Understanding Nutrition Final

Zinc

Deficiency of which of the following minerals is associated with retarded growth and sexual development in children? A. Iron B. Zinc C. Iodine D. Chromium

cancer

Diabetes is known to increase the risk for all of the following EXCEPT A. stroke. B. cancer. C. blindness. D. kidney failure.

Glucagon

During a physical activity, what hormone signals the fat cells to begin releasing their fatty acids? A. Leptin B. Glucagon C. Epinephrine D. Neuropeptide-Y

Transfer of phosphate to muscle fiber

During physical performance, what is the role of creatine phosphate? A. Removal of lactic acid B. Transfer of energy to make ATP C. Removal of nitrogen waste products D. Transfer of phosphate to muscle fiber

12

How many micrograms of dietary beta-carotene are equivalent to 1 retinol activity equivalent? A. 2 B. 4 C. 8 D. 12

sodium

Hyponatremia refers to low blood levels of A. water. B. sodium. C. glucose. D. potassium.

vitamin B12

If a person refrained from ingesting any of the water-soluble vitamins, deficiency symptoms would appear last for A. folate. B. vitamin C. C. vitamin B1. D. vitamin B12.

Three years

In a person who loses the ability to absorb vitamin B12, approximately what period of time could elapse before deficiency signs develop? A. One month B. Six months C. One year D. Three years

excessive fluid retention

In pregnancy, a large weight gain over a short time is usually an indication of A. excessive fat deposition. B. excessive fluid retention. C. abnormal fetal development. D. normal pregnancy only if it occurs during the second trimester.

fluids

In the endurance athlete, the first priority of nutrient repletion should be A. fluids. B. protein. C. glycogen. D. electrolytes.

high number of repetitions with lighter weight

In weight training, muscle endurance can best be emphasized by combining a A. low number of repetitions with heavy weight. B. low number of repetitions with lighter weight. C. high number of repetitions with heavy weight. D. high number of repetitions with lighter weight.

low number of repetitions with heavy weight

In weight training, muscle strength can best be emphasized by combining a A. low number of repetitions with heavy weight. B. low number of repetitions with lighter weight. C. high number of repetitions with heavy weight. D. high number of repetitions with lighter weight.

Blood clotting

In what chief capacity does vitamin K function? A. Blood clotting B. Energy metabolism C. Calcium utilization D. Epithelial tissue renewal

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

In which of the following conditions would the pancreas be unable to synthesize insulin? A. Hyperglycemia B. Type 1 diabetes mellitus C. Type 2 diabetes mellitus D. Adult-onset diabetes mellitus

milk

Iron deficiency in children is likely to result from a diet that overemphasizes A. milk. B. cereals. C. vegetables. D. dried beans.

carotenoid

Lycopene is classified as a(n) A. lignan. B. carotenoid. C. phytoestrogen. D. enzyme cofactor.

aspirin

Naturally occurring salicylates in curry, paprika, and certain teas provide the same protective effects as low dose A. statins. B. aspirin. C. insulin. D. diuretics.

Iron

Of the following nutrient needs, which is considered the most difficult to meet during pregnancy? A. Iron B. Protein C. Vitamin D D. Vitamin B6

hypertension

The DASH diet plan was devised to prevent A. dehydration. B. constipation. C. osteoporosis. D. hypertension.

aneurysm

The ballooning out of an artery wall at a point where it has been weakened by deterioration is called a(an) A. aorta. B. plaque. C. aneurysm. D. diverticula.

polyunsaturated fatty acids.

The major function of vitamin E is to inhibit the destruction of A. lysosomes. B. free radicals. C. mucopolysaccharides. D. polyunsaturated fatty acids.

liver

The major target organs for the action of activated vitamin D include all of the following except the A. liver. B. bone. C. kidney. D. intestine.

phagocytosis

The process by which immune cells engulf and then destroy bacteria is known as A. bactocydosis. B. phagocytosis. C. cytotoxicosis. D. immunoglobinemia.

