UFND Exam #2

Discuss different names and titles for Jesus in the NT.

"Jesus" "Christ" "Son of God" "Son of Man" "Lord" "Savior"

Irenaeus of Lyon

"Oikonomia" (household management) God has an economy of salvation/how He interacts with us in 3 fold pattern (began and made right and redeems) Unity of distinction Basic understanding of Trinity--clearly assigns distinct functions to each person of the Trinity and links the three persons together as a "rule of faith,," which expresses the distinctively Christian understanding of the nature of God

Ordo Salutis

"Order of Salvation" -Justification -Sanctification -Vocation ***need all 3 for salvation

Pentecost

"birthday" of Christian church followers gathered--rush of wind and start speaking in foreign languages ("zenoglassia") spirit equipping people for mission/to spread word 50 days after Passover Jewish holiday--so observant Jews come to Jerusalem for feast days like Pentecost--so people from all over in city to hear/experience this speaking in other languages --show unity and diversity

Adoptionism

(Baptism) Jesus born then adopted/attained honorary God status at his baptism Heresy because human and God-ness are not joined well just artificially

Oikonomia of God

(household management) God has an economy of salvation/how He interacts with us in 3 fold pattern (began and made right and redeems)

Discuss the factors that went into the "Great Schism" between the Eastern and Western branches of Christianity in the Middle Ages.

-Different views on doctrine (each saw other as heretical) -Different cultures and nationalities and people groups and ethnicities -Different power structures (w = strong/control; e = less autonomy) -Different geography--huge distance to travel/communicate -Geographical and cultural diversity of church -Different languages (official language of W church = Latin; E = Greek) -Theological differences--especially Trinity doctrine (threeness and oneness--W = emphasize oneness, E = emphasize threeness) -Filioque Clause--W added "and the son" or "filioque" to Nicene Creed without including E in discussion, creed is a big deal -Power struggle between Roman Pope + other Archbishops in E -1054: Great Schism because Pope and Archbishop of Constantinople (head of E) disagree--E made decision pope didn't like, so pope excommunicated E who hen excommunicated W/pope-->each consider the other heretics (see themselves as "the church") -Fundamental split--split so much don't think of each other as Christians

Discuss the factors that contributed to the decline of the Roman Catholic Church in the Middle Ages.

-Rise of Islam -Corruption of church through money and power -Moving Vatican--leads to loss of respect and power -Lose independence (conciliarism) -Renaissance (rise of individual thought) -Mysticism, Aristotelianism, Renaissance, etc.--show voices outside church -Printing Press--allowing more people to have books

Explain Karl Barth's Trinitarian understanding of revelation.

3ness of God/3 ways In other words, preaching (or proclamation), scripture, and revelation are considered to be three different, yet unified forms of the Word of God. Barth's analogy was the Trinity--Scripture (GOD--word of God); Revelation/Logos (JESUS--God's self revelation); Preaching (HS--continues to help reveal God)

What does it mean to understand salvation as adoption, liberation, ransom, redemption, sacrifice, or victory?

ADOPTION analogy for salvation because welcomed when have no right; given new life/start; heaven as home--true belonging, not from DNA; new reality like Israel as children of God--non-Israelites/non-Jews included in family of God constitutes identity get to be part of family even if not rightfully feel LIBERATION lead out of captivity; out of enslavement; freedom enslaved to many things, but God gives freedom liken salvation to Exodus (slaves made free)--esp. important to Jesus not only spiritual (emotions/thoughts), physical too RANSOM price paid for release--Jesus pays or IS the ransom/price who paid it to? can't take analogy too far no longer in captivity REDEMPTION purchased/"bought with a price" cost God god--"costly grace" salvation is BIG redeemed for God's purpose (not accident) SACRIFICE give up (offering, Passover ritual, etc.) give to God to take away sin ("scapegoat"--blood of sacrificed spotless lamb on goat; Jesus as lamb) Jesus' sacrifice goes beyond cross--whole life was sacrifice--chose to follow God's call no matter what (daily sacrifice) VICTORY over death, sin, corruption, the Devil, enslavement, fear, etc. in Christ salvation goes beyond just going to heaven, not the emphasis in scripture

F.D.E. Schleiermacher

Account of Christ's work as redeemer which emphasizes role of Jesus as founder of the Christian community; tried to appeal to enlightenment so not necessary to invoke "magical" understandings of Christ to understand his powerful appeal to humanity, or his ability to change peoples' lives. Model of Christ as charismatic community leader explains significance of Jesus.

Doctrine of Appropriation

Activities/operations of God = all of God present Operations of God are indivisible, but appropriate parts to people of Trinity (ex: God as creator, etc.) Separate to discuss--both really, just 1 God Can pray to any of them

Ambrose of Milan

Ambrose of Milan believes that the Holy Spirit needs to be considered as fully divine and that we can see this in the Bible by looking at the intermingling of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. He uses verses from 1 Corinthians to emphasize the idea that the Holy Spirit dwells within each of us; this is connected to other verses from Leviticus, Psalm, and John where it says that the Lord also dwells within us, so Ambrose took this to means that God dwells within us as the Holy Spirit. Ambrose also says that we are temples of the Father, Son, and the Holy Spirit, but this is not separate temples, it is one temple because the Trinity dwells in one person because they are unified in their nature.

