UAH PY 101 Zheng extra

Which of the following represents a weak positive correlation?

+0.2

"Anything that cannot be observed and measured directly is not worth studying." Which psychologists are most likely to agree with this statement?

John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner

We tend to conform to the majority opinion in the group. Which of the following technique can be used to reduce conformity?

Make private responses instead of public ones

Chris does not like it when his infant son, Jacob, cries. Chris finds that if he makes goofy faces while Jacob is crying, Jacob will stop. Which learning principle best explains why Chris is more likely to make goofy faces in the future to make Jacob stop crying?

Negative reinforcement

In Dr. Turgrove's experiment, he includes a control group that receives a placebo. This type of research design is meant to control which confound?

Participants' expectations

___________ is the name for chemicals that an animal can secret to change another animal's behavior and physiology.

Pheromones

Upon collecting a vast amount of data to determine whether there is a correlational relationship between smoking and lung cancer, you calculate the correlation coefficient. Which number would be the best value if you wanted to see that the more you smoke, the more likely you are to get lung cancer?

+0.85

At what age can babies only discriminate among those phonemes that are used in the language(s) in their environments?

12 months old

Shaina thought that her brother turned in to a monster, when in fact he just put on his monster Halloween mask and costume. Piaget would say that Shaina is probably ________ years old and in the __________ stage.

4; preoperational

When Frances went to work this morning, she checked her voice mail. Her boss had left her a message outlining twenty-six tasks she needed to complete. Unfortunately, the message was accidentally deleted after Frances listened to it once. Because she did not write down the tasks as she listened to the message, how many of the tasks will Frances most likely remember?

5-9

According to Erik Erikson, each of us has to go through _______ stages in our lifespan.

8

Ken asked Rachel what time she ate for lunch today. Rachel recalled the information quite easily. Information like this is processed through __________.

Automatic encoding

What was the primary conclusion of Stanley Milgram's obedience research?

Average people will harm others if told to do so by an authority figure

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

Dr. Redford has long been interested in dissociative identity disorder. For the past three years, the only participant in his research has been his client, Sybil. He has studied her case intensively. What research method is Dr. Redford using?

Case study

Marcie was injured in a brutal car accident. After the injury, she can no longer form new memories about things like the people she meets and the story she just heard. However, she can still learn to swim or ride a bike. It may be because her __________ is intact.

Cerebellum

Which of the following statement is correct?

Cerebellum is relevant to certain kind of memory.

Marcie found that remembering her ATM card number and pin number was much easier when she grouped the twelve numbers into sets of threes instead of trying to remember twelve separate numbers. What technique is Marcie using to extend her short-term memory capacity?

Chunking

Edwin is able to see normally in low-light conditions and demonstrates a normal ability to detect movements in his periphery. However, he has great difficulty recognizing different colors. He sees the world mostly in shades of gray. Which of the following structures are either impaired or not present in Edwin's eyes?

Cones

Psychologists in which of the following subfields would be most interested in researching changes in human behavioral, emotional, and mental processes over time?

Developmental psychology

Devin has been having trouble initiating movements lately and has also developed a tremor in his hands. He is diagnosed with Parkinson's disease and put on medication. To help alleviate Devin's symptoms directly, the drugs would need to increase the effects of which of the following?

Dopamine

________ is related to Parkinson's disease.

Dopamine

Which two psychologists conducted the Stanford prisoner study and cognitive dissonance study?

Dr. Zimbardo; Dr. Festinger

Which of the following statement is wrong?

Emotional intelligence is more important than intelligence.

Which of the following statement is incorrect?

For pure sexual relations, women prefer sexual partners with above average intelligence.

__________ principles of perception suggests that we are more likely to perceived this as two continuous flowing lines rather than four jagged, broken lines.

Gestalt

Which of the following psychologists is not a Neo-Freudian?

Hans Eysenck

After an accident, Stella was left with brain damage. Now it's impossible for Stella to study for a test because she can't keep knowledge in her memory for more than 3 minutes. Stella has most likely damaged her ___________, but she might still be able to learn to _________________.

Hippocampus ; ride a bike

Which of the following statements about parenting styles is true?

In some ethnic groups, authoritarian parenting is as beneficial as authoritative parenting.

Leasha is trying to decide whether to use an illegal online song-sharing service. She thinks, "If I download songs from the Internet, the police could track me down and put me in jail. Since I really don't want to go to jail, I'm not going to use the service." According to Kohlberg, at which level of moral reasoning is Leasha?

