Uint 1 Chapter 1 Intro

Negative Feedback

Negative-feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis.

Right upper quadrant (RHQ)

In which quadrant of the abdomen is most of the liver usually located?

Homeostasis

Homeostasis is the condition in which body functions, body fluids, and other factors of the internal environment are maintained within a range of values suitable to support life.

The regulation of room temperature by a thermostat is an example of a feedback loop. In this system, a sensor within the thermostat detects a change in temperature below a programmed set point. The thermostat then sends a signal, which turns on the furnace. The furnace heats the room bringing it back up to the programmed temperature. Once the room temperature reaches the programmed set point, the thermostat "turns off" the furnace. Which of the following statements is consistent with the above scenario?

-The thermostat is the "control center" while the furnace is the "effector." -This scenario is different from how negative feedback works in the body because negative feedback in the body maintains a normal range of values instead of one specific set point. -The "receptor" in this scenario is the temperature sensor within the thermostat.

The mesenteries

-are double-layered membranes. -anchor some abdominal organs to the body wall. -are not connected to retroperitoneal organs. -are continuous with the parietal and visceral peritoneum.

Positive-feedback mechanisms

-are few in a normal healthy individual -are used to amplify the effect or response of a system -sometimes can create a deviation from homeostasis that lets to death -cause the deviation from normal to become even more pronounced

True about Organ Systems

1. The coordinated activity of the organ system is necessary for normal function. 2.Because organ systems are so interrelated, dysfunction in one oran system can have profound effects on other systems. 3.An organism is any icing thing considered as a whole whether composed of one cell such as a bacterium or trillions such as a human. 4.Living things are highly organized, and disruption of this organized state can lead to loss of function and death.

Given these structures: 1) Cell2) Organ3) Chemical4) Organ system5) Organism6) Tissue Arrange the structures in the correct order from smallest to largest.

3, 1, 6, 2, 4, 5

Body Positions

A human standing erect with the face directed forward, the arms hanging to the sides, and the palms facing forward is in the anatomical position. A face-upward position is supine and a face-downward one is prone.

Endocrine System

A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other function. Consists of endocrine glands, including the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, gonads, and other tissues that secrete hormones.

Which of the following cavities contains the liver, stomach, kidneys, and spleen?

Abdominal cavity

Directional Terms

Directional terms always refer to the anatomical position, regardless of the body's actual position Superior Higher Above The mouth is superior to the chin. Anterior To go before Toward the front of the body The teeth are anterior to the throat. Posterior Posterus, following Toward the back of the body The brain is posterior to the eyes. Dorsal Dorsum, back Toward the back (synonymous with posterior) The spine is dorsal to the breastbone. VentralVenter, belly Toward the belly (synonymous with anterior) The navel is ventral to the spine. Proximal Proximus, nearest Closer to a point of attachment The shoulder is proximal to the elbow. Distaldi + sto, to be distant Farther from a point of attachment The ankle is distal to the hip. Lateral Latus, side Away from the midline of the body The nipple is lateral to the breastbone. Medial Medialis, middle Toward the middle or midline of the body The bridge of the nose is medial to the eye. Superficial Superficialis, surface Toward or on the surface The skin is superficial to muscle. Deep Deop, deepAway from the surface, internal The lungs are deep to the ribs.

When you scratch a cat's back along its spine, which of the following terms would apply to the skin you are scratching?

Dorsal, superior, medial, superficial

Respiratory System

Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH. Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages.

In which of these cavities would the urinary bladder and internal reproductive organs be found?

Pelvic

Digestive System

Performs the mechanical and chemical process of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes. Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs.

Positive Feedback

Positive-feedback mechanisms make deviations from normal even greater. Although a few positive-feedback mechanisms normally exist in the body, most positive-feedback mechanisms are harmful.

Lymphatic System

Removes vroegen substances from the blood and lymphs, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract. Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs.

Urinary System

Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance. Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine.

If a person is standing erect, facing forward and has her hands on her hips, what movements must she make to assume the anatomical position?

She needs to lower her upper limbs to her side with her palms facing anteriorly.

Characteristics of Life

The characteristics of life are organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, development, and reproduction.

Anatomy

The study of body structure

systemic anatomy

The study of the body's organization that considers the heart, blood and all of the associated blood vessels as a unit is called __________.

Cardiovascular System

Transports nutrients, waste products, gases and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and regulation of the body temperature. consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

Which of the sections below separates the body into superior and inferior parts?

Transverse section

Which of these statements about serous membranes is true?

Visceral serous membranes are in contact with internal organs.

Nervous System

a major regulatory system that detects sensations and contains movements. physiological processes and intellectual functions. consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.

"a group of cells with similar structure and function plus the extracellular substances located between them" describes __________.

a tissue

Metabolism

ability to use energy to perform vital functions

The human body can be organized into six levels:

chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism.

if you make a Jell-O mold that has strawberries suspended in it and whipped cream on top, the strawberries are _____________ while the whipped cream is _________.

deep; superficial

The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominal cavity by the ___________.

diaphragm

The eleven organ systems are

he integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems

Development

includes the changes of an organism undergoes through time beginning with fertilization and ending at death.

Systemic Anatomy (gross anatomy)

is the study of the body by organ systems. Regional anatomy is the study of the body by areas.

Physiology

is the study of the processes and functions of the body.

The spleen, thymus, and tonsils are all part of the __________ system.

lymphatic

A cavity enclosed by the bones of the pelvis and containing the urinary bladder is the __________ cavity.

pelvic

A cavity containing the heart, but not the lungs is the __________ cavity.

pericardial

Muscular System

produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat. Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons.

Skeletal System

provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and adipose tissue. consists of bones, associated cartilage, ligaments, and joints.

integumentary system

provides protection, regulates temp, prevents water loss, and helps produce fit D, consists of skin, hair, nails, sebaceous glands, and sweet glands.

Responsiveness

refers to the ability of an organism to sense changes of its environment and make adjustments needed to help maintain its life.

organization

refers to the specific interrelationships among the parts of an organism and how these parts interact to perform functions.

The kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, and urinary bladder are

retroperitoneal.

Homeostasis is the condition produced by

the tendency for change in a body variable to be counteracted as soon as the body variable goes past its normal range of values.

Surface anatomy (gross)

uses superficial structures to locate deeper structures, and anatomical imaging is a noninvasive method for examining deep structures.