UMN CPSY 3301
What is the likely next line in the following conversation between a middle-class U.S. mother and her preschool child in an attempt to correct erroneous grammar? Mother: "What did you do at school today?"Child: "Holded baby bunny."Mother:
"You held a baby bunny! Was the bunny soft?"
Which of the following is a relational word that appears early in children's vocabularies?
"no"
In a study of family dynamics of African-American families by Kesner and McKenry, there were no differences between the children of single-parent families and two-parent families on measures of social skills and conflict-management styles. How did the researchers interpret their results?
- African-Americans are more likely to have extended families that provide a network of support. - African-Americans generally are more supportive of single-parent families. - A large number of the mothers in their study were never married; therefore, they never experienced the disruptions that accompany divorce. (all of the answers are correct)
According to Piaget, which of the following is an indicator that a child has acquired the capacity to represent experience mentally?
- She can imitate an action observed in the past. - She can pretend that the edge of a sandbox is a roadway. - She can solve a problem through inference alone. (all of the answers are correct)
At present it appears clear that environmental stimulation can speed up certain aspects of children's development. But whether this has any lasting effect also depends on:
- human evolutionary processes. - the cultural context of the infants' later lives. - the exact nature of the extra stimulation. (All of the answers are correct.)
Schooling improves cognitive performance by:
- increasing the knowledge base. - changing children's overall life situations. - teaching information-processing strategies. (All of the answers are correct.)
Victimized children tend to:
- lose their tempers easily. - act in an immature and dependent way. - have difficulty regulating their attention. (all of the answers are correct)
Studies of motor development highlight the critical role of:
- nature or biological capacities. - cultural expectations. - nurture or practice. (all of the answers are correct)
Baillargeon and her colleagues studied infant reasoning about nonvisible objects. These studies relied on:
- object permanence. - impossible events. - habituation. (all of the answers are correct)
Which of the following is an example of media?
- television - newspapers - comic books (all of these are examples of media)
Newborns' visual acuity allows them to see objects about ____________ away.
1 foot
Ovulation usually begins:
12 to 18 months after the onset of menarche.
At what age can new parents first expect that their baby's crying will decline?
12 weeks
On average Pumé girls begin to bear children at what age?
15 ½ years
About how many calories per day must pregnant women consume for their unborn babies to grow properly?
2,000 -2,800
Investigations of children's performance on appearance-reality tasks suggests that:
3-year-old children are able to distinguish appearance from reality on tasks in which they are asked to help trick other people.
What percentage of well-educated Americans in their late adolescence/early 20s were able to solve the combination-of-liquids task?
30 to 40 percent
What is a reasonable duration of time to expect 3-month-old infants to sustain their attention?
5-10 seconds
By mid-adolescence, what percentage of adolescents' report involvement in relatively intense romantic relationships?
50 percent
In a series of studies using the Tower of Hanoi, researchers found that:
6-year-olds could form subgoals that would take them part of the way to the solution but could not think the problem all the way through.
Karen wants to play marbles with her friend Ami, but as they start to play it becomes clear that they have different ideas about what the rules are. They get upset with each other. Karen says, "My mom said we were supposed to play this way." Ami says, "That's wrong. My mom said it was this way." What age are the girls most likely to be?
7
What percentage of adolescent boys and girls has been found to have had same-sex attractions or relationships?
8 percent of both boys and girls
With regard to social comparison, children's sensitivity to themselves in relation to others their own age increases significantly around the age of:
8 years.
Research by Fernald on infant-directed speech has shown that:
9-month-olds pay attention to the "melody" (emotional tone) rather than the words of infant-directed speech.
The pattern of growth during the growth spurt would lead to which outcome?
A boy would need longer pants before he would need a bigger jacket.
In what way do adults contribute to children's construction of autobiographical memories?
Adults move from being primarily responsible for helping children remember events to playing a more supportive role in this process.
Which of the following BEST describes the process of socialization?
Adults transmit information about the values and knowledge of their society; children interpret and select from these messages.
Which of the following is an example of Piaget's concept of accommodation?
An infant learning to suck on a rattle differently than she sucks on a pacifier.
Which is an example of a primary circular reaction?
An infant repeatedly brings his hand to his mouth and sucks his fingers.
Which of the following is an example of habituation?
An infant tires of looking at his mobile.
Which of the following is evidence that children are born into the world predisposed to attend to language and communicate with people around them?
At birth, children are capable of differentiating the basic sound categories or phonemes characteristic of the world's languages.
Which of the following is a true statement about breastfed babies?
Breastfed children tend to score higher on tests of cognitive functioning than children who are fed formula.
According to research, which of the following is FALSE regarding the gender socialization of boys and girls?
Children are likely to seek out opposite-sex peers, but are forced to play in same-sex groups by teachers and parents.
Which of the following is FALSE regarding preschoolers' ability to understand masked emotions?
Children are unable to mask their own emotions during the preschool years.
Which of the following statements might Piaget have made about the new modes of thought that occur near the end of the second year of life?
Children begin to think in a new way near the end of the second year of life because of the emergence of mental representation.
Which of the following results BEST describes the relationship between emotion regulation and sympathy?
Children rated low in emotion regulation tended to be rated low in sympathy.
Elias and Berk examined preschool children's engagement in play and self-regulatory behaviors over the course of several months. Which of the following results BEST describes their findings?
Children who engaged in more play in the beginning of the study, showed higher levels of self-regulation by the end of the study.
Which of the following results is revealed by research on children's knowledge of gender stereotypes?
Children who spend time in contexts in which gender is emphasized are likely to demonstrate rigid gender stereotypes.
Which of the following MOST accurately summarizes the findings of cross-cultural studies of cognitive development?
Concrete operations appear universal but are affected by variations in task familiarity.
In a classic study on cooperation and competition by Muzafer and Carolyn Sherif (1956), two groups of boys were formed at summer camps in Oklahoma. A series of tasks were arranged for them, some requiring competition and others requiring cooperation. What is one of the major conclusions we can draw from their study?
Cooperation and competition are heavily influenced by context.
Cora is 18 months old and just started in child care. She gets hungry or tired at different times each day; she seems to always want to run, climb, jump, which she enjoys with lots of smiles and laughs. She does not enjoy quiet activities, such as games and book reading, and pouts dramatically when doing them. Cora also has trouble transitioning between activities, sometimes resulting in 10 minutes of tantrums. According to Thomas & Chess' temperament styles, she is most likely to be classified as:
Difficult
Over the course of the fetal period of development, which of the following occurs?