Preconventional

Two-year-old Aviva and her father are separated in the grocery store for a few minutes. When Aviva sees that her father is gone, she becomes distressed. When Aviva's father returns, Aviva smiles happily and gives him a hug. What kind of attachment does Aviva most likely have?

Secure

___________ refers to one's confidence that about his or her ability, and this concept was first proposed by __________.

Self-efficacy; Albert Bandura

Which nervous system is involved in allowing you to shoot a basketball, smell freshly baked bread, and push the keys on a piano?

Somatic nervous system

While daydreaming, Felix was staring at a yellow school bus. When he then looked at a white wall he saw the color __________. This is best explained by the __________ theory.

blue; opponent-process

Between 3-5 yo, children come to understand that people have thoughts, feelings, and beliefs that are different from their own. This is known as __________.

Theory of mind

After looking up a friend's new number in the phone book, Franklin discovers that the pay phone is being monopolized by someone. Assuming that Franklin is not rehearsing the number, what is the longest period of time that he can wait without forgetting the number entirely?

Twenty seconds

Russell's mom wants him to study for two hours each night, so she gives him treats during the evening. Sometimes she gives him the treats after ten minutes, sometimes after thirty minutes. On the average, Russell is given a treat every twenty minutes. Which reinforcement schedule is Russell's mom utilizing?

Variable-interval

Just before the glee club performance at Regionals, Finn Hudson receives damage to his association cortex during a football game. At glee club practice, he sings "The baby is a fortitude. Ice is calling." Finn must have received damage to his

Wernicke's area.

Tyra has a brain tumor that affects her language capabilities. When Tyra's doctor asks her about a picture of a bird, Tyra responds, "Wings in the sky fly high. Soar through air with a suitcase." Tyra's fluent but confused response indicates that she most likely suffers damage in her

Wernicke's area.

The modern age of psychology began when

Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology research laboratory at the University of Leipzig

Which question was central to the marshmallow test?

Would you be able to resist getting a small reward now in order to get a larger reward later?

Little Tara is having lots of fun exploring her aunt's home while her mom and aunt are talking. She crawls into other rooms for brief periods and then makes her way back to her mom. Tara may climb into her mom's lap for a while, but it isn't long until she is off exploring some other room. Tara is exhibiting

a secure attachment

The psychological dimensions of sound, loudness, and pitch are determined by the physical dimensions of sound waves, __________, and __________, respectively.

amplitude; frequency

After an accident, Stella was left with brain damage. Now Stella has trouble judging the emotions of others, even when she can see their facial expressions. Stella has most likely damaged her

amygdala.

Quincy is struck on the back of the head and finds, while she can remember her life up to the time she was struck on the head, she can no longer make new memories. Quincy has ________ amnesia

anterograde

Early maturing girls are ________.

at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders

Early maturing boys are ________.

at a higher risk of substance abuse and early sexual activities

Trina's parents only allow her to watch TV whenever she makes an A on a test. One day, Trina came home with a B, begging her parents to let her watch the finale of her favorite cartoon show. Her parents did not only deny but also banned her from hanging out with friends for two weeks. Her parents' parenting style would most likely be called __________.

authoritarian

The process of putting incoming information into a form with which the memory system can work is called

encoding

While at the dentist office, Judith leaves her infant son Patrick for a few minutes with the nurse while she uses the restroom. Upon her return, Patrick does not pay any attention to Judith. Based on this interaction, one could surmise that Patrick has developed a(n) __________ attachment style.

avoidant

You are looking at a neuron under a microscope. You find many structures coming off the cell body. Some of these are relatively thick and branch many times. One of the structures, however, is very thin and very long. This latter structure is most likely the neuron's __________ , which carries the __________.

axon; action potential

A neuron cell body reaches threshold and depolarizes. The depolarization propagates down the length of the __________, is chemically transmitted across the __________, and directly affects the electrical potential in the __________ of the successive neuron.

axon; synapse; dendrites

Tim is telling his parents about his classes this semester. He tries to explain what his Introductory Psychology class is all about. Tim can best describe psychology as the study of

behavior and mental processes

Dr. Jamison is conducting a study examining the emotional and behavioral changes that occur during puberty. Dr. Jamison is especially interested in how these changes are associated with changes in hormones and nervous system. The subfield of psychology Dr. Jamison seems to be interested in is __________ psychology.

