c. Co-contraction of the entire upper extremity d. Agility e. Power

c. Co-contraction of the entire upper extremity

The following statements are what form of therapy? "This is never going to work. I don't see any changes. Stop it. Relax. This will take some time. I will see more change if I keep working hard." a. Relaxation b. Visualization c. Cognitive restructuring d. Goal orientation e. Intervention therapy

c. Cognitive restructuring

Which best describes the progression through the rehabilitation process? a. Control pain, control swelling, restore range of motion, restore stability, restore functional activity, restore sport-specific activity. b. Control pain, control swelling, restore stability, restore range of motion, restore functional activity, restore sport-specific activity. c. Control swelling, control pain, restore full range of motion, restore strength, restore stability, restore functional activity, restore sport-specific activity. d. Control swelling, control pain, restore strength, restore stability, restore full range of motion, restore functional activity, restore sport-specific activity. e. Control swelling, control pain, restore full range of motion, restore stability, restore strength, restore functional activity, restore sport-specific activity.

c. Control swelling, control pain, restore full range of motion, restore strength, restore stability, restore functional activity, restore sport-specific activity.

A patient is working to improve core strength by performing sit-ups but finds that clasping the hands behind the neck causes neck pain. What modification can this patient do in this exercise to decrease the neck pain and still properly do a sit-up? a. Hands clasped behind the head, knees straight b. Hands clasped behind the head, knees bent c. Hands across the chest, knees bent d. Hands under the low back e. Hands under buttocks

c. Hands across the chest, knees bent

What is the physiological action of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)? a. Increase prostaglandin production, which increases the permeability of vascular system to allow removal of by-products from the injury. b. Increase prostaglandin production, which increases the permeability of vascular system to allow fibroblasts to increase healing time. c. Inhibit prostaglandin production, which causes a reduction in edema. d. Encourage proliferation of collagen. e. Encourage phagocyte production to remove by-products of the injury.

c. Inhibit prostaglandin production, which causes a reduction in edema.

For patients with busy schedules, how can the athletic trainer ensure compliance with the home exercise program? a. Emphasize the importance of compliance. b. Have the patient do the exercises at lunch or on a break while at work. c. Prioritize exercises so that the patient completes the most critical exercises. d. Have the patient work with a friend. e. Have the patient do the exercises before the work day starts.

c. Prioritize exercises so that the patient completes the most critical exercises.

What is the focus when doing functional rehabilitation for the shoulder joint? a. Range of motion b. Strength c. Proprioception and neuromuscular control d. Spatial awareness e. Vascularization

c. Proprioception and neuromuscular control

What are the physiological changes that result from resistance training? a. Muscle fiber size and capillary density increase. b. Fat-free mass decreases and muscular strength increases. c. Stored ATP and bone strength increase. d. Lean body fat and stored glycogen increase. e. Mitochondrial density increases and aerobic capacity improves.

c. Stored ATP and bone strength increase.

In the first three weeks after a Bankart repair, what are the limitations for range of motion (ROM)? a. The patient can have active ROM to 90° flexion but not abduction or external rotation. b. The patient can have passive ROM to 90° flexion, 60° abduction, and 30° external rotation. c. The patient can have active assistive ROM to 90° flexion and 60° abduction but no external rotation. d. The patient can have active ROM to 90° flexion and extension. e. The patient can have active ROM to 180° flexion and 60° extension but no external rotation.

c. The patient can have active assistive ROM to 90° flexion and 60° abduction but no external rotation.

When using an isokinetic device, how does the athletic trainer determine power endurance? a. The repetitions are counted in a 5-minute test period. b. The repetitions are counted in a 3-minute test period. c. The repetitions are counted from the highest peak torque to 50% of peak torque. d. The speed of the repetitions is measured. e. The repetitions are counted until the athlete's extremity is completely fatigued.

c. The repetitions are counted from the highest peak torque to 50% of peak torque.

Translate the following statement into layman's terms: Rx: Tx lumbar spine tid a. Use medication and treat the low back two times per day. b. Use medication and treat the low back three times per day. c. Treatment intervention: traction of the low back three times per day. d. Treatment intervention: traction of the low back two times per day. e. Regarding this patient: traction of the low back three times per day.

c. Treatment intervention: traction of the low back three times per day.