Each organ system increases in complexity.
Which theorist proposed that the resolution of conflicts at each stage of development throughout the lifetime allows people to acquire new skills?
Erikson
Which of the following is true regarding stereotypes of minorities on television?
Ethnic minorities tend to be underrepresented on television compared to their actual population.
Which of the following seems to be the research-based conclusion about the outcomes of co-sleeping for infant development?
Except in rare cases, co-sleeping does not seem to make a great deal of difference.
Researchers have found that boys and girls generally differ in their reactions to exposure to violent television shows. Which of the following best describes this difference?
Greater exposure to violent shows predicted higher levels of physical aggression for boys, but not girls
In Erikson's theory, the main challenge of adolescence is:
In Erikson's theory, the main challenge of adolescence is:
One of the main conclusions made by Thomas and Chess in the New York Longitudinal Study is that:
In the right environment, the temperament of a difficult child does not necessarily lead to later behavioral problems.
Which of the following accurately describes research on father-infant attachment?
Infant-father attachment relationships depend on fathers' sensitivity to children's needs.
Tiffany Field compared infants' reactions to their own images in a mirror to their reactions to the images of other infants. Which of the following BEST describes the results of this study?
Infants looked longer at their own images but smiled more at the images of other babies.
Which of the following is true of the field of developmental science?
Interdisciplinary and international efforts combine to contribute to existing knowledge about human development.
When the Strange Situation Procedure is conducted with Japanese infants and their mothers, it is found that Japanese infants have higher rates of insecure resistant attachment than US infants. The most likely reason for this cultural difference is that:
Japanese mothers rarely allow anyone unfamiliar to care for their infants so the separation during the Strange Situation is especially stressful for them.
Which of the following psychologists subscribed to a behaviorist framework?
John Watson
Researching young children's ability to discern appearance versus reality has been important in:
Learning more about whether young children can reliably testify in court about past events
Which is a correct assessment of physiological differences between males and females?
Males have greater capacity for physical exercise, but females are healthier and tolerate stress better.
Who emphasized the role of culture in adolescent development?
Margaret Mead
Later interpretation of early studies of the development of racial and ethnic identity casts doubt on which of the following?
Minority group children acquire a generalized negative ethnic self-concept.
What influence does the help of allocaregivers have on children and families?
Mothers who are supported by allocaregivers are likely to have more children.
Research suggests that maternal depression influences parent-child interactions in which of the following ways?
Mothers who suffer from depression are relatively unresponsive to their infants, causing babies to disengage from interactions.
Nicte and Maria are Guatamalan Maya children. Nicte's mother has no experience with schooling, while Maria's mother has extensive experience with Western schooling. Their little brothers are being shown how to fold an origami dinosaur by an adult. What is MOST likely to happen based on research conducted with this population?
Nicte is more likely to pay attention to the interaction of her brother and the adult than is Maria.
When evaluating Noam Chomsky's Nativist perspective on language acquisition, research has shown that:
Older children and adults have difficulty acquiring a second language with the same competence as native speakers.
Which of the following is a true statement about individual differences in development?
Our individual differences are the result of the influence of both nature and nurture.
Heteronomous morality refers to the belief of:
Piaget that children internalize an externally imposed value system.
Psychologists who focus on cognitive explanations of language acquisition draw on whose ideas?
Piaget, Vygotsky, and the relationship between cognition and language
Elida and Pilar are two girls from the same village. Elida's mother did not attend school growing up, but Pilar's mother attended elementary school as a child. What do we know about the girls based on past research comparing children of mothers who had no formal schooling versus children of mothers who did?
Pilar had better health during childhood.
Two-year-old Julia knows the word "horse", but just used it to refer to a cow! If she is now asked to pick out the picture of the horse from a set of animal pictures, what is she most likely to do?
Point to a horse
A task that required preschoolers to point to one of two puppets that portrayed their thoughts or tendencies in certain situations, suggested that:
Preschoolers have psychological conceptions of self.
Which of the following is true of the Pumé people living in isolation in southwestern Venezuela?
Pumé girls continue to grow at a fairly even pace throughout middle childhood and adolescence with no evidence of entering a growth spurt.
Rh incompatibility occurs when an:
Rh-negative woman is carrying an Rh-positive fetus.
Which of the following describes the effect of schooling on memory?
Schooling appears to teach children strategies for remembering.
Devon is concerned because her 10-month old is still exhibiting the Moro reflex. What should Devon do and why?
She should speak with her doctor; it may be a sign of abnormal brain development.
Pip has noticed that Annie, her 9-year-old daughter, seems to have begun developing deeper and more intimate kinds of friendship than when she was younger. What would you say about Pip's observation?
Some developmentalists would agree with Pip's observation.
Which of the following is a true statement about the reflexes of a young infant?
Some early reflexes disappear and some remain after 6 months of age.
Sophia is given the chance to play with a Spider-man action figure and a mermaid doll. She is later asked to remember details about these toys. According to the gender schema view of sex-role development, which of the following results is MOST likely to occur?
Sophia will remember more about the mermaid doll than the Spider-man action figure.
_____ are(is) the academic difficulties of children who fare poorly in school despite normal IQ test performance.
Specific learning disabilities
According to Eisenberg, sympathy and personal distress differ in which of the following ways?
Sympathy is an other-oriented response to another's distress whereas personal distress is a self-focused reaction.
The finding that Norwegian children are likely to become better skiers than swimmers exemplifies the way that culture influences children's development by:
The finding that Norwegian children are likely to become better skiers than swimmers exemplifies the way that culture influences children's development by:
Laursen and his colleagues (1998) found that patterns of conflict between families and their children change in what way over the course of adolescence?
The frequency of conflict is high at the start of adolescence and then decreases.
In their studies of infant monkeys, how could Harlow and his colleagues tell when monkeys were attached to their surrogate mothers?
The monkeys would run to the surrogate mother when frightened by a strange object, then use the mother as a base from which to explore.
Large scale studies of the effects of child care in the United States have demonstrated which of the following?
The risk of children exhibiting problem behaviors increases the longer they are in child care per week.
Which of the following statements regarding Piaget's work is true?
The sequence and timing of the sensorimotor stages have been replicated across many cultures.
Itard worked with Victor, the Wild Boy of Aveyron, to test what theory?
The social environment shapes children's development.
Which of the following is a typical outcome for children whose parents divorce?
Their socioeconomic status goes down.