Fat

.If muscle work is anaerobic, which of the following cannot serve as fuel? A. Fat B. Protein C. Carbohydrate

3

.On average, one retinol activity equivalent is equal to about how many international units? A. 3 B. 5 C. 8 D. 10

skeletal

A general niacin deficiency is known to be manifested in abnormalities of all of the following organs/systems except A. skin. B. skeletal. C. nervous system. D. gastrointestinal tract.

hypertrophy

A muscle that increases in size in response to use is an example of A. atrophy. B. hypertrophy. C. muscular endurance. D. muscle engorgement.

heat stroke

A person engaged in physically active work in hot, humid weather and who wears a rubber suit to promote weight loss is at high risk of experiencing A. ketosis. B. heat stroke. C. hypothermia. D. overhydration.

strokes and heart attacks

A person with diabetes is most likely to develop A. AIDS. B. cancer. C. diverticulosis. D. strokes and heart attacks.

heart attack

A person's level of C-reactive protein appears to be a strong predictor for A. cancer. B. diabetes. C. a heart attack. D. HIV progression.

stroke

A significant reduction in blood flow to the brain is termed A. angina. B. a stroke. C. a vascular event. D. metabolic syndrome.

lactate

A tissue deprived of an oxygen supply during exercise would develop an accumulation of A. ATP. B. lactate. C. glucose-1-phosphate. D. TCA cycle intermediates.

metastasize

A tumor that releases cells leading to the spread of cancer to other regions of the body is said to A. promote. B. augment. C. metastasize. D. infiltrate downstream.

overconsumption from supplements is harmless

All of the following are characteristics of excess consumption of beta-carotene EXCEPT A. overconsumption from foods is harmless. B. overconsumption from supplements is harmless. C. drinking alcohol worsens the adverse effects of supplements. D. smoking cigarettes aggravates the detrimental effects of supplements.

it is rarely fatal

All of the following are characteristics of heat stroke EXCEPT A. it is rarely fatal. B. it is due, in part, to dehydration. C. it is caused by heat buildup in the body. D. its symptoms include headache, nausea, and mental changes.

spinach

All of the following are good plant sources of calcium for the body except A. spinach. B. almonds. C. corn tortillas. D. sesame seeds.

sugars

All of the following are known to reduce the absorption of iron except A. tea. B. coffee. C. sugars. D. phytates.

calcium from milk.

All of the following factors are known to enhance the absorption of iron EXCEPT A. MFP factor. B. organic acids. C. ascorbic acid. D. calcium from milk.

Insulin

As far as is known, what hormone is dependent upon chromium for optimal activity? A. Renin B. Gastrin C. Insulin D. Antidiurectic hormone

putting a demand on muscles by making them work harder.

Athletes can safely add muscle tissue by A. tripling protein intake. B. taking hormones duplicating those of puberty. C. putting a demand on muscles by making them work harder. D. relying on protein for muscle fuel and decreasing intake of carbohydrates.

complementary medicine

Conventional medicine and alternative medical therapies are commonly linked together into a practice called A. interactive therapy. B. yin and yang medicine. C. herbal-assisted healing. D. complementary medicine.

thiamin

Beriberi results from a deficiency of A. niacin. B. thiamin. C. vitamin C. D. vitamin B12.

60 minutes/day

To help maintain a desirable body mass index, the DRI Committee recommends a level of moderately intense exercise at a frequency of at least A. 20 minutes/day. B. 60 minutes/day. C. 2 hours/week. D. 5 hours/week.

It may increase the risk of infant death

What are the known effects of heavy caffeine use on human pregnancy? A. It may worsen edema B. It may increase the risk of infant death C. It may increase the risk of birth defects D. It may increase the risk of stillborn infants

Carbohydrates

What dietary nutrients are most effective at raising muscle glycogen concentrations? A. Fats B. Proteins C. Carbohydrates D. Chromium and iron

Coronary heart disease

What disease accounts for the majority of deaths in U.S. women? A. Diabetes B. Lung cancer C. Breast cancer D. Coronary heart disease

Hemoglobin

What iron-containing compound carries oxygen in the bloodstream? A. Ferritin B. Myoglobin C. Transferrin D. Hemoglobin

A food and nutrition services program for pregnant women, children, and infants

What is WIC? A. A serious neural tube defect B. The World Intervention and Conception program of the United Nations C. An environmental contaminant that may interfere with breast milk production D. A food and nutrition services program for pregnant women, children, and infants

Defect of the immune system

What is believed to be the primary cause of type 1 diabetes? A. Defect in insulin sensitivity B. Excessive body weight gain C. Defect of the immune system D. Excessive intake of simple carbohydrates