How does the athletic trainer determine where the motor point of a muscle is located? a. Over the sorest area in the muscle b. Using a motor point chart c. Using a motor point chart and moving the electrode of the muscle d. Using a dermatome chart e. Using a dispersive pad over the largest area

c. Using a motor point chart and moving the electrode of the muscle

In the remodeling phase of healing, what should the goals of rehabilitation be? a. Decrease edema and increase range of motion and isokinetics. b. Decrease pain and edema and begin active resistive exercise away from area of injury. c. Begin passive range of motion, PNF, and balance. d. Begin balance, agility, and resistive exercises. e. Begin plyometrics, pain control, and stretching.

d. Begin balance, agility, and resistive exercises.

What forms of therapy can be used when working with postural abnormalities? a. Footwear modifications and mobilization b. Range of motion and stretching c. Elevation and mobilization d. Biofeedback and strengthening e. Modification of activity and immobilization

d. Biofeedback and strengthening

Of the following diseases and disorders, which is most likely to impair the healing process post-surgery? a. Anemia b. Bulimia nervosa c. Chlamydia d. Diabetes e. Endometriosis

d. Diabetes

The athletic trainer provides the following piece of information to the physician a patient is being referred to for additional assessment: "Pt. wears an ankle brace when walking." In which category of documentation does this piece of information fall? a. Social and health habits b. Medical and health habits c. Current conditions and chief complaint d. Functional status and activity level e. Living environment

d. Functional status and activity level

A patient with balance problems cannot perform the selected balance activity on a balance board. The patient has performed the balance task on foam previously. What modification can be done to assist this patient through the balance program and continue to progress? a. Have the patient go back to using foam balance. b. Increase the muscular strength of the hips before using the balance board. c. Have the patient seated while using the balance board. d. Have the patient lightly touch a wall while using the balance board. e. Have the patient stand close to a wall and facing it and focus on one spot while using the balance board.

d. Have the patient lightly touch a wall while using the balance board.

Which of the following physiological variables increases with detraining? a. Blood volume b. Muscle cross-sectional area c. VO2max d. Heart rate e. Mitochondrial size

d. Heart rate

What is the benefit of imagery as part of the rehabilitation program? a. Imagery helps the patient concentrate on the exercise. b. Imagery enhances visual acuity. c. Imagery makes the patient believe the rehabilitation is going faster. d. Imagery can reduce pain and stress. e. Imagery improves compliance with the rehabilitation program.

d. Imagery can reduce pain and stress

What type of brace or immobilization is best for post-surgical rotator cuff repair that requires abduction of 35°? a. Sling b. Sling and swathe c. Figure-eight wrap d. Immobilizer brace e. Over-the-shoulder brace with expandable cuff

d. Immobilizer brace

What are the physiological effects of thermotherapy? a. Extreme anesthetic effects and decreased muscle spasm b. Increased muscle tone and increased leukocytes c. Decreased formation of edema and decreased muscle spindle depolarization d. Increased capillary permeability and increased lymphatic drainage e. Decreased metabolism and vasodilation of capillaries

d. Increased capillary permeability and increased lymphatic drainage

Which law of electromagnetic energy is best described by the following statement? "The intensity of radiation striking the surface will vary inversely with the square of the distance from the source." a. Principle of refraction b. Arndt-Schultz law c. Grotthus-Draper law d. Inverse square law e. Cosine law

d. Inverse square law

What is the one main advantage of using daily adjustable progressive resistive exercise (DAPRE) technique over others in the rehabilitation process? a. It is adjustable. b. It provides flexibility in changing daily weights. c. It provides fewer repetitions. d. It leads to rapid strength gains. e. There are no maximum strength gains.

d. It leads to rapid strength gains

What exercise can be used to increase strength in a preoperative ACL reconstruction patient? a. Ankle pump b. Passive knee flexion c. Walking d. Lunge e. Plyometrics

d. Lunge

What type of breathing should a patient do when performing a core stabilization exercise? a. Holding the breath b. Inhaling on initiation of exercise and exhaling on relaxation c. Exhaling on initiation of exercise and inhaling on relaxation d. Normal breathing e. Holding the breath on initiation of exercise and exhaling on relaxation

d. Normal breathing

To ensure infection control in an exercise pool, what method(s) should be used? a. Check the pH daily. b. Have chlorine levels slightly higher than required. c. Have a larger-than-recommended filtering system installed. d. Patients with known infections cannot use the pool. e. Use a bacterial infection control chemical additive daily.