Which of the following is likely to happen to adolescents and their sleep patterns as they develop?
There is a decrease in the amount of time adolescents spend in NREM sleep.
The practice of parents using a highly elaborative interaction style with their children has been associated with which of the following outcomes?
These children show an improved memory for events and experiences.
Which of the following statements regarding developmentalists is true?
They are active in applying their knowledge to promote healthy development.
Which of the following is NOT true regarding adolescents who have a secure attachment to their parents?
They are more likely to demonstrate externalizing behaviors. (TRUE: They have higher levels of self-efficacy. They are more likely to experience behavioral and mental well-being. Correct! They are more likely to demonstrate externalizing behaviors. They are more likely to be involved in sports.)
Researchers have found that adolescents from food-insecure families exhibit the following eating pattern.
They are more likely to eat fast food than adolescents from food-secure families.
Jean and Melissa, age 7, met at their church and seemed to become friends very quickly. What patterns would we expect to see in their social interactions?
They listen to each other, and each asks questions if she doesn't understand what the other is saying.
How would you describe the visual scanning of 13-week-old infants?
They scan boundaries of objects.
Brandon, age 4, reports that when he grows up, he will marry his mother. How should his family respond?
They shouldn't be too concerned because this is part of what happens as children begin the process of identification.
Which of the following BEST describes what a stage theorist would say regarding the unevenness of thought in early childhood?
Unevenness of thought reflects variability in performance due to task demands.
Wanda is given the chance to play with a Spider-man action figure and a mermaid doll. She is later asked to remember details about these toys. According to the gender schema view of sex-role development, which of the following results is MOST likely to occur?
Wanda will remember more about the mermaid doll than the Spider-man action figure.
Damage to a specific part of the brain that leads to an inability to comprehend language is known as:
Wernicke's aphasia.
Which of the following questions is BEST answered using a longitudinal research design?
What is the sequence of a child's concept of gender development?
Which of the following supports the claim that young children have unsophisticated TV viewing skills?
Young children often respond to commands given by characters on TV.
Halloween is likely to be frightening to 3-year-olds because:
a child that age has difficulty distinguishing appearance from reality.
Judy DeLoache reasons that the scale errors made by young children are likely due to:
a dissociation between perception and action due to immature brain development.
According to Dunphy, the size of an adolescent clique is about the same size as:
a family.
What is a sociogram?
a graphic representation of social relationships within a group of children
Which picture would Warren, a 2-year-old, MOST likely select when presented with a sentence such as "Big Bird is daxing Cookie Monster"?
a picture of Big Bird doing something to Cookie Monster
The data on the role of parents and peers in shaping adolescent behavior points to:
a process of individuation whereby adolescents and their parents negotiate a new form of independence.
The development of inhibitory neural pathways in the higher region of the brain leads to what characteristic of the fetal period?
a reduction in fetal activity
Elizabeth Bates and her colleagues believe that the acquisition of grammar is primarily:
a result of increasing vocabulary size.
The zygote consists of:
a single cell.
Middle childhood can be best characterized as:
a universal pattern of change.
Babies' patterns of rest and activity are:
a varied pattern of differing levels of arousal.
Eight-month-old Tamara hears the voices of three people. Which video will she prefer to look at?
a video of three people speaking
Why is it important to understand the influence of the larger environment on the developing fetus?
a. Exposure to environmental pollutants, drugs, and diseases can harm the fetus. b. The fetus's responses to the environment provide clues about the behavioral capacities the child will have at birth. c. Stimulation coming from the environment may have a significant impact on fetal development. (All of the answers are correct.)
Establishing effective nursing behaviors can be linked to:
a. an infant learning how to coordinate his or her sucking and swallowing. b. a mother learning how to position her child at her breast. c. a mother's instinct to jiggle the baby slightly when his or her sucking pauses. (all of these)
Which factor(s) appears to be responsible for blurry vision in early infancy?
a. immaturity of the lens of the eye b. immaturity of the retina of the eye c. immaturity of the neural pathway from the retina to the brain (All of the answers are correct.)
Babies' feeding schedules are often influenced by:
a. their biological need for nutrition at regular intervals. b. their caregivers' availability and sensitivity to infants' hunger cues. c. cultural norms regarding when and how long a baby feeds. (All of the answers are correct.)
In the United States, a focus on personal achievements leads to socialization techniques that emphasize ____________, whereas in China a focus on social obligations leads to socialization techniques that emphasize ____________.
ability; effort
Successful coordination of reaching and grasping is:
accelerated when infants have prior success with reaching and grasping.
Which of the following is NOT a possible way of bicultural identity formation according to Berry (1984; 2015)?
accommodation
At the start of middle childhood, children play games:
according to preexisting rules.
Vickie sees herself as a poor student in math class, but she would like to be the most accomplished student in the class. Vickie is demonstrating a discrepancy between her _____ self and her _____ self.
actual; ideal
According to Piaget, from birth to approximately 1 to 1 months, infants learn to control and coordinate the reflexes present at birth. In his view, these initial reflexes:
add nothing new to development.
According to Konrad Lorenz, features that signal "babyness" evoke caregiving behaviors from:
adults
According to Freud, girls develop a sex-role identity by ___________ their mothers, while boys _____________ their mothers.
affiliating with; differentiate from
What is a person's sense of being able to influence, control, and be responsible for his or her own actions and experiences?
agency
The most common cause of rejection of children by their peers is:
aggressiveness
Child care and protection provided by relatives other than the parents is referred to as:
allocaregiving
A reflex is:
an automatic response to specific kinds of stimuli.
Sternberg's "triarchic" theory of intelligence proposes that there are three kinds of intelligences:
analytic, creative, and practical.
Experience-expectant processes of brain development ____________.
anticipate certain experiences that are typically universal for humans
When first graders were compared with children of about the same age who were still in kindergarten, they found that the first graders:
applied strategic knowledge and so performed better on a recall task.
Research on children's causal reasoning about events shows that 4-year-old children:
appropriately match causal explanations to the domain of an event.
An infant's first smiles:
are endogenous, associated with physiological functions.
In adolescent social development, crowds:
are groups of both sexes who share common interests.
Research has found that compared to children raised in heterosexual families, children raised in gay and lesbian households:
are no different in terms of psychological well-being, peer relationships, and behavioral adjustment.
During middle childhood, children tend to pick friends who:
are of the same age, race, and same general skill level.
An outcome of centration in children's thinking is that they:
are particularly susceptible to faulty reasoning because they focus on a single aspect of a task.
