Types of Radioactive Decay
Isotopes behave similarly
Chemical reactons
Explain why isotopes of the same element behave differently in nuclear reactions but not in chemical reactions.
Isotopes of the same element differ only in neutron numbers. Nuclear reactions involve changes to the protons or neutrons in an atom's nucleus, but not changes to its electrons. Chemical reactions involve changes to the electrons in atoms, but not changes to its protons or neutrons. Isotope behavior only differs when a reaction involves neutrons.
Exothermic and endothermic reactions can occur during
both chemical and nuclear reactions
__________ involve only a rearrangement of electrons, and do not involve changes in protons or neutrons.
chemical reactions
Isotopes behave similarly in chemical reactions in nuclear reactions New elements can be formed as a result of Exothermic and endothermic reactions can occur during
chemical reactions involve only a rearrangement of electrons, and do not involve changes in protons or neutrons. a large amount of energy is released or absorbed. nuclear reactions both
What can form as a result of a chemical reaction? compounds isotopes alpha particles beta particles
compounds
chemical reactions nuclear reactions
exothermic and endothermic, small energy change (eg: 2H2+O2----> 2H2O) releases 2.42 x 10^5 j/mol of water exothermic and endothermic, large energy change (eg: 2/1H+2/1H----> 3/2He+1/0n) releases 1x10^10 j/mol of deuterium
What type of particle has no mass or charge?
gamma
While a certain isotope decays, it emits photons. What kind of decay is happening?
gamma decay
The diagram shows three isotopes. What element is represented?
hydrogen
chemical reaction (eg: 2H2+O2----> 2H2O) nuclear reactions (eg: 2/1H+2/1H----> 3/2He+1/0n) both
involves changes in bonding patterns and electron arrangements. involves changes in protons or neutrons in the nucleus. involve energy changes and can be represented by a balanced equation.
In __________ a large amount of energy is released or absorbed.
nuclear reactions
New elements can be formed as a result of __________
nuclear reactions
Two protons and two neutrons are released as a result of this reaction. 222/86Rn -----> 218/84Po + ?Which particle is released? one alpha particle two beta particles one alpha and one beta particle one high-energy photon
one alpha particle
Consider the table below that summarizes the types of materials that can block the 3 different types of radiation.Material123LeadStoppedStoppedStoppedClothNot stoppedStoppedStoppedAluminum foilNot stoppedStoppedStoppedWoodNot stoppedStoppedStoppedPaperNot stoppedStoppedNot stoppedThick concreteStoppedStoppedStoppedBased on the table, at which numbered spot in the table does each type of radiation belong?
1 = gamma; 2 = alpha, 3 = beta
An isotope undergoes radioactive decay by emitting radiation that has a -1 charge. What other characteristic does the radiation have? some shielding required no mass large mass high penetrating power
A
How can a scientist assess whether a pure niobium (Nb) sample is responsible for contaminating the lab with radioactivity? Test the niobium sample to see whether it now contains other elements. Test the niobium sample for the presence of niobium oxide compounds. Heat the niobium, and see if the level of radioactivity in the lab increases. Place the niobium under pressure, and see if the level of radioactivity in the lab increases.
A
In alpha decay, alpha particles are ejected from the nucleus. Which equation represents alpha decay?
A
Two protons and two neutrons are released as a result of this reaction. Which particle is released?
A
Two protons and two neutrons are released as a result of this reaction. mc017-1.jpgRn mc017-2.jpgPo + ? Which particle is released? one alpha particle two beta particles one alpha and one beta particle one high-energy photon
A
Examine the nuclear reaction: mc007-1.jpg. Why is this classified as a nuclear reaction rather than a chemical reaction?
A change has occurred in the nucleus
A scientist notices that a lump of niobium is warm to the touch and wonders if nuclear reactions are taking place in the metal. How can she find out?
B
A scientist notices that a lump of niobium is warm to the touch and wonders if nuclear reactions are taking place in the metal. How can she find out? Measure the metal's temperature. Check for the presence of alpha, beta, and gamma particles. Look for the presence of niobium compounds. Place the niobium in a pressurized container, and see if the lump becomes warmer.
