Tundra Biome

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Average Yearly Range Temperature

-30 F in winter and 37-54 F in summer.

Average Yearly Precipitation

6 to 10 inches.

Fish of the tundra

Arctic char Salmon Grayling

Mammals of the tundra

Arctic wolf Tundra grizzly bear Arctic fox Caribou

Abiotic factors of the arctic tundra

Extremely low temperatures (-70 to a summer high in the 70s or 80s) Very short growing season (from 3 weeks in some areas to 6 weeks in others) Light for half the year while dark the other half. The constant sunshine in the summer does cause some plants to thrive even though the growing season is short. Low precipitation - could be considered a desert if it had a warmer temperature.

Arctic Fox

Has a long and bushy tail for warmth, their feet are lined with fur to conserve heat.

Animal Biotic Factors

Huddle in groups Seek shelter Curl up in a ball to reduce surface area exposed to cold.

Animal adaptations to the tundra

Insulation Bergman's law Polar whiteness syndrome

Insulation

Material used to restrict the flow of heat, cold, or sound from one surface to another.

Plant adaptations

Short and bunched together - keeps them out of the wind. 99% of plants are annual - don't have to waste time each year starting over. Ephemerals - plants that grow quickly when the conditions are right, spend harsh times of the year as seeds, or dormant.

Birds of the tundra

Snowy owl Willow ptarmigan Buntings

The climate both wet and dry

The Tundra

Arctic & Alpine

The Two Major Tundras

Organisms not found in the tundra

There are no reptiles and amphibians found in the arctic tundra,

Grizzly Bear

Thick coat with layers of fat and they hibernate.

Polar Bear

Thick layer of blubber, hallow shafts of their hair provide insulation, short ears and tail reduces heat loss, long necks so their heads stay above water when swimming.

Elevation & Altitude

This diagram explains the connection between

Insulation Bergmans law Polar whiteness syndrome

This owl demonstrates all three of these traits

Polar whiteness syndrome

change to white color in winter. Adds camouflage as well as warmth. White fur and feathers are better insulators and white radiates less heat.

Bergman's law

farther from the equator, the larger the body size

Tundra Biome

is basically a grassland with no dominant species

Alpine

is found in mountainous areas above tree line

Arctic

is located in the far north.

Hibernation

is not very prominent. Bears are not true hibernators.

permafrost

is permanently frozen soil

Migration

is very prominent (leave the area) - caribou, water fowl, with carnivores following the herds.

All Vegetation in the tundra is

low to the ground. There are no proper trees

Tundra plant species

must be adapted for dry conditions as well as freezing cold.

Plant's 2 major problems

the cold and drying out

Permafrost prevents

water from soaking into the ground


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