Unit 1-4 AP WH

African Trade in Indian Ocean Basin

- gold, Ivory, and exotic animals were traded from Africa in this region -there was also slave trade in this region, as Africans were being enslaved and were traded from Africa to India and the Middle East

Confucius 551 - 479 BCE

A Chinese philosopher who created one of the most influential philosophies in Chinese history. Confucius and Confucianism sought to create rules for relationships in society in order to create social harmony. Essentially, Confucius tried to make rules for how people should treat each other so that you would end up with a well-organized and happy society. Confucianism teaches: -- filial piety, or honoring your parents and ancestors; in particular, obedience to older males in the family --honor to farmers --hatred of merchants, who were placed into the lowest social class -Wrote "The Analects," which has all the most important rules of Confucianism, including "Ren" (treat others with kindness) and "Li" (behave morally and treat others with courtesy) ---emphasis on education, and being fair and wise. Confucianism was present in the Han Dynasty all the way through to modern China (with some changes along the way).

Iron Plows

Technology that helped agriculture during the Song Dynasty -used to prepare the fields to grow rice -would be hooked up to a team of oxen or horses and dragged behind them; -This technology agriculture led to a huge increase in urbanization in China as Chinese cities grew to be the biggest in the world; Chang'an had a population of 2 million and Hangzhou had a population of 1 million

1483

The year the Portuguese made contact with the Kongolese; after this, the Kongolese will start to convert to Christianity, the slave trade will grow, etc.

Labor Unions

-The working conditions during Industrialization were abysmal. Factories were incredibly dangerous places, and workers could suffer from accidents, collapses, fires, mutilations by machines, machine explosions, etc -There could also be hot or cold working conditions, excessive dust causing lung problems, etc. Workers were often exploited for long hours (16 hour days) with very little breaks and low wages - In response to these conditions, workers began to form Labor Unions. In labor unions, workers would unite and protest for better wages, better working conditions, and shorter hours -The main weapon of the labor union was the strike, when the workers would all agree to stop working at the same time. They would usually demand higher pay, safer conditions, etc. -The Knights of Labor and American Federation of Labor were two of the most famous and powerful labor unions in the United States from 1850 - 1914 -The Industrial Workers of the World included workers in Britain, the United States, Canada, and Australia

Jihad

-There are two meanings of the term - One, the struggle or fight against the enemies of Islam. - Two, the spiritual struggle within oneself against sin. -Followers of Islam must take up the sword to protect Muslims from those who threaten Islam -also means to struggle to spread Islam -In some historical cases, referred to a holy war to defend Islam or spread Islam

The Ottoman-Safavid Conflict

-There was a neighboring Islamic empire that the Ottomans constantly fought with and battled with -This empire was a Shiite Islamic empire, whereas the Ottomans were mainly Sunni -These two empires fought numerous times, with the Ottomans using Gunpowder to great effect and winning a huge battle at the Battle of Chaldiran -The ____________________ recovered from the battle kept fighting the Ottomans for over a hundred more years

Ottoman-Safavid Conflict 1500's

-There was a neighboring Islamic empire that the Shiite Safavids constantly fought with and battled with -This empire was a Sunni Islamic Empire, the mighty Ottoman Empire in the Middle East/North Africa -These two empires fought numerous times, with the Ottomans using Gunpowder to great effect and winning a huge battle at the Battle of Chaldiran -The Safavids recovered from the battle kept fighting the Ottomans for over a hundred more years

Flying Cash

-There was so much trade going on in Song China that they ran out of coins -Chinese merchants started to use letters of credit, kind of like checks -You could deposit money in a bank in one place in China, carry around a letter of credit or check, and then go to another place in China and use the letter of credit or check -this form of credit was called _________________

The Central Powers--World War I

-There were two sides in World War I; after the Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, all of the Alliances kicked in and dragged everyone in Europe into a war -This was one of the sides in World War, countries allied together to fight -This alliance included Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the dying Ottoman Empire

The Allied Powers-- World War I

-There were two sides in World War I; after the Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, all of the Alliances kicked in and dragged everyone in Europe into a war -This was one of the sides in World War, countries allied together to fight -This side started as: Britain, France, Russia, and Italy (MUST MEMORIZE THIS BULLET POINT FOR CREDIT) -At the beginning of the war, the United States was isolationist and neutral; however, in 1917 the United States joined the war on this side

The Five Pillars of Islam

-These are five rules or routines that every Muslim must follow. These are critical behaviors that everyone needs to do! 1--Allah is the only god and Muhammad is his prophet 2--Must pray to Allah five times a day, facing Mecca 3--Give money to charity (2.5% of wages each year) 4--Fast (don't eat) during day time in month of Ramadan 5--Must go to Mecca at least once in your lifetime. Ideally every year

Leonardo DaVinci, Michaelangelo, Raphael (1500's)

-These are three of the most famous Renaissance painters from 1450 - 1750 CE. We will examine their work in class. They are all Italian -Le___________________ created "The Mona Lisa" and other famous works of art -Le____________________was also a scientist and an inventor; created early versions of the parachute, tank, and helicopter; was famous for being multi-talented and a brilliant genius who could do tons of different things -Mi___________________ painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, where God was about to touch Adam and give him life -Ra___________________ painted the "School of Athens" and other very famous works -They all used the techniques of vanishing point, chiaroscuro, and repeated sketching to create realistic art that brought the human body to life on canvas

Okra, Rice

-These two food crops were brought by enslaved Africans to the Americas and were grown as food crops in the Americas -This was part of the Columbian Exchange -AFRICAN CROPS, brought by enslaved Africans, to the AMERICAS

Eurasian Domesticated Animals--Pigs, Cattle, Horses

-These were Eurasian domesticated animals that were brought to the Americas as part of the Columbian Exchange -Two of these domesticated (tamed) animals were raised in the Americas to provide food for American populations -One was used by American Indians for transport and warfare

Qadi and Ulama

-These were Islamic terms for "Judges" and "religious scholars" -They were government officials during the Abbasid dynasty. They helped run towns and make sure that everyone was following Sharia law, the rules of Islam -Ibn Battuta, the famous world traveler, was an Islamic __________ (judge) who traveled the world helping to interpret and run sharia law

Qizilbash

-These were Shi'ite Safavid soldiers who were fanatically loyal to Shah Ismail and the Safavid Empire -They were called the ______________________________ because of the distinctive red hats they wore; the hats had 12-piece red hats they wore; the 12 pieces referred to the 12 Imams of Twelver Shiism -They were a militant bunch that helped Shah Ismail conquer vast amounts of territory and start the Safavid Empire -They suffered a major defeat to the Sunni Ottomans at the Battle of Chaldiran. Believing gunpowder to be "unmanly," and convinced that Shah Ismail could make them invincible, they charged the Ottomans who had guns, and were severely defeated -The ______________________________ would recover from that defeat and return to glory under the rule of Shah Abbas the Great

Soldaderas

-These were female soldiers who fought fiercely in the Mexican Revolution of 1910-1920, -Many were recognized for their courage and tenacity in defending their land and liberty; examples include Petra/Pedro Herrera, Maria Quinteras de Meras, Angela/Angel Jimenez, and Amelio Robles Avila -Some women hid their gender until they had proved themselves in battle. Examples include Petra/Pedro Herrera, and Angela/Angel Jimenez. Women often pretended to be young teenage men, would prove themselves in battle, and eventually reveal their gender or it would be revealed accidentally -The leading cause of accidental discovery was if a woman got injured and was receiving medical attention -Women fought on the battlefield with guns as well as served to defend homes, family, towns, and property. Typically women fought for the mestizos against the creole caudillo elites and belonged to the peasant class -many mastered guerrilla warfare -Pancho Villa did not approve of them and often hesitated to promote them or give them credit -Formed an important part of Emiliano Zapata's army, who welcomed them as part of the Zapatistas

The Manchu Invasion of China

-These were pastoral nomads (raising cattle and sheep) who were very warlike and they invaded China from the North at the end of the Ming Dynasty -For forty years the ___________ fought in China and they eventually conquered the Chinese and started the Qing Dynasty in 1640 -Once they were in China, the _________________ were an elite class and tried to keep themselves separate from the Chinese -The Qing Dynasty they started lasted 300 years and was the last Chinese Dynasty

The Allied Powers, WWII

-These were the forces fighting against the Germans and Japanese -Major countries: Britain + France + China -At the beginning of the war, Russia signed a Non-Aggression Pact with Hitler and was neutral -THe United States was also technically "neutral" at the start of the war, although they were sending a lot of supplies to this side -Eventually, both the United States and Russia would join the war on this side; so by the end of the war, this side is: Britain, France, United States, Russia, + China -This side would ultimately win World War II

Massachussetts

-This British North American colony was known for the Puritan religious group that founded it, known as the Pilgrims and founded in the 1600's -Situated in what became known as New England, its major city was Boston -Its economy was based off of small farms, fishing, lumber, and lots of merchants who traded in the Triangular Trade with the Caribbean and Europeans