Mechanisms that limit aggression:
are widespread among animal species.
Visual acuity in children is close to adult levels:
around the time they are able to crawl.
Children begin to produce comprehensible words:
around their first birthday.
Freud believed that adolescence was a distinctive stage because:
at this time an individual can finally fulfill the drive to reproduce the species.
The hypothesized mechanism that provides a balance between an infant's need for safety and desire for exploring the world around them is called:
attachment.
Young children's eye movements were found to be haphazard, whereas older children systematically scanned pictures when asked to identify whether pictures of two houses were different or identical. These behaviors are thought to reflect what processes?
attention
Stacey expects her children to follow family rules, but she explains these rules to her children so they understand why they are needed. Stacey is using which kind of parenting style?
authoritative
When Stephanie asks her daughter, "Do you remember when we stopped at the light and the man in an ape suit waved?" the mother is assisting in creating:
autobiographical memory.
According to Piaget's theory of moral development, attention to internal motives and intentions are central to ____________ morality.
autonomous
During the second year of life, babies develop a sense of themselves as competent or not competent to solve problems and accomplish tasks. Erikson referred to this as the stage of ____________.
autonomy versus shame and doubt
During the Strange Situation, an infant whose reaction to a stranger is similar to his/her reaction to the parent and who is slow to greet the parent upon reunion would be classified as:
avoidant
Children rated as falling into the ____________ category of attachment appear indifferent to the presence of their mother in the "strange situation," while children in the ____________ category stay close to their mother and appear anxious even when she is near.
avoidant; resistant
Children rated as falling into the ____________ category of attachment are indifferent to the presence of their mother in the "strange situation," while children in the ____________ category stay close to their mother and appear anxious even when she is near.
avoidant; resistant
Social comparisons play a role in children's sense of themselves during middle childhood:
because they have no sense of absolute levels of competence or success.
Itard believed that Victor, the Wild Boy of Aveyron, behaved the way he did because he had:
been isolated from society.
According to Kohlberg, when children achieve the stage of instrumental morality they:
believe that justice is related to an equal exchange.
Identifications with one's ethnic heritage as well as with the majority culture is called:
bicultural identity.
When Nyiti (1982) compared the conservation performance of English-speaking and bilingual Micmac children in Nova Scotia, he found that the:
bilingual children performed best in their primary language, Micmac.
The structure of the brain that controls such elementary reactions as blinking and sucking, as well as vital functions like breathing and sleeping, is called the:
brain stem.
Kohlberg's theory of moral development:
built on Piaget's theory.
What is the primary way that developmental scientists learn about historical beliefs about childhood?
by examining books, magazines, art, and other records from earlier times
Young people reach 98 percent of their adult height:
by the end of the growth spurt of puberty.
When chimpanzees are reared as human children they:
can acquire gestures that resemble some aspects of human language.
Pollutants, such as mercury, that result from industrial production:
can cause birth defects when fetuses are exposed to them in high enough concentrations.
Preschoolers' responses to rule violations suggest that they:
can distinguish between moral rules, personal rules, and social conventions.
The outermost layer of the brain is called the:
cerebral cortex.
Research indicates that when parents get divorced while their children are preschoolers (ie. between about 3 and 5 years of age):
children are likely to blame themselves for their parents' break-up.
During middle childhood, children tend to play with:
children of the same sex.
Playing video games is thought to be a stronger influence than television on children's behavior for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
children spend more time playing video games than watching television.
Culture is transmitted and transformed via "social enhancement" when:
children spontaneously use the cultural tools available to them in their environment.
A study of Palestinian school children in the Gaza Strip found that:
children who had witnessed military violence had higher levels of sibling rivalry than children who were exposed to lower levels of trauma.
The structure that provides the fetal contribution to the placenta is the:
chorion
Research examining the relationship between social and family variables could be expected to find that rejected boys would be more likely to come from:
coercive family environments.
In Europe and North America, intelligence is defined mainly in:
cognitive terms.
Developmentalists recognize four major domains of development, including:
cognitive, social, physical, and emotional.
Which of the following is a way that boys and girls may break social rules about cross-gender contact?
conducting "raids into enemy territory"
The Whitings' studies of six cultures:
contributed to our knowledge of how cultural differences shape children's personalities and behavior.
Research has suggested that the key to high self-esteem, transmitted in large part by the family, is some ability to:
control one's own future.
Michael is often aggressive toward his peers, but he uses humor to prevent his peers from becoming too angry. Michael is probably ____________ among his peers.
controversial
Sarah is concerned with social standards and rules when she thinks about moral dilemmas. Kohlberg would say that she is at the ____________ level of moral development.
conventional
Thomas feels most successful when he and his friends help each other do their best. What type of basic social goal is Thomas exhibiting?
cooperation goal
Parents begin to report that their children start to "cry on purpose" within a few months after birth. These reports are:
correct because crying becomes voluntarily controlled as the cerebral cortex develops within the first few months of life.
The relationship between significant brain changes and the increasing competencies of a child in the middle childhood years can be described as:
correlational
As children spend more time with their peers during middle childhood, they must learn how to:
create a satisfying place for themselves within the social group.
Mrs. Phelps has just read in a parenting magazine that if she does not begin reading to her daughter during her daughter's first year of life, Leanne will not learn to read well after beginning school. This parenting advice reflects the influence of which developmental concept?
critical or sensitive periods
One conclusion that can be drawn from cross-cultural research on middle childhood is that:
culture-specific contexts are major factors in development.
Research on the use of babbling by deaf children reveals that
deaf children "babble" with their hands in the same way that hearing children babble vocally.
What is the cognitive ability to pull away from focusing on just one feature of an object in order to consider multiple features?
decentration
Pnevmatikos (2002) found that Catholic and Greek Orthodox children's drawings of where God lives reflect a shift from:
depicting material buildings to depicting abstract ideals.
Schooling influences memory abilities by helping children:
develop specialized memory strategies that help them remember arbitrary items.
Research investigating the continuity of attachment from infancy to adulthood reveals:
developmental benefits of secure attachment that are apparent throughout adolescence.
Uncommitted areas of the brain provide infants with the capacity to develop brain circuits that grow and change depending upon the experiences infants encounter as they develop. These un- committed areas permit ____________, and depend heavily on experience-dependent processes.
developmental plasticity
Terrance is a child who has been exposed to two languages. He can be expected to:
differentiate between the two languages when appropriate in a given conversation.