What does it mean to understand sin as guilt/debt, enslavement, sickness, malformation, ignorance, or finitude?

Analogies: Guilt/Debt--guilty/owe debt to God Enslavement to Power--we sin because we are enslaved to some power outside of ourselves (i.e. the Devil, greed, hate, fear, etc.)--but sin in someway Sickness--sin because we are sick, ill, infected with some sort of virus (spiritual virus)--cannot find a remedy so hinders the way we live Malformation--stunted development in our person-hood so handicapped in ability to do god's will Ignorance--don't know any better, trapped by own ignorance, sin without knowing it; think we're doing right but actually sinning because don't know better Finitude--because we are creatures and not God we cannot help but be imperfect--finite so sinful How deep is this? -Augustine says Pre-Fall (before sin) "posse non peccare"--possible not to sin (can still choose to sin)--could constantly be choosing God's will; Post-Fall = "non posse non peccare"--impossible not to sin, cannot escape it; Eschaton = kingdom to come "non posse peccare"--not possible to sin

John Macquarrie

Approaches the doctrine of the Trinity from an existentialist perspective Argues that the doctrine of the Trinity "safeguards a dynamic as opposed to a static understanding of God."--Father is source of what is but all possibilities of being (primordial Being); Son is flowing out (expressive Being); Holy Spirit maintain, strengthen, and restores unity of Being with the Beings (unitive Being)

Athanasius of Alexandria

Athanasius of Alexandria argues that Jesus is God incarnate and needed to be in order for us, as created beings, to know our creator and have a purpose for being created. As sinful images of God, we can't "recreate" God's original image and therefore, needed Jesus, in human form, to come redeem us and save us. Lastly, Jesus needed and was incarnate in order to be a God who is personal and involved with His creation rather than uninvolved and detached.

Mendicant Orders

Attempting to reform corrupt Catholic Church in High Middle Ages Traveling so have no home, money, stuff, etc. because see stationary monks as corrupt and giving into temptation of money and material things (2 orders = Franciscans from Francis of Assisi; Dominican from Dominique of Gassman)--go to areas of need, fix problem then move on

Austin Farrer

Austin Farrer expands on how the incarnation informs humanity's suffering by connecting God's willingness to come down in human form to his relationship with humanity, making the true incarnation complete and final on the day of Christ's return. By coming to earth in human form God personally identified himself with animal nature; though Christ took on a sinful human form, God's divinity was reflected in Christ's words and deeds. On earth, Christ fulfilled his role as head of the mystical body of believers, demonstrating his desire to be in relationship with humanity, and fulfilling his purpose in order that the true incarnation may occur and be completed then as well as on the last day, and ultimately providing humanity with hope in the midst of suffering.

Rufinus of Aquileia

Christ's death represents a victory over death and sin "Mousetrap" and "Fish-Hook" theory of atonement--held that Christ's death on the cross was an elaborate trap laid for Satan. Satan, it argued, held humanity so securely captive that God was unable to liberate them by an legitimate means, and thus resorted to divine deception--humanity of Christ was the bait and his divinity the hook

Pneumatology

Comes from two Greek words: "pneuma" ("wind," "breath," or "spirit") + "logos" ("word," "matter," or "thing") Refers to the study of the biblical doctrine of the Holy Spirit Generally includes: -personality of the Spirit -the deity of the Spirit -the work of the Spirit throughout Scripture.

Describe how the Holy Spirit continues the mission of Christ in the world today.

Continue salvation/redemption; still fully present on Earth--doing things to bring salvation/healing/etc.

Describe the different roles for and actions of the HS and describe in the Bible.

Conviction--convicts us, not same as guilt, but did something wrong and want to change and be better (guilt is dead end/cycles on itself) Pledge of Salvation--first fruits--presence of Spirit is piece/peak into salvation; pockets of salvation/promise to come/taste/glimpse--making salvation happen now Parachete--advisor, comforter, councilor, and advocate; with us all the time, gives comfort, wisdom, council and in world working things for our good Pentecost--equipping people for mission/to spread word

Chalcedonic Christology (Dyophysitism)

Council of Chalcedon (451) Declares Jesus 1 person with 2 natures ("dyophysitism")--can't explain but confession of faith Fully God and fully human "without confusion, division, change, or separation" Jesus still human (just not on earth)--can't seaparte; Jesus embodies salvation Esp. opposed by Nestorianism and Monophysities

Discuss different heretical understanding of Jesus' nature that emerged in the process of developing Christological Orthodoxy.