The Spanish Empire 1500 CE to 1840 CE

-This European nation built an incredibly powerful empire that relied on forced labor in the Americas -Started after Columbus, Pizzaro, Cortes, and the Conquistadores conquered in the Americas using guns, germs, and steel -Relied on the encomienda and mit'a labor systems, forced labor systems that enslaved native American and African populations -Became very wealthy from gold and silver in mines like Potosi, the Mountain that Eats Men -Used the "Castas" social class system, a racist social class system based on skin color -Empire fell apart after Napoleon invaded Spain and Latin American countries had their rebellions and revolutions in the early 1800's

Prince Henry the Navigator 1450 CE

-This Portuguese ruler started a school for navigation and sailing to promote Portuguese sailing and exploration on the ocean -As Prince, he sponsored many of the first Portuguese voyages to explore the coast of Africa and find an ocean route to China -Sponsored [paid for] the building of many caravel ships so that the Portuguese could explore -Sponsored [paid for] the construction of Portuguese trading posts in West Africa -After his death, Dias and de Gama would successfully round the Cape of Good Hope of Africa

Quang Duc and Self-Immolation

-This Proxy War in SE Asia was one that the United States got heavily involved in. Led by Ho Chi Minh, North Vietnam was communist and were trying to unite South Vietnam and create a communist country -Throughout the twentieth century, people came up with different ways to protest against people in power. Gandhi and MLK used non-violence. Picasso used art. This leader came up with a different way. -One Buddhist monk decided he wanted to protest American involvement in Vietnam in a non-violent way. He notified the newspapers to meet him at an intersection -He proceeded to pour gasoline on himself and light himself on fire as a protest against America being in Vietnam. He died, but the picture went viral and spread around the world, and led to anti-America sentiment -His name + the term for burning yourself is the answer

The Abbasid Caliphate's Political Organization--influenced by Persian Achaemenids

-This caliphate had an excellent political organization -They were strongly influenced by the ancient Persian Achaemenids -Capital city at Baghdad; all rulings came from the city -Political history and knowledge was gathered at the House of Wisdom, the grand library in Baghdad -The Caliphate was divided into provinces with regional governors (like the Achaemenid Satrapies) -The governors collected taxes and reported to the Caliph in Baghdad -"Qadis" (judges) and "Ulama" (religious scholars) were government officials that helped every town follow sharia law, the rules of Islam

The Haitian Revolution 1800 CE

-This country was a French colony in the Caribbean where 90% of the population were black enslaved persons [slaves]; they suffered brutally under the "Black Codes" where the masters used violence and brutality to keep them in check -However, this revolution was actually started as a Civil War between the White Slaveowners and the class of free mixed-race men, the "Gens de Couleur" -While the free mixed-race "Gens de Couleur" were fighting the White Slaveowners, the black enslaved persons [slaves] staged their own rebellion to try and break free. The rebellion was started by an enslaved Voodoo priest named Boukman, who led enslaved Africans to burn and destroy plantations in the North of Haiti -An incredible former enslaved person [slave] named Toussaint L'Ouverture went into the mountains where the enslaved persons [slaves] had gathered and built a massive army of runaway enslaved persons [slaves] -This army of enslaved persons [slaves] fought battles against the French, the Whites, the Gens de Couleur...and, using guerrilla warfare, was able to successfully beat them all in one of the most remarkable military feats in all of history -This was the only known successful revolution of enslaved peoples [slaves] in World History, as the enslaved people successfully defeated all enemies and started the Republic of Haiti in 1804

1640 - 1911 CE

-This empire was started by the Manchus, who were warlike invaders of China from the North -This empire collapsed because it was invaded by the Europeans/Japanese/Americans, who divided it into spheres of influence -These are the dates for the Manchu Qing Empire in East Asia

Empress Cixi 1900 CE

-This famous empress was one of the last rulers of the Qing Dynasty; she resisted the Self-Strengthening Movement and decided to side with her people against the Europeans in the Boxer Rebellion -She famously took money that was meant for the navy and built a marble boat in her garden; this showed resistance to modernization and resistance to the Self Strengthening Movement -Her rise to power was pretty inspirational; she started out as a middle class imperial concubine to the emperor and rose to such power that she became the empress herself, one of only two women to control imperial China -During the Boxer Rebellion, the Chinese Boxers were trying to kick the Europeans out and support __________; she had the choice of supporting the Boxers, or supporting the European invaders. She supported the Boxers, and when the Europeans crushed the rebellion, they made her pay millions of dollars worth of damages -After her, a three-year-old emperor took over and very quickly the Qing Dynasty fell apart in 1911 CE

Dar al-Islam

-This is a term that refers to all of the places in the world where Islam is the dominant religion -Literally means "House of Islam" -Major Islamic areas that are included in this term are: -North Africa and the Middle East -East Africa -Sub-Saharan Africa--cities at the end of the Trans-Saharan caravan routes -SE Asia and some parts of India (although Hinduism and Buddhism still more popular here). -As Islam spreads through North Africa and Middle East, this main area becomes known as __________________________

Oceania and Polynesia

-This is a tiny region of islands in the Pacific Ocean that includes Australia and the islands off the coast of Australia -Much of this region was settled during the Polynesian Migration when the Polynesians set out on outrigger canoes into the ocean -When they went to new islands such as Fiji and Hawaii they brought domesticated animals and agricultural techniques with them on the boats; so the boats would be filled with yams and bananas and pics and chickens -By 1750 CE, this area still had been unexplored by Europeans. It was the one region of the world besides Antarctica still cut off from the global economy and the global trade network, and was one of the last areas of the world to be explored and connected to the bigger trade networks

Millenarian Rebellion

-This is a type of religious rebellion where the person leading the rebellion convinces their followers that there will be some sort of "new world" or "second coming" if the rebellion is successful -Often the leader claims to be sent by God and tells their followers that they are following the orders of God -The leader often tells their followers that they too are given powers from God, for example, the power that bullets will not harm them -Often these types of rebellions were started by people that had been conquered and they were trying get rid of European invaders or conquerers -Examples are: the Taiping Rebellion in China, the Boxer Rebellion in China, Dona Beatriz and the Antonian Movement in the Kongo, and the Ghost Dance with the Sioux Indians of the United States, the Maji Maji Rebellion in Africa

The Hacienda System

-This is basically the Spanish name for a plantation farm where the natives were forced to work and farm as part of the Encomienda System -Peninsulares and Criollos were given large pieces of land and they basically forced the native population to work there for a period of time each year -Products varied; some made wheat, grapes, and some were livestock ranches where cattle and sheep were raised -Native workers were treated horrifically, beaten and tortured severely, and many died as a result

Osama bin Laden

-This man fought in the Middle East against the Soviet Union in the Afghani-Soviet Proxy War as part of the Mujahideen guerrilla fighting group -the American CIA funded and trained this leader and the Mujahideen, supplying them with stinger missiles to take down helicopters and planes -The "democratic" side was victorious and the Soviets lost an embarrassing defeat that helped contribute to their decline in the 1980's. The Communist government lost power and the rebels took over -He would later go on to lead the terrorist organization Al Qaeda and would plan and lead several international terrorist attacks, including the attacks on 9/11 -He would be killed by American Navy Seals in a raid on his compound in 2011

Stono Rebellion (1739)

-This rebellion, sometimes call Cato's Rebellion or Cato's conspiracy, was the largest uprising led by enslaved persons in the British Colonies in North America -Took place in the South Carolina colony -The uprising was led by African enslaved persons [slaves] who had been captured from the Kingdom of Kongo (Queen Nzinga and King Afonso!) -an enslaved man named Cato led 60 enslaved persons [slaves] in a violent rebellion as they killed 25 colonists and attempted to march to Spanish Florida, where they were promised freedom -The South Carolina British militia caught them and almost all of them were executed, with 50 Africans killed -Afterwards the British colonies passed harsher laws restricting slavery even more, making it illegal for enslaved persons [slaves] to gather in groups, to have education, and to move around freely

Chan Buddhism

-This religion became massively popular in Song China -Chinese liked it because of its high standard of morality, the fact that it was intellectual -The Eightfold Path, nirvana, and The Four Noble Truths were used, as these are still the central parts of Buddhism -Was a syncretic religion [mixed religion, a mix of religions]; __________________ mixed with Daoism, which emphasized nature and balance

Spread of Buddhism

-This religion spread along the Silk Roads -This was the most prominent (biggest) religion of merchants on the silk roads from 1200 CE to 1450 CE -Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path spread widely -As the religion spread, it mixed with local religions and became a SYNCRETIC (mixed) religion, especially in Southeast Asia as it spread to the Khmer Empire and Angkor Wat -Spread from India to China and became very popular in China, Japan, and Southeast Asia

Spread of Hinduism 1200 CE to 1450 CE

-This religion spread with trade -Started in India, and spread to Southeast Asia -Did not spread to China and Japan as much -Became popular in places like Vietnam; kings started to call themselves "Rajas" like in India and worship -Worship of gods Shiva and Vishnu spread -Mixed with local religions to make a SYNCRETIC religion (mixed religion), especially in Southeast Asia; the Khmer Empire in Angkor Wat became a syncretic mix of Hinduism and Buddhism

The Mexican War for Independence 1810 - 1820 CE

-This revolution had social and economic roots; this was a Spanish colony SOCIAL: The upper class was composed of the "peninsulares," who were born in Europe and living in ________________; they had all the power -The lower class Mestizos/blacks/Indigenous Mexicans were fed up with the taxes they had to pay and oppression they faced; they were starving and dying -A Criollo priest in a small town named Miguel Hidalgo gave a famous speech and started to rally people in his town to march with him -He started marching through Mexico, gathering thousands into an army. -The mestizos and indigenous Mexicans rallied behind Hidalgo; they began fighting a war against the Spanish and the Peninsulares; -Hidalgo was betrayed and killed -The Criollos eventually joined the lower classes and kept fighting with the lower classes against that peninsulares and the Spanish -by 1820 they won their freedom!