d. Patients with known infections cannot use the pool

A patient with a knee injury is having difficulty getting to full extension after ACL surgery. What form of therapy can aid in this process? a. Wall and heel slide b. Seated leg hang c. Seated leg hang with weights d. Prone hang with leg weights e. Standing wobble board movement

d. Prone hang with leg weights

A patient's family is not supportive and might even refuse to help with compliance in the exercise program. What should the athletic trainer do to minimize the family's negative impact? a. Refer the family to counseling to improve their support. b. Hold a meeting and emphasize the importance of their support. c. Find a family member who is most supportive and encourage that person to motivate the patient. d. Provide additional support and times for this patient to come into the clinical setting. e. Have the physician intervene and assertively engage family members.

d. Provide additional support and times for this patient to come into the clinical setting.

What improvements will be seen by using Codman's pendulum exercises? a. Increased strength and muscle relaxation b. Improved range of motion and proprioception c. Improved muscle extensibility and reduction of joint hypomobility d. Reduced pain sensation, stretching of the joint capsule, and minimized faulty scapular motion e. Improved mobility, improved motor control, and myofascial strengthening

d. Reduced pain sensation, stretching of the joint capsule, and minimized faulty scapular motion

What factors should influence the selection of a reconditioning activity for an athlete? a. Age, weight, and sex of the athlete b. Previous conditioning level of the athlete c. The current level of incapacitation and length of time before anticipated return to activity d. Specific movement patterns and demands of the activity the athlete will return to e. The current resting heart rate and the upper level of target heart rate for an athlete in that sport

d. Specific movement patterns and demands of the activity the athlete will return to

When using a knee immobilizer, how are the straps applied? a. Straps are placed from inferior to superior. b. Start with the most inferior strap, then strap the most superior strap, then in an alternating pattern from inferior to superior complete strapping. c. Start with the most superior strap, then strap the most inferior strap, then in an alternating pattern from superior to inferior complete strapping. d. Start with the strap superior to the patella, then tighten the strap just inferior to the patella, then use alternating pattern until all straps are completed. e. Place straps from superior to inferior.

d. Start with the strap superior to the patella, then tighten the strap just inferior to the patella, then use alternating pattern until all straps are completed.

Which form of imaging is best for determining the size of the gap in a complete rupture of the Achilles tendon? a. MRI b. CAT scan c. X ray d. Ultrasound e. X ray with contrast

d. Ultrasound

If a patient has difficulty determining whether symptoms are stable, how should the athletic trainer proceed through the exercise program for this patient? a. Stay with the same treatment plan and push through any barriers. b. Stay with the same treatment plan but change if the patient complains of pain. c. Stop all exercise for that particular day. d. Use a slower progression for this day. e. Have the patient decide what he wants to do for exercise.

d. Use a slower progression for this day.

How is a compression pad applied to the dorsal hand to reduce swelling from a contusion? a. Using a 0.5-inch (1.2 cm) open-celled foam, cut a hole at least 1 inch (2.5 cm) greater than the contusion. Hold the pad in place with elastic tape. b. Using a 0.5-inch (1.2 cm) close-celled foam, cut a hole at least 1 inch (2.5 cm) greater than the contusion. Hold the pad in place with elastic tape. c. Using a 0.5-inch (1.2 cm) open-celled felt, cut a hole at least 0.5 inch (1.2 cm) greater than the contusion. Hold the pad in place with elastic tape. d. Using a 0.5-inch (1.2 cm) open-celled foam, cut a piece of foam large enough to cover the metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) and wrist. Hold the pad in place with elastic tape. e. Using a 0.5-inch (1.2 cm) open-celled foam, cut a piece only the size of the contusion. Hold the pad in place with elastic tape.

d. Using a 0.5-inch (1.2 cm) open-celled foam, cut a piece of foam large enough to cover the metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) and wrist. Hold the pad in place with elastic tape.

