UNEDITED
a status offense.
Jennifer, who is 16, ran away with her friend Tonya, who is 18. The police, however, only arrested Jennifer for running away because for a minor, running away is considered:
The universal process through which an individual's position or status is changed by society is called
social redefinition.
Which of the following is not associated with transition difficulties in adolescence?
spending a lot of time with peers
debbie is moving from elementary school into middle school. we would expect her to experience declines in all of the following, except her:
standardized test scores
a violation of the law that pertains to minors but not adults
status offense
violation of the law that pertains to minors, but not adults
status offense
sex (even consensual) when one person is younger than the legal age of consent
statutory rape
sex between 2 people even when it is consensual, when at least one of ther persons is below the legal age of consent; in the US the specific age varies from state to state
statutory rape
According to the textbook, in non-Western cultures, there is huge discrepancy in the extension of privileges to males and females. In general, girls' behavior is more _____, whereas boys are given more ____.
subject to the control of adults; freedom and autonomy
unneccessary connections are eliminated; improves efficiency of information processing
synaptic pruning
toddlers
t the time of peak height velocity, adolescents grow at about the same rate as:
Popularized about 50 years ago, this expression refers to young people in a more frivolous and lighthearted manner than the tear adolescent.
teenager
Popularized about 50 years ago, this expression refers to young people in a more frivolous and lighthearted manner than the term adolescent.
teenager
a term popularized about 5o years ago to refer to young people; it connoted a more frivolous and lighthearted image than did "adolescent"
teenager
male gonads
testes
which of the following statements about the production of formones at puberty is false?
the body begins to produce several hormones that have not been present in the body up unit this time.
All of the following are aspects of social redefinition described in the text except
the completion of formal schooling
the factor that seems most important influencing how well children adjust to divorce over time is:
the degree of conflict between parents
Psychologist Jeffery Arnett has suggested that 18- to 25-year-olds are caught between adolescence and adulthood in "emerging adulthood," which is characterized by all but which of the following
the subjective feeling of emotional immaturity
understand that others have beliefs, intentions, and knowledge that may differ from own
theory of the mind
Better psychological well-being (high self-esteem, reduced psychological distress, fewer emotional or behavioral problems)
What are higher levels of ethnic/racial identity associated with?
Hypothalamus
What are many hormones produced and secreted by?
Improved visuospatial skills, working memory, and problem-solving
What are potential benefits of video games?
- Cardiac issues - Loss of bone density - Muscle loss - Fainting/fatigue - Week hair & muscles - Organ failure
What are potential consequences of anorexia nervosa?
- Dental erosion - Salivary gland enlargement - Electrolyte imbalance - Cardiac & kidney problems - Intestinal & colon damage
What are potential consequences of bulimia nervosa?
- Potential causes: Exposure to xenostrogens, chemicals that mimic estrogen (e.g., BPA)
What are social and emotional consequences of precocious puberty?
- Iron-increase risk for anemia - Calcium-increase risk for osteoporosis later in life - Zinc - Obesity
What are some nutritional deficits?
- Increased risk of affective (mood) disorders - Potential interactions with other hormones
What are some of the consequences of inadequate sleep?
- Lower-self esteem - Poor body image - Greater risk of: depression, eating disorders, early substance abuse
What are some symptoms that girls go through from getting puberty early?
Often experience anxiety related to the onset of puberty
What are some symptoms that girls go through from getting their puberty later?
- Greater aggression - Greater risk of early alcohol abuse - Greater incidence of lawbreaking
What are symptoms earlier developing boys go through from going through puberty earlier?
- High risk of depression - Higher anxiety - More fearful view of sex
What are symptoms later developing boys go through from going through puberty later?
- Elevated risk of bullying, harassment, stigmatizing - Elevated risk of substance use, suicide dropping out of school, being kicked out of their homes (minority stress model)
What are the LGBQ Youth at an elevated risk of?
- Academic challenges: less linency with teachers - Social challenges: less linency with teachers - Decline in self-esteem - Often more difficult for girls
What are the challenges from the transition to elementary school?
Hormonal signals from the brain to the gonads (ovaries & testes)
What are the events in puberty initiated by?
- Genes: 2/3 of variation - Sex (girls earlier) - Body fat (GIRLS) - Stress (GIRLS)
What are the influential factors of when kids hit puberty?
1.) Attraction 2.) Identity 3.) Behavior
What are the three components of sexual orientation?
peer group
What are their food choices influenced by?
thoughts, urges, emotions, and behavior
What do hormones influence?
Teens begin considering or pursing romantic relationships
What do mid-late adolescents start to consider?
Social expectations (i.e., school, schedules)
What do shifted circadian rhythms conflict with?
During exploration, teens also navigate potential conflicts between family culture and dominant culture
What do teens also navigate during exploration?
During the process of ethnic identity exploration, however, teens many transiently experience increased psychological distress (especially regarding awareness of discrimination)
What do teens experience during the process of ethnic identity?
All of this had to do with our bodies state that it needs to be in during childbirth
What does all of this had to do with?
Poor nutrition
What does poor body image contribute to?
Age 10-25
What does substance use increase?
nonshared environment
What factors would explain the fact that Dorothy and Rose, sisters who are only 1 year apart in age, have different memories of their family life as they were growing up?
- Morbidity and mortality rates increase - Poor nutrition
What increases during adolescence?
Formal operational stage: more advanced systematic logic and the ability to think about abstract ideas. Age 11 through adulthood./
What is Piaget's fourth stage?
Body image
What is an important predictor of adolescent self-esteem?
Ability to think about ideas and possibilities that are not limited by current reality. "If, then" statements.
What is hypothetical thought?
Onset prior to age 8 in girls or age 9 in boys
What is precosious puberty?
Inhalants
What is the "drug" abuse that is most used by younger adolescent's?
~ 8-14 years
What is the age range of puberty?
20% fatality
What is the fatality rate of anorexia nervosa?
The extended amount of time between pubertal onset and the achievement of adult work and family roles
What is the most striking aspect of the transition into adulthood for contemporary adolescents?
Glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol) & androgen (e.g., testosterone)
What is the output of the HPA?
Analytic thinking
What type of thinking do schools encourage?
Compared to other age groups, adolescents naturally wake up and fall asleep later
When do adolescents wake up and fall asleep?
Age 12-13
When do early adolescents develop interests in sexual topics?
Individuals with high componential intelligence are more intelligent than individuals with either experiential or contextual intelligence.
When evaluating the three different forms of intelligence described in his triarchic theory of intelligence, Sternberg would disagree with which statement?
During high-risk situations, especially when peers are present
When is there a greater reactivity in the ventral striatum?
parents; friends
When it comes to matters like religion, adolescents are more likely to be influenced by _____ over _____
C. androgens; estrogens; hypothalamus
When levels of _____ and _____ fall below the set points, the _____ stops inhibiting the pituitary gland, thus permitting it to stimulate the release of sex hormones by the gonads.
Researchers have not identified a reliable mechanism for identifying which students will commit a lethal crime.
Which boy is most likely to commit an act of lethal violence?
limbic system
Which of the following brain systems is responsible for processing emotions, social information, and rewards?
economic freedom
Which of the following contributed to the invention of the teenager?
Jesse, who finds it hard to believe that other people may have beliefs, intentions, and knowledge that may be different from his own
Which of the following individuals is most likely to be a child (and not an adolescent)?
self-perception of scholastic competence
Which of the following is least likely to be affected by genetic factors?
school climate
Which of the following is most important in influencing adolescents' learning and psychosocial development?
more varied instruction
Which of the following is not a benefit that small schools offer?
discrimination against young workers
Which of the following is not a factor that moved children out of the workplace?
conceptual
Which of the following is not one of the areas of fundamental change in adolescence?
increased imagination
Which of the following is not one of the five chief changes in cognition during adolescence?
adolescents become better at lying
Which of the following is one of the results of improvements in social cognition?
Recent studies of Mexican-American families have found that stress and conflict are higher in Latino families in which adolescents are relatively more acculturated than parents. (W)
Which of the following research findings best describes the phenomenon known as generational dissonance?
The Harlem Children's zone demonstrated positive effects
Which of the following research findings does not provide evidence to support the achievement gap between White and non-White youngsters?
Both statements A and B support the hypothesis.
Which of the following research findings supports the hypothesis that, "under conditions of low collective efficacy, social problems are contagious"?
Moderate, rather than strict, control in the classroom promotes positive student behavior.
Which of the following statements about classroom environment is true?
how much do people's personalities differ before and after adolescence?
they remain about the same
The messages that society sends adolescents are
unclear and inconsistent.
in the united states, all citizens over the age of 18 are allowed to vote. this is an example of:
universalistic norm
Which of the following is not a common message that the media conveys about sex.
unprotected sex can have serious consequences
jane has decided not to go along with her friends and drink after school. she realizes that this is wrong, and decides not to give in to the peer pressure. what type of autonomy is Jane exhibiting?
value
the transformation in religious thinking during adolescence can be best understood as part of the overall development of ____ autonomy.
value
Legal decisions have tended to support adolescent autonomy when the behavior at issue is
viewed as having potential benefit
bobby's parents expect him to tell them everything. however, now that he's 13 years old, he feels entitled to keep secrets from them. according to the text, what has this discrepancy been referred to as?
violation of expectations
which of the following statements is not supported by research with regard to adolescent employment?
working builds character, teaches adolescents about the "real world," and helps them prepare for adult responsibilities
information is held for a short time while a problem is being solved
working memory
Lourdes' parents are disappointed with her grades. She is involved in many work and leisure activities. Which activity is most likely contributing to her poor school performance?
working part-time at a restaurant
During the industrial revolution, child protectionists argued that:
young people needed to be kept away from the labor force for their own good.
Which of the following terms is often used to describe individuals who are in many ways more mature than adolescents, but not as mature as adults?
youth
Besides going to college, what can aid the transition from high school to adult work?
youth apprenticeships
Critics of the American educational system have proposed to reduce the discontinuity in the school-to-work transition by establishing
youth apprenticeships.
Cliques are typically more emotionally salient for adolescents involved in antisocial behavior.
Which of the following statements about cliques is false?
Younger children have a harder time adjusting to stepfamilies than older adolescents.
Which of the following statements about stepfamilies is false?
Adolescents perceive fathers as more controlling than their mothers.
Which of the following statements about the way in which teenagers relate to mothers and fathers is false?
because ethnic minorities are more likely to live in dangerous areas, parental control may actually be beneficial for these adolescents.
Which of the following statements is most true of minority families and parenting styles?
James Coleman
Which of the following writers has been the most vocal proponent of the idea that there is a separate and troublesome "youth culture"?
hypothetical thinking
Which term below allows individuals to suspend their beliefs about something in order to argue in the abstract?
hypothetical thinking.
Which term below allows individuals to suspend their beliefs about something in order to argue in the abstract?
Black, Hispanic, and American Indian youth have more trouble negotiating the transition into adulthood than do their counterparts of which race(s)?
White and Asian youth
All of the above are reasons that foster care children and adolescents may have more problems than other children and adolescents.
Why are children who have spent time in the foster care system more at risk for emotional and behavioral problems?
- Vending machines in schools = poor choices
Why does poor nutrition increase in adolescence?
