TX HIST Exam 1 (Ch.1-6)

Texan siege of San Antonio

34 days. Austin tried to order attack, subordinates didn't listen. Surrounded San A and took supplies and intercepted spies. Austin relinquished command to Burleson. Grass fight: Deaf Smith saw cavalry approaching San A. Texans broke out from between 2 mex armies, caught pack animals (supposed to be carrying gold) only carrying grass "Who will go with Ben Milam to San A?" - 300 volunteers - stormed, took house by house. Mexicans mutinied. Cos surrendered, allowed to retreat back across the border.

Agricultural Revolution

600-900 AD- steady agriculture lead to explosion of economics, religion, trade and politics. With surer food supplies, large populations coalesced along the major river systems. Wtihin 500 yrs, large cities holding thousands of people

Texas Secession (ShA)

Against Houston's constant disapproval and attempt to stop the meeting, Texas voted and succeeded with the confederacy.

James C. Neill

Alamo commander (but left b4 massacre), assisted Ben Milam in the siege of San Antonio by creating distractions and pinning down the Mexican army. After that, he was sent by Sam Houston to set up defenses at the Alamo, and also commanded the "Twin Sisters" cannons that helped win the final battle of the Revolution, the Battle at San Jacinto.

John D. Bradburn

Anglo merc serving Mex army, tried to get anglos in line, had issues, arrested Will B. Travis

"Cart Wars"

Anglos saw Tejanos as economic competition. Would attack carts that came in from coast to interior state. When Tejanos fought back, military protected Anglos. Resentment built

Hernando de Soto

Another brutal explorer, landing in Florida, killing thousands on his way to TX. Died @ MS river

impact of horses

Became a competitor with the buffalo for grass. Added to hunting abilities and many other things in daily life for the Native Americans

The Neutral Ground

Between Sabine and Arroyo Hondo river - established when Spanish Soldiers kept catching scientific expeditions venturing into Texas (Spec. James Wilkinson)

Santa Anna's siege of the Alamo

Bombarded by Mex forces for days, but actual battle only lasted 30min. March 6. Only 7 survived attack but then were executed Santa A lost 600 men

Midland Minnie

Bones of a woman unearthed in Midland County that are thought to be the oldest remains ever found in the Western Hemisphere, possibly dating back 37,000 years. Called a paleoindian

Slavery during the early statehood period (ShA)

Brutal, thought they were being good paternal figures to help the slaves Slaves centered around familiy life, non-violent disobedience Most wanted slavery because helped with farms

Compare and Contrast NA groups (ShA)

Caddo: E Texas, mainly agriculture, built towns with very specific social structure Jumanos: SW Texas, nomads along Rio Grande, focused on trading, good travelers Comanche: Hill country, more violent, raided other towns, nomads, council chiefs Karankawas: Gulf coast, 5 tribal divisons, nomads moving when resources exhausted

Francisco Vásquez de Coronado expedition (ShA)

Came upon zuni in NM, read them something they couldn't understand and killed them all. First explorers to discover Palo Duro canyon and Grand Canyon, left wake of death and destruction his whole path

Louis Juchereau de St. Denis

Canadian trader sent to open trade with the Caddo tribes, was arrested by Spanish Authorities, but convinced them France and Spain could work together

Centralists and Federalists

Centralists (conservatives): aristocracy, people gvt favored in colonial times. Wanted a traditional monarchy and strong central government Federalists (liberals): favored republic where states would have wide powers

Juan Cortina

Champion for Tejanos- his family lost their land in Brownsville. Killed a white marshall- declaring war on Anglos, but quickly retreated to mexico when reinforcements arrived

William B. Travis

Co-commander at Alamo, basically main one after Bowie got sick, begged for reinforcements but stood strong, knowing this was a key battle to stopping/slowing Santa Anna

Green De Witt

Colony empresario, next to Austin's colony, with a contract that required him to bring in a certain number of immigrants.

Republic of Fredonia/Fredonian Rebellion

Colony near Nacogdoches. Edwards showed contempt for Mexican law, refused mayoral election, land grant annulled. Tried to establish that Republic of Fredonia was an independent nation. Edwards fled and rebellion crumbled. First of many examples of Americans moving in and not abiding by Mexican law

American Triad/Three Sisters

Corn, Beans, and Squash -- Grew well together and fertilized each other -- reason for agricultural revolution

Álvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca time in Texas/impact of his report (ShA)

Crashed on island, native americans helped, negotiated his way through the rest of TX, really explained tribes, benevolence and malevolence, started legend of 7 cities of cebola