Indian Influence on Islam

-This society was also widely admired by the Muslims for their achievements in math and science -In particular, they admired their alphabet and adopted their letters and numbers to help with record keeping -They also admired their mathematics, which allowed them to start doing astronomy (study of the stars) and they also started using their medical findings -Many of these things had been discovered during the Gupta Dynasty -By borrowing from other cultures, Islamic societies like the Abbasid Caliphate became advanced technologically and culturally and rose to great power -Arabic and Islamic philosophers would help translate Indian works at the House of Wisdom, the grand library in Baghdad, where much of the knowledge would be gathered and stored. They would make their own critiques of Indian works, and add to their work, particularly in the field of mathematics

Zheng He 1425 CE

-This tall Muslim Chinese Admiral led seven HUGE sailing expeditions in the Indian Ocean. He was also a eunuch. -His TREASURE SHIPS were ENORMOUS; seven times the size of Columbus's ships, and carried up to 1000 passengers -His TREASURE SHIPS had four decks, nine masts, and could carry exotic animals, trees, herds of horses, armies, and entire communities -70 years before Columbus, ________________ and these ships were bigger, faster, and capable of long voyages. This showed that China was more advanced than Europe in its maritime [ocean] technology in the early 1400s. -The Ming Dynasty stopped the voyages because the Chinese were already wealthy and they were seen as a waste of time, money, and resources; they decided to focus on defending themselves from land attack from the Mongols

The Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations 1920 CE

-This treaty ended World War I and set up an international peacekeeping body known as the League of Nations -It also caused Germany to pay $33 billion in reparations; this put Germany into such debt and depression that the government fell apart -Once the government fell apart, Hitler was able to take power and bring in Fascism as a dictator; therefore, historians say that the Treaty of ____________________ actually ended World War I but it also helped to set up or start World War II -So the important parts of the Treaty of __________________________: set up the international peacekeeping body known as the: League of Nations; 2) blamed Germany for the war and made them pay reparations, which ended up allowing Hitler to come to power and cause WW2

American Civil War (1861-65)

-This war was fought in the United States between the North and the South. -Southern states wanted to keep slavery legal and wanted to expand slavery in the Western United States. Some in the North resisted the expansion of slavery in the West, and didn't want to let the South secede [leave] the country -Eventually a war broke between North and South. With superior industry, factories, and numbers, the North emerged victorious under the leadership of Abraham Lincoln -The 13th amendment ended slavery in the United States in 1868 -The Jim Crow Laws and violent groups like the Ku Klux Klan were founded, and white southerners used violence and racism to keep free black people from voting or exercising their basic rights

Angolan Civil War: Effects

-This war was particularly brutal and there were lots of atrocities on both sides. As always, since this was during the Cold War, the United States was supplying arms and weapons to one of the rebel groups, and the USSR/Soviet Union was supplying arms and weapons to another one of the rebel groups -This is a classic example of a Proxy War in Africa, and the United States and Soviet Union both invested heavily in their opposing rebel groups -The war devastated the country, with over 500,000 deaths, and there was severe damage to the infrastructure, buildings, people, etc. The Soviet backed MPLA remained in power for the longest period of time -It is seen today as an example of foreign intervention leading to increased violence and cost of life. -Ultimately the Angolans were successful in defeating the Portuguese

British East India Company 1600 CE

-This was a British joint-stock company that explored much of the world after getting its charter in 1600 CE -They established important trading posts all over the world in India, Africa, the Caribbean, and the Americas -People bought stock in the company and then if the company made a lot of profit on a voyage to India or China, the stock holders would get lots of money back in return -Their most profitable trade goods included tobacco, sugar, cotton, and tea -They participated in the African slave trade and carried enslaved persons on their ships

Serfdom in Russia 1000 CE to 1850 CE

-This was a form of forced labor -You couldn't be bought and sold; serfs had more individual rights than enslaved persons in chattel slavery -But you lived on the lord's land and you had to work for him throughout the year; over half your time was spent working for the lord -You couldn't marry freely or leave the land free, so your rights were limited -So basically you were living on the lord's land and you had to do a lot of stuff for the lord, and you needed the lord's permission to make major decisions, and you were always in debt to the lord -This was the most popular type of coerced labor in Romanov Russia and there were millions of ________________

Serfdom

-This was a form of forced or coerced labor -Serfs were not enslaved persons [slaves], but were tied to the land they lived on and were deprived of many rights that the upper classes had. -You couldn't be bought and sold, but your family would inherit your debt/obligation to the lord in the manor. You could not just leave the land whenever you wanted -But you lived on the lord's land and you had to work for him throughout the year; over half your time was spent working for the lord in the manor -You couldn't marry freely or leave the land freely; so you had very few rights -So basically you were living on the lord's land and you had to do a lot of stuff for him, and you needed his permission to pretty much do anything. -In return, the Lord and his Knights were supposed to protect you from Barbarian invaders like the Visigoths, Vikings, or Mongols -This was the most popular type of coerced labor in Europe from 1200 to 1450 CE and was a part of Feudalism -Serfs were the lowest class in Feudalism

The Axis Powers, WWII

-This was a huge alliance of countries and forces led by Hitler and the Japanese during WWII -The major countries were: Germany, Austria, Italy, and Japan -These countries were known as fascist countries and were very aggressive during World War II; they began the war by engaging in Imperialism and trying to take territory and countries from neighboring countries -This side would ultimately lose the war

The Mit'a System

-This was a labor system originally used by the Incan Empire to build public works projects, such as roads and bridges -The Spanish conquered the Incans and then used this system to get labor for silver mining and other projects -One out of every SEVEN men in a tribe had to go work for four months out of the year as slaves in the silver mines -Any town who didn't send 1/7th of their male population would be severely punished -The Spanish abused workers horrifically in this system, many of whom died in the mines or on the haciendas [farms]

Songhay Empire 1464 CE to 1591 CE

-This was a major Islamic trading empire in West Africa, just below the Sahara desert; -It was connected to North Africa as a major trading city once the caravans had crossed the Sahara desert-Became Islamic in the 1400's -Started to take power from the Mali Empire in the 1400's; Mali's power was on the decline after reaching its peak with Mansa Musa in the 1300's during Era 1, 1200 - 1450 CE -Major ruler was Sunni Ali -Most important trading city was Timbuktu, located as one of the first major cities once you crossed the Trans Saharan caravan routes -This empire Brought down by an army of Moroccans armed with guns

Battle of Chaldiran

-This was a massive battle between the Ottomans and the Safavids -The Ottoman Janissaries were armed with gunpowder and firearms; they hid behind a wooden barrier of carts -The Safavids believed that firearms were "unmanly" so they didn't use them; they bravely charged at the Ottoman Janissaries -The Safavids were slaughtered and the Ottomans won the day thanks to their use of gunpowder

Battle of Chaldiran 1514

-This was a massive battle between the Ottomans and the Safavids -The Ottoman Janissaries were armed with gunpowder and firearms; they hid behind a wooden barrier of carts -The Safavids believed that firearms were "unmanly" so they didn't use them; they bravely charged at the Ottoman Janissaries -The Shi'a Safavids were slaughtered and the Sunni Ottomans won the day; this was a huge triumph for gunpowder and modern weaponry

Hong Xiuquan

-This was a millenarian (religious vision) rebellion in China -After the Opium Wars, the Chinese were unhappy with the Manchu Qing rulers and the foreigners -A Chinese Christian named ______________ was the leader, and he claimed that he was the brother of Jesus Christ and that he had been sent by God to get rid of the Qing Dynasty and expel the foreigners from China -If successful, _____________ said he would return China to glory and star the "Heavenly Kingdom of China" where there would be no footbinding, free public education, and widespread literacy -20 million Chinese died in the Taiping Rebellion, the bloodiest rebellion in world history -__________________committed suicide and the Qings remained in power, but they were severely weakened -This is the name of the leader in the Taiping Rebellion