- Optimal organ function - High energy endurance - Low risk of death from disease
Why is adolescence the healthiest time in our lives?
Development is so rapid and so variable between individuals.
Why is it so difficult to draw a legal boundary between when someone should be treated like a child and when someone is ready to be treated like an adult?
development is so rapid and so variable between individuals.
Why is it so difficult to draw a legal boundary between when someone should be treated like a child and when someone is ready to be treated like an adult?
Early adolescence is a time during which individuals are particularly sensitive to stress.
Why is parental divorce during early adolescence particularly stressful for the adolescent?
the classification of "single-parent household" often includes other adults, such as the unmarried partner of a child's parent.
With regard to single-parent families in the United States:
although school shootings that garner public attention generally involve White youth, a disproportionate number of homicides in schools involve non-White youth
With respect to violence in schools:
Physical response that occurs when dependent person stops taking a substance
Withdrawl
Vygotsky's theory: level of challenge within reach, but requires the development of skills
zone of proximal development
Kaji, a 16-year-old male, has gone through the rite of passage and is now considered a warrior by his tribesmen. This change in Kaji's role and status may be referred to as
social redefinition
the process through which an individual's position or status is redefined by society
social redefinition
the universal process through which an individual's position or status is changed by society is called:
social redefinition
How does poverty adversely affect the behavior and development of adolescents?
-Social problems are contagious and can spread from one adolescent to another. -Poverty in neighborhoods breeds social isolation. -Adolescents growing up in poverty are more likely to be exposed to violence.
The accentuation of differences between sexes during the social redefinition of adolescence occurs partly because of
-the physical changes of puberty -adult work roles are highly sex-differentiated -adult family roles are highly sex-differentiated
when calculating individual performance on an IQ test, a child who was of average intelligence would have an IQ score of:
100
75% 50%
2/3 of high school students are college-bound. However ___, of students who attend community college and ___ of students who attend four year schools do not graduate.
In 1960, the average age of marriage for women was _____; today it is _____:
20; 26
1. a Bat Mitzvah 2. a quinceanera 3. graduating from high school
3 initiation ceremonies
1. living in poverty 2. being a member of a minority group 3. the absence of affluent neighbors
3 things associated with transition difficulties in adolescence
Who of the following individuals is likely to believe that it is always wrong to exclude others? A. Gwendolyn, who is trying to decide who to invite to her 9th birthday party B. Amy, who is a member of a high-status peer group at her high school C. Tina, an adolescent who has a sophisticated understanding of peer group dynamics D. Carl, a senior on the high school football team.
A
__________ theorists believe that changes in cognitive abilities appearing during adolescence are qualitative, whereas __________ theorists believe they are quantitative. A. Cognitive-developmental; information-processing B. Cognitive-developmental; behavioral decision C. Information-processing; cognitive-developmental D. Information-processing; behavioral decision
A
privileges, expectations
A double shift in social status takes place during adolescence with an increase in both _____ and _____.
engaged
A large, nationally representative sample of adolescents found that adolescents' friendship groups fell into one of four profiles. Which was the group that consisted of friends who were engaged in school, achieved decent grates, and neither abstained from nor abused alcohol?
may be caused by a neurological problem.
A learning disability:
smoke cigarettes or binge drink
According to research presented in the textbook, the longer a foreign-born adolescent has lived in the United States, the more likely he or she is to:
gang members have better self-conceptions than other adolescents who are involved in antisocial activity but who are not gang members.
According to the textbook and in regard to gangs, all of the following are true except:
finding ways to permit adolescents to take risks without putting themselves in situations in which they can hurt themselves.
According to the textbook, all of the following are potentially successful ways to reduce adolescent risk taking except:
Although the risks are well-known, the prevalence of circumcision in the United States has grown to 18% of female adolescents.
According to the textbook, all of the following statements about female circumcision are true except which one?
positive influence on subsequent course selection
According to the textbook, being placed in a more advanced track has which of the following effects?
values & beliefs
Allows a person to have strong personal ___ & ___, but remain open to alternate ideas and opinions
argues that adolescence as a period in the life cycle is mainly a social invention.
Among those who study adolescence, an inventionist is one who:
Results from analysis, such as a systematic ranking of pros and cons, risks and consequences, possibilities and facts. Depends on logic and rationality.
Analytic thought
clique; crowd
Andrea, a 15-year-old, is most likely to learn social skills in a ________ and develop her sense of identity in a ________.
testosterone
Androgens
spends a high proportion of time teaching lessons.
Annie is an adolescent enrolled in Mr. Love's science class. Annie will most likely do best in class when Mr. Love:
A common fallacy in which a person ignores the overall frequency of some behavior or characteristic in making a decision
Base rate neglect
No, about 1/5 of 14-15 year olds and about 1/3 or 13 and younger chidren are likely to be
Based on Grisso and colleague's competency study, should we assume a 15-year-old is definitely more competent than a mentally ill adult who has been found not competent to stand trial? What about a 13 year old?
ages 12-24.
Before industrialization, the term youth referred to:
Having emotional, romantic, or sexual attractions to men & women
Bisexual
White and Asian youth
Black, Hispanic, and American Indian youth have more trouble negotiating the transition into adulthood than do their counterparts of which race(s)?
- Body fat grows more in girls - Muscle mass grows more in boys
Body composition changes
---
Body fat and puberty onset in girls
Dawn has always enjoyed school and excelled in her classes. In middle school, she has connected with a group of friends who also enjoy school. They often spend time studying together. This is an example of:
Both a and b
Which of the following brain systems is responsible for processing emotions, social information, and rewards? A. functional connectivity system B. response inhibition system C. limbic system D. prefrontal cortex system
C
neural circuitry dopamine sensitivity
Developmental differences in ___ of reward - differences in ___ activity & ___ to rewards
information-processing perspective
Dr. Brown argues that adolescents can solve problems better than younger children because they can store more information in memory and because they have more effective strategies. Dr. Brown's view is most consistent with which of the following perspectives?
measures electrical activity of the scalp
EEG (electroencephalography)
An approach to understanding intelligence that sees ability as innate, a fixed quantity present at birth; those who hold this view do not believe that effort enhances achievement. How smart you are from birth are set in stone.
Entity of theory of intelligence
Body needs to reproduce quickly
Environment is stressful =
Little League baseball
Eric, a fourth-grader, spends a lot of time with his peers and is more likely to engage in which of the following activities?
Identity vs. role confusion - "Who am I?" - "What have I got?" - "What am I going to do with it?"
Erikson's 5th stage
2%
Estimated prevalence:
estradiol and progesterone
Estrogens
Proponents of this idea contend that the period from ages 18 to 25 is neither adolescence nor adulthood, but a unique developmental period in its own right, characterized by five main features: 1: the exploration of possible identities before making enduring choices; 2: instability in work, romantic relationships, and living arrangements; 3: a focus on oneself and, in particular, on functioning as an independent person; 4: the feeling of being between adolescence and adulthood; and 5: the sense that life holds many possibilities
Explain the term "emerging adulthood" and whether this new developmental time period is universal
Rare before 17
External coming out age
Peers encourage one another to do things they might not do otherwise
Facilitation
responsive and demanding.
Felicia is very warm and accepting to both of her two children, but she also sets firm rules that the children must follow with very few exceptions. According to Baumrind, the characteristics that best describe her are:
- Individual variation in timing - Consistent sequence - Weight, height, muscles - Growth of extremities before core
Growth spurts
gender
Growth spurts vary among ___
Hormonal cascades that originates in hypothalamus, effecting the pituitary and finally the adrenal glands
HPA (hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal) axis
a sequence of hormone production originating in the hypothalamus and moving to the pituitary and then to the gonads
HPG (Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonads) axis
neurophysiological pathway that involves the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonads
HPG axis
girls
Harsh parenting associated with early puberty in ___
Organizational; activational
Hormones play two very different roles in adolescence. _______ hormones program the brain to behave in certain ways, whereas _______ hormones are thought to stimulate development of the secondary sex characteristics
plays a central role in the aggressive behavior of rejected adolescents.
Hostile attributional bias:
1.) Organizational effects: Enduring changes in brain structure (e.g., myelination, dendritic growth, increased number of neurons) 2.) Activational effects: Temporary changes in brain functions
How can hormones influence the brain?
An approach to understanding intelligence that holds that intelligence can be directly increased by effort. Intelligence is acquired over time.
Incremental theory of intelligence
Reasoning from one or more specific experiences or facts to a general conclusion; may be less cognitively advanced than deduction
Inductive (bottom-up) reasoning
Genetic and environmental
Influenced by ___ and ___ factors
menarche.
Initiation ceremonies for young women in traditional societies most often coincide with:
Arises from an emotion or a hunch, beyond rational explanation, and is influenced by past experiences and cultural assumptions.
Intuitive thought
An adolescent's egocentric conviction that he or she cannot be overcome or even harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal, such as unprotected sex, drug abuse, or high-speed driving.
Invincibility fable
selective attention
Jesse is in the seventh grade at a school that has open classrooms with multiple teachers instructing their classes in one large area. Which of the following cognitive processes will help Jesse focus on his teacher?
imaginary audience.
John is a junior in high school. Although he is sociable, he feels very self-conscious. He feels as if everyone is evaluating him. David Elkind refers to this loss of perspective in adolescence as:
Grid that includes seven dimensions of sexual orientation, and it captures the idea that sexual orientation is not only a continuum, but that a person's place on the continuum may change over time
Klein Sexual Orientation Grid
heterosexual
LBGQ Youth often engage in ___ relationships for a period of time.
less, more
Late 19th-century adolescents spend _____ time working with their parents and _____ with their peers, being educated or prepping for the future.
Hormone involved in regulation of appetite thought to influence the onset of puberty
Leptin
STD
Lesbian adolescents are at a higher risk for contracting an ___ from heterosexual intercourse
increase risk for depression
Low self-esteem =
abstract and conceptual relations.
Mai can understand the metaphor, "My heart is an open book," because she is able to focus on the:
observable features of the objects.
Mai can understand the metaphor, "My heart is an open book," because she is able to focus on the:
androgenic steroids
Male adolescents: more likely to use ___
Which of the following statements about classroom environment is true?
Moderate, rather than strict, control in the classroom promotes positive student behavior.
C. estrogen and androgens; ovaries
Molly's breasts are beginning to develop, she is beginning to grow pubic hair, her skin is becoming more oily, and her body is growing rapidly. These changes are brought about by the secretion of _____ by the _____.
- A socially acceptable way to postpone identity achievement decisions - Focused on identity exploration
Moratorium
A rebellious, defiant identity, taken on anger adults
Negative identity
- Slows down growth (impairs, digestion, nutrition, & appetite) - Can damage developing hearts, lungs, brains, & reproductive systems
Nicotine/Tobacco
A. puberty.
Of all the developments that take place during the second decade of life, the only one that is truly inevitable is:
myelination.
One aspect of brain maturation that is associated with increases in the speed of neural impulses and improvements in information transmission is:
contraceptives; cigarettes or vulgar magazines
One discrepancy in the way that society treats adolescents is that courts have ruled that teenagers have the right to obtain ________; however, the courts have also upheld laws forbidding adolescence to obtain _____.
contraceptives; cigarettes or vulgar magazines.