Jill believes that she is really good in her language arts class but not very good in her math class. This conflicting view represents the _____.
differentiated self
What is a sense of self that includes a number of attributes that fluctuate in significance according to particular circumstances, roles, and relationships?
differentiated self
As used by Piaget, the term "egocentrism" refers to:
difficulty taking another's point of view
Which of the following is NOT one of the domains of social rules in social-domain theory?
display rules
Turiel and his colleagues asked children ages 5 to 11 to make a judgment related to a moral dilemma and social conventions. He found that children can:
distinguish moral dilemmas from social conventions.
Intelligence Quotient (IQ) is calculated by:
dividing children's mental age (MA) by their chronological age (CA) and multiplying by 100.
Strayer and his colleagues observed in 3- and 4-year-olds a close connection between aggression and:
dominance hierarchies.
Luka likes to set group activities and control the toys and play spaces in his second-grade class. Luka would be considered a(n) ____________ child.
dominant
What is the limbic system's primary neurotransmitter?
dopamine
Children with a disability who display a pattern of performance in which their verbal IQ is high and their quantitative IQ is low have:
dyscalculia
Children with a disability that involves special difficulties in learning to write, including poor handwriting, problems with spelling, as well as problems in putting thoughts on paper, have:
dysgraphia.
Thomas and Chess's longitudinal study led to the identification of:
easy, difficult, and slow to warm up temperament categories.
The outer layer of cells in early embryonic development is called the ____________. This layer gives rise to the outer surface of the skin, the nails, part of the teeth, the lens of the eye, and the nervous system.
ectoderm
Tom has been told to wait until everyone is seated to begin eating snacks. He reaches his hand out for a goldfish cracker but withdraws it before grabbing the cracker. What aspect of self-regulatory behavior is Tom exhibiting?
effortful control
The inhibition of an action that is already underway is called:
effortful control.
In Freudian terms, the mental structure that develops as the infant is forced by reality to cope with the social world is called the:
ego
According to Hoffman, a child who gives her own special blanket to another child who is in distress is demonstrating ____________.
egocentric empathy
What approach explores how behavior and development take place within specific cultural contexts?
emic approach
Janet is extremely angry at her sister for wearing her new sweater without asking. Before approaching her sister, Janet counts to 10 and takes a few deep breaths. Developmentalists would explain that Janet is engaging in:
emotion regulation.
Which of the following is NOT associated with the frontal lobes of the cortex?
emotions
A network of hormone-secreting glands associated with changes in an individual's mood, metabolism, and growth makes up the:
endocrine system.
During gestation, the digestive system develops from the layer of cells called the:
endoderm
Those with high self-esteem during middle childhood likely had parents who did all of the following EXCEPT:
engaged in permissive parenting.
Changes in how individuals reason about the nature of knowledge is called:
epistemic development.
The sense of belonging to an ethnic group is known as:
ethnic identity.
Ethnicity-related messages communicated to children by their parents are also called:
ethnic socialization.
One finding from a large nationwide study of single-parent and two-parent families in Sweden was:
even when socioeconomic status was taken into account, children from single-parent families were at greater risk for developmental problems.
According to Baumrind, permissive parents:
exert little explicit control over their children's behavior.
When compared to their performance on Piaget's classic "three-mountain-problem," children who were asked to reason about a more familiar farm scene:
exhibited greater success at taking the perspective of others.
Parents who demonstrate the authoritative pattern style tend to control their children by
explaining their rules or decisions.
When children see a surprising causal event that is inconsistent with what they have already learned about the world, their first response is to:
explore the unusual event.
Which of the following is NOT a strategy used for investigating how biology influences language development?
exploring how cultural differences in adult-child interaction influence language development
Jennifer lives with her mother, father, husband, and daughter. Jennifer lives in a(n) ____________ family.
extended
As large numbers of individuals migrated from rural areas to newly industrialized cities, family structure changed from ____________ to ____________, according to historian Philippe Ariès.
extended families; nuclear families
The ____________ is a family in which not only parents and their children but other kin—grandparents, cousins, nephews, or more distant family relations—share a household.
extended family
Children with autism spectrum disorder tested on false belief tasks:
fail to pass the false belief task, regardless of their age.
The term ____________ refers to how the family unit is socially organized.
family structure
The environment that has the first impact on a young child's development is the:
family.
As a person develops his sexual-minority identity, he will go through which series of stages?
feeling different, identity confusion, identity assumption, and identity integration
At what point in development does the umbilical cord take shape?
fifth week
When a boy makes contact with a girl by insulting her or throwing something at her, he is:
following the rules for contact with the other sex.
Freud suggested that babies become attached to those who satisfy their need for:
food
Minority-group adolescents who are in Phinney's first stage of ethnic identity are most likely to fall into which two of Marcia's categories of identity formation?
foreclosure and identity diffusion
The Piagetian stage in which problems are solved systematically by considering all possible combinations is called:
formal operations.
The ability to think about the mental states of other people in relatively adult-like ways typically appears during the ____________ year of life.
fourth
According to Robert Selman and his colleagues, the development of healthy friendships depends on all of the following EXCEPT:
friendship temperament.
The proximodistal pattern of development refers to which pattern of body development?
from the middle of the organism to the periphery of the organism
Recent research indicates the importance of changes in the ____________ during middle childhood.
frontal lobe of the brain
The _____ coordinates planning and goal setting.
frontal lobes of the cortex
A personal sense of the self as a boy or girl is referred to as:
gender identity.
Cognitive structures that guide the ways children interpret gender-relevant information are called:
gender schemas.
The periods of prenatal development occur in which order?
germinal, embryonic, fetal
Research on relational and overt aggression in childhood suggests that:
girls and boys are about equally aggressive, but they are aggressive in different ways.
Relational aggression is MOST likely to be displayed by:
girls.
The rules that govern both the sequence of words in a sentence and the ordering of parts of words are called:
grammar
Babies find it easier to do which of the following as the bones in the hand and wrist ossify?
grasp objects and pick them up
The function of a theory is to:
guide the collection and interpretation of evidence.
Children in a variety of cultures rely on ideas of ____________ over ____________ when making moral judgments.
harm and welfare; rules and authority
The developmental period of adolescence:
has been described since ancient times.
Enrollment in Head Start has:
has more than tripled since 1965.
Research has demonstrated that parents who monitor their children (e.g., know where they are, whom they are with, and what they are doing) tend to:
have children who do not engage in antisocial behavior.