Why are aging patients more prone than younger patients to overuse injuries? a. Older people are usually overweight. b. Older people are more motivated to get into shape, so they exercise harder. c. Older people's musculature lacks flexibility and joints lack range of motion. d. An older person's body no longer regulates heat, causing lack of range of motion. e. An older person's tissue has less tissue tensile strength and tissues take longer to adapt to stress.

e. An older person's tissue has less tissue tensile strength and tissues take longer to adapt to stress.

What are the most common injury emotions that athletes have? a. Anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance b. Frustration, optimism, and fear c. Disappointment, acceptance, and happiness d. Surprise, agitation, and lack of emotion e. Anxiety, tension, depression, anger, boredom, and fatigue

e. Anxiety, tension, depression, anger, boredom, and fatigue

Low-back traction is recommended for which of the following conditions? a. Joint hypomobility and spinal cord compression b. Rheumatoid arthritis and adhesions c. Infection of the spine and foraminal stenosis d. Disk degeneration and acute low-back pain e. Compression of nerve roots and disk protrusion

e. Compression of nerve roots and disk protrusion

The healing process of a fracture is best described by which of the following? a. Chondrocytes proliferate and synthesize a matrix. There is granulation of tissue into a callus where osteoblasts harden into bone. b. Vascular proliferation of the bone occurs. Fibroblastic activity begins. A fibrin clot is formed and bridging from one side of the bone to the other occurs. Remodeling occurs: the tissue is soft and eventually hardens over 6 weeks. c. Fibroblasts infill the space between the bone sites. Callus forms within the site starting as soft cartilage. Osteoclasts harden the callus into bone. d. Osteoclasts remove debris from the fracture site. Fibroblasts lay down an initial layer of fiber. Osteoblasts infiltrate the site and form bone. e. Fibroblasts lay down a fibrous collagen network. Chondroblasts produce fibrocartilage, creating callus. The callus firms up and osteoblasts proliferate within the callus and form bone trabeculae. The callus crystallizes into bone.

e. Fibroblasts lay down a fibrous collagen network. Chondroblasts produce fibrocartilage, creating callus. The callus firms up and osteoblasts proliferate within the callus and form bone trabeculae. The callus crystallizes into bone.

When using manual traction in an attempt to break a pain-spasm-pain cycle, which of the following best describes this progression? a. Medium traction in neutral position, rotation, and lateral bending b. Significant traction in neutral position, rotation, and lateral bending c. Gentle traction in neutral position, rotation, and lateral bending d. Gentle traction in neutral position, rotation, and lateral bending first to the injured side e. Gentle traction in neutral position, rotation, and lateral bending first to the non-injured side

e. Gentle traction in neutral position, rotation, and lateral bending first to the non-injured side

What muscles need to be stretched when a patient has a piriformis syndrome? a. Gracilis, adductor magnus, sartorius, and popliteal b. Gastrocnemius, soleus, hamstring, and piriformis c. Popliteal, hamstrings, quadriceps, and piriformis d. Hamstring, gluteus, piriformis, and erector spinae e. Gluteal, piriformis, iliotibial band, and hamstring

e. Gluteal, piriformis, iliotibial band, and hamstring

A patient with a temporomandibular joint (TMJ) tracking problem is given a home exercise program. How can the patient ensure that the movement of the jaw during the exercises is straight? a. The teeth align on opening and closing. b. The jaw will not click during proper tracking. c. Movement should be slow and deliberate. d. Use a tongue depressor aligned with the tip of the nose and chin and ensure the path of the movement rubs the same spot with each opening and closure. e. Have the patient watch the movement in a mirror

e. Have the patient watch the movement in a mirror

What therapeutic modality is best used to limit hemorrhage as a result of a quadriceps contusion? a. Trigger point therapy b. Compression unit c. Laser d. Ultrasound and stimulation e. High-voltage galvanic stimulation

e. High-voltage galvanic stimulation

What condition can develop as a result of an abnormal kinematic relationship between the glenohumeral and scapulothoracic joints? a. Bursitis b. Arthritis c. Labrum tears d. Winged scapula e. Impingement

e. Impingement

Why is it important that the athletic trainer include the patient's goals as part of the overall rehabilitation plan? a. The patient should have a constant reminder of the final goals. b. If the patient is not compliant, the athletic trainer can remind the patient of his or her goals. c. The patient needs to feel like he or she is being heard. d. The athletic trainer needs to determine if the goal is realistic. e. It demonstrates the importance of the patient and improves the patient's buy-in to the plan of care.

e. It demonstrates the importance of the patient and improves the patient's buy-in to the plan of care.