One discrepancy in the way that society treats adolescents is that courts have rules that teenagers have the right to obtain____; however, the courts have also upheld laws forbidding adolescence to obtain______.
the big-fish-little-pond effect.
One potential explanation for the finding that gifted students who are integrated into regular classrooms have more positive academic self-conceptions than those in special classes is:
may also be experiencing identity crises of their own.
One reason that the adolescent years may constitute a difficult period of adjustment is that parents:
- Heart (2x size) - Lungs (3x weight)
Organ growth
lack of change creates a sturdy, yet boring, family pattern.
Professor Ngo is studying family transitions. According to family systems theory, he is most likely to see dramatic changes in family relationships during all of the following events, except when:
The time the first onrush of hormones and full adult physical development
Puberty
bone maturation
Rapid ___ can reduce full adult height
mixed results
Relocation studies that have randomly chosen poor families to either stay where they are living or move to a more advantaged neighborhood have found:
negative outcomes for females but not for males
Research has established that circumcision is associated with::
The period after primary education (elementary or game school) and before tertiary education (college)
Secondary education
Adolescents select friends who are similar to them
Selection
stress
Sever ___ is also associated with age at puberty
An enduring pattern of sexual, emotional and/or romantic attraction
Sexual orientation
Sperm production in boys
Spermarche
Condition in which a person depends on a substance physically and psychologically
Substance Dependent (Addiction)
Pattern of behavior in which person relies upon drug excessively and chronically; can cause personal or occupational impairment
Substance abuse
18
Substance use before age ___ is greatest predictor of later abuse
Mistaken belief that when a person has spent money, time or effort that cannot be recovered, they should continue to try to achieve the goal so that effort was not wasted.
Sunk cost fallacy
has negative effects on adolescent behavior, achievement, and mental health, and these effects are above and beyond those effects attributable to growing up in a poor family
Taken together, research studies have determined that growing up in a poor neighborhood:
authoritative
Tammy's father has absolute standards and expects Tammy to conform to them without exception. If she disobeys he generally punishes her, and sees no reason why he should explain his rules to Tammy. Instead, his response is, "I'm the father and I love you. I know what's best for you." Her father is best described as having what kind of parenting style?
personal fable.
The erroneous belief that one's thoughts, feelings, and experiences are unique is called:
seeing knowledge as relative rather than as absolute.
The extreme skepticism observed in many adolescents is most likely a result of:
the more parents believe in the stereotypes, the worse their relationships with their teenagers become.
The fact that most books for parents of teenagers tend to focus on the problems instead of normative development is concerning because:
the more parents believe that they are going to have a difficult time with their adolescent, the less likely that the parents will create a self-fulfilling prophecy. (W)
The fact that most books for parents of teenagers tend to focus on the problems instead of normative development is concerning because:
ALL
The following is often a trademark of persistent bullies:
social cognition
The growth of _____ during adolescence is directly related to an improved ability to think abstractly.
self-fulfilling.
The idea that an individual's behavior is influenced by other's expectations for them is a description of
unclear and inconsistent.
The messages that contemporary society sends adolescents are:
age grading.
The process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of chronological age is called:
clinical depression
The rate of ___ doubles at puberty
autobiographical memory.
The recall of personally meaningful past events is known as
the Industrial Revolution.
The status of adolescents as full-time students arose as a result of:
generation gap
The tensions that are often assumed to be inherent in the relations between adolescents and adults are referred to as the:
function and learn
The transition from one school to another often impairs a young person's ability to ___ and ___
social redefinition.
The universal process through which an individual's position or status is changed by society is called:
adolescents are now more susceptible to their peers than were other generations.
The world is arguably a more stressful place to grow up in now than it was in the past for all of the following reasons, except:
Tamika and Theresa both live in single-parent households and survive on welfare. Tamika, however, lives in a better neighborhood than Theresa. According to community researchers, who is more likely to drop out of school or become pregnant?
Theresa
B. bulimia.
Theresa has been known to go on eating binges and then purge immediately afterward. Theresa is probably suffering from:
preparation, participation
Today, adolescence has been redefined as a time of _____, rather than ____.
preparation; participation
Today, adolescence has been redefined as a time of _____, rather than _____.
puberty, school
Today, people go through ____ earlier than 100 years ago, but tend to stay in ____ longer.
- Diffusion/foreclosure - Little thought given to ethic/racial identity or identity has been absorbed from others - Common during middle childhood
Unexamined ethnic identity
A. feminine
Up until about eight weeks after conception, the human brain is ______ until it is exposed to certain hormones.
- Yellow light, stop or go? - Stop = live - Go = crash - If kids and adults were watched by peers, their decisions would change - More risky decisions were made by adolescents and adults when in the present of their peers rather than when they were alone
What is the stop light paradim?
1.) Groups of same-sex friends (e.g., cliques) 2.) Loosely associated mixed-sex groups (e.e., members of crowds) 3.) Small mixed sex-groups 4.) Pairing of couples
What is the typical sequence of adolescent relationships?
the increased importance of formal education in making a successful transition into adult roles.
What might explain why adolescence has been elongated?
Social support from relatives has been found to buffer the effects of living in a single-parent household.
Which of the following statements regarding divorce in America is true?
less time in school
Which of the following was not a result of industrialization?
obtaining a driver's license
Which of the following would not be considered an initiation ceremony?
- To fit in - To do better - To feel good - To experiment
Why do adolescents use drugs?
all of the following are significant changes in peer groups that occur during adolescence, except:
a decrease in the size of their peer groups
dave knows that kids who drink and drive sometimes get killed, but he believes that his is somehow immune to having such a terrible thing happen to him. dave's belief is an example of:
a personal fable
a group against which an individual compares himself or herself is called:
a reference group
In contemporary America, the process of social definition, which typically begins at age 15 or 16, is something that occurs over
a relatively long period of time
Jennifer, who is 16, ran away with her friend Tonya, who is 18. The police, however, only arrested Jennifer for running away because for a minor, running away is considered:
a status offense.
One finding that emerged from the competence to stand trial research described in the text was that:
about 1/5 of 14 and 15 year olds are not competent to stand trial
Javier spends a great deal of time talking about relationships, politics, philosophy, religion, and morality with his friends, demonstrating his ability to think:
abstractly
a separate youth culture is said to promote all of the following, except:
academics
dramatic increase in height and weight during puberty
adolescent growth spurt
designated age people are recognized as an adult
age of majority
the designated age at which an individual is recognized as an adult
age of majority
Before industrialization, the term "youth" referred to
ages 12-24.
an adolescent may have an intimate relationship with
all of the above
tim and carol are upset because they recently discovered that their 14 year old daughter has already engaged in sexual intercorse. what other types of problems should they anticipate
all of the above
which of the following can delay the onset of puberty?
all of the above
how does poverty adversely affect the behavior and development of adolescents?
all of the above are true
Researchers have suggested that the lack of clarity and continuity in the transition into adulthood may contribute to our relatively high rate(s) of:
all of the above might result from the lack of clarity and continuity in the transition into adulthood
A class of sex hormones secreted by the gonads. Found in both sexes, higher levels in males following puberty.
androgens
dramatic and severe self induced weight loss, found mainly among young women
anorexia nervosa
based on the research addressing ethnic differences in the timing and rate of pubertal maturation, which girl would be expected to be the earliest to mature?
anslyene, a middle-income african american
which of the following is considered an "internailzing disorder"?
anxiety
Before the Industrial Revolution, the term "child" referred to
anyone under age 18 or 21.
The transition into adulthood is more likely to be impeded among minority teenagers because they:
are more likely to grow up poor.
Among those who study adolescence, an inventionist is one who:
argues that adolescence as a period in the life cycle is mainly a social invention
authoritative parenting promotes intellectual development and psychosocial maturity through all of the following, except:
asserting parental authority by turning adolescents' personal decisions into moral issues.
which of the following statements is true?
at school size increases, academic achievement decreases.
the close, significant emotional bond between parent and infant is called
attachment
what kind of family environment most closely resembles the optimal classroom environment?
authoritative
recall of personally meaningful past events
autobiographical memory
In Marley's society adolescents are expected to attain adult roles, however, they are provided with little training for such responsibilities. Additionally, adolescents tend to be segregated from the workforce and receive little training in school for the types of jobs they will hold as adults. What type of society does Marley most likely belong to?
child protectionist
The Boy Scouts is an example of an organization that grew out of the _____ school of thought.
child protectionist
The most virulent threats to adolescnt health come from all of the follwoing, except:
chronic disabilities, such as cancer and arthritis.
hormone produced when exposed to stress
cortisol
system of courts and related institutions developed to handle adult crime
criminal justice system
the system of courts and related institutions developed to handle adult crime
criminal justice system
compares two or more groups at one point in time
cross-sectional study
major changes in the brain in childhood and adolescence
developmental plasticity
produce brain images that show connections among different regions
diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
the current school-to-work transition in america is considered a:
discontinuous transition
Dr. Goodrich believes that the passage into adulthood is a sudden change in which adult roles and statuses are abruptly assumed. This view is most closely associated with the:
discontinuous transition.
The current school-to-work transition in America is considered a
discontinuous transition.
In 1934, anthropologist Ruth Benedict suggested that the turmoil experienced during adolescence was caused by:
discontinuous transitions
research assessing the link between infant attachment and the quality of interpersonal relationships in adolescence and young adulthood find:
early relationships have some effect on later interpersonal relationships
Which of the following contributed to the invention of the "teenager"?
economic freedom
as barbara moves into adolescence, her relationship with her mother and father changes. she is becoming less dependent on them and more dependent on herself. she also realizes that her parents are not always right. which type of autonomy is barbara expressing?
emotional autonomy
which of the following types of autonomy refers to that aspect of independence related to changes in an individual's close relationships?
emotional autonomy
ethnic differences in parenting practices suggest that:
even through authoritative parenting is less commonly used by ethnic minority families, its effective on adolescent development are beneficial in all ethnic groups.
changes in electrical activity in brain regions in response to specific stimuli or events
event related potentials (ERPs)
advanced thinking; enabled by maturation of the prefrontal cortex, begin in early adolescence
executive function
Jeffrey Arnett, the psychologist who created the term "emerging adulthood", believes that the developmental period between adolescence and adulthood (emerging adulthood):
exists in very few cultures.