Three-year-old Theo watches a TV program about a fireman who sets buildings on fire and then attempts dramatic rescues. Theo is likely to
have difficulty distinguishing between reality and fiction.
Because Pilar has a mature ethnic identity, she is more likely than peers with a less mature ethnic identity to:
have stronger antidrug norms.
Parents react with signs of anxiety when:
hearing their infants cry.
Which of the following babies would receive the highest Apgar score, all other things equal?
heart rate above 100, good crying, with body and extremities pink all over
Since many infants in the United States are put to sleep on their backs as a measure to prevent SIDS, pediatricians are recommending "tummy time to play" because it:
helps the development of locomotion.
In a study of social-cognitive distortions, a confederate knocked over a tower that boys were building in order to earn a prize. The action was presented as either hostile, ambiguous, or an attempt to help. Results indicated that:
highly aggressive boys were more likely than non-aggressive boys to retaliate in the ambiguous intent condition.
The systems theory approach focuses on:
how complex behaviors result from the interaction of multiple factors.
The conflict a child feels between wanting to sneak another cookie from the cookie jar, and knowing that she is only allowed to have one cookie per day represents tension between the:
id and superego.
Alfred Binet developed the first intelligence test to:
identify schoolchildren who could use special education instruction.
According to Erikson, the fundamental task of adolescence is:
identity formation.
As a teen reconciles his view of who he wants to be and who he is, he is developing his sense of:
identity.
Social conventions are:
important for social coordination in a given society.
The effects of school on children's cognitive abilities can be best studied:
in cultures where schooling is available to only parts of the population.
In order to increase the validity of using infants' facial expressions to measure their emotion, researchers:
include physiological measures (e.g., heart rate) along with facial measures.
From around 18 to 24 months of age, children tend to
increase in verbal aggression.
Which of the following is NOT associated with a positive ethnic identity?
increased sexual activity
The proportion of adolescents categorized as identity achievers:
increases steadily during the high school years.
In classical conditioning:
infants learn which events in their environments "go together."
A criticism of traditional Piagetian tasks is that:
infants may have underlying representational competencies that they are unable to express through their performance on the tasks.
Harry Harlow's "surrogate mothers" experiments provided strong support for the idea that attachments form because:
infants need close physical contact and comfort.
As parents participate in creating stories that become part of a child's autobiographical memory, they:
influence what the child remembers and may also embellish or exaggerate the stories.
According to the _____, the sensory register, short-term storage, and long-term storage represent the basic system for attending to, interpreting, and storing information.
information-processing model
According to Erikson, which of the following is the major challenge for children between the ages of approximately 3-5 years?
initiative vs. guilt
Sherry is eager to learn and participate in the goals of her larger social group. She is most likely in which of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development?
initiative vs. guilt
When children begin to recognize that others have different perspectives, Kohlberg refers to this as:
instrumental morality.
Personality and socialization are:
interdependent concepts.
Lisbet and Adrianne are best friends. Their dyadic friendship serves two significant developmental functions, according to developmentalists. They are:
intimacy and autonomy.
When nonschooled children are asked to remember materials that are part of a meaningful setting such as furniture location or kinds of animals in a barnyard, their performance:
is like that of their schooled peers.
In an experiment, the control group:
is similar to the experimental group, but it does not receive the experimental treatment.
A growth spurt following childhood:
is unique to Homo sapiens.
The greatest strength of the experimental method is its ability to:
isolate causal factors.
An example of Piaget's concept of assimilation is an infant who:
knows how to grasp her mother's hair and uses the same grasping movements to grab a toy.
The first words spoken by infants raised in English-speaking homes are generally
labels for objects
The first words that infants raised in English-speaking settings use are generally:
labels for objects.
In males, the adolescent growth spurt:
lasts 2 to 3 years and results in as much as about 9 inches of growth.
When Bartlett and Carey arranged for preschool children to learn the word "chromium," the children:
learned the word after one experience with its use in a familiar situation.
The Wild Boy of Aveyron:
learned to communicate simple needs, but never mastered speech.
Women who have supportive partners are:
less likely to give birth to low-birth weight babies.
A study in Cambridge, England, found that mothers who kept their 4-week-old infants on a strict 4-hour feeding schedule were:
likely to be less experienced mothers than those with a more flexible schedule.
Michael Cole and his colleagues studied the memory performance in tribal children of rural Liberia on a free recall task of items in four distinct categories. They found:
little improvement in performance of nonschooled children after the age of 10.
Concerns about cohort differences are primarily related to which research designs?
longitudinal and cross-sectional
Analysis of social stereotypes in the content of children's television programming reveals that:
male characters are more likely to play more active and visible roles than female characters.
The hormone estrogen is found in:
males and females.
Reducing the air pollution in the Brazilian industrial city of Cubatao:
markedly reduced the death rate of infants.
Danielle does not get the puppy she wanted but she smiles bravely and says, "Thank you for the nice sweater." Danielle is:
masking her emotions.
Among American infants, the length of the longest sleep period can be viewed as a measure of:
maturation
The finding that infants are able to successfully find hidden objects when allowed to search for them immediately suggests that the A-not-B error:
may reflect limitations of infants' memories.
Ethnography is the study of the:
meanings of behaviors in light of cultural activities and expectations.
Jessica's parents allow her to watch cartoons while she eats breakfast in the morning. Her mealtime experience is ____________ by her television viewing.
mediated
Within a social-learning view of identification, ____________ is the process by which children observe and imitate individuals of the same sex as themselves.
modeling
The two key processes in the social-learning view of sex-role development are:
modeling and differential reinforcement.
Mirror neurons are:
more accurately known as "mirror neuron systems," as they have not yet been precisely located.
Compared to other species, humans use:
more material and symbolic tools.
Research indicates that high school friends tend to be:
more similar than elementary school friends in ethnic background, views of school, and choice of leisure activities.
Infants' ability to integrate information perceived by more than one sensory system is known as:
multimodal perception.
Juan wants to play marbles with his friend James, but as they start to play it becomes clear that they have different ideas about what the rules are. They get upset with each other. Juan says, "My mom said we were supposed to play this way." James says, "That's wrong. My mom said it was this way." What are the boys displaying?
mystical respect for the rules of the game
Friendships provide children with all of the following EXCEPT:
neglected sociometric status. (provide contexts to develop basic social skills, models of intimate relationships, companionship and fun.)
Jason is a single father who lives with his two children. This family would be considered a(n) ____________ family.
nuclear
When calculating the complexity with which children speak, researchers often calculate the "mean length of utterance," which is the average:
number of morphemes per utterance.