The Boxer Rebellion 1899 CE

-This was a millenarian (religious vision) rebellion in China -After the Opium Wars, the Chinese were unhappy that the Europeans were dividing China up into spheres of influence -This was the second major millenarian rebellion in China; the ________________s claimed they were sent by the gods to rid China of "the foreign devils"; they started attacking and killing all foreigners (Europeans, Japanese, Americans) in China -The ______________ Rebellion had a millenarian [religious, spiritual] aspect; the _______________s believed that foreign weapons could not harm them, and summoned the spirits of Chinese ancestors to protect them -They surrounded the European/Japanese/American embassies in Beijing and put them under siege -The Europeans/Americans/Japanese sent in the "Eight- Nation Army" who had superior industrial weapons, and they crushed the Boxer army, who mainly had spears, swords, and some old outdated guns and weapons. -The Europeans/Japanese/Americans forced Cixi and the Qing Empire to pay millions in reparation payments, and by 1911 CE the empire fell apart and completely crumbled after this rebellion

The Taiping Rebellion 1850 CE

-This was a millenarian (religious vision) rebellion in China -After the Opium Wars, the Chinese were unhappy with the Manchu Qing rulers and the foreigners -A Chinese Christian named Hong Xiuquan was the leader, and he claimed that he was the brother of Jesus Christ and that he had been sent by God to get rid of the Qing Dynasty and expel the foreigners from China -If successful, Hong said he would return China to glory and star the "Heavenly Kingdom of China" where there would be no footbinding, free public education, and widespread literacy -The rebels were called the Taipings; they gathered millions to their banner -The Qings were desperate to defeat the rebellion; they required European help and were barely able to defeat the rebellion -20 million Chinese died in this rebellion, the bloodiest rebellion in world history -Hong committed suicide and the Qings remained in power, but were severely weakened

Negritude 1930's - Present

-This was a philosophy developed by black authors living in France. -The authors and writers sought to restore black pride and unite blacks around the world in a movement of black pride -Aime Cesaire was one of the founders of this movement -In particular, the movement was meant to unite blacks all over the world and have them take pride in their ethnicity and African history. This movement also was meant to hurt French colonies and urge the freedom of French colonies. -Some black authors today still follow the philosophy

The British East India Company

-This was a powerful British Joint-Stock Company that began to take power in India during the 1600's and 1700's -By the 1800's this company was hiring and training Indian soldiers, known as Sepoys -The company became more and more powerful and began taking land and power from the Mughal Rulers

Simon Bolivar

-This was a revolution to get rid of the Spanish from Latin America -______________________ was a Criollo/Creole elite who united the colonists in several colonies in South America and led a massive rebellion against the Spanish -He was an effective military leader, winning several major victories, and traveling thousands of miles across Latin America to lead and rally his people -After it was successful, _________________ founded the Republic of Gran Colombia; it was several Latin American colonies joined together to form a country -He modeled it on the United States; his hero was George Washington -Sadly, _____________________ couldn't hold the countries together, and Gran Colombia fell apart. He abandoned the cause and exiled himself to Europe. -Who was the leader?

The Antonian Movement

-This was a syncretic Christian religious movement started by Dona Beatriz in the Kongo -Dona Beatriz claimed that she had been visited by St. Anthony and that he was trying to send messages through her -Dona's followers started the ____________________________ Movement -She told the Kongolese that Heaven was for Africans and told them to ignore the European missionaries -Dona was arrested and burned at the stake -After her death an army of 20,000 of her followers challenged the Portuguese, although they failed

Quipu

-This was a system used by Incan bureaucrats (government officials) that helped them keep track of responsibilities -it was a string of cords of different lengths and colors. Officials would tie knots on certain cords in order to help them keep track of population sizes, taxes, and labor services that were owed to the government

Metacom's War (King Philip's War) 1675 -1676

-This was a war led by indigenous natives in the British North American colonies -Led by Metacom (called King Phillip by the colonists) of the Wampanoag tribe, this was an incredibly bloody and brutal war as the natives attempted to prevent British colonists from invading their land -This war was noted for its brutality, as colonists burned natives alive in their tents at night, and natives butchered and mutilated colonists after taking over their settlements -Considered by many to be the deadliest war in the British Colonies before the American Revolution -The war mostly ended with Metacom's death; over 1/2 of New England towns had been attacked, but the natives came out on the losing side as many tribes were almost completely wiped out by the British colonists

The Mughal Dynasty 1520 CE To 1857 CE

-This was an Islamic dynasty that invaded Hindu India and started an Islamic empire in India in 1520 CE -The Islamic rulers of the ________________ had to rule over a Hindu population; they used the "jizya" tax to tax Hindus -They were Sunni Islam, and as a result had a conflict with the Safavids in the Middle East, who were Shiite. -Famous rulers include Akbar the Great, Aurangzeb, and Shah Jahan -At their height, the Mughals were fabulously wealthy. They built the Peacock Throne and the Taj Mahal -AP REGION: SOUTH ASIA

Sunni Ali 1462 - 1494 CE

-This was an Islamic ruler of the Kingdom of Songhay, a major African trading kingdom just below the Sahara desert -The Songhay Empire was a major stop on the Trans Saharan caravan routes. Timbuktu was a major trading city after they conquered it and took it from the Mali Empire -This ruler helped create a syncretic Islamic religion in Songhay -He helped increase the Trans Saharan trade -He helped expand the borders of the empire and make it more powerful

Mercantilism

-This was an economic theory that drove many of the European nations from 1450 - 1750 CE -This was an economic theory that stated that there was a fixed amount of wealth in the world; that wealth was represented by gold and silver -The Europeans were competing to get as much of that wealth as they could for themselves; one important way to get wealth was to get colonies -This drove the British, Spanish, French, and Portuguese to be very competitive as they tried to take over colonies and grab as much wealth for themselves as possible -Because they believed there was a fixed amount of wealth, the "Mother Countries" tried to force their colonies to only trade with them; they tried to forbid colonies trading raw materials with any other country -In return, the Mother country would send manufactured goods back to the colonies, who were sending the raw materials

Liberation Theology 1950's to Present

-This was another new religious movement of the 20th century that was a religious movement that also tried to be political in the way it affected society. -This movement started in Latin America and is a Christian Movement started by Catholics in the 1950's. The movement is aimed towards "liberating" or freeing the poor in South America -The movement is grounded in the Bible and Christian teachings but is focused on providing rights and social justice to the poor classes of South America, who have been trampled since the arrival of Pizarro. -In order to work, the movement is very political and people try to urge governments and followers to take action to help the lower classes. -The movement has spread to Africa and Palestine, although it remains most popular in Latin America.

New York Slave Riots (1712)

-This was another rebellion of enslaved peoples [slave rebellion] in New York that was also led by 23 enslaved Africans who had been brought across on the Middle Passage -A group of more than twenty black enslaved persons [slaves] gathered and set fire to a building. While the white colonists tried to put out the fire, the enslaved persons [slaves] attacked and killed some white colonists -The rebels were soon recaptured, put on trial, and executed [killed]. -In a common pattern, after an unsuccessful slave rebellion, the New York colonists passed new laws increasing restrictions on enslaved persons [slaves], saying they couldn't gather in groups larger than 3, couldn't get education, no reading or writing allowed

Qianlong 1750 CE

-This was one of the great Manchu emperors of the Qing Dynasty -Like all of the Qing Emperors, he was a Manchu elite ruling over the lower class Chinese -He expanded the Qing Empire and helped take over Vietnam, Burma, and Nepal, forcing these states to pay tribute to the Qing Empire -He was the ruler at the height of the Qing Empire; he was also the longest ruling emperor in Qing history, as he ruled for 60 years -Composed over 100,000 poems -Because China was so rich during his lifetime, there were four occasions where he canceled tax collection -Had 27 children -Was the grandson of the great Qing Qhinese Emperor Kangxi, and was his favorite grandchild

Kangxi 1700 CE

-This was one of the great Manchu emperors of the Qing Dynasty -Like all of the Qing Emperors, he was a Manchu elite ruling over the lower class Chinese people -He expanded the Qing Empire and helped take over Taiwan and Mongolia, making the empire bigger and more powerful -Organized flood control projects and helped agriculture grow -He was also a voracious reader (he read a lot) and even wrote his own poems; he could be found at night falling asleep on his books! -He was a Confucian scholar as well and patronized (helped support) Confucian schools and academies

Emiliano Zapata 1910's

-This was one of the major leaders of the Mexican Revolution of 1910. He was born a Mestizo and became a leader and hero to the peasants of Mexico; he rose up and started to fight against the corrupt President Diaz and fought to give rights and land back to the people -His saying was "Tierra y Libertad"--Land and Liberty. ____________________________ himself began capturing hacienda land from the rich and redistributing it [giving it out] to the peasants. -He mastered guerrilla warfare tactics and won several huge battles against Diaz's forces, including the Battle of Cuautla. He successfully drove enemy forces out of Morelos and became the leader of the Liberation Army of the South -Female soldiers named Soldaderas fought in his army, especially in the Zapatista rebel groups -____________________ was tragically assassinated at the end of the Revolution. However, the government did pass the Mexican Constitution of 1917 which gave some land back to the peasants and also gave universal suffrage [voting rights] to men, and today he remains an iconic figure in Mexico, with numerous statues and murals devoted to his memory