16 Mercedes believes that the death penalty is wrong because her parents, friends, and church say so. she has never really thougt about the issue, but has accepted this view as her own. what is her identity status?
foreclosure
Piaget's 4th stage: early adolescence - adulthood
formal operations
Rose solves a chemistry problem by systematically testing several hypotheses. According to Piaget, which stage is Rose functioning at?
formal operations
Bickering and squabbling bw teenagers n their parents is largely caused by: adolescent's ability to ___________
formulate counterarguments
researchers have found that, which regard to adolescent sleep patterns:
getting fewer than 8 hours of sleep a night is associated with poorer mental health and lower grades for adolescents.
according to the text, ____ do better in math during elementary school and ____ are more likely to be enrolled in advanced math classes in high school.
girls; boys
glands that secrete sex hormones male = testes female = ovaries
gonads
full driving privileges are not all granted, phased in over time
graduated driver licensing
a reason stated in the text to explain why today's youth do not place the same value on education as their education as their parents is that american adolescents:
have become alienated from and unfamiliar with the values of adults.
in their research on the relationship between early maturation and problem behaviors among adolescent girls, caspi and Moffitt have found all of the following, except:
high levels of behavior problems in childhood predict early maturation.
self-esteem is ____ among students who are identified with peer groups that have relatively high status in their school
higher
Dan planned a party and invited his whole english class by passing out personal invitations. Dan accidentally forgot to make an invitation for Sam. Sam assumed he wasn't invited and became irate at Dan for excluding him. This is an example of:
hostile attributional bias
part of the brain that controls the pituitary gland
hypothalamus
The ability to see beyond what is directly observable and reason in terms of what might be possible is called
hypothetical thinking
the ability to see beyond what is directly observable and reason in terms of what might be possible is called:
hypothetical thinking
kurt is 15 and spends most of his energy wondering who he is and what kind of person he will become. erikson would describe him sfacing the crisis called
identity versus identity diffusion
Everyone is watching and evaluating. Brought on by adolescent's heightened self-consciousness.
imaginary audience
identity typically crystallized
in late adolescence to the early 20s
which of the following is not one of the five major changes in cognition during adolescence?
increased imagination
for adolescent boys, which is the most imporant factor in determining the onset of sexual intercourse?
increased levels of androgens
Which of the following did not contribute to the redefinition of the term "youth"
increased materialism among college students
Which of the following was not an outcome of the Industrial Revolution?
increased opportunities for adolescents in the workplace
in contrast to the psychoanalytic perspective, many researchers today assert that a late adolescent who is gradually and progressively sharpending his/her sense of self as autonomous, competent, and seperate from one's parents is developing a sense of:
individuation
making "educated guesses" about problems would be considered which type of reasoning?
inductive reasoning
max tells his friends that his mother allows him to do whatever he wants and she never enforces the rules she sets. if max's statement is true, his mother is best characterized as:
indulgent
describes development as growth of specific components of thinking
information processing perspective
Notable contributing factors to the elongation of adolescence compared to previous eras include all except which of the following:
later development of emotional maturity
Compared to 100 years ago, contemporary adolescents take on full-time employment _____ and live under adult supervision _____ than adolescents in earlier times.
later; less
Compared to 100 years ago, the adolescent period has been _____ and the transition into adulthood _____.
lengthened; prolonged
whose research supports erikson's theory on identity development?
marcia
sex bias in tracking students in junior and senior high schools is most evident in which subject?
math
one reason that the adolescent years may constitute a difficult period of adjustment is that parents:
may also be experiencing identity crises of their own
hormone secreted by the brain contributes to sleepiness; triggers puberty through its impact on kisspeptin
melatonin
Initiation ceremonies for young women in traditional societies most often coincide with:
menarche
The transition into adulthood 50 years ago was characterized by _____ prior preparation for family roles and _____ prior preparation for work roles.
more; more
What thought process helps adolescents appreciate the sarcasm and satire of Family Guy and The Simpsons?
multidimensional thinking
insulating of brain circuits; improves efficiency of information processing
myelination
Research described in the text indicates all of the following except:
nearly all juveniles under 15 years old are competent to stand trial in a criminal proceeding
alice has worked all evening on a psychology assignment that is not being graded. she has a very strong:
need for achievement
the extent to which an individual strives for success is referred to as
need for achievement
nerve cells
neurons
chemicals that carry the electrical impulses across neurons via synapses
neurotransmitters
What factors would explain the fact that Sandra and Natalie, sisters who are only 1 year apart in age, have different memories of their family life as they were growing up?
nonshared environment
peers usually have more influence than parents on matters of:
patterns of leisure activity
point at which the adolescent is growing most rapidly
peak height velocity
judy and jessica hang around people their same age. these people are most accurately described as:
peers.
achievement concerns the development of motives, capabilities, interests, and behavior that relate to ____ in evaluative situations.
performance
which of the following types of households creates adolescents who do not develop healthy autonomy, have difficulty complying with rules, and are usually dependent on their friends?
permissive
according to kohlberg, reasoning that is based on rewards and punishments is called:
preconventional
brain region important for sophisticated thinking planning, thinking ahead, weighing risk and reward, control impulses
prefrontal cortex
Piaget's 2nd stage: 2 - 5 years
preoperational
Today, people go through ______ earlier than 100 years ago, but tend to stay in ______ longer.
puberty; school
elaborate "coming out" celebration for adolescent girls in many Latin communities
quinceanera
an elaborate sort of "coming-out" celebration for adolescent girls that is practiced in many Latino communities
quinceañera
issues of autonomy
recur throughout the life span
which of the follwoing female sex characteristics is usually the last to develop?
regular ovulation
phenomenon that experiences from adolescence is recalled most easily compared to other stages in life
reminiscent bump
research evaluating media messages about sex and drugs finds that:
repeated exposure to these messages is likely to have an effect on adolescent attitudes and beliefs.
multidimensional thinking helps adolescents understand:
sarcasm
Mary is having trouble understanding how to do a math problem. Her teacher asks her just the right question and Mary understands the problem. Vygotsky would refer to the structuring process used by the teacher to guide Mary's thinking as:
scaffolding
structure learning so that it is just within reach
scaffolding
intentional scarring of the body; part of initiation ceremony
scarification
For Sally's 13th birthday, her mother has agreed to let her get her ears pierced. In traditional societies, this type of body ritual may be equated to:
scarification.
how positively or negatively people feel about themselves defines:
self-esteem
researchers have identified all of the following factors as critical components of the development of identity during adolescence, except:
self-regulation
pursuit of experience that is new or exciting
sensation seeking
identity status
shifts across the life span
chris and his parents had an argument because they did not want him to go to a new year's eve party across town. a few days after the argument, chris's anger subsided becaues he realized his parents were worried about his safety. which cognitive process did chris use to reach this conclusion?
social perspective-taking
the practice of moving students from one grade to the next regardless of their academic performance is known as what?
social promotion
redefinition of position or status by society
social redefinition
comparisons of large and small schools reveal that:
students in small schools are more likely to participate in school activities.
gap between neurons; neurotransmitters carry electrical impulses across
synapse
young people; frivolous and lighthearted image popularized 50 years ago
teenager
The status of adolescents as full-time students arose as a result of:
the Industrial Revolution
Jacob is looking forward to the upcoming presidential election because he is now able to cast his vote. Based on your knowledge of the social redefinition of adolescence, what has Jacob attained?
the age of majority
the designated age at which an individual is recognized as an adult member of the community in contemporary society is called:
the age of majority
for adolescent girls, which is the most important factor in determining the onset of sexual intercourse?
the attitudes of friends toward sexual activity
which of the following has the least effect on student achievement?
the classroom
Adolescence was not considered a distinct transitional period until:
the industrial revolution
All of the following are true regarding the legal boundary between childhood and adulthood except:
the legal boundary between childhood and adulthood is very clear and consistent
the text states that _____ is/are the most critical influence on adolescents' adjustment.
the quality of their relationships at home
Which of the following themes is generally not a universal element in the process of social redefinition?
the separation of adolescents experiencing menarche from elder members of the community
which boy is most likely to commit an act of lethal crime.
to date, there is no way to identify which student will commit a lethal crime.
the process of separating students into different levels of classes within the same school is called:
tracking
when are adolescents usually in the "worst" mood?
when they are alone
In the 19th century, what distinguished children from adults?
whether they owned property
today: aged 18-22 past: aged 12-24
youth
B. have a more negative self-image.
In America, early-maturing girls are more likely than their late-maturing peers to:
based on Piaget; development is qualitative and is stage-like
cognitive-developmental view
___ theorists believe that changes in cognitive abilities appearing during adolescence are aualitative, whereas ____ theorists believe they are quantitative.
cognitive-developmental; information-processing
a group of individuals born during the same general historical era
cohort
people born in the same historical era
cohort
Typically, the social redefinition of young people occurs in groups of peers who are approximately the same age, known as:
cohorts
The Bar Mitzvah and Bas Mitzvah are contemporary examples of traditional society's practice of:
cohorts.
a community's social capital, derived from its members' common values and goals
collective efficacy
a community's social capitol; derived from common values and goals (e.g. the extent to which neighbours trust each other, share common values, and count on each others to monitor youth)
collective efficacy
steve gets all as in his course work but has a hard time relating to the real world. according to sternberg, steve is above average in ____ intelligence but below average in ____ intelligence.
componential; contextual
Which of the following is not one of the areas of fundamental change in adolescence
conceptual
Which of the following is not one of the areas of fundamental change in adolescence?
conceptual
Piaget's 3rd stage: 6 years - early adolescent
concrete operations
Since Mark was 5 years old, he has been helping his father maintain the family farm. Now, 30 years later, Mark owns the farm and is teaching his own son how to manage it. Based on your knowledge about the continuity of adolescence, how would you describe Mark's transition?
continuous
Societies in which hunting, fishing, and farming are the primary work activities tend to exhibit a more _____ transition between adolescence and adulthood.
continuous
dr. raffle believes that the passage into adulthood is a gradual process in which the adolescent assumes the roles and status of adulthoot bit by bit. this view is most closely associated with the:
continuous transition
Dr. Ramirez believes that the passage into adulthood is a gradual process in which the adolescent assumes the roles and status of adulthood bit by bit. This view is most closely associated with the:
continuous transition.
adult roles and status are entered into gradually (e.g. farming families)
continuous transitions
passages into adulthood in which adult roles and statuses are entered into gradually
continuous transitions
research suggests that the majority of adolescents probably function at which of the following moral reasoning level?
conventional
professor schwartz is studying large groups of adolescents to learn about their particular minicultures. Professor Schwartz is studying:
crowds
thinking about thinking
metacognition
which of the followin statements about puberty's impact on family relationships is true?
puberty appears to increase distance between parents and children.
asserting parental authority by turning adolescents' personal decisions into moral issues.
Authoritative parenting promotes intellectual development and psychosocial maturity through all of the following, except:
obedience
Authoritative parents value all of the following, except:
experience more stress and less happiness. (W)
Compared to a child, an older adolescent is likely to:
are higher during adolescence than childhood.
Compared to childhood, reward seeking and sensation seeking during adolescence:
girls
Earlier in ___
1. more likely to engage in violence 2. more likely to report symptoms of depression 3. more likely to think about killing themselves.
3 things that are true for adolescents who have been exposed to violence
1. In some instances, attaining adult status brings with it more lenient treatment under the law, whereas in others, it may be associated with harsher treatment. 2. There are many inconsistencies in the legal boundary between childhood and adulthood. 3. Once an adolescent is designated as an adult, she or he is also subject to a new set of laws and will be treated differently.
3 things that are true regarding the legal boundary between childhood and adulthood
1. the accentuation of physical and social differences between males and females 2. the passing on of cultural, historical, and practical information 3. the real or symbolic separation of the adolescent from his or her parents
3 universal elements in the process of social redefinition?
According to the textbook, today, about _____ of American adolescents are from ethnic minority groups; and, by the end of this century, it is estimated that nearly _____ of American adolescent will be nonWhite.