A psychologist plans to study father/child interactions and her primary concern is that she does not let her biases influence her data collection and analysis. To address this concern, she must attend primarily to ____________.
objectivity
Peter watches his father punch another man in a fight during a hockey game. Later, Peter punches his younger brother in much the same way. This is an example of:
observational learning
According to information-processing theorists, development:
occurs because of changes in strategy use lead to gradual shifts in behavior.
Day care has been shown to have a positive effect on children's language and learning skills:
only if the day care is of high quality.
Children who display a mastery-oriented motivational pattern are:
optimistic and believe they can do better on tasks if they try harder.
Pubertal hormones have _____ on the brain, meaning that they trigger structural changes in the brain.
organizing effects
Which of the following seems to increase sibling fighting?
parental fighting
Shortly after birth, infant hearing capacities can be described as:
particularly sensitive to phonemes and the human voice.
Which parenting style was associated with children's behavior in preschool that was characterized as immature, low in impulse control, and showing difficulty in accepting responsibility for one's actions?
permissive
In middle childhood, children begin to form cognitive representations of what needs to be done to achieve a specific goal. This process is known as:
planning
Dominique is shown as having received the most positive nominations on a sociogram for his classroom of children. We would say he falls in the ____________ category.
popular
Scales for evaluating newborns' behavior are most useful for:
predicting when medical intervention is needed.
Which of the following is an example of a self-conscious emotion?
pride
The organs directly involved in reproduction are known as:
primary sex organs.
Bullying is considered a form of:
proactive aggression.
Neuroimaging studies show that, as children's vocabularies increase, their brain:
processes word-object associations more efficiently.
Social learning theory extends the ideas of behaviorism by:
proposing that children observe and interact with others in social contexts to make behavior-consequence associations.
Bruno Bettelheim contends that fairy tales:
provide solutions to children's inner conflicts.
Theories are important for understanding child development because they:
provide systematic organization of many different observations.
Allocaregiving is a term used to refer to child care:
provided by relatives other than the parents.
The establishment of dominance hierarchies:
provides evidence for a biological component to aggression control.
During gestation, the arm forming earlier than the hand illustrates which pattern of development?
proximodistal
Which theory of gender-role development places the MOST emphasis on children's resolution of conflicts between their desires and their fears?
psychodynamic
The hypothalamus signals the pituitary to produce greater amounts of growth hormone at the beginning of which of the following?
puberty
You are a guest at Aksel's first birthday party. Which of the following behaviors is he MOST likely to exhibit?
putting his birthday candles into his milk cup
Stages of development involve changes that are:
qualitative
The conflicts between teens and their parents:
rarely lead to a serious breakdown in relations.
Janet was pushed purposefully by the student behind her as they walked to lunch. Janet turned around and knocked the other student down. Janet's actions are an example of:
reactive aggression.
The term morpheme:
refers to a basic unit of meaning in a language.
The medical condition called colic:
refers to excessive crying by infants under 3 months of age.
The earliest developmental markers to appear are:
reflexes, cry signal, eating and sleeping behaviors, and the senses.
An infant learns that pulling her mother's hair causes her mother to make an amusing vocal sound. The mother's "ouch" can be considered a(n) ____________ for hair pulling.
reinforcement
According to Skinner's behaviorist perspective, the two major processes that allow for language development are:
reinforcement and imitation
William is shown as having received the most negative nominations on a sociogram for his classroom of children. We would say he falls in the ____________ category.
rejected
The coordination of infant and caregiver sleeping and eating routines is:
related to well-being when coordinated more smoothly.
Actions that threaten the relationship and social standing of peers are called:
relational aggression.
When observations made by two or more researchers on the same occasion or by one researcher on two different occasions are in agreement, we say that the observations are:
reliable
Research has shown that adolescents and their parents generally agree on which of the following issues?
religious issues
When they perform primary circular reactions, infants:
repeat pleasurable actions for their own sake.
Jean Piaget used the term ____________ to refer to the ability to picture the world mentally and think about an object or event before acting.
representation
Children who live in stressful environments but do not develop problems are considered to have:
resilience
What is the ability to adapt and be successful despite being in circumstances of high risk and adversity?
resilience
Personal characteristics or environmental circumstances that increase the probability of negative outcomes for children are called:
risk factors.
All of the following are types of intelligences that are part of Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences EXCEPT:
romantic
Which of the following reflexes has disappeared by the time an infant is 3 to 6 months of age?
rooting
The changes in sense of self that occur during middle childhood:
run parallel to changes in cognitive and social processes.
Teen peer groups shift from:
same-sex cliques to heterosexual crowds.
Perhaps the MOST important effect of schooling on development is that:
schooling is a gateway to power and status outside school.
Compared to children with no friends, children with best friends tend to:
score higher on measures of self-esteem.
According to Katherine Nelson, ____________ are the way that the external world is converted into internal mental structures that guide action.
scripts
Another name for formal operations is ____________ because at this stage children can apply operations to operations.
second-order operations
According to Piaget, infants between the ages of 4 and 8 months act on the world through:
secondary circular reactions.
Some infants feel accepted and worthy of their caregiver's affection and trust that their caregiver will be available to provide warmth and support. This is referred to as:
secure attachment.
Psychologists' use of the term rehearsal refers to:
self-repetition of material to be remembered.
The distress that babies show when the person to whom they are attached leaves is called:
separation anxiety.
One of the first developmentalists to stress the importance of systematic observation was Wilhelm Preyer (1841-1897). In his view, careful observation was necessary to establish the ____________ of behavior and, hence, to see how behavioral patterns arose.
sequence
One area that has attracted the attention of researchers interested in identification in early childhood is:
sex-role identity.
Samantha feels that she is in control of her sexual experiences. What is this called?
sexual agency
A study of Latino 13- to 16-year-olds found that higher levels of _____ were associated with stronger beliefs related to _____.
sexual agency; simpatia and respecto
According to research by Mascolo and colleagues, which emotion was taught at a much earlier age to Chinese children than to American children?
shame
Utterances such as, "Sarah eated fast":
show that children have some grasp of grammatical rules.
When Liberian children who had never been to school were asked to recall items that were grouped in a meaningful way, they performed:
similarly to children who had gone to school.
Four-year-old Emma has never liked new situations or experiences. However, when she is given ample time to prepare and then eased into a new encounter, she responds in a quiet and positive manner. Thomas and Chess would most likely describe Emma as a(n):
slow-to-warm-up child
Helen Raikes discovered that reading and vocabulary lead to more opportunities to use and learn language. She called this relationship the:
snowball effect.