DOCETISM (Gnostics) Says Jesus had no body (hologram or ghost) because if material then not good--made appearance but not human/no body--because saw material world as imperfect/bad ARIANISM "1st born of all creation"--Jesus has body so can't be God--if Jesus is human than can't be God--so he's like superman, he's the BEST of humans--created by God (undersell uniqueness of God) ADOPTIONISM (Baptism) Jesus born then adopted/attained honorary God status at his baptism Heresy because human and God-ness are not joined well just artificially NESTORIANISM 2 persons, 2 natures (because many things are not fitting of God or human--switches between "human-ish" and "god-ish" in different situations "Christotokos" = "Chrstbearer" (Mary bare Christ the man) vs Christians say "Theotokos" = "God bearer) MONOPHYSITISM --Eutychianism: One person, one nature (hybrid)--99% God (majority) + 1% human (drop of humanity) --Apollinarianism: One person, one nature (hybrid)--will (part of brain) is taken out of head and replaced with divine logos to will what God wants (not fully God and not fully human)--different from us

Catherine Mowry LaCugna

Defense of natural connection between Trinity an Christian life, both corporate and individual--argues that an umber of historical pressures led to the doctrine of the Trinity becoming an abstract metaphysical doctrine, detached from realities of Christian living (esp. scholastic age)--argues for recovery of Trinity as relational notion, grounded in what God has done for humanity in Christ.

Colin Gunton

Drew attention to the importance of metaphors in theories of the atonement A proper appreciation of the status of the language used in relation to the cross of Christ is fundamental to a correct understanding of its meaning Language "creates ways both of speaking of God and of realizing his action in the world." Emphasis on divine action Should begin with NT, attempting to understand how its language works and is used. Not able to speak of actions and being of God independently of metaphors

Outline the highlights of the Early/High/Late Middle Ages in relation to the development of the Christian Church.

EARLY (476-1054) -began with fall of Roman Empire; ends with Great Schism -"dark ages"--little literature produced; high illiteracy -political instability; documents lost; poor education -Rise of Roman Church -->W = empire crumbled into warring city states--Church = only institution offering stability, which give it great power and influence -->Plague = 500-600s; half of population died; turned to church for help; church again provides stability and takes in sick, orphaned, and widows -->Barbarian groups convert -->Monastic system growing because church provides order, food, job, etc. (leads to monastic reform because joining for wrong reasons + corrupting monasteries) -In E holding Ecumenical councils, continuing to get strong; Russia converted (beginning of Russian Orthodox Church) -Challenged by Rise of Islam -Division-->Great Schism (because different doctrinal views, cultures, nationalities, power structures, physical distance, languages, etc.) -->Schism results in W=Roman Catholic; E=Eastern Orthodox HIGH (1054-1300) -W Church becoming institutionalized (structure how to do things) also becoming corrupt from power & money -->gain $ (tithing) and threaten and take over land; power over people -->attempted reform by Mendicant Friars/Order: traveling so have no home, money, stuff, etc. because see stationary monks as corrupt and giving into temptation of money and material things (2 orders = Franciscans from Francis of Assisi; Dominican from Dominique of Gassman)--go to areas of need, fix problem then move on -Architecture transitions from Romanesque to Gothic which is lighter, and taller and more ornate--show power and wealth of church -Growing Signs of weakness -->investiture controversy (conflict church and state) -->nepotism (hired for job because of who you know) -->simony (paying for position) -->indulgences -Crusades (W seeking to regain Holy cities; Church raises army through penance, blackmail, + volunteers seeking glory) -Inquisition (attacks against heretics--traveling court) LATE (1303-1400s-ish) -begins with death of Pop (last ultra powerful pope); ends with fall of Constantinople to Ottomans (Byzantine becomes Ottoman Empire) OR Renaissance OR 1517 Reformation (W church schism) -era of decline as independent power -Pope moves Vatican to Avignon, France--end up with 2 popes (one who moves back to Rome and one who remains in Avignon); try to resolve in Pisa but end up with a THIRD pope-->lose some of church's respect -People feel pop needs council to make decision--> conciliarism--> compromise/decrease church power -Renaissance -->cultural movement--praise human power and goodness and individual power and gives locus of power to people outside church -->helps encourage secularization -Many voices of dissent (John Huss, John Wycliff, etc.) -Aristotelianism (people listening to Greek idea, not Christian ideas, show ideas beyond church) -Johannes Gutenburg--invented printing press; make books easily, don't need to be rich to own a book = increased literacy so people can read and not rely comply upon church -Mysticism = God told people something in vision and tell others of it--people outside church teaching of own personal experience (many were women)--so popular threatened church

Discuss the E and W conceptions of the Trinity.

EAST -more emphasis on 3ness of God -Perichoresis (around the circle) -"Social Trinity"--refers to thinking of God with 3ness emphasized (not heresy) -Economic Trinity (we cannot know God's essence, but how He interacts with us in 3 ways) WEST -Substantia/Hypostases--1 substance, 3 persons -Emphasize 1ness of God (God called "God" not trinity) -Monotheism--worried about polytheism--worried what meant to be 3 in 1 -Immanent Trinity (focus on essence of God--how God is 3 in 1, more comfortable discussing)

Describe the different conceptions of the HS held by E and W Christianity and how these differences are reflected in Filioque Controversy.

EAST Keep distinction--God works in Spirit and Son in different ways Never adopted "filioque" (spirit from father AND SON)--just father for them WEST Double procession--from Father AND SON Feel must be continuity between God working through Spirit and Son

Salvation

Embodied by Jesus Past (has happened--Jesus), present (is happening--Holy Spirit) and future (will happen--God) Salvation in Christ = God healing/restoring everything In Christ humanity is healed; only a piece of this is heaven; salvation past/present/future/even now being saved Jesus focuses on salvation NOW (esp. for those with immediate concerns/needs)

Explain what unique functions Jesus serves for Christians. Must Jesus be fully divine to carry out these functions? Why or why not?