Ghilman

-This was similar to the "Devshirme" process in the Ottoman Empire -The Safavids would conquer people that were non-Muslim -Many of the young boys and men would be made into enslaved persons [slaves] for the empire. These enslaved persons [slaves] would then be turned into full-time soldiers or bureaucrats (people trained to run the government) -Shah Abbas used this system to great effect and the __________________ were trained with gunpowder and became his most effective soldiers, helping him to defeat the Ottomans and the Portuguese in battle -They became more important than the Qizilbash in the army -Even though they were slave soldiers, they became a powerful group and they could become "king-makers," meaning that if you got them on your side, they could help you seize power

The Son of Heaven

-This was the Chinese version of "divine right of kings;" the Chinese Emperors wanted to give religious reasons to show their rule was legitimate -The Qing Emperors claimed that they were the Son of Heaven ; that the gods had sent the emperor as the human representation of the god's will on earth. This helped justify the fact that they had so much power -The Son of Heaven had great powers and privileges, and lived in the Forbidden City surrounded by a harem of women and concubines, along with hundreds of servants and and thousands of eunuchs who looked after his desires -Since the emperor was a demi-god, he held immense powers and could command the military and economy in China

The Ilkhanate of Persia

-This was the Khanate in the Middle East -When this Khanate was started, it was the fall of the of the Abbasid Dynasty -The Mongols were conquerors, but weren't used to being governors or administrators. They let the Persians run the government, as long as they paid the taxes on time

The Ming Dynasty 1368 - 1644

-This was the first Chinese Dynasty after the Mongols took over and started the Yuan Dynasty -Founded by the Hongwu Emperor -Helped restore China to power---at its height, the Emperor Yongle sponsored Zheng He's voyages, the Yongle Encyclopedia was created, and trade in Ming Porcelain flourished -As attacks from nomadic tribes continued to come from the North, the Ming stopped the voyages of Zheng He -The dynasty fell when the Manchus invaded from the North and took over and started the Qing Dynasty; you will have to know much more about the Qing than the Ming!

Khmer Empire: Angkor Wat 1100 CE

-This was the largest and most beautiful temple constructed by the Khmers during the Angkor Kingdom -In present day Cambodia in Southeast Asia -The most magnificent temple they ever built was known as _______________________, and it shows the influence of Hinduism and Buddhism in the architecture. It is currently the largest religious monument in the world! -Eventually Angkor fell to Thai invaders, and the jungle re-claimed the temples for hundreds of years...until the 1800's, when French explorers found the temples -Things to remember: Huge Religious temple in Southeast Asia, Khmer Empire, was Hindu and then became Buddhist; the religions mixed to some extent, so this is an example of syncretism -Mr. McNulty has visited Angkor Wat and it is probably the coolest place he has ever been

Invasion of the Mongols in 1258 CE DATES REQUIRED

-This was the last event that brought down the Abbasid Caliphate -Included the Sack of Baghdad and the destruction of the House of Wisdome -this is the same way so many empires fall!!!!!

Khubilai Khan

-This was the man who organized the Khanates and was not only a great warrior, but a great administrator as well [organized the Mongol Empire] -Was "Great Khan" or emperor of the Mongol Empire when it was at its height; conquered China and started the Yuan Dynasty -Like his grandfather, practiced religious toleration [allow people to keep and practice their own religion] -Promoted trade by making the Silk Roads safe for merchants, the Pax Mongolica [Peace of the Mongols] -Famously hosted Marco Polo at his court for several years -Grandson of Genghis Khan

Ghana

-This was the most important place for the Gold Trade in West Africa, along with Mali. Merchants from North Africa came here on camels in the Trans Saharan trade to get their gold. -Eventually parts of Ghana became Islamic as Islam spread along the trade routes. -Crucial stop south of the Sahara desert as part of the Trans-Saharan trade -Later, the Ashanti tribe would rise as a power in the late 1600's. They would resist the British during the Scramble for Africa, eventually falling to British rule. -Prior to British rule, was known for its wealth, and gold was the most valuable commodity. Tribal rulers would sit on a Golden Stool as a symbol of their power, and Ghanaians would wear rich jewelry and gold to show their status

Shah Abbas the Great (1588-1629)

-This was the most powerful and famous Safavid ruler, who ruled the Safavids at the peak of their power -After the Battle of Chaldiran, the Safavids started to decline. Shah Abbas brought them back to greatness -He increased the use of Gunpowder into his military and allied with European powers to defeat the Ottomans and kick the Portuguese out of the Persian Gulf. With his newly strengthened forces, he led the Safavids to numerous victories, expanding the size of the Safavid Empire -He also moved the capital city to Isfahan, and made it into a beautiful "jewel" city of the Middle East, while also transforming it into a center for trade with East Asia, South Asia, Europe, and Africa. In particular -He tolerated non-Muslims in the empire to some extent, bringing Armenian Christians to Isfahan to help with the Silk Trade, and allowing the British East India Company and Dutch East India Company (VOC) to establish trade at Isfahan

Louis XIV "The Sun King" (1643-1715)

-This was the most powerful ruler in the French Empire, and the longest reigning ruler in French History -He was the ultimate symbol of Absolute Monarchy; Absolute Monarchs were kings or queens that had total control over their society, controlling the economy, military, and nobles -he was especially determined to hold power after the Fronde rebellion showed him he couldn't trust the nobles of France -One of his biggest accomplishment was the construction of the magnificent palace at Versailles -Also believed in the divine right of kings, meaning that God had meant for the king to rule -engaged in many wars and ruled over France at the height of the power for the French monarchy; expanded the borders of France through successful war

The Song Dynasty

-This was the name of the empire that the Mongols knocked over or toppled in China when they took over

The Abbasid Empire

-This was the name of the empire that the Mongols toppled or knocked over in Persia (The Middle East)

The Golden Stool

-This was the ultimate symbol of Ashanti power, the throne upon which the Ashanti King sat -Located in the capital city of Kumasi -Established as the symbol of rule by Osei Tetu, founding ruler of the Ashanti Kingdom -Pictured on the Ashanti flag -shows the importance of gold in Ashanti culture

Mongol Diffusion

-This word means "the spread" of ideas and technology -Because the Mongols made it safe to trade and travel, and they moved conquered peoples around the empire, ideas and technology really spread around the Empire. This word is another word for spreading

Egypt, Arabia, and Persia as part of Dar Al-Islam

-Three areas where Islam spread to through military expansion -Jihad or religious war was waged in these areas and they became Islamic

Smallpox, Measles, Influenza Mosquitoes and Rats

-Three diseases that the Europeans brought over to the Americas in the Columbian Exchange that decimated/destroyed their population -These are two vermin/animal pests that were brought over on European ships to the Americas during the Columbian Exchange

Diffusion of Islamic Literature and Culture 1200 CE to 1450 CE

-Throughout Era 1, 1200 CE to 1450 CE, Islam spread through war, trade through merchants, and through missionaries like Sufi Mystics -Islam spread across the Sahara desert into Sub-Saharan Africa and as far as Southeast Asia (Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam) -Islamic and Arabic literature also spread with the religion. Books like "The Arabian Nights" and religious texts like the Quran and the Hadith also spread to these places -Islamic culture and laws, sharia law, also spread to the areas in Sub-Saharan Africa that adopted Islam. Sharia law strictly governed society, forbidding adultery, theft, murder etc. -As Islamic culture spread, demand for Islamic scholars (ulama) and judges (qadi) also rose. This is how Ibn Battuta was able to travel and get work in so many places! -Sharia law had been influenced by Persian history and had the "eye for an eye" influence from ancient Mesopotamia and Hammurabi's Code

Monumental Architecture

-Throughout World History, emperors and kings wanted to demonstrate the power they possessed to their people and to other peoples. -One of the ways they did this was through enormous construction projects; often, these projects would either be palaces, religious temples, or military forts/constructions -These constructions would show everyone in the empire and to visitors how powerful the rulers were -Examples include, the Forbidden City in Qing China, the Great Wall of China, the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople/Istanbul, the Suleymaniye Mosque, The Palace of Versailles in France, the Taj Mahal in India, and Angkor Wat in Southeast Asia

Globalization-- Travel Technology

-Throughout history, societies have become more and more connected. In 1491, the Americas were separated from Afro-Eurasia. But after Columbus in 1492, the world became more globalized (connected) as there was an increase in trade. -In the 20th century, particularly after World War II, globalization has really increased. The idea is that the world is increasingly becoming "one world"--meaning that people around the world share in culture, music, communication, etc. -One of the major areas of technology that has led to an increase in Globalization is travel technology. Airplanes have reduced the problem of geographic distance, as a human can travel to any continent in the world in less than 24 hours -Shipping containers also have allowed Multinational Corporations to send large amounts of their goods around the world at little cost, increasing globalization as we share in goods and technology -Airplane travel has changed the world dramatically and allowed humans to cover long distances in short times

