Types of Membrane Transport
The sodium-potassium pump moves _________ out of the cell for every _______ moved into the cell creating voltage across the cell called ___________ (RMP).
3 sodium ions, 2 potassium ions, resting membrane potential
How does endocytosis differ from exocytosis?
3 types that all work in a different way, but each way involves vesicles
Active transport uses cellular energy known as _______.
ATP
Explain what happens to a drop of food coloring put into a beaker of water.
At first, it will be very concentrated in where it was dropped, then diffusion begins and the dye is eventually distributed evenly
How do carrier proteins help move materials across a cell membrane?
Bind with proteins which then change shape and carry materials to correct side of the membrane
When molecules move by their own natural kinetic energy, this is called _______ ______.
Brownian movement
How does distance affect diffusion?
Diffusion over shorter distances happens faster than over longer distances
Exocytosis is the process by which the ________ ships large molecules like proteins made in the RER outside the cell.
Golgi apparatus
Describe active transport.
Molecules move through a carrier transport protein, but energy moves them against the concentration gradient
Why is simple diffusion considered a passive process?
No energy is used to move the molecules; they have natural kinetic energy (no cell membrane required)
_____ like paramecia have _____ _____ that collect water flowing in and pump it out to prevent them from over-expanding and bursting when in a hypotonic environment.
Protist, contractile vacuoles
Explain the process of shipping out proteins?
The Golgi apparatus puts proteins made in the RER into vesicles and they are then shipped out of the cell (exocytosis)
How does concentration affect diffusion?
The larger the concentrations differ the faster they will diffuse
Describe facilitated diffusion.
The passage of materials down the concentration gradient with the help of a transport protein
In an isotonic environment, what is the direction of water movement?
There is no net movement
What do channel and carrier proteins have in common?
They are transport proteins, used in facilitated diffusion, made of amino acids, specific, can be integral
What is an uniport?
Transports one solute in one direction
What is an antiport?
Transports two solutes in opposite directions (sodium potassium pump)
What is meant by no net movement?
Water moves in and out equally at the same rate
The movement of large molecules into or out of the cell is _______ transport.
active
_____ _____ requires additional energy to move materials.
active
Some channels are ______ opened while others are _____ and require a stimulus to open them.
always, gated
_______ cells are bathed in blood. So in animals (humans) the ________ keep the blood isotonic by removing excess _____ and _____.
animal, kidneys, salt, water
Because water is a polar molecule, osmosis can be sped up by channel proteins called ________ which are located in the cell membrane.
aquaporins
_______ and _______ have cell walls that prevent them from over-expanding in a hypotonic environment.
bacteria, plants
At the same time, _______ is moving out of the erythrocytes where the concentration is ______ and into the lungs where its concentration is ______.
carbon dioxide, high, low
Active transport use _______ _______ often called pumps.
carrier proteins
Pumps are ______ _____ and use energy (active transport).
carrier proteins
The ________ prevents plant cells from bursting when placed in a hypotonic solution.
cell wall
______ ______ are embedded in the cell membrane, have a pore for materials to cross, and are integral.
channel proteins
Name two categories of transport proteins found in cell membranes.
channel, carrier
Aquaporins are formed by ________ in integral proteins (channel proteins).
channels/pores
_______ and ______ get into a cell using cell-mediated endocytosis.
cholesterol, hormones
What 5 factors affect diffusion?
concentration, distance, surface area, temperature, barriers
When erythrocytes (RBC) are placed in salt water they will shrivel which is called ________.
crenation
_______ occurs whenever water moves into the cells causing them to swell and burst.
cytolysis
_________ involves moving large particles into the cell and there are 3 types.
endocytosis
Passive transport does not require ______ and moves materials from high to low concentration.
energy
How do you release hormones, proteins, neurotransmitters?
exocytosis
Moving very large particles out of the cell is called ________.
exocytosis
______ diffusion is also a type of passive transport because energy isn't required.
facilitated
What is one way kidneys process/filter your blood?
filteration
______ is the movement from high pressure to low pressure (passive transport).
filteration
Name three materials that move into or out of cells by facilitated diffusion?
glucose, ions, amino acids
When erythrocytes (RBC) are placed in distilled water they will swell and burst which is called ________.
hemolysis
if water potential is low, solute concentration is ________.
high
Water moves from _____ water potential to _____ water potential.
high, low
With simple diffusion, molecules move from an area of ______ concentration to an area of _____ concentration.
high, low
When solutes diffuse through a membrane they move from _____ to _____ concentration. This is known as moving ______ the concentration gradient.
high, low, down
In hypotonic environments, plant cells have _______ ______ ______ or osmotic pressure.
high, turgor pressure
If cells swell, the cells are _______ compared to the ________ solution.