The amount absorbed and subsequently used by the body

What is meant by the bioavailability of a vitamin in food? A. The total amount available from plant and animal food B. The amount absorbed and subsequently used by the body C. The amount that escapes destruction from food processing D. The number of different chemical forms of the same vitamin

Loss of muscle size and strength

What is muscle atrophy? A. Loss of muscle size and strength B. Muscle cramps arising from insufficient warm-up C. Muscle spasms resulting from too rapid progressive overloading D. Alterations in heart muscle contractions when first initiating a fitness program

Poor nutrition

What is the major cause of iron deficiency? A. Blood loss B. Poor nutrition C. Hereditary defect D. Parasitic infections of the GI tract

Infant's birthweight

What is the most reliable indicator of an infant's future health status? A. Infant's birthweight B. Mother's weight before pregnancy C. Mother's weight gain during pregnancy D. Mother's nutrition status prior to pregnancy

Fat

What is the predominant fuel used by muscle cells during low- or moderate-intensity activity? A. Fat B. Protein C. Glycogen D. Blood glucose

High levels of blood glucose spill into the urine drawing water with it by osmosis

What is the primary reason for increased urine output in uncontrolled diabetes? A. Insufficient levels of circulating insulin permit the kidneys to lose excess water B. High levels of blood glucose spill into the urine drawing water with it by osmosis C. Excess circulating insulin affects the output of antidiuretic hormone which allows greater losses of water D. Large amounts of body fat and glycogen are broken down resulting in increased release of cellular water

High-carbohydrate

What is the recommended composition of the postgame meal of the athlete? A. Low-protein B. High-protein C. Low-carbohydrate D. High-carbohydrate

25-35 lbs

What is the recommended range of weight gain during pregnancy for a normal-weight woman? A. 10-18 lbs B. 19-24 lbs C. 25-35 lbs D. 38-44 lbs

Plaques

What is the term given to mounds of lipid material mixed with smooth muscle cells and calcium that develop in the artery walls? A. Plaques B. Angina streaks C. Arterial thickening D. Pre-thromboemboli

What is the usual fate of muscle glycogen during exercise? A. Utilized as a fuel within the muscle cells only B. Released into the bloodstream to provide fuel for brain cells C. Released into the bloodstream to replenish liver glycogen as needed D. Utilized to support lung and heart function under conditions of intense physical performance

What is the usual fate of muscle glycogen during exercise? A. Utilized as a fuel within the muscle cells only B. Released into the bloodstream to provide fuel for brain cells C. Released into the bloodstream to replenish liver glycogen as needed D. Utilized to support lung and heart function under conditions of intense physical performance

Water

What nutrient becomes depleted most rapidly during physical exercise? A. Iron B. Water C. Glucose D. Glycogen

Iodine

What nutrient deficiency during pregnancy may give rise to a child with cretinism? A. Iodine B. Copper C. Chromium D. Molybdenum

Iron

What nutrient is important in the transport of oxygen in blood and in muscle tissue and in energy transformation reactions? A. Iron B. Calcium C. Thiamin D. Vitamin C

Placenta

What organ of the pregnant woman is central to the exchange of nutrients for waste products with the fetus? A. Uterus B. Vagina C. Placenta D. Amniotic sac

Kidneys

What organ provides the major control for homeostasis of body fluids? A. Liver B. Heart C. Kidneys D. Skeletal muscle

Cardboard

What type of container is best for protecting the riboflavin content of milk? A. Airtight B. Cardboard C. Transparent glass D. Translucent plastic

High-carbohydrate meal taken within 15 minutes

What type of meal and time of its ingestion promote the most rapid repletion of glycogen stores after physical activity? A. Mixed meal taken within 4 hours B. Mixed meal taken within 30 minutes C. High-carbohydrate meal taken within 2_ hours D. High-carbohydrate meal taken within 15 minutes

Glucose

When a marathon runner experiences the phenomenon known as "hitting the wall," what nutrient is most likely depleted? A. Water B. Protein C. Glucose D. Fatty acids

Oranges

When eaten in the same meal, which of the following foods enhances the absorption of iron in legumes? A. Nuts B. Fiber C. Oranges D. Whole-grain breads

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Which of the following conditions is characterized by insulin resistance of fat cells? A. Hypoglycemia B. Atherosclerosis C. Type 1 diabetes mellitus D. Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Diet can influence the time of onset of some chronic diseases