biological

The three basic processes of memory are

encoding, storage, and retrieval

In order to study flexible work schedule enhances job performance, Dr. Zhang went to an organization twice to collect data she needed for research. The first data collection was done in Januray, and the second one was done in May. She found that the extent to which employees took advantage of flexibility in January was related to enhanced job performance measured in May. This is an example of ___________ research and ________ help us establish causal relationship the two variables.

c. Longitudinal; cannot

Dr. Wozniak is examining a cell from the nervous system of an animal. He notices that at one end of the cell body is a long, fibrous strand of tissue. He immediately recognizes this as an axon that is responsible for

carrying signals away from the cell body

Latoria is horseback riding when she falls and hits her head. After the accident, she has difficulty performing finely coordinated movements. Latoria has most likely damaged her

cerebellum

When Ken kisses Barbie, his heart races. For a month, Barbie snapped her fingers just before she kissed him. She stopped snapping her fingers, but now whenever Ken hears someone snapping their fingers, his heart begins to race. This is an example of __________ conditioning, and finger snapping is the __________.

classical; conditioned stimulus

After an accidence, the doctor told Jason that he may need a(n) ________ implant because his ear is unable to convert sound vibrations into neural activities now.

cochlea.

Transduction of auditory information takes place in the

cochlea.

In modern IQ testing, someone with an IQ of 65 would be described as________.

cognitive delayed

Kelvin says that he thinks that smoking is wrong. One time, he takes a drag of his roommate's cigarette. Later, Kelvin feels uncomfortable because his behavior violated his attitude, so he decides that he doesn't think smoking is so wrong after all. Kelvin's change of belief can best be explained by __________ theory.

cognitive dissonance

Diane and Bruce share their intimate thoughts and emotions and they both believe that they would like to make the relationship long-term. However, they do not feel the passion they have felt when they just met. Their love is called ________ love.

companionate

Rachel can sort objects by size or color and can solve simple addition and subtraction problems. However, she cannot think logically about abstract ideas such as freedom and justice. Rachel is most likely in Piaget's __________ stage of cognitive development.

concrete operational

Eddie and Elaine both failed their first psychology quiz. Eddie got really upset and anxious, whereas Elaine remained calm. Eddie made specific plans regarding how to improve his grade for the next quiz, whereas Elaine thought she would just wait until the last minute to study. Elaine is probably low on __________ and low on____________.

conscientiousness; neuroticism

What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study ________.

revealed a genetic component to intelligence

Tina's car was towed after being parked on a snow route. She complained that the tow violated her principles of universal justice and fairness. Her friend Dave argued that although the street was completely plowed, Tina technically violated the law and deserved a ticket. According to Kohlberg, Dave's moral reasoning is most likely at the __________ level.ch psychologist proposed that moral thinking proceeds through a series of stages?

conventional

Suppose that the left hemisphere of Jamal's brain is damaged, but the right hemisphere is left intact. Jamal would be most likely to experience a deficit in his ability to

converse with friends.

Genie was unable to learn language in her teens after being isolated without language until that time. Genie's difficulty is evidence for a

critical period in language acquisition.

Shantae is doing an experiment on how anxious people will feel if they are told that they did not do well on an intelligence test. She asks her participants to rate how nervous, upset, and anxious they feel on a scale from 1 (not at all) to 7 (very). Participant's anxiety is a(n) __________.

dependent variable

Researchers are conducting a study where they have concerns that the participant's beliefs and/or the experimenter's beliefs may skew the results. Therefore, they chose to conduct a ________ study.

double-blind

Caden can remember quite vividly the first time his dad took him out to learn how to ride a bike because he didn't use training wheels and took a nasty spill, scraping his knee badly. This would best be described as a(n) __________ memory

episodic

Achmed claims that men are more aggressive than women because in the past, being aggressive increased men's reproductive chances. Clarisse argues that this difference is a result of men being rewarded and women being punished for being aggressive. Achmed is taking the __________ approach, while Clarisse is taking the __________ approach to understanding aggressiveness.

evolutionary; behavioral

Ed participated in a psychology experiment in which he turned pegs on a board for one hour. Although the task was very boring, the experimenter said, "I will pay you $1 if you tell the next participant that this experiment is the most exciting experiment that you have ever been in." Julie also participated in the same experiment; however, the experimenter offered to pay her $20 to lie to the next participant. According to cognitive dissonance theory, Ed will later report that experiment was __________, and Julie will report that it was __________.

exciting; boring

The only way to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables is to conduct a(n) __________.

experiment

Zewde is usually very friendly and outgoing. She is typically polite to others and always leaves a large tip when she goes out to eat. Earlier today, however, you saw her yell at a waiter at a local restaurant. You also noticed that other customers yelled at this waiter. According to Kelly's attribution theory, you are likely to make a(n) __________ attribution for Zewde's behavior.

external

Hans and Sybil Eysenck viewed people as having two specific personality dimensions: ________.

extroversion/introversion; neuroticism/stability

For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event.

flashbulb memory

To see a very faint star at night, look slightly away from it because this will

focus the star's light on rods outside the fovea.