Functions: 1) reveals God 2) Does God's work 3) Shows us how to live 4) Starts movement --could do all these non-divine, but only God can save--so also fully divine (can't rescue from sin unless divine)

Explain different understandings of who gets saved according to different doctrinal emphases.

GOD'S SOVEREIGNTY/JUSTICE predestination/election--idea that God chooses some people to be saved but not others--chosen from beginning of time (the "elect") vs not chosen ("reprobate") God's decision, not up to us COOPERATION God gives us the tools and we must use to embrace salvation (esp. in high ecclesiastisism--emphasis on belonging to church) we play a role HUMAN FREE WILL can choose to receive or reject salvation God respects our dignity to allow us to make choice/we respond GRACE/MERCY emphasis on God's overwhelming grace/mercy EVERYONE is saved--why would God condemn anyone or let us go to hell sort of universalism (all religions lead to heaven) or inclusivism (Jesus saves all, even if chose not to follow him)

Explain different understandings of when salvation takes place according to different doctrinal emphases.

GOD'S SOVEREIGNTY/JUSTICE predestination/election--idea that God chooses some people to be saved but not others--chosen from beginning of time (the "elect") vs not chosen ("reprobate") God's decision, not up to us COOPERATION God gives us tools--seen in baptism, receiving of communion, etc. HUMAN FREE WILL when we choose GRACE/MERCY everyone is in the process of being saved (our lives -growing to understand/learning)

Perichoresis

Gk for "around the circle" 3 people of trinity around circle but so close/intimate can't distinguish from each other (like a dance)

Pneuma/Ruach

Gk/Hebrew means "spirit," breath," or "wind" like air, invisible, life giving intangible, movement, uncontainable, uncontrollable, incomprehensible, unquantifiable, can't capture/domesticate it

Tritheism

God = 3 separate, distinct people ex: Subordinationism and Adoptionism

Rosemary Radford Ruether

God has objectively done work outside of you for salvation (redeem cosmos) but that truth/healing needs to be known/experience by me (true for all)--horizontal not just vertical Connection between suffering and death of Christ on the cross and redemption--traditional understanding of Christ's suffering brought together the notion of "deserved suffering for guilt" and the promise of "becoming a Christlike agent of redemption for one's victimizers through innocent suffering," and noted their potential implications for Christians, especially women

Economic Trinity

God interacts with us (among us) in three-fold way (creates, reconciles, and redeems) Also role of binding Father and Son; work of Spirit goes out from God to make things right with God and helps us see Jesus connected to God

Holy Spirit

God present doing stuff ALL God, ALL present Not magical powers or a feeling God was fully present in Jesus, now still fully present through HS Jesus said better to have HS than JC because present everywhere with everyone Doing things to bring salvation (healing, etc.)

Henry Barclay Swete

Henry Barclay Swete has brought to light the idea that "God is a Spirit" and "there is a Spirit of God" because God is divine and this spirit proceeds from both God and Jesus Christ making up the "tri-personal" God. Swete also mentions the three ideas brought up to answer the question: How does one understand and differentiate the spirit from the being of God? The three propositions to this question are Arianism, the idea that the Spirit is a created being "co-ordinating" with God, Unitarian Theist, the belief that the Spirit needs to be divine which "penetrates Nature and inspires man", and the last idea builds on the second stating that that the "Spirit of God is God Himself" who sanctifies human beings (Swete, pp.119).

Arianism

Heresy "1st born of all creation"--Jesus has body so can't be God--if Jesus is human than can't be God--so he's like superman, he's the BEST of humans--created by God (undersell uniqueness of God)

Nestorianism

Heresy 2 persons, 2 natures (because many things are not fitting of God or human--switches between "human-ish" and "god-ish" in different situations "Christotokos" = "Chrstbearer" (Mary bore Christ the man) vs Christians say "Theotokos" = "God bearer) today is Asirian Orthodox Church

Monophysitism (Miaphysitism)

Heresy One person, one nature (hybrid) Subcategories: Eutychianism + Apollinarianism became "miaphysitism," today is Oriental Orthodoxy

Docetism

Heresy Says Jesus had no body (hologram or ghost) because if material then not good--made appearance but not human/no body--because saw material world as imperfect/bad

Eutychianism

Heresy Subcategory of Monophysitism One person, one nature (hybrid)--99% God (majority) + 1% human (drop of humanity)

Apollinarianism

Heresy Subcategory of Monophysitism One person, one nature (hybrid)--will (part of brain) is taken out of head and replaced with divine logos to will what God wants (not fully God and not fully human)--different from us