Globalization

-Throughout history, societies have become more and more connected. In 1491, the Americas were separated from the Afro-Eurasia. But after Columbus in 1492, the world became more globalized (connected) as there was an increase in trade. -In the 20th century (1900's), particularly after World War II, globalization has really increased. The idea is that the world is increasingly becoming "one world"--meaning that people around the world share in culture, music, communication, etc. -There are several things that are increasing "globalization"--meaning the breaking down of barriers. The factors increasing globalization are: -More free trade. Less taxes on trade, and trading alliances between countries. -Faster communication. People in China can communicate with people in the United States via internet and phone -Faster travel. People can fly in airplanes around the world and visit other countries. -Increased international organizations. Groups like the United Nations and World Trade Organization are uniting the world -Multinational Companies. Huge companies like Coca Cola and Samsung sell in nations around the world and help people in different countries have the same experiences -Shared culture. Things like the World Cup of Soccer and the Olympics are international sporting events that bring the world closer together, more shared experiences and culture

The Europeans, Japan, and the United States

-Throughout the 1800's, the Europeans engaged in a new frenzy of Imperialism as they raced to take over Africa in the Scramble for Africa and also sought to divide China up into Spheres of Influence -The British also took over India and other European nations also took over in SE Asia, Australia, and the Pacific -Taking after the European example, two other countries also began to engage in Imperialism in the Pacific, Asia, and Latin America: The United States and Japan -The Europeans, Japanese, and United States all used racism to justify what they were doing [saying they were racially superior to those they took over] and instituted racist and oppressive policies to dominate the indigenous groups they took over -This term is the three groups that were engaging in Imperialism in the 1800's and early 1900's

Chile's Economy under Pinochet

-Throughout the 20th century, attempts at government control of the economy under communist Chinese leader Mao Zedong and other leaders had not gone well. In the late 1900's, in the 1980's, governments began "economic liberalization." -This meant that they were using more of a "free market" approach. -This meant the economy was more like capitalism and there was more private ownership and competition; there was more free trade and people were allowed to keep profits -In Chile, the dictator _______________________ began economic liberalization in the 1980's. He reduced tariffs (taxes on foreign goods) so that there would be more trade with foreign countries. He also sold many of the government owned industries and businesses to private companies and private businesses. This means that the government had less control of the economy and there was more competition. -These policies, and the Free Market liberalization, worked incredibly well. Some historians call it "The Miracle of Chile," and throughout the 1990's Chile had the best performing economy in Latin America. -Some people dispute how much credit to give Pinochet's policies in Chile

Fundamentalist Movements

-Throughout the 20th century, many countries started to become more "liberal" as people were granted more rights and freedoms. -Members of certain religions began to become frightened and concerned that societies were going too far away from the rules and texts of the religions. They started fundamentalist religious movements -Fundamentalist movements seek to return society to the strict rules and readings of religion. Christian fundamentalists, for instance, believe that everyone should read the Bible and that every word in the Bible is literally true. They believe that societies should follow the exact rules of the Bible and the religion, so they try to influence politics to get society organized this way -Islamic fundamentalists also believe that societies should strictly follow sharia law. They believe that every word in the Quran is literally true and that the laws of a society should be followed very strictly. Therefore they also try to influence politics in Islamic countries to enforce these rules. -THere are also Hindu and Buddhist fundamentalist movements, but the Christian and Islamic movements are much stronger and more influential. The BIG takeaway here is that these religious movements try to impact politics.

Land Redistribution in Africa, Asia, and Latin America in the 20th Century

-Throughout the 20th century, there were often movements to take land away from the wealthy classes and redistribute (give it back) to the lower classes -This process was called land redistribution -The idea of land redistribution increased as the ideologies of communism and socialism spread around the world. Communism and socialism promoted the idea that there should be no social classes; as part of this, it was key to take land from the wealthy and give it out equally to the people -Land redistribution happened in a big way in the following places, as they took land from the wealthy and gave to the peasants: -Mexico after the Mexican Revolution of 1910 and the Mexican Constitution of 1917 -Communist Russia/Soviet Union as part of the 5 Year Plan in the 1920's with Stalin -Guatemala under Arbenz in the 1950's (suspected of communism) -Communist China under Mao Zedong in the 1950's -In South Africa after apartheid ended in 1994

Land Redistribution in Africa, Asia, and Latin America in the 20th Century

-Throughout the 20th century, there were often movements to take land away from the wealthy classes and redistribute [give it back] to the lower classes -This process was called land redistribution -The idea of land redistribution increased as the ideologies of communism and socialism spread around the world. Communism and socialism promoted the idea that there should be no social classes; as part of this, it was key to take land from the wealthy and give it out equally to the people -Land redistribution happened in a big way in the following places, as they took land from the wealthy and gave to the peasants: -Mexico after the Mexican Revolution of 1910 and the Mexican Constitution of 1917 -Communist Russia/Soviet Union as part of the 5 Year Plan in the 1920's with Stalin -Guatemala under Arbenz in the 1950's (suspected of communism) -Communist China under Mao Zedong in the 1950's -In South Africa after apartheid ended in 1994

Xenophobia

-Throughout the world, there was increased migration throughout the 20th century as transportation technologies allowed for faster transportation -Many people began migrating to industrialized nations -Often, people in home countries had a fear of the immigrants that were arriving. For instance, in the United States, there was a law made in the 1880's, the Chinese Exclusion Act, that stated the Chinese were not allowed in the United States. In Europe, people have a fear of many of the African refugees coming to Europe. -Even in South Africa, there was a fear and hatred from some people towards other Africans entering the country from Mozambique and Botswana. -This fear of foreigners, and the discrimination that results from it, is called...._____________________

Meiji Reformation 1868 - 1912 CE

-Tokugawa Japan had been in isolation for over 200 years, as the Tokugawa Edicts had cut Japan off from international trade -In 1853 United States Commodore Matthew Perry arrived in Japan, and the Tokugawa started to lose massive amounts of power as the samurai and daimyo began to rebel -The Tokugawas fell and the samurai restored the Emperor, Emperor Meiji, to power -The new Emperor and his council of powerful lords decided to Westernize and modernize Japan; they started one of the most remarkable periods in world history, known as the ______________ _______________ -The Japanese started to modernize and industrialize faster than any country in world history; they sent travelers to Europe and America to learn about Industrialization -They hired thousands of Europeans and Americans as advisors to come to Japan to train their army and build factories and railroads -By the end of the ____________________ ______________, the Japanese were a fully industrialized and modernized state, capable of beating the Russians and Chinese in head-to-head wars

Total War in WWII- Firebombing

-Total War has two definitions. The first part means that everyone in the society had to participate in the war effort to be successful--even if you weren't fighting, you could be working in the factories, buying war bonds to loan money to the govt, volunteering as a nurse, etc. -Because the whole society was participating in the war effort, Total War took on a second meaning. Armies started to bomb and attack cities, trying to kill civilians, as a way of attacking morale and trying to get the other side to quit fighting. So total war also means when civilians and cities get attacked as part of the war effort. -The ultimate sign of Total War was Firebombing. Both sides, the Allies and the Axis Powers, started dropping incendiary [fiery] bombs on civilian cities. The goal was to not only blow up the buildings you dropped the bomb on , but also start a huge fire in the city that would spread and devastate civilian populations and morale -The Germans firebombed London as part of the Blitzkrieg. The British responded by firebombing many major German cities, including Dresden, where much of the city was destroyed and people burned alive -The American forces also firebombed most major Japanese cities in the last 6 months of the war, as the United States tried to force Japan to surrender -As a result of this controversial strategy, hundreds of thousands of civilians, including children, were burned alive, and billions of dollars of damage was done to cities around the world -Some credit the strategy with helping to force the surrender of the German and Japanese forces; others see it as in inexcusable crime against humanity

Mediterranean Sea Trade 1200 CE to 1450 CE

-Trade happened on water -Spices, textiles, diamonds and pearls coming from India -Grain from Persia and Egypt used for food -Wine and Olive Oil coming from Italy and Greece -Enslaved persons coming from Africa and other societies as well

European Presence in Africa, Era 2, 1450-1750 CE

-Transitioning to Era 2, 1450 - 1750 CE, under the sponsorship of Prince Henry the Navigator, the Portuguese began exploring the African coast and building trading posts -Many Europeans followed the Portuguese and began a profitable trade in enslaved persons [slaves], gold, and ivory along the West Coast of Africa -However, in Era 2, 1450-1750 CE, European presence in Africa mostly remained limited to the coasts. The Portuguese established the colony in Angola (Queen Nzinga), but for the most part, most of Africa remained un-colonized -The African kingdoms like the Ashanti helped keep the Europeans from gaining too much power in the interior of Africa -The Ashanti were a powerful, warlike kingdom in present day Ghana that helped keep European presence in check -Eventually, in Era 3, 1750 - 1900, the Europeans would industrialize and would be able to take over Africa during the Scramble for Africa. -However, it's important to remember that in Era 2, 1450-1750 CE, powerful African kingdoms like the Ashanti, along with other factors, kept the Europeans in check and kept them limited to the coast!