45%; 2/3
Approximately what percentage of American 20- to 22-year-olds live with or are supported financially by their parents
55%
According to the textbook, a good deal of adolescents' risk taking takes place in contexts in which: A. they are unsupervised by adults and exposed to peers who encourage risky behaviors. B. older, opposite sex peers are present. C. they are in a new, exciting environment. D. there are at least three peers present.
A
Adolescent thinking can be distinguished from the thinking of children in several respects. All of these differences stem from improvement(s) in _____ during adolescence. A. abstract logical reasoning B. personal life experiences C. synaptic pruning D. autonomy and personal responsibility
A
All of the following are aspects of metacognition, except: A. conserving mental resources B. thinking about thinking C. appraising comprehension D. managing thinking
A
Sam took an IQ test in fourth grade and scored below average. Sam's middle school is administering the test again. This time, Sam's score is likely to be: A. below average. B. average. C. above average. D. there's no way to predict
A
What was one of the results of the Guyer and colleagues' (2009) study, where teenagers were imaged with fMRI equipment while they thought they were participating in a networking task with other teenagers (in reality, the study was rigged such that they were automatically provided with positive or negative feedback)? A.When the adolescents were told that other teenagers were interested in them, areas of their brains known to be sensitive to rewards were activated. B. When the adolescents were told that other teenagers were interested in them, no areas of their brains were activated. C.When the adolescents were told that other teenagers were interested in them, areas of the brain that are activated during highly stressful events were activated. D. When the adolescents were told that other teenagers were interested in them, the prefrontal cortex was fully activated.
A
When evaluating the three different forms of intelligence described in his triarchic theory of intelligence, Sternberg would disagree with which statement? A. Individuals with high componential intelligence are more intelligent than individuals with either experiential or contextual intelligence. B An individual who scores high on experiential or contextual intelligence may be equally as intelligent as someone who . scores high in componential intelligence. C. Society needs individuals with all three forms of intelligence. D. It is time we should be assessing experiential and contextual intelligence as much as we test componential intelligence.
A
When the teacher asks a question in class, students raise their hands to answer. This example illustrates: A. social conventional behavior. B. a specialized structural system. C. metacognitive behavior. D. dominance theory.
A
Which statement regarding increases in cognitive abilities is false? A. Increases in cognitive abilities are due to growth in the size of the brain. B. Pruning of the synapses leads to increases in cognitive abilities. C. Changes in levels of neurotransmitters reduce sensitivity to reward, leading to an increase in sensation seeking. D. Maturation of the prefrontal cortex allows for complex activities such as planning, decision making, goal setting, and metacognition.
A
Regulate (stimulate/inhibit) the secretion of pituitary hormones
Hypothalamus
personal; conventional
According to Smetana, adolescents often judge keeping one's room clean and style of dress as _____, whereas parents tend to judge these issues as _____.
1 out of 4
According to a national survey, how many students in American public schools have been victims of violence?
Knowing who one is as a unique person, accepting some social/cultural values and rejecting others
Identity achievement
lower-track math classes in schools in which Blacks are in the minority, even after taking into account students' qualifications
According to a recent analysis of national data discussed in the textbook, Black students were especially likely to be enrolled in:
Siblings go through the pubertal transition at different times.
According to behavioral geneticists, siblings are actually quite different from each other. Which of the following has not been used to explain this difference?
children and adolescents with lesbian or gay parents are not psychologically different from those with straight parents.
According to many well-designed studies that have looked at the psychological consequences of growing up with lesbian or gay parents:
have different values and priorities than adults.
According to research on behavioral decision theory, adolescents often decide to engage in behavior that seems risky to adults because adolescents:
increase in health-benefiting behaviors. (W)
According to research presented in the textbook, the longer a foreign-born adolescent has lived in the United States, the more likely he or she is to:
subject to the control of adults; freedom and autonomy
According to the textbook, in non-Western cultures, there is huge discrepancy in the extension of privileges to males and females. In general, girls' behavior is more ____ wheras boys are given more _____
D. increases in intellectual functioning.
According to the textbook, puberty involves all of the following except
driving with other teenagers in the car.
According to the textbook, the main contributor to the increased rate of automobile accidents among teenagers is:
self-confidence.
According to the textbook, the sex difference in athletic performance during early adolescence results from all of the following except:
Because of the characteristics of the students who attend private schools.
According to the textbook, why do private school students academically outperform students at public schools?
conscious awareness & commitment
Achieved ethnic identity
Which of the following statements about the inventionist perspective is true
Adolescence is a separate period that has been largely determined by the broader social environment
experiences opinions
Adolescent cognitive growth benefits from shared ___ and ___
- Greatest during tween years (10-13) - Typically center on petty arguments - Conflict differs by culture
Adolescent-parent conflicts
online
Adolescents sometimes share personal information ___ without thinking about the possible consequences
juvenile; criminal
Adolescents who are convicted of crimes become part of the _________ justice system, whereas adults convicted of the same crimes are part of the ________ justice system.
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Adolescents who have academic difficulties that can be traced to persistent and impairing symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity may have:
older
Adults tend to be ______ when their children are adolescents than the past generation.
females males
Affects twice as many ___ vs. ___ adolescents
Heavy drinking ---> permanently impair memory, self-control (damage in hippocampus, PFC)
Alcohol
better use of academic tracking
All of the following are factors associated with higher performance of students as a result of the social capital in Catholic schools relative to other schools, except:
a decrease in the size of their peer groups.
All of the following are significant changes in peer groups that occur during adolescence, except:
All of the above are true
All of the following statements about structural and functional change involving the prefrontal cortex during adolescence are true except:
- Restriction of energy intake leading to body weight significantly below expected - Intense fear of gaining weight - Distorted body perception and denial of problem
Anorexia nervosa
According to the textbook, the main contributor to the increased rate of automobile accidents among teenagers is: A. driving under the influence. B. driving with other teenagers in the car. C. texting while driving. D. talking on the phone, especially having an emotional conversation.
B
Adolescents who score higher than their peers on an IQ test will probably: A. score lower than their peers on their next IQ test. B. continue to score higher than their peers on future IQ tests. C. score the same as their peers on their next IQ test. D. cannot make a prediction based on the instability of intelligence.
B
Dr. Brown argues that adolescents can solve problems better than younger children because they can store more information in memory and because they have more effective strategies. Dr. Brown's view is most consistent with which of the following perspectives? A. triarchic theory of intelligence B. information-processing perspective C. psychometric theory D. Piagetian perspective
B
Jane, an adolescent, can attribute her improved planning skills to developments in her ______ and she can attribute her gut- level, intuitive decision making to her ______. A. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; orbitofrontal cortex B. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; ventromedial prefrontal cortex C. ventromedial prefrontal cortex; dorsolateral prefrontal cortex D. orbitofrontal cortex; ventromedial prefrontal cortex
B
Research testing Elkind's theory of adolescent egocentrism has found that certain aspects: A. peak at age 12 and then drastically decline. B. may remain present throughout the adolescent and adult years. C. are virtually a nonexistent phenomenon in adolescence or adulthood. D. are less prevalent among college students.
B
Sternberg's "triarchic theory of intelligence" proposes that to assess an individual's intellectual capabilities it is necessary to look at three distinct, but interrelated, types of "intelligence": A. verbal, mathematical, and spatial. B. componential, experiential, and contextual. C. componential, kinesthetic, and experiential. D. verbal, mathematical, and interpersonal.
B
Which of the following individuals is most likely to be a child (and not an adolescent)? A. Kristine, who thinks about what other people are thinking B. Jesse, who finds it hard to believe that other people may have beliefs, intentions, and knowledge that may be different from his own C. Jo, who can easily interpret the feelings of others D. All of these individuals are likely to be children.
B
While studying for her biology exam, Jennifer watches her favorite show on TV. This is an example of: A. selective attention. B. divided attention. C. short-term memory. D. long-term memory.
B
Who of the following is probably a child (and not an adolescent)? A. Jeanette, someone who can easily describe her thought process B. Christine, someone who tends to think about things one aspect at a time C. Bryan, who tends to question everything, just for the sake of argument D. Brandon, someone who entertains many possibilities before making the final decision
B
The other people who, in an adolescent's egocentric belief, are watching and taking note of his or her appearance, ideas, and behavior. This belief makes many teenagers very self-conscious.
Imaginary audience
Jewish religious ceremony marking the transition to adulthood
Bar Mitzvah (Bas Mitzvah)
puberty
Both hormones are found in both males and females and increase in both sexes at ___
Maturation of limbic areas (e.g., amygdala) and prefrontal cortex (PFC)
Brain development
adolescence
Brain development continues well beyond ___
- Recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate compensatory behavior (e.g., purging) in order to prevent weight gain - The binge eating and compensatory behavior both occur on average at least once a week for three months
Bulimia nervosa
According to research on behavioral decision theory, adolescents often decide to engage in behavior that seems risky to adults because adolescents: A. cannot consider as many consequences for their actions as do adults. B. have thinking processes that are still predominantly preoperational. C. have different values and priorities than adults. D. wish to assert their independence from adults in every possible way.
C
John is a junior in high school. Although he is sociable, he feels very self-conscious. He feels as if everyone is evaluating him. David Elkind refers to this loss of perspective in adolescence as:A. self-reflection. B. personal fable. C. imaginary audience. D. impression formation.
C
Renee, a 6-year-old, is unable to answer the question, "How are a motorcycle and a bicycle alike?" Mohammed, a 17-year-old, answers the same question by saying, "They are both types of transportation." What statement about Renee and Mohammed is most true? A. Renee's inability to answer the question is very unusual for a child her age. B. Mohammed has demonstrated the ability to think concretely. C. Mohammed has demonstrated the ability to think abstractly. D. According to Piaget's theory, Renee and Mohammed are both developmentally delayed.
C
The formation of synapses is: A. almost entirely genetically programmed. B. almost entirely formed through experience. C. both genetically programmed and formed through experience. D. random.
C
The improvements in organizational strategies seen in adolescence include all but: A. increasing use of mnemonic devices. B. becoming more flexible with strategy use. C. increasing speed of information processing. D. becoming more efficient with strategy use.
C
What emotional characteristic makes an individual more likely to engage in risky behaviors? A. depression B. moodiness C. sensation seeking D. anxiety
C
Which of the following does not support adolescents' improved ability to use deductive reasoning, as described by the text? A. the ability to inhibit a prepotent response B. the ability to stop oneself from acting automatically C. the ability to make an inference based on accumulated evidence D. the ability to recognize when a question cannot be answered with certainty
C
Which of the following statements is consistent with Piaget's cognitive development theory? A. Individuals progress through stages based on biological readiness and maturation. B. Individuals progress through stages based on the presence of environmental demands. C. Individuals progress through stages based on biological readiness in addition to increasing environmental demands. D. Hypothetical thought is the foundation of adolescent thought.
C
1. identities 2. responsibilities 3. changes in relationships with others
Changes in social definition bring changes in what 3 ways?
stress
Changing schools just when the growth spurt if occurring and sexual characteristics are developing is bound to create ___
Which of the following students will have the most difficulty negotiating the transition into adolescence?
Charlie, a Hispanic American
theory of mind
Chris and his parents had an argument because they did not want him to go to a New Year's Eve party across town. A few days after the argument, Chris's anger subsided because he realized his parents were worried about his safety. Which cognitive process did Chris most likely use to reach this conclusion?