hypertonic, hypotonic
If cells shrink, the cells are ______ compared to the ______ solution.
hypotonic, hypertonic
Plant cells prefer _____ environments, while animal cells do best in ______ environments.
hypotonic, isotonic
When someone needs an IV, why is a saline solution used instead of pure water?
if pure water was used it would cause cells to burst
In an isotonic environmental condition, water moves _______ and the cell stays the same.
in and out at the same rate (no net movement)
Channel proteins are ______ and include _____ used in osmosis.
integral, aquaporins
In a hypotonic environment, what is the direction of water movement?
into the cell
In a hypotonic environmental condition, water moves _______ and the cell _____.
into the cell, expands/swells
Channel proteins are used to move _______ like Na+, Cl-, and K+.
ions (ions are polar so can't move through the cell membrane by themselves)
If cells are stable, the cells are _______ compared to the _____ solution.
isotonic, isotonic
How does novocaine prevent someone from feeling pain?
it makes it harder to open sodium channels and therefore don't feel nerve impulse
Why is the RMP -70mV?
its due to there being more positive ions (sodium ions) on the outside and more negative ions (potassium ions) inside next to the cell membrane
With diffusion, molecules move by their own natural ____ energy or energy of motion.
kinetic
How does pinocytosis differ from phagocytosis?
large molecules dissolved in water, takes in more than one molecule at a time, invagination of the cell membrane
What do endocytosis and exocytosis have in common?
large molecules, vesicles, ATP
How does exocytosis differ from endocytosis?
leaves cell, one type, used by the Golgi apparatus
If water potential is high, solute concentration is _______.
low
Active transport moves materials against the concentration gradient or from _____ to _____ concentration.
low, high
Water moves from _____ solute concentration to _____ solute concentration.
low, high
Describe simple diffusion.
materials move down their concentration gradient through the phospholipid bilayer (no energy required)
In simple diffusion, no _______ is required.
membrane
Do all carrier proteins extend across the cell membrane?
no
When erythrocytes (RBC) are placed in an isotonic solution they will maintain normal shape with ________ net movement of water.
no
How does phagocytosis differ from pinocytosis?
one large cell/molecule at a time, evagination of cell, cytoplasmic streamings, involves immune system (WBC engulf bacteria)
In a hypertonic environment, what is the direction of water movement?
out of the cell
In a hypertonic environmental condition, water moves _______ and the cell _____
out of the cell, shrivels
________ moving into red blood cells from the lungs is an example of simple diffusion. Oxygen is moving ______ of the lungs where the concentration is _______ into the red blood cells where the concentration is ______.
oxygen, out, high, low
"Cell eating" is known as _______ and involves the extension of the cell membrane to form _________.
phagocytosis, pseudopods
Taking in large liquid droplets, with particles, is called ________ or "cell drinking".
pinocytosis
What is the most common way large molecules move in?
pinocytosis
________ occurs whenever water moves out of a cell and the cell shrinks in size.
plasmolysis
Channel proteins have an opening or ________ through which molecules can passively move by ______ diffusion.
pore, facilitated
______ pumps move H+ ions and are very important to plants (photosynthesis)
proton
All ______ are proteins involved in active transport.
pumps
_______ _______ _______ involves integral proteins that have ______ that recognize specific substance in order to help move them into the cell.
receptor mediated endocytosis, receptors
_________ fish pump salt out of their ____ ____ so they don't become dehydrated in hypertonic environments.
saltwater, specialized gills
Some carrier proteins can change ________ to move materials across the cell membrane.
shape
_____ _____ requires NO energy to move things across the cell membrane.
simple diffusion
What are two types of passive transport?
simple diffusion, osmosis
The sodium-potassium pump is used to return ______ to outside the cell membrane where it is concentrated and return _______ to inside the cell membrane where it has a higher concentration.
sodium, potassium
The carrier proteins used in facilitated diffusion and active transport are _______.
specific
In a hypotonic environment the cell will ______ attempting to get to ______.
swell, equilibrium
What is osmosis?
the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
What is cystic fibrosis the result of?
the result of a chlorine that doesn't function properly because of this mucus is harder, and it makes it harder to breathe.
What is the purpose of a sodium potassium pump?
to maintain the resting membrane potential of -70 millivolts
Facilitated diffusion uses _____ _____ to help move materials from _____ to _____ concentrations.
transport proteins, high, low
In plants the pressure exerted on the cell wall is called _______ ______.
turgor pressure
What do phagocytosis and pinocytosis have in common?
types of endocytosis, large molecules, vesicles, use ATP
In exocytosis, wastes are moved out of the cell in _______ that fuse with the cell membrane.
vesicles
What is an example of phagocytosis?
white blood (leukocytes) cells engulfing bacteria