Mom told Jeremy: "Ben burnt himself by touching an ice cream. Would Jim burn himself by touching the same ice cream?" Jeremy responded: "That sounds insane but...yes." Jeremy is most likely in Piaget's ___________ stage of cognitive development and is likely ________ years old.

formal operational; 15

The checker at your grocery store is in a really crabby mood. You assume it is because he is just a grouchy, mean person. Actually, he is very nice but just was upset because his boss had told him he had to stay late that night. Because you assumed his mood was due to his personality, you displayed a(n)

fundamental attribution error.

If group members modify their opinions to align with a perceived group consensus, then ________ has occurred.

groupthink

Hair cells located near the base of the basilar membrane respond best to ____________ sounds.

high-frequency

According to Rotter's expectancy theory, a person's decision to engage in a behavior is determined by what the person expects to happen following the behavior and by

how valuable the outcomes are.

The prediction that "bright colors will make people happier" is called a(n)

hypothesis.

In cartoons, when a character faces a moral dilemma, an angel often appears over one shoulder and a devil appears over the other shoulder, with both giving advice. According to Freud, the devil is similar to the __________, and it operates on the principle of _________.

id; pleasure

In a resting state, sodium (Na+) is at a higher concentration outside the cell and potassium (K+) is more concentrated inside the cell. During an action potential, the sodium levels ________ inside the cell.

increase

Dr. Jiminez investigated the influence of snacking on the onset of sleep in preschool children. One group of preschoolers ate a candy bar prior to bedtime, and the other group ate nothing. Time until the onset of sleep was recorded for each child. In this experiment, eating or not eating the snack is the __________ variable, and the time until the onset of sleep is the __________ variable.

independent; dependent

The tasks of a(n) __________ psychologist include improving supervisors' leadership skills, creating maximum-efficiency work groups, and suggesting other research-based programs designed to increase efficiency.

industrial and organizational

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence.

interpersonal; intrapersonal

Herbert, the rat, is put in a cage that is chilly. He operates in the environment by moving around the cage and bar-pressing. He discovers that moving around and bar-pressing have no impact on the temperature of the cage or anything else. Soon, Herbert stops moving around the cage at all, and when the temperature could be controlled through bar-pressing, he doesn't figure it out. Herbert is experiencing

learned helplessness.

A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge due to experience is known as

learning.

The right hemisphere gets information from the __________ side of the body and has better __________ abilities than the left hemisphere

left; spatial

Dolly is conducting a study in which she asks basketball players from several colleges to recall their win-loss outcomes of certain games in the past season. She found that some players incorrectly remember game outcomes, even when they were considered important games. This examples highlights that

long-term memories are subject to major errors and distortion.

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design.

longitudinal

Ron lost $20 playing the slots in Atlantic City. However, he found $20 on the subway. Even though Ron comes out even in terms of cash, he still feels pretty badly about losing money in the slot machines. In fact, he actually feels neutral about finding the $20 on the subway. Ron's feelings can be explained best by

loss aversion.

Jennifer has been depressed for several months, and she decided to take an overdose of sleeping pills. After taking the pills, her breathing rate decreased dramatically, her heart slowed down, and her blood pressure decreased. Which brain structure is the drug acting on?

medulla

When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________.

misinformation effect paradigm

A patient with __________ has myelin sheath damaged. He or she will experience fatigue, numb limbs and even vision loss because without myelin the_________.

multiple sclerosis; speed of neural conduction along critical paths will be too slow.

Cinderella is excited about meeting a potential husband at the ball. Her ideal suitor would have some of the following attributes: tall, dark, handsome, rich, and good taste in glass slippers. At the ball, she hooks up with Prince Charming, who has all of these features. Cinderella's set of characteristic features for her potential husband is called a __________ concept, and Prince Charming is a __________.

natural; prototype

A neuron evokes the action potential of another neuron by releasing the __________ into the synapse before they fit into the __________ of the other neuron.

neurotransmitters; neural receptors

Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She ________ only what Lian does wrong while ________ the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias.

notices, ignoring, confirmation

A child sees a piece of bread go down in a toaster, then turns away believing it no longer exists. According to Piaget, this child has not yet achieved __________ and is in the __________ stage of cognitive development.

object permanence; sensorimotor

When Imelda was young she used to be fascinated by shoe commercials on TV. She was particularly impressed by how happy people seemed to be when buying shoes. As an adult, Imelda goes shopping for shoes every chance she gets. This is an example of

observational learning.

