UNIT 1

Amygalda

" amy" makes you mad controls emotions

stages of sleep

1. Lightest Sleep (NREM) 2. Slightly Deeper Sleep (NREM) 3. Deeper Sleep (NREM) 4. Delta Waves are omitted but there is not much difference between this stage and stage 3 (NREM) 5. REM

NREM 2 is how long

2 hours and 20 minute s

each sleep cycle is about

90 minutes long, 4 cycles all night

temporal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language. revcives information from the opposite ear and

frontal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement MOST STAFISTICATED

Narcolepsy

A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.

fMRI (functional MRI)

A technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function.

EEG (electroencephalogram)

An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. --> sleep studies

Which of the following scenarios most clearly describes the effects of a strong kinesthetic sense?

Being able to tell exact bodily position without looking at the body

Which of the follow scenarios is the best example of natural selection?

During a drought, the foliage in a region turns brown. More brownish moths than whitish moths from a particular breed survive predation and produce more offspring. Subsequent generations of moths have a higher percentage of brownish moths than the generation before.

A person with a severe head injury subsequently acts irresponsibly, does not seem to be able to plan effectively, and is easy to anger. Which of the following brain areas is most likely injured?

Frontal lobe

Johnny often hits his brother even though his brother does not do anything to antagonize him. Johnny's aggression is most likely due to a combination of which of the following factors?

Johnny often hits his brother even though his brother does not do anything to antagonize him. Johnny's aggression is most likely due to a combination of which of the following factors?

a brain tumor that results in obesitywill most likely occur

One of the most common reasons for a child to develop hypothalamic obesity is treatment for a brain tumor impacting the hypothalamus. Any injury to the hypothalamus can cause the condition.

REM sleep

Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active. last stage of rem: •Your heart rate rises, breathing becomes rapid, and your eyes dart back and forth under your eyelids.

recticular formation

Registers and controls activity level, increases excitement, and helps generate sleep.

Rudy has chronic trouble staying awake in class. What part of the brain is most likely responsible for Rudy's drowsiness?

Reticular formation

lack of sleep

Sleep deficiency is linked to many chronic health problems, including heart disease, kidney disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, stroke, obesity, and depression. Sleep deficiency is also linked to a higher chance of injury in adults, teens, and children.Mar 24, 2022

Lobe c responsibilities - Understanding words spoken into an earpiece' -Recognizing a face in a photograph what lobe is this

Temporal Lobe

brain plasticity

The capacity for the brain to alter its structure and function.

Researchers measured changes in neural firing in the frontal lobes for ten rats that were exposed to stimulants. The researchers used an MRI that indicates brain activity with colors. Normal brain activity is indicated by greens and yellows. High brain activity is indicated by reds and oranges. Low brain activity is indicated by grays and blues. All the rat's brains showed normal activity prior to being exposed to the stimulant.

The color presented in the MRI images.

cerebral cortex

The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center. outer layer of each of the lobes

Split-brain research has illustrated which of the following?

The left hemisphere of the brain is responsible for language in most people.

Consider the relationship between various body parts and the size of their corresponding somatosensory cortex areas in the brain. How does a body part relate to the devoted cortical area?

The more sensitive the body part, the larger the area of the somatosensory cortex.

Researchers conducted a correlational study during the winter season, which has shorter days and longer nights. The researcher asked about people's experiences with depression-like symptoms, including feelings of tiredness and reduction in energy output. The researcher found that there was a positive correlation between the amount of daylight and depression-like symptoms. Which of the following statements best reflects how to interpret this correlational finding?

The relationship between daylight and depressive symptoms may also be linked to a third variable.

dual processing

the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks - processing stuff were not aware of while working at the same time - forget someone's name, go do another chore and you remember the persons names, your dual processing was working

natural selection

the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

parallel processing

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.ex) seeing a bird fly by

sequential processing

the processing of one aspect of a problem at a time; used when we focus attention on new or complex tasks

alpha waves

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

lesion

tissue destruction. A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue\\ brain will build new pathways after damage like that

Rat lesions

use rats to lesion parts pf their brain to see what happen and whats still functioning after the lesion

MRI scan (magnetic resonance imaging)

uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of brain tissue

Forebrain

very stafisticated thoughts

Hindbrain location

where brain meets spinal cord

3 dream theories: Wish-Fufillment Theory/ Information processing/ cognative development

Wish fufillment: dreams preserve our sanity by granting us unobtainable or unrealistic wishes Information Processing: theory proposes that dreams are tools for orgnizing and filling the days expirence into memory cognitive development- dream content relflects dreamers level of cogantive developmen

main role of thalamus

Your thalamus is your body's information relay station. All information from your body's senses (except smell) must be processed through your thalamus before being sent to your brain's cerebral cortex for interpretation. Your thalamus also plays a role in sleep, wakefulness, consciousness, learning and memory.Mar 30, 2022

hippocamus

a brain structure in the limbic system that is involved in forming and indexing memories at "Camp" we make memories