Filioque Clause

Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father "and the son" ("filioque") --added to Nicene Creed at Council of Toledo by Roman Pope--upset Eastern Orthodox Church (especially because not consulted/included + creed = big deal because most people can't read so memorize creed) --E NEVER adopted change--felt made HS 3rd place God/led to ranking; strove for anti-subordination and keeping distinction (God works in Spirit and Son in different ways); no melding of parts --W trying to be faithful to scripture; double procession = from Father and Son; feel E is saying Go do works through just son or just Spirit because distinct, feel must be continuity between the 2

Bernard Lonergan

How we may be said to "understand" redemption and offers 5 points of reflection on this them--believes possible to speak of the "rationality" of atonement and identify some of its features, but critical of any attempt to "prove' the necessity of the atonement by a deductive argument. 1. Not a necessity 2. A dynamic intelligibility 3. An incarnate intelligibility 4. A complex intelligibility 5. A multiple intelligibility

Non Passe Non Peccare

I cannot not sin/unable to not sin

IXØY∑

Ichthus "Fish"--symbol for Jesus Ancient acronym--letters of the words for Jesus' "identity" I = Jesus X = Christ Ø = God Y = Son ∑ = Savior

Spirit Christology

Idea of Jesus = poetry helps spiritual awareness (reveals God)

Why do Christians believe that God is both one and three?

Idea of Trinity is revealed/witnessed to in Scripture as only way to make sense of God, Christ in God, Christ gone, still with us in third way (shows 3ness) Sustained and critical reflection on divine activity and revealed in Scripture

Predestination/Election

Idea that God chooses some people to be saved but not others--chosen from beginning of time (the "elect") vs not chosen ("reprobate")

What in the Bible points toward the threeness of God?

Identification of God through activity--wisdom, word of god, spirit of god 3 parts of salvation--creator, reconciler, and redeemer

Atonement Theory

If salvation is the "what" atonement is the "how" 3 categories/examples--Classical, Satisfaction, and Moral Exemplar Theories All helpful in seeing bigness of salvation (how less important than the what has, will and is happening) Atonement = "at" + "one" + "ment"--one with God--made up in English

Explain three different models of atonement.

If salvation is the "what" atonement is the "how" All helpful in seeing bigness of salvation (how less important than the what has, will and is happening) CLASSICAL THEORY always battle good (God) vs evil (Devil), Jesus = God's decisive move latches on to Jesus as KING (rescue/save us)--esp look at resurrection because victory --more E Orthodox than W --Ruffenus SATISFACTION THEORY we have incurred a debt with God, must be paid, if die with debt go to hell, if paid go to heaven; like accountant (very logical payment needed that's bigger than universe--Jesus pays and represents all of humanity latches on to Jesus as PRIEST (look esp at cross--debt paid) --popular in W --Anselm MORAL EXEMPLAR THEORY Jesus saves us by modeling how we should live/moral life ("moral exemplar") latches on to Jesus as PROPHET (look at Jesus' life--what he said and taught and did) --Peter Abilard

Karl Rahner

Immanent Trinity IS Economic Trinity--who He is is how He acts/acts according to His identity--act in 3 fold manner see threeness

Charles Gore

In Charles Gore's essay "The Holy Spirit and Inspiration," he outlines the "intimate interconnection" of Jesus the Son and the Holy Spirit, that is all that Jesus did, from going into the wilderness to performing miracles, he did in obedience to and with the power of the Holy Spirit. To Gore, the Spirit came down upon the Son when he was incarnated, to dwell in the human race, and work through them the will of God the Father while also rescuing them from their sinful nature and instead turning them to the "newness of Christ," in whom humanity is perfect. In this way, Jesus, working with the Holy Spirit, redeems humanity, thereby healing them through Jesus' sacrifice, to make "human nature the organ of a life of perfect obedience." (Gore, pg. 117)

George Tyrrell

In his account, George Tyrell is writing his response to the claims made by Adolf von Harnack in which Harnack states that the gospel of Jesus became complicated due to the assumptions of the early church; Tyrell on the other hand believes that the modern Liberal Protestants only see the characteristics of Christ that reaffirm their view of modern morality. Tyrell clearly has strong views about this stating that "with eyes thus preoccupied they could only find the German in the Jew..." (76) meaning that modern society has picked out the most western, favorable, and progressive traits of Jesus to fit into the mold of "the ideal humanity" that appeals to modern generations. In conclusion, Tyrell emphasizes that the rationalistic view of Jesus strained out the miraculous elements of the Gospel and the moralistic view strained out everything but modern morality leaving Jesus to be viewed now as "only the reflection of a Liberal Protestant face, seen at the bottom of a deep well" (77).

John Meyendorff

In this section John Meyendorff explains areas of difference in the debate between the eastern and western church on the Spirit and its relation to the Trinity, claiming that the western church understands the unity of the Trinity with little weight, while the eastern church bases their understanding on the three persons and later affirms the equality of their divinity. It seems that the church's different beliefs are rooted in their individual understandings of the personal distinctiveness paired with their unifying divinity, where the eastern church is especially misunderstood. In conclusion, Meyendorff seems to assert that opinions from both sides align, seeing that the Spirit's "procession from the Father" is the same as the Spirit's pre-eternal divinity.