Tadd is trying to impress Tara. He knows that she is a fan of Jane Austen, so Tadd reads Emma, a Jane Austen book, and then talks with Tara about the book, surprising her with his knowledge. As a result of the conversation, Tara agrees to go out with Tadd on a date. Tadd reads other Jane Austen books after this experience. This is an example of __________ conditioning.

operant

Dr. Zumbahlen is conducting a research study in which she is interested in the effects of aerobic activity on weight loss. Aerobic activity is defined by thirty minutes of exercise on the treadmill three times a week. This specific way of defining aerobic activity is referred to as a(n) __________ definition.

operational

Janine is a smoker. She also bites her nails when getting nervous. According to Freud, Janine is suffering from a fixation at the __________ stage of development.

oral

________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.

perception; sensation

When a stranger began walking behind Timothy on the dark and deserted street, his heart rate increased and the muscles in his legs began moving faster so he could gain some distance from the stranger. These mobilization and motor activities were most directly orchestrated by his __________ nervous system.

peripheral

Trina's parents gave her complete freedom while she was growing up, rarely disciplining her. Her parents' parenting style would most likely be called __________, and Trina was likely __________ as a young girl.

permissive; dependent

The long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways are known as ________.

personality

Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of ________.

personality psychology

According to Freud, Justin, who is 5 years old, may develop sexual feellings toward his mother, because he is in the ________stage of psychosexual development, when the ______ is the genital area.

phallic ; erogenous zone

Oscar likes to run at night. Even though it is dark, Oscar can see because his eyes have specialized cells that convert the low levels of light energy into neural activity. These cells are known as

photoreceptors.

In doing research on auditory processing, you find a relationship between the location on the basilar membrane that a sound wave has its biggest peak and the detection of pitch. This supports the __________ theory of hearing.

place

Victoria wants to teach her pet zebra, Spot, to bray (a sound similar to that made by a mule) whenever Spot hears the song "Paparazzi." She already knows that Spot will bray when she pulls his tail. She also took introductory psychology, so she knows that the most effective way to condition Spot would be to

play "Paparazzi" first and while it is still playing pull Spot's tail.

Which of the following is not a forebrain structure?

pons

Anwar dresses for a cold fall day and steps outside to find it sunny and hot. He goes back inside to change out of his sweater and jeans into a shirt and shorts. Anwar is demonstrating the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

practical

Simeon has met only one person from Canada in his whole life, and that person was arrogant and shrewd. Simeon now dislikes all Canadians. This phenomenon is best described as

prejudice.

Christian is hungry, so his mother fixes him a snack of carrots. Christian complains, "I don't have enough, Mommy. I'm really hungry!" His mother takes the five carrots and cuts them in half. Christian is happy and eats the ten pieces. According to Piaget, Christian is in the __________ stage of cognitive development since he does not yet display __________.

preoperational; conservation

Derrill is worried that variables such as age, gender, personality characteristics, and education level might confound the results of his experiment, which is designed to test the effects of mood on reaction time. Derrill should use __________ assignment to experimental groups to distribute the impact of these __________ variables.

random; random

Lois and Peter want to teach Brian, their dog, to fetch the newspaper. Lois wants to encourage Brian's behavior when he brings in the newspaper. Peter wants to discourage Brian's behavior when he brings in a stick instead. Lois will most likely use __________, and Peter will most likely use __________.

reinforcers; punishment

Marney is studying the relationship between the rate of teen pregnancies in U.S. high school students and the availability of contraceptives. She selects a sample composed of teens from a local high school. Marney's sample may not be generalizable because it is not

representative

When you go over to visit your friend's new baby, your friend exclaims, "Watch this! Every time I touch his cheek, he turns his mouth towards my finger!" Because you've taken psychology, you know that this phenomenon is called the __________ reflex.

rooting

Seven-year-old Ben is riding his bike to the park to meet some friends. He stops at a stop sign and signals his intention to turn left into the park. Ben's memory of the laws of the road is an example of __________ memory, whereas his ability to ride the bike shows __________ memory.