Augustín de Iturbide

Criollo, conservative, wanted to keep the old order. Switched his allegiance to Guerrero, wrote up the Plan of Iguala, forced viceroy to resign, paved his way to the crown (although only lasted a year)

Texas Colonization Law

Deal to recognize Austin's colony, after old government fell. Then that government fell, but Austin's remained only legit recognized colony under TCL

Clovis Point

Distinct arrowhead found near Clovis, NM that was the main spearhead used for five hundred years to hunt mammoths

impact of disease

Due to no resistance to European diseases, outbreaks and epidemics of typhus, plague, smallpox, measles, cholera. Some tribes completely disappeared - intense population loss

Battle of Coleto Creek/Goliad Massacre

Fannin procrastinated retreating from Goliad, Gen Urrea caught them in a field. Thought they surrendered to survive, but were marched back to Goliad and all were executed (except those Francita Alvarez saved)

Antonio López de Santa Anna

Federalist (originally) running for Pres, that War Party supported.Switched sides like 30 times. Ended up becoming crazy dictator, and the rest is history

The Republic's major problems

Financial Stability - debts of the war, no true trade partners Foreign Diplomacy- US refused annexation (slaves n stuff), Mex. still considering attack

Establishment of San Antonio and La Bahía

First established as Presidios to look over Spain's expansion into Texas

Hernán Cortes

First main conquistador. Conquered Aztec empire, massacred thousands

Sieur de La Salle

First to take MS river all the way to gulf. Missed mouth of MSR and ended up at Matagorda Bay TX. Tried to survive and march back up thru TX but indian raids killed most

Treaties of Velasco

Forced captured Santa Anna to sign and acknowledge independent republic of Texas, not wage war in the future, retreat armies. then sent up to DC, but Mexico already disposed of him (Therefore treaty kinda void)

Guadalupe Victoria

Fought beside Father Hidalgo during the Mexican War of Independence and established Mexico as an independent republic. During his presidency he implemented many federalist policies including open immigration to Texas and a focus on state's rights.

criollos

Full or near-full spanish blood, born in New Spain

Battle of Medina

Gutierrez kicked out of command, mexican army disproved which led to downfall of rebellion

The Gutierrez-Magee Expedition (ShA)

Gutierrez went to US for help fighting the Spanish Rule. Took nacogdoches, then la bahia (goliad), then San Antonio Battle of Medina: spanish forces overwhelmed small amt of rebels left. Ordered execution of 300 persons

Gutierrez-Magee Expedition

Gutierrez went to USA for help, recruited volunteers to help take Texas from the crown. Captured Trinidad de Salcedo and La Bahia. Defeated royalist forces in 2 major battles. Took San Antonio, Gut. executed military prisoners, volunteers didn't approve and abandoned

The Fredonian Rebellion (ShA)

Haden Edwards had empresario contract, began to disrespect established settlers, say they were no longer valid Edwards lost governor election. Rejecting Mexican gov's orders to turn oer governance. Took over town and established it as a free republic Mexican forces came and crushed them (With the support of SFA)

Runaway Scrape

Houston RAN FOR HIS LIFE, basically kept retreating and stalling to get his life together while Santa Anna followed him. Waiting for Santa Anna to make a mistake

Battle of San Jacinto

Houston arrived in San Jacinto, positioned himself and waited (also good place to receive supplies from ship). Santa Anna thought he had the upper hand so chilled at a low level place surrounded by water. (distracted by *****?) Twin Sister cannons, commanded by Neill. Destroyed bridge so de Cos could not come w reinforcements. Juan Seguin led Tejanos. 18mins. TOTES DESTROYED MEXICANS

Sam Houston vs. Mirabeau Lamar in Republic of Texas period politics (ShA)

Houston was very liberal, tried to be on good terms with everyone, impose taxes to help wtih debt. Really wanted annexation into USA but USA refused. Worked on Peace with Native Americans Lamar reversed everything, sent Santa Fe expedition, soured relations with mexico, killed and pushed back Native Americans, increased debt like tenfold, didn't want annexation

Aspects of slavery in Texas

Huge boost of slaves, horrible treatment, tried to escape to Mexico or North Centered around family life, practiced non-violent resistance, Christianity

James Fannin

Idiot who split forces at Goliad and was quickly overcome

Secession movement

John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry, Texas Troubles Lincoln elected, SC seceded, everyone followed Houston tried to refuse to call mtg to debate, but eventually happened and ppl voted secession

Anson Jones and the annexation of Texas

Lame ass pres that was in office when Texas was annexed, handed the reigns to first governor, James Pinckney Henderson

Character of the rebel army

Made up of tons of volunteers from outside of Texas, super disorganized, with battles for command/disrespect of command