Biological process that follow a 24 hour cycle
Circadian-rhythms
- Emerging during middle childhood - Average 5-7 members - Typically includes child's closest friends and others with whom they interact with
Cliques
lengthened; prolonged
Compared to 100 years ago, the adolescent period has been _____ and the transition into adulthood _____.
1. less likely to understand their rights 2. more likely to confess to a crime than remain silent. 3. less likely to discuss disagreements with their attorney
Compared to when adults are interrogated by the police, juveniles are:
spend more days per year in school.
Compared with their counterparts from previous decades, today's American adolescents:
Do poorly on school assignments the next day after playing video games all night
Consequences of video games
- Prototypic identities (e.g., jocks, theatre kids, goths) - Held together by shared reputations or images - less defined by interactions - Emerge during adolescence
Crowds
According to Vygotsky, adolescents learn best when: A. their lessons are within their zone of proximal development. B. a more experienced instructor is present. C. the instructor engages in scaffolding. D. All of the above.
D
All of the following are features of hypothetical thinking, except:A. seeing beyond what is directly observable B. applying logical reasoning to anticipate what might be possible C. imagining the logic behind another person's argument D. greater awareness of concrete, observable events.
D
All of the following are indicators of metacognition, except:A. introspection. B. self-consciousness. C. using mental strategies to remember something. D. deductive reasoning
D
All of the following are themes that have emerged from research studies that investigate different aspects of social cognition during adolescence except: A.as individuals move into and through adolescence they become better able to step outside themselves and see things from other vantage points. B. adolescents are better able to see that the social rules we follow are not absolute and are therefore subject to debate and questioning. C. with age, adolescents develop a more differentiated, more nuanced understanding of social norms. D. with age, all adolescents increasingly reject the authority of adults by challenging and dismissing the morals established by their parents.
D
All of the following are ways that scientists study brain maturation except: A. using DTI technology to see the ways in which various regions of the brain are connected. B. using fMRI equipment to examine patterns of activity in various regions of the brain while individuals are performing a variety of tasks. C. electroencephalography technology to measure event-related potentials in response to different stimuli or events. D. using fMRI technology to measure event-related potential in response to different stimuli or events.
D
All of the following statements about structural and functional change involving the prefrontal cortex during adolescence are true except: A. patterns of activation within the prefrontal cortex generally become more focused B.individuals are more likely to use multiple parts of the brain simultaneously and coordinate activity between prefrontal regions and other areas of the brain C. the full structural maturation of the prefrontal cortex is not complete until the mid-20s D. All of the above are true
D
Chris and his parents had an argument because they did not want him to go to a New Year's Eve party across town. A few days after the argument, Chris's anger subsided because he realized his parents were worried about his safety. Which cognitive process did Chris most likely use to reach this conclusion? A. implicit personality theory B. deductive reasoning C. response inhibition D. theory of mind
D
Compared to childhood, reward seeking and sensation seeking during adolescence: A. are equally as high during childhood and adolescence. B. are lower during adolescence than childhood. C. are caused by biological forces during adolescence while it is typically caused by environmental forces in childhood. D. are higher during adolescence than childhood.
D
Fifteen-year-old Hermione is able to write a much more complex answer than 10-year-old Ginger to the question, "Compare the advantages and disadvantages of using simple spells for self-protection." This is because, as an adolescent, Hermione is able to think: A. egocentrically. B. deductively. C. in metacognitive ways. D. in multiple dimensions.
D
Joyce believes that scores on intelligence tests are relatively stable in adolescence, and as a result of this stability, believes that scores are fixed. Do you agree with Joyce's logic? A. Yes, intelligence scores are inherited. B. No, intelligence scores are not at all stable. C. Yes, intelligence scores are indeed stable and not susceptible to change. D. No, intelligence scores are stable; however, they are not fixed.
D
What is it about adolescent thinking that makes them better problem solvers than children? A. improvements in memory B. improvements in attention C. improvements in processing speed D. All of the above
D
Which of the following is not one of the 5 chief changes in cognition during adolescence?A. multidimensional thought B. metacognition C. abstract reasoning D. increased imagination
D
hostile attributional bias.
Dan planned a party and invited his whole English class by passing out personal invitations. Dan accidentally forgot to make an invitation for Sam. Sam assumed he intentionally wasn't invited and became irate at Dan for excluding him. This is an example of:
a personal fable.
Dave knows that kids who drink and drive sometimes get killed, but he believes that he is somehow immune to having such a terrible thing happen to him. Dave's belief is an example of:
A & B
Dawn has always enjoyed school and excelled in her classes. In middle school, she has connected with a group of friends who also enjoy school and her grades have continued to improve. They often spend time studying together. This is an example of:
Reasoning from a general statement, premise, or principle, through logical steps, to figure out (deduce) specifics
Deductive (top-down) reasoning
- people live with their parents long after they become sexually mature - lack of economic maturity - formal education
Describe the factors that contribute to the elongation of adolescence
Social redefinition at adolescence is therefore likely to raise new questions and concerns for the young person about intimacy—including such matters as dating and marriage. Many parents prohibit their children from dating until they have reached an "appropriate" age, and not until the age of majority (the legal age for adult status) are individuals allowed to marry without first gaining their parents' permission. In certain societies, young people may even be required to marry when they reach adulthood, entering into a marriage that may have been arranged while they were children
Describe the social redefinition of adolescence and its impact on psychosocial development
discontinuous transition.
Dr. Goodrich believes that the passage into adulthood is a sudden change in which adult roles and statuses are abruptly assumed. This view is most closely associated with the:
inventionist perspective.
Dr. Jones argues that adolescence is primarily a social invention rather than a biological or cognitive phenomenon. Her view that the broader environment influences our conception of adolescence is most in line with the:
continuous transition.
Dr. Ramirez believes that the passage into adulthood is a gradual process in which the adolescent assumes the roles and status of adulthood bit by bit. This view is most closely associated with the:
participant observation.
Dr. Whitney wanted to study the structure of adolescents' peer groups. She pretended to be a newcomer to the community and attended the local high school. She met a group of students and eventually joined their group. This type of observation is called:
dopamine dopamine
Drug release considering more ___ than natural rewards- this rush in ___ is what motivates future use
sleep-wake-cycles
During puberty, daily ___ become shifted ("sleep phase delay")
"I can do well in school because I'm smart" "I failed because I'm bad at math"
Entity
- Increased interest in learning about ethnic or racial culture - Contemplate the implications of racial ethnicity
Ethnic identity search
the success of the mentoring program depends on characteristics of the mentor, the mentee, and the relationship between the two
Evaluations of mentoring programs have indicated that:
the success of the mentoring program depends on characteristics of the mentor, the mentee, and the relationship between the two.
Evaluations of mentoring programs have indicated that:
rewards and social information
Evidence suggests that adolescent brain is sensitive to ___ and ___
artificial light
Exacerbated by ___ from technology
John may look like and have the characteristics of someone in a satanic cult, but the odds are more likely for him not to be in a satanic cult
Example of base rate neglect
Going out when slow after bullying a ticket to an event because you feel like not going would be a waste of money, rather than seeing that going and being miserable is still a waste of theory
Example of sunk cost fallacy
With the attainment of adult status, the young person is often permitted more extensive participation in the community's decision making. In many American Indian groups, such as the Navajo or Apache, it is only after a formal initiation ceremony that adolescents are granted adult status (Markstrom, 2011a). In contemporary America, attaining the age of majority brings the right to vote. But along with this increased power usually come new obligations. In most societies, young adults are expected to serve their communities in cases of emergency or need, and in many cultures, training for warfare is often demanded of young people once they attain adult status (Benedict, 1934). On the other hand, in most societies, it is not until adult status is attained that individuals are permitted to participate in certain activities that are reserved for adults. Gambling, purchasing alcoholic beverages, and seeing X-rated films are but three of the many privileges we reserve in America for individuals who have reached the legal age of adulthood
Explain the changes in status during adolescence and why it is difficult—yet important—to draw a legal age boundary between childhood and adulthood
lose weight
Female adolescents: less satisfied with their bodies; more likely to adapt strategies to ___
treatment
For teens with clinical conditions ___ is important; clinicians with experience working with teens
All of these situations are scenarios where Amy will feel that her parents' have a legitimate right to make (and enforce) rules.
For which of the following scenarios would Amy, an older adolescent, be most likely to accept her parents' rules?
- Premature identity formation - Adopting identity provide others without question or exploration - Can lead to prejudice or narrow - mindedness
Foreclosure
standardized testing
Graduation rates in the U.S. are on the rise- many credit this to ___
boys
Height is relatively similar, ___ may be taller
Contemporary adolescents spend more time in peer groups than adolescents did in past eras. (W)
Henry believes that the rise of adolescent peer groups has contributed to the rise of adolescent crime and drug use. Which of the following statements refutes this belief?
The assumption that everyone is straight, and that gay/lesbian couples replicate heterosexual practices
Heteronormativity
Having emotional, romantic, or sexual attractions to people of the opposite gender
Heterosexual
- An evaluation that is critical in determining success - A single test that determines whether a student will graduate or be promoted
High-status testing
Having emotional, romantic, or sexual attractions to people of the same gender
Homosexual
an organic chemical substance that is produced by one body tissue and conveyed via the bloodstream to another to affect some physiological function
Hormone
Often explored by reading information in books or websites, or viewing images with sexual content
How do adolescents explore these sexual interests?
By increasing production of sex hormones
How do ovaries and tested respond to rising levels of pituitary hormones?
1. social problem are contagious and can spread from one adolescent to another. 2. Poverty in neighborhoods breeds social isolation 3. Adolescents growing up in poverty are more likely to be exposed to violence.
How does poverty adversely affect the behavior and development of adolescents? 3 ways
~ 2 hours per day on average
How often do adolescents play video games?
Contemporary
In Marley's society, adolescents are expected to attain adult roles at a certain age; however, they are provided with little training for such responsibilities. Additionally, adolescents tend to be segregated from the workforce and receive little training in school for the types of jobs they will hold as adults. What type of society does Marley most likely belong to?
limbic system
In addition to an increase in responsiveness to stress, changes in the _____ may also help explain why adolescents' concerns about what their peers think increase during this time.
a relatively long period of time.
In contemporary America, the process of social definition, which typically begins at age 15 or 16, is something that occurs over:
discontinuous
In contemporary U.S. society, the transition into adult work roles is fairly:
no, Americanization appears to be associated with worse outcomes, not better.
In general, according to the textbook, is "Americanization" a positive and desirable experience for immigrant adolescents?
identity development
In middle school, Carlos was involved in many school plays and musicals. Being part of the drama crowd was important for Carlos in what way?
whether they owned property
In the 19th century, what distinguished children from adults?
emotional & stress
Increase in HPG goes along with ___ & ___ reactivity in HPA
body fat
Increased ___ coincides with the onset of puberty
emotional face expressions
Increased limbic and prefrontal activity to ___
"If I apply myself, I will master everything I'm learning" " I should have studied more"
Incremental
Ivan is extremely moody. His mother attributes his mood swings to being an adolescent. based of your understanding of adolescent mood swings, what would you tell ivan's mom?