How does an electromyographic biofeedback unit support a patient who has atrophy post-surgery? a. It reduces inflammation during strain-counterstrain. b. It increases circulation, opening areas of vasoconstriction. c. It activates the muscle via neurological pathways. d. It makes a noise when movement occurs. e. It provides positive feedback when the neural pathways are activated.

e. It provides positive feedback when the neural pathways are activated

When bracing a patient after an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, what is the range of motion the knee should be able to move through? a. 0 to 15° flexion b. 0 to 30° flexion c. 0 to 45° flexion d. 0 to 90° flexion e. Locked into extension

e. Locked into extension

Which therapeutic modality can be used to stimulate large-diameter afferent fibers to treat pain? a. Warm hydrocollator pack b. Ice massage c. Ultrasound d. Biofeedback e. Massage

e. Massage

Which phonophoresis medium conducts ultrasonic waves best? a. White petroleum jelly b. Hydrocortisone at 1% c. Hydrocortisone at 10% d. Hydrocortisone at 10% mixed with ultrasonic gel e. Mineral oil

e. Mineral oil

How often should a counterforce brace be worn in a case of acute lateral epicondylitis? a. All the time b. All day long but never during sleep c. Before and 20 minutes after painful activities d. During all activities e. Only during painful activities

e. Only during painful activities

In the early stages of treatment for scapular dyskinesis, what form of scapular motion exercise is acceptable? a. Arm abduction wall slide to 90° b. Arm flexion wall slide to 90° c. Overhead flexion of the shoulder d. Stretching of the shoulder in forward flexion and internal rotation e. Scapular retraction isometrics

e. Scapular retraction isometrics

When educating a patient on exercise program, the athletic trainer sends the patient home with a brochure explaining each exercise. To ensure clarity of the exercises, what should the brochure show and explain? a. Starting and ending positions b. Starting position and an explanation c. Starting position, arrows for direction, and an explanation d. Starting position, arrows for direction, ending position, and an explanation e. Starting position, arrows for direction, ending position, an explanation, and any modifications of the exercise

e. Starting position, arrows for direction, ending position, an explanation, and any modifications of the exercise

When reconditioning a patient, agility is important. Which shows a progression from beginner- to advanced-level agility? a. Carioca, one-leg support, trampoline jumping, lunge b. Stork stand while playing catch with a ball, step-up, stork stand on half foam roller c. Tandem stance with eyes closed, forward-backward jumping, wobble board d. Plyometrics, command jumping, step-up e. Stork stand with eyes closed, one-leg hop, lateral hop

e. Stork stand with eyes closed, one-leg hop, lateral hop

What is the purpose of cervical retraction? a. To strengthen the posterior cervical musculature b. To strengthen the anterior and posterior cervical musculature c. To create hypermobility in the cervical spine d. To treat vertigo e. To stretch the posterior cervical muscle and improve posture

e. To stretch the posterior cervical muscle and improve posture

What is a common error that a patient makes when doing a muscle energy technique? a. Relaxing too long between contractions b. Holding the contraction too long c. Not doing proper stretching after muscle energy technique d. Not drinking enough fluid to carry away toxins e. Using too much force during contraction

e. Using too much force during contraction

Which is an example of a closed-chain exercise in the pool? a. Freestyle kicking while holding the pool edge b. Swimming using hand paddles c. Kicking with swim fins d. Deep-water running with a flotation device e. Walking on the pool bottom

e. Walking on the pool bottom

When should the athletic trainer stop exercises of a patient who is using a Swiss ball? a. If the patient has a lot of body hair b. If the patient has lotion on the body part that is being exercised c. When using the ball on a hard surface d. If the patient gets tired at the end of a set e. When the patient bounces on the ball while rotating the spine

e. When the patient bounces on the ball while rotating the spine

At what point can a patient be progressed to another level in the exercise program? a. When the patient can do two sets of the same exercise b. When the patient can do three sets of the same exercise c. When the patient can do three sets of the same exercise without experiencing pain or swelling d. When the patient can do two sessions in a row without experiencing symptoms e. When the patient can do three sessions in a row without experiencing symptoms

e. When the patient can do three sessions in a row without experiencing symptoms