Telegraphs

-Transportation and Factories weren't the only things changing during the Industrial Revolution; Communication changed massively as well -This invention came before the phone; it sent a series of taps through a wire and on the other end of the cable, the taps could be translated into letters -Through this way, you could send messages over very long distances, as long as you laid the cable down -This led to thousands of miles of cables being laid down across the world, including one across the Atlantic Ocean

Islamic Agriculture --Sugarcane, Rice, and Cotton

-Travel through Dar al-Islam helped spread new ideas for farming -the use of irrigation, fertilization, and crop rotation spread, and people even started to make books on how to be productive farmers -all of this led to massive increases in food production, which in turn led to urbanization, the growth of cities like Baghdad (in modern day Iraq) and Cairo (in Egypt) -As Muslim travelers travelled through Dar al-Islam, there was a lot of DIFFUSION (passing goods and ideas along) -These were the three most important crops that spread through Dar al-Islam during Era 1, 1200 - 1450 CE. -These crops led to higher population and nutrition, as well as providing valuable trade goods to go into the four major trade zones: the Trans-Saharan Caravan routes, trade in the Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean Basin , and Silk Roads -One of these crops led to a huge increase in textiles, which became a really important industry in Dar al-Islam -These goods originated in Asia; they spread West from India into the Islamic Caliphates

Lateen Sail 1200 CE to 1450 CE

-Triangular sail that was developed in the Mediterranean that allowed a ship to sail against the wind. -This was really important because a ship did not require favorable winds to get where it wanted to go -Once it was invented in the Mediterranean Region, it diffused (spread) to the Indian Ocean Basin -This invention increased the ability of ships to trade in the Indian Ocean Region and to East Asia/China

The Twelve Doors of Mali

-Twelve tribes in Mali that were conquered by Sundiata and swore allegiance to him and his empire -the twelve kings put their spears in the ground and swore allegiance to the King/Mansa -These kings then became regional rulers and ruled over their own region, paying tribute to the Mali Empire -Part of the political structure of the Mali Empire. Kings like Sundiata and Mansa Musa would use this structure very effectively to govern the kingdom

Buddhism's Effect on Women and Gender Relations, Era 1, 1200 CE to 1450 CE

-Under Hinduism in ancient India, women were under many strict patriarchal controls -There were practices such as "sati" where a Hindu woman was expected to throw herself on the burning funeral pyre of her dead husband -Once Buddhism began to spread around India and Asia, women began to gain more rights -With Buddhism, anyone could achieve nirvana. Buddhism stated that social class and gender were not barriers to Enlightenment -With the arrival of Buddhism, women therefore gained more rights in society. They could have more freedom to move around the society, work in some jobs, and be more independent to some degree. -That being said, the majority of India still remained Hindu and the society was still highly patriarchal

Incan Trade

-Under the Incans, trade moving from north to south through along the Andes mountains increased dramatically -Pottery, textiles (cloth), and jewelry traveled along the Incan trade routes in the Incan Empire -There were no merchants in the Incan Empire; all of the trade in the Incan Empire was run by the government

Song Dynasty Political Structures

-Under the Song Dynasty, the Confucian based Civil Service Exam became increasingly important and soon was the major way for anyone in China, rich or poor, to achieve government positions -The Civil Service Examination created a merit-based [based on skill, you earn it] promotion system--you got to the top by having the best scores, based on your merit, not based on what social class you were in or who your parents were. This led to the best and the brightest becoming the people in China who helped run the government -Wealthy classes still had the advantage of better education and private tutors -The Song Dynasty made scholar bureaucrats who had passed the exam even more important by paying scholar bureaucrats (govt officials) really well so they would support the government, even letting them run the military -The Song Dynasty also used the "tributary system" to make smaller neighboring countries pay them tribute with trade goods and show that the Chinese were superior by kneeling down before the Emperor

The Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)

-Under the leadership of Mao Zedong, China became Communist after World War II. -After some of the failures of the Great Leap Forward, Mao believed that there was still capitalism and traditional elements of Chinese society that were holding China back. -Mao called on young people form Red Guards and to attack anyone that had capitalist or traditional values that went against Chinese Communism, also known as Maoism -The Red Guard groups put together "The Little Red Book," a book of Mao's sayings. They engaged in violent struggles to purge [get rid of] suspected capitalists or anyone that went against Mao's values. This time period was called the ____________________________ Revolution -The ________________ Revolution was characterized by violence and chaos. Estimates of Death Tolls vary widely, from 250,000 to 20 million people dying during the Revolution. There were several massacres during the Revolution. -When Mao died in 1976, Deng Xiaoping took over in 1978 he began to take apart the Maoist policies that created the _______________ Revolution. Deng brought the country back to order and brought in a new era of economic growth

Totaliarian Dictatorship

-Under this system of government, the leader and government have absolute and total control over the government and over many aspects of the society - The leader controlled the military, the economy, and the justice system. There was no free speech under his rule, and with total control, opponents of the government would often be killed or exiled - There were also no opposition parties or real elections -The government often controlled the media and used propaganda to promote its messages; again, opposition to the government or criticism was not allowed -Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union, Adolf Hitler in Germany, and Mao Zedong in China are the biggest examples of Totalitarian Dictators in the 20th century

Aztec (Mexica) Political Control

-Unlike the Incans, the Aztecs didn't use government officials or bureaucrats -Basically all they did was conquer people and then make them pay tribute -The Aztecs would conquer neighbors and enslave them. The enslaved persons [slaves] would build pyramids and other stuff for the Aztecs -Also unlike the Mayans and Aztecs, there was no city-states or local government. Once a tribe was conquered, a tribe could still keep its own government as long as it payed tribute on time -If any tribe rebelled, they would be crushed by the Mexica/Aztec warriors -At its high point, 489 city-states sent tribute in to Tenochtitlan

Displacement of Peoples--Palestinians

-WIth the help of Britain and the United States, the Zionist Jews established their own country in the Middle East in the territory of Palestine. They created the country called Israel -The problem was that this movement displaced thousands of Islamic Palestinians; this has led to 50 years of war and terrorism in the region between the Islamic countries and the Jewish state of Israel -Palestinians were displaced--meaning they had to leave their homelands and become refugees -All of the conflicts in the 20th century created huge REFUGEE populations; these people were kicked out of their homelands and had to go live in foreign countries; this can create any number of problems, including poverty, homelessness, and xenophobia (fear of foreigners) -The displacement of the Islamic Palestinians made even bigger problems because the rest of the Islamic/Arabic world was angered and many nations declared war on Jewish Israel; the conflict is still going on today

Caliph + Caliphate

-When Mohammed died, the Islamic Community had to choose who would rule after him -A Caliph is the leader or leader of the Islamic Community, chosen by the community -It's similar to a King, but some Muslims believe he should be elected to the position, while some believe he should be chosen by God/religious leaders -So a Caliph is a political structure that is kind of similar to a King, but even more powerful, because he is a political and religious leader. Kind of like the King and the Pope combined. - A Caliphate is an Islamic kingdom or empire; ruled by a person who has been chosen to be Muhammad's successor, known as Caliph -This was a slightly new type of government in the 700 CEs; it's like an empire, but the ruler is a religious and political figure; almost like the Pope and King combined -The ruler has ultimate authority as both a political and religious figure -The most significant caliphate you need to know is the Abbasid Caliphate (fell to the Mongols in 1258 CE)

Unilever (1870 - PResent)

-When one country starts to take and over and influence another country through business and economics, it's called economic imperialism -During the late 1800's and throughout the 1900's, MASSIVE businesses rose to power, and started practicing economic imperialism -These businesses were TRANSNATIONAL--which meant that they were so big, they owned land and business across multiple countries -This Dutch and British company began in West Africa harvesting PALM OIL. They used forced labour in West Africa and also had territory in the Congo -The company still exists today and is a MASSIVE transnational business, specializing in beauty products like soaps, shampoos, personal care, etc. -Unilever owns over 400 brands, including the soap company Dove, Lipton tea, etc. -In 2019, Unilever was valued at $42.9 billion dollars

Large-Scale Transnational Businesses

-When one country starts to take and over and influence another country through business and economics, it's called economic imperialism -During the late 1800's and throughout the 1900's, MASSIVE businesses rose to power, and started practicing economic imperialism -These businesses were TRANSNATIONAL--which meant that they were so big, they owned land and business across multiple countries -many of these companies did not provide good working conditions, good pay, and had oppressive and corrupt labor practices while abusing indigenous natives for labor -Often the companies would even have their own militaries and they would bribe government officials to control the policies -Unilever, the United Fruit Company, Coca Cola, Nike, and others are all examples of ____________________________________ . They had a huge impact on the "globalization" of the world as people in different cultures began to share in one global culture with shared music, products, and foods.