At dinner, James talks with his mouth full of food and reaches across the table to grab the salt. These are examples of his inattention to:
social conventions.
The moral domain, the social conventional domain, and the personal domain each have their own distinct rules that vary in how broadly they are applied, and what happens when they are broken. This is a reference to:
social domain theory.
What are sociograms used to investigate?
social status
A complex organization of relationships between individuals is called a(n):
social structure.
The view that aggressive behavior occurs because it is often rewarded fits with which framework?
social-learning
Conservation refers to understanding that:
some properties of an object stay the same even though it may look different.
In comparison with working-class Kenyan children or children from Brazil or the United States, Kenyan middle-class children:
spent more time engaged in academically oriented play and lessons with their parents.
Qualitatively new patterns of behavior during development, such as the change from crawling to walking, are often referred to as:
stages
According the Stanley Hall, adolescence is a period of:
storm and stress.
A belief that there is no absolute truth because truth can change depending on one's perspective is referred to as:
subjective theory of knowledge.
After accidentally dropping his spoon on the floor, Rilo looks over his high chair tray and purposefully drops his bowl and then his cup. What substage of the sensorimotor period is Rilo MOST likely in?
substage 5
Head Start was originally conceived as a(n):
summer program.
Common wisdom holds that girls mature faster than boys; research:
supports this idea by demonstrating that the growth rate for girls is faster than the growth rate for boys.
A tool that is related to an abstract aspect of a culture's knowledge, beliefs, and values is known as a:
symbolic tool.
The process of using grammar to learn the meaning of new words is known as:
syntactic bootstrapping.
Personality is the individual's pattern of:
temperament, emotions, and intellectual abilities.
An infant's modes of responding to the environment are known as:
temperament.
Firm believers in the "nurture" side of the argument regarding temperament would likely cite the following as evidence for their position:
temperamentally inhibited (i.e., shy) children can become less inhibited over time
Children of authoritarian parents:
tend to lack social competence.
When children modify their language in speaking with younger children, they are demonstrating:
that they can take their listener's needs into account
The divorce rate in ____________ is the highest in the world.
the United States
According to Robert Selman and his colleagues, the key to developmental changes in friendship is:
the ability to take another's perspective.
That children begin to use certain words (e.g., "gone") at the time they begin to solve certain associated problems (e.g., object permanence) is used as the main support for which aspect of language acquisition?
the close relationship between language and thought noted by cognitive theorists
What separates the first two substages of the sensorimotor stage from secondary circular reactions?
the direction of attention to the external world
Language development during the FIRST YEAR of life is largely driven by:
the growth of the vocal tract
In Freudian terms, the mental structure present at birth that is the main source of psychological energy is called:
the id.
The similarities and differences between people ultimately are caused by:
the interaction between cultural and genetic influences.
What is emergent literacy?
the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that are the building blocks to learning how to read and write.
Zimmerman & Christakis measured the amount and content of television watched by children from 3 to 5 years of age, and subsequently measured attention problems 5 years later. Their findings suggest that:
the more hours of ENTERTAINMENT television watched prior to age 3, the more likely they were to have subsequent attention problems.
In studying the association between daycare and children's functioning, which of the following factors has the largest effect on the development of children?
the quality of the parenting children receive at home
What does the term "growth spurt" refer to?
the rapid change in height and weight that marks the onset of puberty
According to Margaret Mead, societies vary in how they organize key transitions to maturity in all of the following ways EXCEPT:
the transition from being asexual to bisexual.
Naïve psychology refers to:
the understanding of the relationship between mental states and behavior.
Which of the following concepts is MOST closely associated with "socialization"?
the values of the society
A comparison of how long babies look at different stimuli is the basic feature of:
the visual preference technique.
Research on facial expressions has found that:
the ways in which emotions are facially expressed are universal.
The range between what one can do unsupported and what one can do with optimal social support is referred to as ____________.
the zone of proximal development
The MOST important goals among parents whose families are living under conditions of threat are:
their children's health and safety.
For secure attachments, as long as the environment supports the use of their internal working models of how to behave toward others:
there should be continuity over time in the way children relate to others.
Characteristics of two-word utterances include all of the following EXCEPT:
they are free from ambiguity.
Formal operations are sometimes called "second-order" operations because:
they are operations applied to operations.
Sociodramatic play is viewed by developmentalists as an important example of self-control because:
this type of play requires the inhibition of immediate impulses.
By 24 months of age, increased manual dexterity helps children to:
throw a ball and use scissors.
What is the main focus of study for developmental scientists interested in the "biocultural foundations" of development?
to investigate how biology and culture interact to shape development
Cross-cultural differences in performance on conservation tasks suggest:
training, familiar materials, and use of native language are important contributors to children's performance on standardized tests.
Cultures
transform as individuals modify their uses of cultural tools.
The process in which two or more research methods are combined to confirm a conclusion is called:
triangulation
During their first year of life, MOST healthy babies:
triple in weight and grow approximately 10 inches.
Parent/child conflict in adolescence tends to relate to:
trivial issues such as dress and curfews.
Social development and personality development are:
two aspects of a single process.
A child uses the word "doggy" only for his own family's dog, not for other dogs. This is an example of
underextension
Neuronal networks that are formed in utero:
undergo changes as a result of both biology and experience.
The term ____________ is used when an individual has an insufficient food intake making it impossible to develop or function normally. When pregnant women have this condition, it can have harmful effects on prenatal development.
undernourishment
Children demonstrate that they can recognize themselves in the mirror when they:
use mirror images to find spots of color placed on their faces.
What is necessary to applying Piaget's procedures in a way that supports the universality of conservation?
using materials familiar to the subjects
The social domain view of moral development differs from other explanations in its recognition of:
varying types of moral transgressions.
Peer victimization decreases from the middle school years through adolescence because:
victims of bullies learn to ignore and avoid their bullies.
Stephanie prefers print media. Which of the following is NOT a form of print media?
video games
Which of the following senses is the LEAST well-developed at birth?
vision
In Cindy Clark's intensive study of children with serious illness and disease, such children were observed to cope surprisingly well when they:
were allowed to play during medical procedures.
Research comparing single-family households to two-parent households finds that:
when SES is taken into account, there are few differences between the outcomes for children in these two groups.
The fertilized egg, which is about 1/175 of an inch at conception, is called the:
zygote.