Mexican-American War

Mexico refused to negotiate border, constant battles on border (1846-48) John Coffee Hays, Ben McCulloch, Gen. Winfield Scott sent by US to go into Mexico and capture Mexico City and Santa Anna. Texans merciless, killing many "lost Tejanos diablos"

Mission Santa Cruz de San Sabá

Mission that Comanches repeatedly attacked, killing 28 and sealing 700 head of stock

mestizos

Mix of Spanish and Native American - LOWER class

importance of ranching

Most important aspect of the economy: ranching meant land grants from crown and missions. Trade boomed with S of Rio Grande and Louisiana

Major ethnic groups during the early statehood period

Most- Anglos and slaves Tejanos- aggression against rose, took land away from them Other main- German, Czech, Polish, English, Irish -- These groups tried to settle in familiar lands of their homeland.

Felipe Rábago y Terán

Placed in charge of presido San Francisco Xavier de Gigedo. Increased tensions at the mission that lead to murders of Father Juan Jose de Ganzabal and a civilian.

Jim Bowie

Put up big fight to be co-commander of Alamo, then got sick, killed. the end.

Father Miguel Hidalgo

Rebelled with mestizos against upper classes. Couldn't take Mexico City, so turned N to Texas: First started rebellion with letter Grito de Dolores

Hardin Runnels

Secessionist Democrat who defeated Sam Houston. Helped promote immediate secession to protect slavery (even though it happened after he left office)

Martín Perfecto de Cos

Sent to punish unlawful Texans, marched to La Bahia, took San An and Alamo. Sent Ugar and 2 cannons to destroy small army, Ugar lost. Cos had to surrender San An, as retreating, ran into Santa Anna. Came back up to take San An again, helped attack Alamo. Went with Santa Anna to San Jacinto, obv lost and was captured.

"Texas Troubles"

Series of fires that erupted around Dallas. Blamed fires on a 'slave insurrection', reinforced need to keep slaves in check, hanged abolitionists

La Salle in Texas (ShA)

Shipwrecked at Matagorda bay, let half his men return home who wanted to, alienated Karankawas by stealing canoes and women, natives killed several of his men. Made it all the way up to Caddo territory and traded with them. La Salle assassinated by one of his own men, French expedition fell apart, NA destroed St. Louis

peninsulares

Spanish born spaniard residing in New Spain - ELITE class

Francisco de Coronado

Spanish conquistador who was sent into modern-day Texas to look for Quivira, a fabled region filled with gold and silver. brutal practices of the Spanish conquistadors, who brutally murdered hundreds of Native Americans. His party became the first Europeans to travel far into present-day America, discovering the Grand Canyon, Palo Duro Canyon, and traveling as far north as present-day Kansas

New Mexico Boundary Dispute/Compromise of 1850

Texas wanted NM land, US gov backed NM independent state Senator JAmes A Pierce: Texas leave boundary where is, receive $10mil

Marcos de Niza

Took over de Vaca's expedition, reported he had seen 7 cities of Cibola, were made of gold

Law of April 6, 1830

Trying to stop immigration from America, made void all empresario contracts not yet fulfilled (literally only leaves DeWitt and Austin). Banned further importation of slaves

Battle of Gonzales

Ugartechea ordered surrender of bronze cannon @ Gonzalez, "Come and Take It", small skirmish, rebels retreated

Major military engagements of the Texas Revolution (ShA)

Uh lol

Religion in Texas during the early statehood period

Used to be survival over religion, but new immigrants brought religion with them: Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian, Catholic, Episcopalian

Valentín Gómez Farías

VP under Santa Anna - used by SA to enact policies, and then blamed if something ever went wrong

Houston's 2nd Administration

Vasquez and Woll Raids- 2 different expeditions that attacked and took San Antonio. Limited success but impacted Texans a lot. Mier Expedition, the Black Bean Episode- Houston sent men to Guerrero, but crazy ones continued to Mier, captured, massacred by choosing colored beans out of a hat.

Convention of 1836

Washington-on-the-Brazos. All the rebel leaders met and created interim government.