Sin

Indicates universal brokenness/something wrong (like massive infection) If minimize, then minimize salvation (and vice versa) Why we need salvation "Hamartia" (Gk) Err/"miss the mark"--not do or embody the will/intentions of God

Discuss the three different components in the order salutes (justification, sanctification, vocation) of salvation.

JUSTIFICATION made right with God--> but just that makes life not meaningful SANCTIFICATION to be made holy (or what meant to be) God transforms us--> both good but falls short at just being nice to other people, also need to be agents who go out and heal world VOCATION calling/purpose/why here--how God has equipped you for cosmic healing (rounds out definition of salvation)

Homoousios/Homoiousios/Heteroousios

Jesus with God--of the same substance

John Webster

John Webster emphasizes the great need to understand the pluralistic nature of the Trinity in which threeness is fundamental to its unity; it is only when we understand this aspect that we can fully grasp the distinct identity of the Spirit-- related to, but distinct from the Father and the Son in the Trinity. He states three areas of God's action that can be attributed to the Spirit: 1) the Spirit is the one who is sent out into the world and demonstrates "God's life is a life open to creation" 2) the Spirit is active in the mission of the church and continues the work of Christ and does not merely "remind" us of it and 3) the Spirit operates with the activity of prayer that differentiates him from the Father and the Son. Understanding the uniqueness of the Spirit in the Trinity as "the one whom God moves beyond himself provoking mission and worship" helps us understand more clearly the triune life of God because the Spirit is distinct, yet also deeply bound to the identities of the Father and the Son.

Anselm of Canterbury

Link between forgiveness and the death of Christ--God created humanity in state of original righteousness with objective to bring to state of eternal blessedness, but can't reach because requires obedience to God which is blocked by sin, which frustrates God's purpose in creating humanity. This must be remedied, but cannot be remedied without satisfaction is made for sin. Humans don't have resources to provide satisfaction, God does, so a God-man would have ability of God and obligation of humanity to pay. So Jesus was the required satisfaction to redeem humanity. Believes we can make sense of redemption, setting out what he regarded as an excellent argument for the necessity of redemption through Christ's death on the cross

Martin Kahler

Martin Kähler sets up an argument against the idea of the "life of Jesus" movement which talks about faith being based upon using Jesus' story and life as a historical set of facts. Kähler says that we do not need to know every historical detail of the life of Jesus in order to have faith; the most important thing is that we are passed a knowledgeable and reliable picture of Jesus that we can use as an interpretation of Him and His preachings. He says that the New Testament shows us the important work that Christ did for humanity and is not a historically accurate account of every detail of His life; therefore we do not need to get caught up in knowing every fact in order to understand and have faith in Jesus.

Subject Areas

Middle Ages Church History Christology Sin/Salvation Pneumatology Doctrine of Trinity

Missio Dei

Mission of God/Christ Speak truth, help, save, heal, give hope, etc.

Morna D. Hooker

Morna D. Hooker looks at the Council of Chalcedon, which believed that it had realized the best way of making sense of the witness of Jesus, and assesses what to look at to understand if beliefs may need to change as time goes on, and why the language of Chalcedon is so different from that of the New Testament. She looks at three reasons why this could be: First, Chalcedon was committed to go against heresy, however Christianity was considered a heresy in New Testament days, so by the time the Chalcedon Council happened, statements that were once heresy were now orthodoxy which caused those accounts to be handled in a much different way; second, the New Testament used imagery to describe God's activity and what he did, while by the time Chalcedon happened, they decided to change things from the New Testament's images and descriptors into doctrines. Finally, the difference in language between Greek and Hebrew makes it hard for those on the opposing side to understand their view of Christ.

For Christians, why must Jesus be fully human and fully divine?

Must be fully divine to save from sin because only God can save But must be fully human because "that which is unassumed is unhealed"--must become human to heal--must be fully human to heal humanity

Explain why the HS is necessary for revelation, salvation, and Christian life

Necessary to make things right/out to be (sanctification) Necessary to reveal God to us (crosses ontological gap)--make God personally present so we can relate (spiritual presence of God) Necessary for Salvation

Objective/Subjective Salvation

Objective: true regardless of your thoughts/outside of you--true even if you weren't there (IN CHRIST) Subjective: true in you--based on your perceptions (IN HS)

What is the difference between objective and subjective salvation?

Objective: true regardless of your thoughts/outside of you--true even if you weren't there (IN CHRIST) Subjective: true in you--based on your perceptions (IN HS)

Discuss different examples of over-emphasis on the "oneness" and "threeness" in the Trinity. Why are these over-emphases harmful to the understanding of the Christian three-in-one God?

Over emphasize 3ness: refers to thinking of God with 3ness emphasized--can't take too far and think of as 3 people or trinity as group of 3/community/society Over emphasize 1ness: undermining 3 distinct persons within trinity--making entirely 1 God

Three Offices of Christ

PROPHET enlighten us mediator/represents God's present to people and represents people to God Jesus = perfect priest because he perfectly represents us to God and is the perfect sacrifice/ultimate mediator PRIEST make us right speaking truth (or word of God)--Jesus, esp. compared to Moses--not always predict future Jesus = perfect prophet because speaks truth and embodies truth (is word of God) KING lead/guide us protect/lead/guide his people--compared to David--Jesus shows leading also means serving (wash feet) different sort of king than Jews expected from Messiah

What are the three offices of Christ, and how do they relate to our salvation?