Ivan's moods are most likely linked to his daily activites
No, intelligence scores are stable; however, they are not fixed.
Joyce believes that scores on intelligence tests are relatively stable in adolescence, and as a result of this stability, believes that scores are fixed. Do you agree with Joyce's logic?
- Allows kids to feel more comfortable - May influence wether or not kids will drop out - K-8 less social problems & better learners
K-8 system
social redefinition
Kaji, a 16-year-old male, has gone through the rite of passage and is now considered a warrior by his tribesmen. This change in Kaji's role and status may be referred to as:
the self-fulfilling prophecy.
Kerry and Kristie's teacher accidentally got their test scores mixed up and mistakenly thought that Kerry was the more intelligent of the two girls. At the end of the year, her records demonstrated that, indeed, Kerry had gained more and performed at a higher level than Kristie. This is best thought of as an example of:
The Kinsey scale, also called the Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale, is used in research to describe a person's sexual orientation based on one's experience or response at a given time. The scale typically ranges from 0, meaning exclusively heterosexual, to a 6, meaning exclusively homosexual.
Kinsley Scale
Affects memory and motivation
Marijuana
indulgent.
Max tells his friends that his mother is a "real marshmallow" who does whatever he wants and who never enforces the rules she tries to set. If Max's statement is true, his mother is best characterized as:
A girl's first menstral period
Menarche
social support
Mental health issues in teens can be reduced through available ___ from adults, schools, & peers
authoritative
Michelle is in late adolescence. She excels in school, holds an after-school job, and participates in community service projects on the weekends. Michelle also has lots of friends at school. Her parents most likely use which parenting style?
A school for children in the grades between elementary and high school, usually grades 6-8
Middle school
- Learning slows down; behavioral problems increase
Middle schools are developmentaly regressive
ALL
Not only are schools the chief educational arena for adolescents, but they also play an extremely important role in:
later development of emotional maturity.
Notable contributing factors to the elongation of adolescence compared to previous eras include all except which of the following:
later development of emotional maturity
Notable contributing factors to the elongation of adolescence compared to previous eras include all except which of the following?
Grey matter decreases while white matter increases.
One type of structural change in the brain has to do with changes in the levels of grey and white matter in the brain. Which of the following statements is true?
education
Others are concerned by the effect of testing on students' perceptions of ___
more; less
Over the course of adolescence, relationships among siblings become more egalitarian but _______ distant and _______ emotionally intense
Often irregular for years after menarche
Ovulation and menstruation
An adolescent's belief that his or her thoughts, feelings, or experiences are unique, more wonderful or awful than anyone else's.
Personal fable
1. functioning as an independent person 2. the subjective feeling that life is full of possibilities 3. exploring possible identities before making permanent choices
Psychologist Jeffery Arnett has suggested that 18- to 25- year-olds are caught between adolescence and adulthood in "emerging adulthood," which is characterized by what three things?
the subjective feeling of emotional immaturity
Psychologist Jeffery Arnett has suggested that 18- to 25-year-olds are caught between adolescence and adulthood in "emerging adulthood," which is characterized by all but which of the following?
adolescents who moved to a better area had better psychological and behavioral outcomes compared to those who stayed in poor neighborhoods. (W)
Relocation studies that have randomly chosen poor families to either stay where they are living or move to a more advantaged neighborhood have found:
spend more time in peer groups
Research about contemporary adolescents is clear that these adolescents ________ than adolescents in previous times.
1. Juveniles are less likely to discuss disagreements with their attorneys. 2. Juveniles are less likely than adults to understand their rights when being questioned by the police 3. Juveniles are more likely than adults to confess to a crime than remain silent.
Research described in the textbook indicates 3 things
most adolescents appear to maintain positive, supportive, and mutually respective relationships with parents.
Research on the nature of parent-adolescent relationships reveals that:
more than half of the adolescents in any given school are members of cliques.
Research studying adolescent friendship networks over a 1-year period has found all of the following, except:
may remain present throughout the adolescent and adult years.
Research testing Elkind's theory of adolescent egocentrism has found that certain aspects:
A situation in which the adolescent doesn't seem to know or care what his/her identity is
Role confusion (identity diffusion)
formal operations
Rose solves a chemistry problem by systematically testing several hypotheses. According to Piaget, which stage is Rose functioning at?
disordered eating.
Rosy believes that "fat is beautiful" and has a steady diet of fried chicken, French fries, and cheeseburgers. Tanya believes that "thin is in" and uses vomiting and laxatives as a way to keep her weight down. Both girls exhibit what psychologists call:
Cortisol & myelination
SCN neurons regulate levels of ___ & ___
continuous
Since Mark was 5 years old, he has been helping maintain the family farm. Now, 30 years later, Mark owns the farm and is teaching is own son how to manage it. Based on your knowledge about the continuity of adolescence, how would you describe Mark's transition?
Controlled by pacemaker cell in the suparchiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a region of the hypothalamus, which responds to light
Sleep wake cycle
continuous
Societies in which hunting, fishing, and farming are the primary work activities tend to exhibit a more _____ transition between adolescence and adulthood.
the discontinuous and prolonged nature of the transition from adolescence to adulthood
Some researchers have suggested that ___ in contemporary society has caused difficulties for many of today's youth, especially poor or minority youth.
a clique.
Steve eats lunch with Jeff, Hans, and Mike every day. After school, they play computer games and talk about girls. This group of boys is called:
---
Stress and puberty onset in males
Five stages that describe pubertal development
Tanner stages
"emotions"
Teens are driven by "___"
sexual orientation "coming out"
Teens developing sexual identity includes awareness of ___ & for LBG youths "___"
The accentuation of male and female differences
The Bar Mitzvah and Bat Mitzvah are contemporary examples of traditional society's practice of:
child protectionist
The Boy Scouts is an example of an organization that grew out of the _____ school of thought.
metacognition
The ability to think about one's own thoughts is called:
B. menarche
The average girl in the United States reaches _________, the time of her first menstrual period, sometime between the ages of 12 and 15.
puberty; school
Today, people go through ______ earlier than 100 years ago, but tend to stay in ______ longer.
Need for increasing doses of a drug to achieve the desired effect
Tolerance
possibly a gang member.
Tony belongs to a peer culture called "the toughs." We would expect that Tony is:
Adolescence is a separate period that has been largely determined by the broader social environment.
True statement about the inventionist perspective
mainstreamed whenever possible.
Under current federal law, children with learning disabilities must be:
Children provided important labor to their families, and they learned early in their development the roles they were expected to fill later in life. The main distinction between children and adults was based not on their age or their abilities but on whether they owned property (Modell & Goodman, 1990). As a consequence, there was little reason to label some youngsters as "children" and others as "adolescents"—in fact, the term adolescent was not widely used prior to the nineteenth century.
Understand how the period we call "adolescence" is a socially constructed phase of life
Brain area that increases in activity when a person receives a reward or anticipates receiving a reward
Ventral striatum
Problems
Video games can be escapes from ___
- If the game has a complex 3D design - Helps with knowing puzzles, patterns, numbers, etc. - If a game isn't 3D these things don't apply
Visuospatial Skills
Changes in eating/sleeping, talking or moving more slowly than is typical (or high agitation and relentlessness), strong feelings of despair or hopelessness
Warning signs
1. dropped out of high school 2. unemployed 3. experienced out-of-wedlock pregnancy during adolescence
What 3 characteristics are likely to make a person have limited economic and occupational success?
- Sports injuries - Accidental deaths during adolescence are likely due to a combination of: - Body changes (e.g., pubertal hormones) - Brain changes (e.g., limbic system) - Social context
What are accidental deaths in injury & death caused by?
today, a term used to refer to individuals ages 18-22; it once referred to individuals ages 12-24
Youth
Cortisol
___ acts in response to stress
Malnutrition
___ associated with delayed puberty
Obesity
___ associated with earlier puberty
Technology
___ can facilitate social interaction with like-minded peers
Boys
___ grow longer
White matter
___ increases (greater myelination) esp. in prefrontal cortex
Cortisol
___ levels influence puberty onset
5 6 8:30
___ out of ___ high schools begin before ___
Gray matter
___ peaks in decreases (experience-dependent synaptic pruning)
Stress
___, which increase basal cortisol, can hasten the onset of puberty
Alexander's teacher is concerned about him because he is passive and indifferent to new experiences, and shows little intellectual curiosity. He also shows signs of developing low self-esteem. Based on Baumrind's classification of parenting styles, the best guess is that alexander's parents are:
authoritarian
Among American adolescents, the most frequently mentioned criterion for being an adult is:
accepting responsibility for oneself.
understanding the health care needs of people 10-20
adolescent health care
which of the following is true of most adolescents' jobs?
adolescents are rarely required to use skills taught in school.
which of the following is not a reason researchers have found to explain the connection between working and smoking, drug use, and drinking?
adolescents who are more likely to engage in these behaviors are also more likely to work long hours.
bickering and squabbling between teenagers and their parents is largely caused by:
adolescents' ability to formulate counterarguments
maturation of arenal glands that takes place during adolescence
adrenarch
minor changes due to brain maturation
adult plasticity
According to the textbook, all of the following statements about female circumcision are true except:
although the risks are well-known, the prevalence of circumcision in the U.S. has grown to 18% of female adolescents
theodore has been referred to an "acting-out" adolescent. he engages in delinquent behavior. theodore is exhibiting:
an externalizing disorder
teenagers often become self-conscious because they believe that people are talking about them. which characteristic are they exhibiting?
an imaginary audience
population increase following WWII
baby boom
the period following WWII, during which the number of infants born was extremely large
baby boom
Individuals who were adolescents in the late 1950s and 1960s are known as members of the:
baby-boom generation.
moment to moment shifts in self-assessment are referred to as:
barometric self-esteem
minimal amount of energy used at rest
basal metabolism rate
adolescents who work more than 20 hours weekly are more likely than their peers to:
be absent from school
Elder's study of the Great Depression revealed that adolescents who experienced hardship during those years were more likely to:
be involved in adult-like tasks at an earlier age.
experts who accept that sex is part of life for the averge American teenager believe that all of the following create difficulties for our society, except:
beginning sex education too early.
the sexual ___ of males and females may be similar, but the sexual ___ of males and females is quite different.
behavior; socialization
which theory helps researchers understand adolescent risk-taking?
behavioral decision theory
believes decision making is a rational process in which people calculate costs and benefits of alternate courses of action and behave in was that maximize benefits and minimize costs
behaviour decision theory
pattern of binge eating without purging
binge eating disorder
all of the following are defining characteristics of agency, except:
blaming other people for one's problems
measurement of body fat, ratio of height to weight; gauge overweight and obesity
body mass index (BMI)
patterns of activity in the brain
brain function
physical form and organization of the brain
brain structure
Which of the following is not an example of the contemporary version of scarification
brushing teeth
The first sign f puberty in girls is generally:
budding of the breasts
pattern of binge eating and extreme weight loss measures (purging), found mainly among young women
bulimia
ten-year-old Luna's budding feeling of sexual attration are most likely explained:
by maturation of the adrenal glands through the process called adrenarche.
carol has just learned that her son, mike, has been caught shoplifting for the 5th time. carol told the police that mike is just reacting to the stress of going through puberty. how accurate is carol's idea?
carol in incorrect. problem behavior is virtually never a direct consequenc of going through the normative adolescent changes.
which of the following adolescents is more likely to move toward intercourse at an earlier age without as many intervening steps?
carrie, an african-american adolescent
individuals who argued, in the early 20th century that adolescents needs to be kept out of the labor force in order to protect them from the hazards of the workplace
child protectionists
people who argued that adolescents needed to be kept out of the labour force to protect them from the hazards of the workplace early 20th century
child protectionists
a procedure in which some part of the genital cut and permanently altered
circumcision
some parts of the genitals is cut, permanently altered
circumcision
which aspect of the school climate is the least important in influencing psychosocial development during adolescence?
class size
changes in the limbic system during adolescence may cause all of the following, except:
decreased risk-taking
logical reasoning; draws conclusions from a generals set of premises or givens
deductive reasoning
adult roles and statues are entered into abruptly (e.g. college gradates with no work experience)
discontinuous transitions
passages into adulthood in which adult roles and statuses are entered into abruptly
discontinuous transitions
In contemporary society, the transition into adult work roles is fairly
discontinuous.