Which of the following defines the association between nutrition and chronic disease? A. Diet can influence the time of onset of some chronic diseases B. Diet is the primary factor affecting the development of chronic diseases C. Dietary influence in the development of chronic diseases is direct, straightforward, and well understood D. Dietary advice for combating heart disease and cancer prevents their development if instituted early in life

Weight loss is at least as effective as sodium restriction in lowering blood pressure

Which of the following describes a relationship between sodium/salt and high blood pressure? A. People with chronic kidney disease are less likely to be salt-sensitive B. Weight loss is at least as effective as sodium restriction in lowering blood pressure C. People over 30 years of age with hypertension are most likely to be salt-sensitive D. Lowering sodium intakes reduces blood pressure only in certain ethnic groups

Habitual consumers of caffeine lose almost no more fluid from the body than when ingesting

Which of the following is a characteristic of caffeine intake and water balance? A. Caffeine inhibits water absorption from the GI tract B. Caffeine is known to act as a diuretic only when consumed as coffee or tea C. Regular intake of caffeine promotes an increase in water retention of the interstitial fluid volume D. Habitual consumers of caffeine lose almost no more fluid from the body than when ingesting noncaffeinated beverages

Excessive use shortens life span

Which of the following is a characteristic of human growth hormone use in athletes? A. Excessive use shortens life span B. Low cost accounts for some of its popularity C. Excessive use leads to shrinking of internal organs D. Laboratory tests can differentiate between the naturally occurring form and the drug form of growth hormone

Lactate

Which of the following is a common product of anaerobic metabolism? A. Lactate B. Phytate C. Phosphoric acid D. Hydrochloric acid

Iron losses occur from accelerated destruction of fragile, older blood cells

Which of the following is a feature of iron nutrition in athletes? A. Iron in sweat represents the major route of iron loss from the body B. Iron losses occur from accelerated destruction of fragile, older blood cells C. Iron deficiency affects a higher percentage of male athletes than female athletes D. Sports anemia is successfully treated by increasing dietary iron to levels 2-3 times the RDA

Working the muscles places stress on bones which stimulates more trabeculae development

Which of the following is a feature of physical activity and bone health? A. Dancing is not an effective activity for helping maintain bone density B. Weight training improves bone density in young but not older women C. Weight-bearing activities are effective in maintaining bone mass in adults but not in adolescents D. Working the muscles places stress on bones which stimulates more trabeculae development

Liberal intakes may correct hypertension

Which of the following is a feature of potassium? A. It is unrelated to blood pressure B. Liberal intakes may correct hypertension C. Major dietary sources are processed foods D. Deficiencies are usually the result of eating fresh fruits and vegetables.

Protein is not a major fuel for physical activity

Which of the following is a feature of protein nutrition in physical activity? A. Protein is not a major fuel for physical activity B. Body protein synthesis rates increase about 10% during physical activity C. Protein contributes 30% more to total fuel used for physical activity than during rest D. Body protein synthesis rates decline about 30% for several hours after physical activity

It can be prevented by taking estrogen

Which of the following is a feature of type I osteoporosis? A. It shows onset after 70 years of age B. It can be prevented by taking estrogen C. It leads to formation of the "dowager's hump" D. Its prevalence is similar between males and females

Most convenience foods are poor sources of vitamin E

Which of the following is a feature of vitamin E in foods? A. Vitamin E is fairly stable to heat B. Most convenience foods are poor sources of vitamin E C. Saturated oils are the major dietary sources of vitamin E D. The amount of alpha-tocopherol in foods is underestimated

Sweat losses can exceed the capacity of the GI tract to absorb water resulting in some degree of dehydration

Which of the following is a feature of water metabolism during exercise? A. The maximum loss of fluid per hour of exercise is about 0.5 liters B. In cold weather, the need for water falls dramatically because the body does not sweat C. Sweat losses can exceed the capacity of the GI tract to absorb water resulting in some degree of dehydration D. Heavy sweating leads to a marked rise in the thirst sensation to stimulate water intake which delays the onset of dehydration

Antioxidant agent

Which of the following is a general function of vitamin C? A. Antiviral agent B. Antifungal agent C. Anticancer agent D. Antioxidant agent

They can store more glycogen

Which of the following is a property of conditioned muscles? A. They can store more glycogen B. They are more efficient at converting fat to glucose C. They contain less mitochondria due to increased glucose utilization D. They rely less on fat breakdown and more on glucose oxidation for energy