Somatosensory cortex

a cerebral cortex at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement

blindsight

a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it

split brain

a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them what happens is when you split the 2 hemispheres the 2 halves cannot communicate. depending on what eye they use depends on their reaction

petuitary gland is located

a gland secreting human growth hormone, nicknamed the 'master gland' because it has a regulatory function over the other glands HYPOTHALAMUS

reticular formation

a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal - filters information, arousal is alertness

CT scan (computed tomography)

a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body shows structural damage, like after a brain injury

serial processing

a slower processing when we are faced with a noval problem serial= noval problem

motor cortex

an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements

A brain tumor that results in obesity would most likely be located in the

area of the hypothalamus

associative areas

areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remember thinking, and speaking.

association areas

areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking

Biological, psychological, social culture influence all feed into

behavior and mental process

hypnogonic hallucinations

bizzare expirnece such as jerking or feeling like your floating

midbrain

communication highway

Forebrain

consists of the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and hypothalamus; manages complex cognitive activities, sensory and associative functions, and voluntary motor activities

right brain

creative and spatial reasoning and self awarness

biological lenses

dna genetics netural selection genetic mutations behavior passed down biological prepareness ( why do we fear dogs not snakes, sociaty) genes responding to environment

Psychological lenses

emotional response contingent learned fear and expectation- ( parents forgot to pick child up from school, while waiting the little girl hears a ice cream truck song and now every time she hers it it gives her anxiety)

Hypothamus is linked to

endocrine system

Which of the following regions of the body has the largest area of sensory cortex devoted to it?

face

Hallucinations

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

thalamus

forebrains sensory control center located on top of brainstem. It directs messages to the sensory reciving areas in the cortex and transmit replies to the cerabellum and medula.

midbrain

found atop the brainstem. it connects the hindbrain with the forebrain Helps: controls motor movement transmits auiditory and visual information

superchiasmatic nucleus

group of neurons in hypothalamus that makes us drowsy at different times of the day/night

what do cognitive neuroscientists

how physical matter of our brains and bodies helps us manifest

PET scan (positron emission tomography)

injects radioactive form of glucose to highlight areas detects brain activity

cerebrum

inside cerebrum, 2 lobes and each lobe is divided into 2 so 4 lobes

left brain

language and logical reasoning

For most people, speech functions are primarily localized in the

left cerebral hemisphere

hindbrain

life or death

Hypothalamus

limbic system component that regulates hunger, body temperature and other functions •To maintain homeostasis, the hypothalamus regulates drives like hunger and thirst, and controls body temperature.

occipital lobe

located at the back of your head, vison and receiving information

MEG scan (magnetoencephalography)

measures magnetic fields from the brain's natural electrical activity uses too see how tasks' affect the brain

hind brain

medulla, pons, cerebellum helps: survival functions like breathing, sleeping, alertness MOST PRIMITIVE PART OF BRAIN

limbic system

neural system located in the forebrain, associated with emotions and drives limbic system: amygalda, hypothamus, hippocampus

NREM sleep

non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep - 3 stages: NREM 1- is a brief stage, during which a person might experience hallucinations and hypnogogic sensations. NREM2-•NREM 2 is about 20 minutes long, and sleep spindles appear on the EEG. NREM 3-•Deep sleep, or NREM 3, is marked by delta waves. It is difficult to awaken people in this stage of sleep as the brain and body are deep in sleep.

consciousness

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

REM gets longer

over the night as we sleep

sleep

periodic, natural loss of consciousness--as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

parietal lobe

portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position

social and cultural lenses`

presence of others religion, social clubs family freinds

insomnia

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

pons

right above medulla and it controls sleep

NREM 3

sleep stage that lasts about 30 minutes and your brain emits large, slow delta waves, and you are hard to awaken.

In right-handed individuals, which of the following abilities is predominantly a function of the right hemisphere of the brain?

spatial reasoning

An evolutionary psychologist would explain that humans desire social interaction, social acceptance, and social affiliation due to a need for which of the following?

survival

Nueroplasticity

the ability within the brain to constantly change both the structure and function of many cells in response to experience or trauma recognize actual trauma like a concussion change for good or bad

circadian rythm

the biological clock; regular bodily rythms (for example, of tempeture and wakefulness) that occur on a 24 hour cycle.

parasympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy

nuerogenesis

the formation of new neurons

cerabellum

the hindbrains " Little brain" process sensory input, coordinating movement and balance, and muscle memory

medula

the hindbrains structure that is the brainstems base - controls heartbeat and breathing

cognitive neuroscientists

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language) Stronger stimuli activates many areas of the brain, producing conscious awareness, but weaker stimuli engages fewer areas, thus remaining below our threshold for awareness.

corpus callosum

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

corpus collosum

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

delta waves

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

nature-nurture issue

the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture

Homeostatisis

the maintenance of a constant internal state in a changing environment

brainstem

the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions

petuitary gland and sleep

the petuitary gland relases human growth hormones during sleep to help us grow

Darnell is trying to decide which college to attend. Which of the following parts of the brain is most active in decision-making?

Cerebral cortex