Malena has a steady died of fried chicken, french fries, and cheeseburgers. Edith uses vomiting and laxatives as a way to keep her weight down. Both girls exhibit what psychologists call:
disordered eating
mild, moderate, or severe disturbances in eating habits and attitude
disordered eating
paying attention to two or more stimuli at the same time
divided attention
neurotransmitter associated with reward
dopamine
as discussed in your text, the major characteristics of good schools include all but which of the following?
emphasizing rote motorization and passive listening in classrooms.
closing of the ends of the bones; terminates growth at the end of adolescent growth spurt
epiphysis
erik erikson believed that ____ is the primary psychosocial crisis of adolescence
establishing a coherent sense fo identity
Molly's breasts are beginning to develop, she is beginning to grow pubic hair, and her body is growing rapidly. This change is brought about by the secretion of ____ by the ____.
estrogen; ovaries
A class of sex hormones secreted by the gonads. Found in both sexes, higher levels in females following puberty.
estrogens
The phenomenon of extrusion is the practice in which children are
expected to sleep in other households
motivation based on the rewards one will receive for successful performance is called:
extrinsic motivation
In contemporary society, many young people are sent off to summer camps, boarding schools, or colleges. An analogous practice in traditional societies is known as
extrusion.
produces images of the brain; often to capture image while subject performs mental task
fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)
amy gets extremely nervous during exams and never does as well as she should because of theses anxious feelings. she has a very strong:
fear of failure
cycle through which two or more bodily functions respond to and regulate each other (e.g. hypothalamus, pituitary gland, gonads)
feedback loop
cutting, removal of the clitoris; some cultures perform as initiation
female genital mutilation
which of the following terms applies more to adolescent thought than to childhool thought?
flexible, speculative, abstract
the text states all of the following to explain why the development of intimacy is especially important in adolescnce, except:
friendship transform being self-conscious to being more activity oriented.
how well multiple brain regions function at the same time; improves during adolescence
functional connectivity
Charles feels older than most of the other kids in his grade. He is more likely to engage in all of the following activities except:
greater achievement in school.
which of the following sex characteristics is the first to develop in boys?
growth of testes and scrotum
according to the text, puberty involves all of the following except:
increases in intellectual functioning
Alexis has noticed that as she started puberty, she has become a better basketball player. she can run faster and longer than before. This is a result of:
increases in the size and capacity of the heart and lungs
whereas ___ refers to individual' capacity to behave on their own, ___ has emotional and cognitive as well as behavioral components.
independence; autonomy
research studying the relation between identity and intimacy has provided support for the idea that:
individuals followdifferent developmental paths
dr. smart argues that adolescents can solve problems better than younger children because they can store more information in memory and because they have mroe effective strategies. dr. smart view is most consistent with which of the following perspectives?
information-processing perspective
according to the text, who is more likely to be sexually active: Ingrid, who lives in a single-parent home, or Leanne, who lives in a two parent home?
ingrid
The Bas Mitzvah, the confirmation, and the quinceañera are all examples of:
initiation ceremonies.
formal induction of a young person into adulthood
initiation ceremony
the formal induction of a young person into adulthood
initiation ceremony
motivation based on the pleasure one will experience from mastering a task is called:
intrinsic motivation
dr jones argues that adolescence is primarily a social invention rather than a biological or cognitive phenomenon. her view that the broader environment influences our conception of adolescence is most in line with the:
inventionist perspective
Dr. Jones argues that adolescence is primarily a social invention rather than a biological or cognitive phenomenon. Her view that the broader environment influences our conception of adolescence is most in line with the
inventionist perspective.
theorists who argue that the period of adolescence is mainly a social intervention
inventionists
theorists who argue that the period of adolescence is mainly a social invention
inventionists
Research has established that circumcision:
is associated with negative outcomes for females but not for males.
current research suggests that sexual intercourse during the high school years:
is part of the normative experience of adolescence in america
Recent research on psychological well-being in emerging adulthood suggests:
it is a time of positive and improving mental health for most people.
a separate system of courts and related institutions developed to handle juvenile crime and delinquency
juvenile justice system
separate system of courts and related institutions developed to handle juvenile crime and delinquency
juvenile justice system
Adolescents who are convicted of crimes become part of the _________ justice system, whereas adults convicted of the same crimes are part of the ________ justice system
juvenile; criminal
according to gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, sports figures roger federer, serena williams, derik jeter are all considered above average in:
kinesthetic intelligence
brain chemical believed to trigger the onset of puberty
kisspeptin
The National Research Council suggests that high rates of youth unemployment, juvenile delinquency, and teenage alcoholism may all stem from the:
lack of clarity and continuity in the transition from adolescence to adulthood
although many intellectual abilities increase with brain development during adolescence, _____ decreases.
language acquisition
protein produced by fat cells; may trigger puberty through the impact of kisspeptin
leptin
Which of the following was not a result of industrialization?
less time in school
Contemporary adolescents spend _____ time working with their parents and _____ with their peers preparing for the future.
less, more
brain area that processes emotional experiences, social information, and reward and punishment
limbic system
Compared to the situation 50 years ago, today's transition to adulthood is:
long and disorderly
ability to recall something from a long time ago
long term memory
dr. sequera is interested in how puberty affects adjustment. he studies a group of 100 junior high school students over the course of three years. he is conducting what kind of study?
longitudinal
follows same group of subjects over time
longitudinal study
perter's parents are worried that their son is drinking too much. tthey think his alcohol use might turn into a long-term problem. which theory best illustrates the nature of adolescent drug use?
many problems experienced by adolescents are relatively transitory in nature
first menstruation; one of the most important changes for females
menarche
ability to understand someone else's mental state
mentalizing
Which of the following statements is true about Arnett's concept of emerging adulthood
not all people in their mid-20s fit the profile
Jim and Stacey are the parents of two preteen girls. Throughout the girls' childhood, the family has enjoyed fairly harmonious relationships. The likelihood that they will experience serious problems as the girls go through adolescence is:
not likely
Which of the following would not be considered an initiation ceremony?
obtaining a driver's license
Mark is a teenager has a positive relationship and generally respects his parents. On which of the following issues is Mark most likely to side with his friends and against his parents?
on how to wear his hair
hormones play two very different roles in adolescence. _____ hormones program the brain to behave in ceratin ways, whereas ____ hormones are thought to stimulate development of the secondary sex characteristics.
organizational; activational
female gonads
ovaries
which of the following is not a good predictor of whether adolescents will engage in sexual activity?
parent-adolescent communication
The erroneous belief that one's thoughts, feelings, and experiences are unique is called:
personal fable
adolescent's belief that he/she is unique and therefore not subject to the rules that govern other's behaviour
personal fable
secreted chemicals that stimulate certain behaviours in others
phermones
Dr. Zebra argues that development proceeds in stages and that each stage is marked by fairly consistent behavior. Then, as the child's biological develoopment progresses and new experiences are acquired, a shift occurs and development breaks through to the next level. Dr. Zebra's view is most consistent with that expressed by the:
piagetian perspective
one of the chief glands responsible for regulating hormone level
pituitary gland
capacity for brain change in response to experience
plasticity
ivan, a teenager, is most likely to expend high levels of concentration and interest when he is:
playing sports
Juan is 4.5 years old. His language skills are excellent, but his thinking skills demonstrate limitations such as egocentrism. What Piagetian stage of thought would you suspect he is in?
preoperational
Today, adolescence has been redefined as a time of _____ , rather than _____.
preparation; participation
A double shift in social status takes place during adolescence with an increase in both _________ and ___________.
privileges; expectations
which of the following is the best explanation of problem behavior during adolescence?
problem behavior is likely to be a sign that something is wrong.
adolescents spend the least amount of time on ____ activities and the most amount of time on ____ activities.
productive; leisure
The physical transformation from child to adult is called:
puberty
suppression of inappropriate behaviour
response inhibition
in contrast to the role of the peer group in adolescent development, the family is best suited for helping the adolescent with regard to:
responsibility
felicia is very warm and accepting to both of her two children, but she also sets firm rules that the children must follow with very few exceptions. according to baumrind, the characteristics that best describe her are:
responsive and demanding
research on problem behaviors suggests that:
risky behaviors cluster together in different ways for different adolescents.
in early adolescence, ____ friendships are most common, and in late adolescence, ____ friendships are common.
same sex; opposite sex
which of the following is most important in influencing adolescents' learning and psychosocial development?
school climate
breast development, facial hair, body hair, voice change
secondary sex characteristics
tendency for people to be larger, and have an earlier pubertal age due to improved health and nutrition
secular trend
Jesse is in the 7th grade at a school that has open classrooms with multiple teachers instructing their classes in one large area. Which of the following cognitie processes will help Jesse focus on his teacher?
selective attention
Jesse is in the seventh grade at a school that has open classrooms with multiple teachers instructing their classes in one large area. Which of the following cognitive processes will help Jesse focus on his teacher?
selective attention
focus on a stimuli while tuning out others
selective attention
who is most likely to hold a part-time job during high school?
selena, an american adolescent
What emotional characteristic makes an individual more likely to engage in risky behaviors?
sensation-seeking
Piaget's first stage: birth - 2 years
sensorimotor
marlene has had many sexual partners over the last 5 years but has been monogamous within each relationship. what is this pattern called?
serial monogamy
identity formation is best seen as a
series of interrelated developments
neurotransmitter associated with moods
serotonin
physiological level or setting that the body attempts to maintain through a self regulating system
set point
sonya has scored in the top 1 percentile on an IQ test, yet she gets below average grades in school. what is true about sonya?
she is an underachiever
The term "adolescent" became widely used at what time
since the 19th century
According to research presented in the textbook, the longer a foreign-born adolescent has lived in the United States, the more likely he or she is to:
smoke cigarettes or binge drink
Adolescents develop the ability to think about social issues, a concept more generally referred to as:
social cognition
adolescents developthe ability to think about social issues, a concept more generally referred to as:
social cognition
thinking about other people, interpersonal relations, and social institutions
social cognition
norms that govern everyday behaviour in social situations
social conventions