semantic; procedural

Shaina started crying because she thought that her brother disappeared, when in fact he just put on his Halloween mask. Piaget would say that Shaina is in the __________ stage and has not yet achieved __________.

sensorimotor; object permanence

Liora opens her textbook and begins to read. As her eyes scan the page, each word remains in her __________ memory for only one second, just long enough for the next phase of memory to take over.

sensory

You give your friend instructions about what to buy for a party by quickly rattling off fifteen unrelated grocery store items. Then to check whether your friend got all the information, you ask him to repeat the grocery list back to you. You should expect that your friend will recall about __________ items.

seven

Liora opens a phonebook and tries to memorize the number of a Chinese restaurant. As she just reads the number once, each number remains in her __________ memory for about only _______, just long enough for her to take out her phone and dial the number.

short-term; 18-20 seconds

As a field, social psychology focuses on ________ in predicting human behavior.

situational factors

Which of the following senses is not routed through the thalamus?

smell

Which of the following exemplifies olfaction?

smelling cookies in the oven

In a resting state, _____ is at a higher concentration outside the cell and ______ is more concentrated inside the cell. At the beginning of an action potential (before the peak of action potential), the sodium levels ________ inside the cell.

sodium; potassium; increase

If the myelin sheathing on neurons is absent or removed in a given individual, he or she will exhibit difficulties in speaking, vision, and balance because without myelin the

speed of neural conduction along critical paths will be too slow

The central nervous system consists of the brain and the ________.

spinal cord

Five-year-old Sandrine jumps and cringes every time she hears thunder. Soon she cringes when she sees lightning because she knows that thunder will follow. One day when she is at her first fireworks show, she cringes when she sees the flash of light from the first fireworks in the sky. Sandrine is displaying

stimulus generalization.

Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories.

suggestibility

The DC Sniper case we discussed in class demonstrates the fact that our memories are vulnerable to the power of _______________.

suggestibility

Yasou calls people and asks them a specified list of questions concerning their opinions of how irritating telemarketers can be. What kind of research is Yasou conducting?

survey

A _________ is any environmental agent that cause damage to the developing embryo or fetus.

teratogen

Many people believe that there are more deaths in the United States each year due to tornadoes than deaths due to asthma, even though asthma kills more people. This mistaken belief is due in part to the reports of tornadoes being more vivid. This is an example of how our judgments are affected by

the availability heuristic.

Your friend claims that altruism, cooperation, aggression, and other social behaviors increase the chances of human survival and are genetically encoded and passed on from generation to generation. Your friend is supporting

the evolutionary approach.

Kari is studying French vocabulary words. If Kari forgets this material, the largest part of her forgetting will occur within __________ of learning the material.

the first a few hours

Demetrius buys his cookies from Cookie Center because for every ten cookies he buys, he gets two free. Demetrius's behavior is an example of

the law of effect.

Biff has discovered a correlation of -0.83 between the amount of time his fraternity brothers spend working out in the gym and the number of dates they have during the semester. Based on this information, Biff should conclude that

the more the men work out, the fewer dates they have.

Developmental psychology is best defined as the study of

the psychosocial, cognitive, and physical changes that occur over the course of the life span.

While conducting an experiment on alcohol tolerance, Dr. Guff solicits his participants at the door to Skam's (a local drinking and social establishment). When he publishes his findings (that people are extremely tolerant to the effects of alcohol), Dr. Guff's research is criticized because

the sample is biased.

What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Shimon offers Mouin some salmon. Mouin thinks, "How nice. My friend is offering me fish. I wonder where he got it." This thought leads Mouin to feel happy, appreciative, and curious; he responds with a smile and an extended hand.

top-down

While walking outside, you notice the sun shining. Your ability to see the sunshine is related to visual processing of the light in your brain. The process by which physical energy (the sunshine) has been converted to neural activity in your brain is called

transduction.

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

trust vs. mistrust

Gabriel is just beginning to speak in words. He says "Daddy!" and "Car." Gabriel is most likely __________ old.

twelve to fifteen months

Devine et al. are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group.

type of play; no play

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus).

unconditioned response

Jason answered a series of vocabulary and reading comprehension questions on a web site. When he finished, the site gave him a rating of intelligence. "I don't think that test really measured intelligence," thought Jason. Jason is questioning the test's

validity

In modern IQ testing, someone with an IQ of 133 would be described as________.

very gifted

Self-regulation is also known as ________, and was studied in the __________.

will power, marshmallow study