PROPHET enlighten us mediator/represents God's present to people and represents people to God Jesus = perfect priest because he perfectly represents us to God and is the perfect sacrifice/ultimate mediator PRIEST make us right speaking truth (or word of God)--Jesus, esp. compared to Moses--not always predict future Jesus = perfect prophet because speaks truth and embodies truth (is word of God) KING lead/guide us protect/lead/guide his people--compared to David--Jesus shows leading also means serving (wash feet) different sort of king than Jews expected from Messiah

Is it possible to overcome sin? Discuss the possible dangers of answering that question one way and the other.

Possible to overcome? Bible says both yes and no--danger if only answer yes or no: IF YES--would lead to works-righteousness (we earn our righteousness by doing enough) which leads to hopelessness (because can't get righteousness) or lead to self-righteousness (because believe have overcome sin on your own) which is really self-deception (pretending you've overcome your sin when haven't) IF NO--lead to resignation (seen in quietism--since we are saved and can't overcome sin anyway we can do whatever we want/can be resigned to fact that can't overcome sin--oh well) or guilt (feel guilty because can't overcome sin/becomes burden) can lead to despair (see ourselves as sinful and awful because can't overcome) So Bible saying YES encourages us to work with God to overcome sin, and NO causes us to remain humble and know it is a real problem and we need God's help to overcome it.

Great Schism

Power struggle between Roman Pope + other Archbishops in E Pope and Archbishop of Constantinople (head of E) disagree--E made decision pope didn't like, so pope excommunicated E who hen excommunicated W/pope-->each consider the other heretics (see themselves as "the church") Fundamental split--split so much don't think of each other as Christians

Robert Jenson

Proper name for God = "Trinity"/"Father, Son, HS" Need to say more than "Yahweh--I am who I am" Can't leave out Jesus and HS Proper because encapsulates salvation history (work of Father Son, and HS)

Discuss different definitions of sin and their strengths and weaknesses, including the feminist critique.

Reinhold Niebuhr--people (W christianity) not taking sin seriously enough, thought we were overcoming our sin--defined sin mostly as "Pride" (will to assert the self over God + others) Feminist Critique--though sin can be pride, sometimes need pride--in abused wife need to not just be meek--pride not always bad Karl Barth--suggests we can understand sin in many ways--including "Pride" (assert over god and others) and "Falsehood" (not being the person God calls you to be/not live true reality)--so not called to be meek/abused/enslaved Covenant--another way to understand sin--sermon on mount see sin as violating covenant--to love God and love others--so sin is to not love God/others as we should Daniel Migliore--created to be relational creatures so sin = mistreating relationships (relationship with God, with others, and with world)--so sin when not living properly in each relationship/mistreat relationships (so poor relationship with God = too me centered; with others = dominate others or make them objects or too servile/allow them to dominate us; with world = refuse to work in word for God's kingdom--through apathy/not caring or through presumption/assume God will take care of it)

N.T. Wright

Scholar N.T. ("Tom") Wright, argues that when we understand the historical context Christian views emerged from, we have a better chance of understanding their views of the person and significance of Jesus of Nazareth. The specific example in this text examines the first century Jewish cultural context, where Wright feels it is clear that Jesus believed himself called to do and be what in scriptures only Israel's God did and was, therefore making himself also God. In other words, the picture of God and His identity that is painted in the Old Testament--of God as a shepherd, as a loving God, etc.--exactly fits Jesus.

Describe how different conceptions of sin correspond with different conceptions of salvation.

Sin --> Salvation Sickness/illness --> healing Bondage --> liberator Debt --> sacrifice Ignorance --> prophet Subjection --> ransom Mislead --> leader

What were some of the results of the Fall?

Sin = disobedience (go against what God asked); rebellion (assert their will over God); knowledge (knowing something you shouldn't/thinking we know something we don't); self-sufficiency (don't need God any more, can take care of themselves, can do on own) --represented in Fall Fall also tells us: -Universal Fallenness--sin infects everyone/everything (universally fallen)--cursed Adam/Eve + descendents + land itself -Individual and Corporate--something I do and you do + embodied in a group of people--systemic sin--part of our very structures, which force us to live in a sinful way--part of fabric of society/culture--do together and separately -State and Act--actions + decisions we make and state we live in (describes our very reality--inescapable)

Western Schism

Speak out against church and break off because see corruption (split within western church)

"Holy"

Spirit shown to be God through name of God--to Jews only God is holy, so saying Spirit is holy is indirect connection between Spirit and God

The 11th Council of Toledo

Statement of doctrine of Trinity Explains the relation of the words "Trinity" and "god" and stresses the importance of the relationalities within the Godhead, focusing especially on the relation of the Holy Spirit to the Son and Father Father, Son, and HS is one God by nature, of one substance At no time did the Father exist without the Son, nor the Son without the Father Only one source of the Spirit

Immanent Trinity

Structure of God/how 3 in one at same time HS binds together Father and Son (or self-expression) Threeness of God