B
An isotope undergoes radioactive decay. The new isotope that forms has an atomic number that is 2 less than the original isotope's. Which kind of decay has occurred, and how do you know? alpha decay because alpha particles have a large mass beta decay because beta particles can have negative charge alpha decay because alpha particles have two protons and two neutrons gamma decay because gamma rays are photons
B
What is a key difference between chemical and nuclear reactions? In chemical reactions, new compounds are formed. In nuclear reactions, compounds are destroyed. Chemical reactions involve electron rearrangements. Nuclear reactions involve changes to the nucleus. Chemical reactions involve large changes in energy. Nuclear reactions absorb or release small amounts of energy. In chemical reactions, only alpha radiation is emitted. In nuclear reactions, alpha, beta, and gamma decay may occur
B
An isotope undergoes radioactive decay. The new isotope that forms has an atomic number that is 2 less than the original isotope's.
C
Which statement correctly compares chemical reactions with nuclear reactions? In chemical reactions, new isotopes are formed. In nuclear reactions, new compounds are formed. Chemical reactions can be represented by balanced equations. Nuclear reactions cannot be represented by balanced equations. In chemical reactions, small amounts of energy can be absorbed or released. In nuclear reactions, changes in energy are much larger. In chemical reactions, only protons and neutrons are affected. In nuclear reactions, only electrons are affected.
C
While a certain isotope decays, it emits photons. What kind of decay is happening? alpha decay beta decay gamma decay positron decay
C
A scientist notices that a lump of niobium is warm to the touch and wonders if nuclear reactions are taking place in the metal. How can she find out?
Check for the presence of alpha, beta, and gamma particles.
An atom bonds with another atom. What is the best classification for this reaction?
Chemical
Which statement describes the differences between nuclear reactions and chemical reactions?
Chemical reactions can result in new compounds, while nuclear reactions can result in new elements.
Why do the isotopes of a particular element behave differently in nuclear reactions but the same in chemical reactions? Check all that apply.
Chemical reactions involve changes to electrons in an atom; isotopes do not differ in electrons, and so they react the same way during chemical changes. Nuclear reactions involve changes to protons and neutrons in an atom; isotopes differ in neutrons, and so they react differently to these changes.
What is a key difference between chemical and nuclear reactions?
Chemical reactions involve electron rearrangements. Nuclear reactions involve changes to the nucleus.
What can form as a result of a chemical reaction?
Compounds
Deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen. The nucleus of a deuterium atom consists of one proton and one neutron. When two deuterium nuclei fuse, helium-3 is formed, and a neutron is emitted. Which equation illustrates this process?
D
Different types of radiation have different penetrating abilities. For example, gamma rays can pass through cloth and paper, but alpha particles are blocked by cloth and paper. Beta particles are blocked by aluminum foil, but gamma rays are not. However, all three types of radiation are blocked by thick concrete or lead. Based on the information, at which numbered spot in the table does each type of radiation belong?
D.1 = gamma; 2 = alpha, 3 = beta
Which type of radioactive decay produces radiation that requires lead shielding?
Gamma
Which type of radioactive decay produces radiation with zero mass?
Gamma
Which statement correctly compares chemical reactions with nuclear reactions?
In chemical reactions, small amounts of energy can be absorbed or released. In nuclear reactions, changes in energy are much larger.
Which statement about isotopes is correct?
Isotopes are the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
An atom that has 84 protons and 86 neutrons undergoes a reaction. At the end of the reaction, it has 82 protons and 84 neutrons. What happened to the atom?
It emitted an alpha particle in a nuclear reaction.
An atom that has 84 protons and 86 neutrons undergoes a reaction. At the end of the reaction, it has 82 protons and 84 neutrons. What happened to the atom? It accepted radiation in a chemical reaction. It donated neutrons to another atom in a chemical reaction. It emitted an alpha particle in a nuclear reaction. It accepted protons in a nuclear reaction.
It emitted an alpha particle in a nuclear reaction.
Which statements about the equation shown above are correct? Check all that apply. 2H2+O2 -----> 2H2O
It represents a reaction that involves rearrangement of atoms. It represents a reaction in which hydrogen electrons and oxygen electrons undergo change.
Deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen. The nucleus of a deuterium atom consists of one proton and one neutron. When two deuterium nuclei fuse, helium-3 is formed, and a neutron is emitted. Which equation illustrates this process?
Not B A
Why do the isotopes of a particular element behave differently in nuclear reactions but the same in chemical reactions? Chemical reactions involve changes to electrons in an atom; isotopes do not differ in electrons, and so they react the same way during chemical changes.
Nuclear reactions involve changes to protons and neutrons in an atom; isotopes differ in neutrons, and so they react differently to these changes.
An isotope undergoes radioactive decay by emitting radiation that has a -1 charge. What other characteristic does the radiation have?
Some shielding required
How can a scientist assess whether a pure niobium (Nb) sample is responsible for contaminating the lab with radioactivity?
Test the niobium sample to see whether it now contains other elements.
What changes occur in the reaction indicated by the equation? Check all that apply. 2H2+O2 -----> 2H2O
The bond in H2 is broken, and new bonds are formed between hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Each electron associated with a hydrogen atom is shared with an oxygen atom.
Which would result in radioactive decay?
a neutron-to-proton ratio of 1:2 in a large nucleus a nucleus that contains 90 protons and 100 neutrons any isotope of the element uranium, which has atomic number 92
Which would result in radioactive decay? Check all that apply. a neutron-to-proton ratio of 1:1 in a small nucleus a neutron-to-proton ratio of 1:2 in a large nucleus a nucleus that contains 90 protons and 100 neutrons a nucleus that contains 8 protons and 8 neutrons any isotope of the element uranium, which has atomic number 92 any isotope of the element potassium, which has atomic number 19
a neutron-to-proton ratio of 1:2 in a large nucleus a nucleus that contains 90 protons and 100 neutrons any isotope of the element uranium, which has atomic number 92
alpha particle
a particle with two protons and two neutrons emmision of alpha particle (2 neutrons 2 protrons and is 4/2 He) least penetrating, cant get paper most mass
positron
a positively charged electron
Which type of radioactive decay produces particles with the most mass?
alpha
Which type of radioactive decay produces radiation that can be stopped by a sheet of paper?
alpha
An isotope undergoes radioactive decay. The new isotope that forms has an atomic number that is 2 less than the original isotope's.Which kind of decay has occurred, and how do you know?
alpha decay because alpha particles have two protons and two neutrons
A large atom decays and emits a particle. After the reaction is complete, the atom's mass has changed substantially. What kind of particle has most likely been emitted?
alpha particle
What is the most penetrating kind of radiation product that can be shielded with aluminum foil?
beta
Which type of radioactive decay produces particles with a positive charge and very small mass?
beta
What is the most penetrating kind of radiation product that can be shielded with aluminum foil?
beta particles
Which can have either a positive charge or a negative charge when they are released during radioactive decay?
beta particles
Which subatomic particles are indicated by the orange circles in the diagram? Which subatomic particles are indicated by the green circles in the diagram? What element is represented by the atom shown in this diagram?
protons neutrons helium
isotopes in chemical reactions isotopes in nuclear reactions
show similar behavior, produce the same chemical compound show different behavior, produce different products
An isotope undergoes radioactive decay by emitting radiation that has a -1 charge. What other characteristic does the radiation have?
some shielding required
radiation
the high-energy particles emitted by an unstable nucleus as it decomposes
gamma decay
the radioactive decay of an atom that emits a photon which has no mass or charge highest energy, requires thick lead to sheild
alpha decay
the radioactive decay of an atom that emits an alpha particle
beta decay
the radioactive decay of an atom that emits an electron or a positron both have charge but small mass penetrates paper not metal foil
photon
the smallest possible quantity of light
radioactive decay
the spontaneous release of energy and particles from the nucleus of an unstable atom caused by nuclear stability (depends on neutron:proton ratio, and size of neuclues). as th neuclues increases, a greater ratio of neutrons to protons isneeded to stabalize neutron. large neucleis with 84 or more protrons r not stableWhich would result in radioactive decay? Check all that apply.