Protein synthesis is inhibited during exercise

Which of the following is an effect of exercise on protein metabolism? A. Protein synthesis is inhibited during exercise B. Protein use as a fuel is lowest in endurance athletes C. Protein use during physical performance is generally not related to carbohydrate content of the diet D. Protein synthesis is increased slightly during exercise but thereafter diminishes by a like amount to remain in balance

Inhibits the formation of free radicals

Which of the following is an important function of selenium? A. Helps blood to clot B. Inhibits the formation of free radicals C. Stabilizes the alcohol content of beer D. Acts as a cross-linking agent in collagen

Some anticancer drugs

Which of the following is known to significantly affect the body's folate status? A. Sedentary lifestyle B. Some anticancer drugs C. Excess protein intake D. Insufficient fiber intake

Fiber

Which of the following is known to speed up the passage of substances through the large intestines, thereby decreasing exposure time to carcinogens? A. Milk B. Fiber C. Omega-3 fats D. Refined starches

Consuming high-dose vitamin A supplements

Which of the following is likely to induce vitamin A toxicity in adults? A. Eating beef liver more than once a month B. Consuming high-dose vitamin A supplements C. Drinking 2 quarts of vitamin A-fortified milk daily D. Consuming large amounts of dark green and deep orange vegetables

Source of energy

Which of the following is not a function of water in the body? A. Lubricant B. Source of energy C. Maintains protein structure D. Participant in chemical reactions

Much of the vitamin is lost during cooking and storage

Which of the following is representative of folate availability in foods? A. Good sources are dairy products and meats B. Poor sources are fruit juices and vegetable juices C. Only about 10% of the amount in foods is bioavailable D. Much of the vitamin is lost during cooking and storage

Enriched breads and cereals

Which of the following is the most reliable source of vitamin D in the diet? A. Meat B. Fortified milk C. Fruits and vegetables D. Enriched breads and cereals

Nutrient-dense foods

Which of the following should be a component of a healthy diet for athletes? A. Salt tablets B. Protein powders C. Nutrient-dense foods D. Vitamin and mineral supplements

Breast milk

Which of the following sources of nutrition for infants is LEAST likely to become contaminated with microorganisms? A. Soy formula B. Breast milk C. Iron-fortified formula D. Liquid concentrate formula

People who have low energy intakes or are pregnant are at risk for developing deficiencies and may benefit from supplementation

Which of the following statements is representative of vitamin supplementation practices? A. Most people who take supplements consume a poor diet B. Most people should take supplements daily because of the great difficulty in obtaining the needed amounts from food C. People who have low energy intakes or are pregnant are at risk for developing deficiencies and may benefit from supplementation D. People should take supplements daily because nutrition surveys in the U.S. and Canada have detected deficiencies in some population groups

The fiber retains water in the GI tract that would

Why should fiber-rich foods be avoided in an athlete's pregame meal? A. The fiber delays absorption of fat B. The fiber interferes with glycolysis C. The meal crowds out more energy-dense foods D. The fiber retains water in the GI tract that would otherwise be absorbed

It is a teratogen and can be harmful to the baby

Why shouldn't a 7-month pregnant woman be prescribed Accutane? A. It may aggravate existing edema B. It may lead to prolongation of labor C. It is a teratogen and can be harmful to the baby D. It contains high concentrations of vitamin D that can cause birth defects

Copper is required for hemoglobin synthesis

Your aunt Thelma has been anemic for some time and was recently shown to be deficient in copper. Which of the following explains the association of copper and anemia? A. Copper is required for hemoglobin synthesis B. Copper plays a role in wound healing, which prevents excessive blood loss C. Anemia affects synthesis of protoporphyrin, which interferes with iron absorption D. Copper is known to protect against free radical formation, which prevents excess damage of red blood cells

achieve desirable body weight.

Anyone who is medically advised to lower blood cholesterol should A. eat fish oil capsules. B. take lecithin supplements. C. achieve desirable body weight. D. lower the intake of insoluble fiber.

cardiorespiratory conditioning

The effect of regular exercise on heart and lung function is known as A. muscle fitness. B. muscle endurance. C. cardiopulmonary adaptation. D. cardiorespiratory conditioning.

antigens

The immune system treats foreign substances such as bacteria and toxins as A. antigens. B. antibodies. C. synergisms. D. immunoglobulins.