Christology

Study of Christ

Soteriology

Study of Salvation ***(hard to separate from Christology in Christianity)

Hamartiology

Study of Sin

The Formula of Concord

This reading reflects on a document entitled "Formula of Concord" and looks at one specific part of the reading that talks about the limits of mere human freedom. This document continues to make one basic point overall: the fact that human beings are very limited, and true human freedom is impossible without the great work of the divine, the Holy Spirit who will lead us, guide us, and sustain us for life; as we would be nothing on our own. If we are spiritually dead in sin, or are not seeking to follow God, or using our own free will for our selfish desires which lead us to that same sin, we will definitely fall short; however the author brings up Phillipians 2:13 which says "It is God who works within you, both to will and to achieve his good pleasure", and he points out that this verse brings those who are longing for the divine much comfort, strength, and satisfaction.

"Christ"

Title for Jesus "Messiah" in Hebrew; from "Kristos" in Gk means "anointed one" Jesus redefined what Messiah was--so he doesn't use title for himself much to avoid connotations/expectations

Son of God

Title for Jesus Identity indicated--intimate identity between God the Father and Jesus or identity of nature (God's presence in Jesus) or identity of function (what God wants done)

Son of Man

Title for Jesus Jesus uses for himself most/refers to himself this way Human/Representative of all humanity (embodies what it means to be human) Everything has been building up to this, Jesus, who represents us all His life lived for us--we receive no punishment

"Lord"

Title for Jesus What a servant calls a master What Jewish people usually use for God ("Addonai")--because Yahweh is too holy to say Servant to master Heavier connotations because substitute for Yahweh

"Jesus"

Title for Jesus name actually "Yehoshua" (Hebrew) = "Yeshua" (Aramaic) = "Joshua" (Eng) = "Jesus" (Gk) Means "God (YWHW) saves"

What in the Bible points toward the divinity of the HS?

Titles ("holy"--only given to God) Acts (salvation/sanctification) Baptismal Formula ("Father, Son, and Holy Ghost")

Ousia/Substantia

Trinity = 1 substance (substantia/ousia = Gk)

Hypostases/Personae

Trinity = 3 personae (hypostases = Gk) not different people, but more personalities

Modalism

Type of Unitarian/Monarchianism Chronological Modalism: different modes at different times Functional Modalism Theological problem because not all 3; separate/one at a time and inconsistent

What is the signification of the Biblical images of wind and fire as depictions of the HS?

Wind/Fire used to symbolize God's presence Seen in scripture: Pentecost, pillars of fire, burning bush, etc Represent power (also necessary for life, can cause death) --fire provides warmth + light but can destroy home/crop --wind brings moisture/cool/warm--can bring sand storm and head Unpredictable and immaterial (wild and can't hold)

Personifications of God

Wisdom Word of God Spirit of God --identification of God through God's activity

Monarchianism

aka Unitarianism

Universalism

all religions lead to heaven

Vocation (in terms of salvation)

calling/purpose/why here--how God has equipped you for cosmic healing (rounds out definition of salvation)

Arminianism

can choose to receive or reject salvation God represents our dignity to allow us to make choice/we respond (FREE WILL) sin so ingrained in us, can we even recognize grace? God makes possible by removing sin (preceding grace)

Subordinationism

ex of Tritheism rank God, Son, and HS (too much separate)

Unitarianism

focus too much on oneness of God (aka Monarchianism) ex: Modalism and Unitarian-Universalism and Deism

Indulgences

if you died with sins that hand't been dealt with, then would work them off in purgatory--so way to pay $ to church to take away sins

Trinity

mentioned zero times in NT--found in other sources + revealed/witnessed to in Scripture as only way to make sense of God (Trinitarian Understanding) Sustained and critical reflection on divine activity and revealed in scripture

Justification

part 1 of salvation order Make something right (made righteous) Salvation = we are made right Declared and made righteous by salvation (not pretending we're healed, actually healed) Made right with God--> but just that makes life not meaningful

Sanctification

part 2 of salvation order to be made holy (or what meant to be) God transforms us--> both good but falls short at just being nice to other people, also need to be agents who go out and heal world Also attributed to HS; what is usually associated with God--> shows Spirit to be God

Fruit of the Spirit

patience, goodness, self-control, etc.--for EVERYONE to grow

Spiritual Gifts

prophecy, preaching, discernment, wisdom, etc. given or NOT given to us (NOT everyone) work of Spirit in us not meant to rank us; nothing to do with your righteousness--not earned bu GIVEN (NOT reward) pure gift, all different given gift for god of community, not just for you

Paraclete

refers to Holy Spirit in Gk advisor, comforter, councilor or advocate with us all the time gives comfort, wisdom, council, in world working things for our good

Social Trinity

refers to thinking of God with 3ness emphasized--can't take too far and think of as 3 people or trinity as group of 3/community/society

Scholasticism

style of theology the emerged from academics (who had little connection to the everyday struggles normal people were dealing with)--"academic elites" vs "working class" illustrates how power of church was out of touch/disconnect/separation between church and majority of people very scientific (most people couldn't read and if could read wouldn't understand this theology without a college education) Ex: Thomas Aquinas--used sources to answer theological questions