Major ethnic groups in Mexican Texas

White population of Immigrants: Most american, aslo Irish, English, Czech, German Poles Slaves Tejanos (indigenous Mex/hispanic) Native Americans: Caddo, Coahuiltecans, Karankawas, Shawnee, Cherokee, Lipan Apache, Comanche, Kiowa

General David Twiggs

Without consulting officials in DC Agreed to surrender army and all federal property to the Texans. In return, asked that he be allowed to leave honorably. Kinda meant something but kinda didn't - never in writing and gvt replaced him

Women in Texas during the early statehood period

Women were subordinate, focused on child rearing and planting Did have more rights then other states: not forfeiting land to husband upon marriage, able to divorce

atlatl

a spear-throwing device that provided greater leverage, accuracy and velocity

Houston's 1st administration (provisional BTW)

diplomacy- Set up constitution of 1836, 3 branches of gvt, get everything working as a functional country, wanted annexation but denied fiscal policy- imposed taxes to try and help w debt of war, didn't have gold to back up promissory notes, cut military spending (relied on lil militias), still 2mil in debt defense and Indian policy-thought it would be cheaper to be peaceful with indians, made many treaties that gave them land and rights land policy- short on cash, big on land → attracted more immigrants, paid off ppl w land

Álvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca

early Spanish explorer who traveled through much of present-day Southwest America to learn of the land and peoples. First to come in peaceful contact with Native Americans of Texas

Haden Edwards

empresario in modern-day Texas who attempted to found the Republic of Fredonia.

Sam Houston

good commander, took control for battle of san jacinto. Became 3 time governor?

Moses Austin

he began the process of establishing the first Anglo-American Colony in New Spain. Although he died before that could be completed, he worked to get the land grant that he passed onto his son, Stephen F. Austin, who would eventually complete his father's colony.

Stephen Austin

he was responsible for bringing in many Anglo-American families into Texas. He also was a powerful leader of the "peace party" federalists, who initially wanted to compromise with the Centralist Mexican government, and after many failed attempts decided to side with a separate state government for Texas.

Caddo

location in Texas- Eastern woodlands between Trinity and Aransas Rivers/social structure- Hereditary elite: Caddi - principle chief, canahas -principal aids, Tammas- town criers, xinesi - religious leader/lifestyle- Part of Mississipian cultural tradition, cities, towns villages, productive farmers, well defined religion. Lived in scattered dwellings near the fields grouped around central village, matrilineal. Men hunted, Women harvested

Karankawa

location in Texas- along the Gulf Coast from Galveston to Corpus Christi social structure-5 tribal divisions, Leadership was divided between civil chief and a war chief lifestyle-nomadic ,relocating when resources exhausted. Women and children gathered, men hunted, used dugout canoe

Comanche

location in Texas- emerged from Rocky Mtns into between pecos river and hill country social structure- Chief and council provided direction, warchiefs led warriors, also in hunting, fishing, and raiding. Gain status through raiding women and horses lifestyle- Used horses to hunt buffalo, used buffalo hide, easily portable tipis. So many horses meant they moved a lot for more grass and raided other tribes to take care of horses

Apache

location in Texas-Migrated south to NM and W TX social structure- divided into small nomadic bands, each led by a chief who gained his position through displays of bravery and wisdom (advisory chief, no way to force authority) lifestyle-Portable Tipis, used buffalo hides for blankets and clothing. Traded with buffalo products with other tribes. Stole from pueblos (including women). Warhawks

Jumano

location in Texas-Some permanent houses along the Rio Grande, others roamed between Grande and Pecos to hunt buffalo social structure- Unknown b/c apaches came and dispersed them lifestyle-Expert travelers, would trade with Caddos and Pueblos

Secession referendum results

secessionist won by a margin of 45 to 14. Most opposition came from N and CW counties

Treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo

settled boundary @ Rio Grande, gave US NM, AZ, NV, UT, CA, CO, WY

Lamar's administration

supposed to save money but spent like 6x more than Houston movement of the capital- moved it away from Houston's supporters to Austin public education- big on establishing educ. Sold a lot of land to fund schools foreign policy- Mex continued to not recognize TX, didn't want annexation, thought TX could make it on their own Santa Fe Expedition- Sent McLeod to Santa Fe to sorta kinda ask/push nicely the Santa Fe ppl to align with Texas rather than Mexico because they 'technically' were a part of Texas. Expedition suffered a lot, huge embarrassment by the time the reached Santa Fe, marched straight to Mex. Indian policy- Super anti-native american. Ousted tribes from their lands Chief Duwali- close friend of Houston....Battle of the Neches - Cherokee refused to leave lands, decimated Council House Fight- supposed to be negotiation over prisoners, but instead turned into huge fight where tons of NA were massacred, some white casualties I think

Mission San Francisco de los Tejas

the first attempt to set up a Spanish mission among the Caddo Native Americans. This mission failed because the Spaniards mistreated the Caddos and did not respect their culture

Adams-Onís Treaty Line

treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819 that ceded Florida to the U.S. and defined the boundary between the U.S. and New Spain. Excluded TX

Ethnogenesis

tribes altered themselves culturally to forge unity with other bands to adjust to growing Euro presence