Large Scale Transnational Businesses

-When one country starts to take and over and influence another country through business and economics, it's called economic imperialism -During the late 1800's and throughout the 1900's, MASSIVE businesses rose to power, and started practicing economic imperialism -These businesses were TRANSNATIONAL--which meant that they were so big, they owned land and business across multiple countries; this was also part of Globalization, as the world started to share common culture; people on every continent could drink Coca Cola, watch the same movies, listen to the same music -Often the companies would even have their own militaries and they would bribe government officials to control the policies. In some cases, they engaged in corruption and oppression of local peoples -The United Fruit Company, Coca Cola, Nike, and others are all examples of ____________________________________ . They had a huge impact on the "globalization" of the world as people in different cultures began to share in one global culture with shared music, products, and foods.

Economic Imperialism

-When one country starts to take over and influence another country through business and economics -Usually, massively powerful companies like the United Fruit Company or the British East India Company (joint-stock) would start buying land, hiring soldiers, and taking over the economy -Often the companies would even have their own militaries and they would bribe government officials to control the policies -The British East India Company did this in India where they actually brought down the Mughals and in China where they brought down the Qing Dynasty with the Opium Trade -The United Fruit Company did this in Guatemala where and throughout Latin America where they took over and created "Banana Republics" -this form of imperialism was incredibly damaging to local peoples, who were often oppressed, forced into labor, forced to pay unfair taxes, and saw very little of the profit being made

Women as Merchants in Southeast Asia, Era 2, 1450 - 1750 CE:

-When the European merchants arrived in Southeast Asia to trade in spices, they were surprised to find that the majority of trade was controlled by female merchants. SE Asia was more matriarchal [female power] than most areas of the world at the time. -In Southeast Asian culture, women were in charge of most occupations that involved selling and trading in the public marketplaces -Women could gain lots of wealth as merchants and traders, and would act as translators, buyers, sellers, bargainers, and bankers -Women would also be able to change foreign money/currency and make trade go more smoothly -Women would also be in charge of keeping records and doing mathematical accounting -One of the most famous female merchants was Nyai Pinatech, who was incredibly wealthy. She was known as the Great Lady of Gresik, and traded in current day Indonesia. She owned many ships and sent them to Bali, Cambodia, and Lomo-Tom

Women as Merchants in Southeast Asia, Era 2, 1450-1750 CE

-When the European merchants arrived in Southeast Asia to trade in spices, they were surprised to find that the majority of trade was controlled by female merchants. SE Asia, especially places like the Philippines , had many matriarchal [female power] qualities -In Southeast Asian culture, women were in charge of most occupations that involved selling and trading in the public marketplaces -Women could gain lots of wealth as merchants and traders, and would act as translators, buyers, sellers, bargainers, and bankers -Women would also be able to change foreign money/currency and make trade go more smoothly -Women would also be in charge of keeping records and doing mathematical accounting -One of the most famous female merchants was Nyai Pinatech, who was incredibly wealthy. She was known as the Great Lady of Gresik, and traded in current day Indonesia. She owned many ships and sent them to Bali, Cambodia, and beyond

Syncretic Christianity in the Kongo

-When the Portuguese arrived in the Kongo, they were able to convert thousands of people to Christianity -Even King Affonso the I became a devoted Christian. He was known to read the Bible so often that sometimes he forgot to eat. -There were many cults devoted to the saints -When two religions are mixed together, it's called a syncretic religion -Even though they converted to Christianity, many people in the Kongo kept parts of their old religion, or they mixed their old religions with Christianity, to make a syncretic religion

Italian and Greek Trade Goods

-Wine and Olive Oil -Iron tools and wool -Part of the Mediterranean Sea Trade

Ngo Thi Thuong in Vietnam

-Women historically played a large role in Vietnam in resisting oppression and colonization from China, France, and the United States -Over 11,000 women fought or served in the Vietnamese military in the Vietnam War against the French/United States -This woman was a militant in the north; her most famous accomplishment was hitting an American airplane with a bullseye shot from a rifle right in the gas tank -The plane exploded and crashed to the ground; the pilot parachuted to the ground safely and she captured him as a prisoner, tying him up with the ropes from the parachute -Vietnamese women served as spies, guerrilla fighters, nurses, vehicle drivers, suppliers, medics, and leaders, and were critical in supporting the war effort and leading Vietnam to victory

The League of Nations 1920 CE

-Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States, had a vision for how the peace treaty should be decided and how the world should look after World War I -He wrote a document that outlined his ideas for the peace treaty for World War I and named it the Fourteen Points -He also wanted to make a ________________________________________. This was meant to be an alliance of all the countries in the world. The goal of the _________________________ was to prevent major wars from happening. It was the first International Peacekeeping body and would later be replaced by the United Nations -The idea for peacekeeping was that all the powerful countries would make an alliance; if anyone in the world started a war, the ___________________________ would stop it -This President brought his ideas with him to the Treaty of Versailles; he managed to get the ___________________________included in the Treaty, but the___________________ was weak and he looked foolish because the American Congress would not let the United States join the __________________ -The ______________________________ failed to do its job and was eventually replaced by the United Nations after World War II

Total War and Propaganda

-World War I and World War II were Total Wars--they weren't just fought on the battlefields -They required the entire society to participate and mobilize; everyone had to work in the factories and had to ration or save goods to support the MASSIVE war effort -In order to mobilize all of the resources of the states, governments had to use a variety of techniques to motivate people -Countries like Germany used speeches, movies, posters, and other forms of propaganda to motivate people; the most famous in the US was "Rosie the Riveter" (see picture for this term!) -Because the enemies knew the homefronts were important, during the World Wars both sides began to attack citizens and bomb cities and factories; this was known as Total War -So there are two terms here that relate to everything that was discussed above

Total War and Propaganda in World War I and World War II

-World War I and World War II were Total Wars--they weren't just fought on the battlefields -They required the entire society to participate and mobilize; everyone had to work in the factories and had to ration or save goods to support the MASSIVE war effort -In order to mobilize all of the resources of the states, governments had to use a variety of techniques to motivate people -Propaganda was various forms of media, like cartoons, paintings, speeches, commercials, movies, billboards, and posters that governments used to motivate citizens to support policies. Countries in WWI used propaganda to motivate people to join the war as soldiers or support the war in other ways -Because the enemies knew the homefronts were important, during the World Wars both sides began to attack citizens and bomb cities and factories; this was known as Total War -So there are two terms here that relate to everything that was discussed above

Gurkha Soldiers in the World Wars

-World War I and World War II were Total Wars--they weren't just fought on the battlefields -They required the entire society to participate and mobilize; everyone had to work in the factories and had to ration or save goods to support the MASSIVE war effort -The European countries used their colonies or former colonies to fight; they forced the people in their colonies to form armies and fight in the war. In this way, the war spread to Africa and parts of the Pacific. - The British used a group of Nepalese and Indian fighters called the ____________; the ________________ were a fearsome, warlike people that were known to be fearless in battle; they carried a traditional knife called a kukri that supposedly, once drawn in battle, had to taste blood before it could be put back. -Over 200,000 ________________________ served in the British army in World War I and World War II and fought all over the globe, leaving Nepal and India. They were known as some of the best and most effective soldiers in the British army. -They had a saying, "Better to die than be a coward."

Contras and Sandinistas in Nicaragua

- As part of the Cold War, there were proxy wars springing up all around the globe, as the United States and Soviet Union sought to gain influence by supporting opposing sides in Civil War -In Nicaragua, there was a classic proxy war situation. The Sandinistas were the Soviet backed side, attempting to install communism in Nicaragua -The Contras were the American backed side, and they were fighting to promote democracy and capitalism -After 11 brutal years, the American backed Contras emerged victorious

The Contra-Sandinista War in Nicaragua (1979-1990)

- As part of the Cold War, there were proxy wars springing up all around the globe, as the United States and Soviet Union sought to gain influence by supporting opposing sides in Civil War -In Nicaragua, there was a classic proxy war situation. The Sandinistas were the Soviet backed side, attempting to install communism in Nicaragua -The Contras were the American backed side, and they were fighting to promote democracy and capitalism -Both the Soviet Union and United States spent lots of money backing the Sandinistas and the Contras, in addition to sending them weapons, supplies, and training them with advisers -At the end of 11 brutal and bloody years, the Soviet Union collapsed in 1990. After the Soviet Collapse, the American-backed Contras emerged victorious as the Sandinistas lost control of the government

William Shakespeare 1590 CE

- English poet and playwright considered one of the greatest writers of the English language; works include Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet. -wrote over 39 plays -Often considered the greatest author of the English Language -Many of his plays were performed in the famous Globe Theater in London

Economic Liberalization --Late 1900's

- In a communist country like China or the Soviet Union, the government controls the economy directly; many of the businesses, factories, and agriculture are run by the government, and prices are controlled by the government. -However, attempts at government control of the economy under Mao Zedong and other leaders had not gone well. In the late 1900's, in the 1980's, governments began "economic liberalization." -This meant that they were using more of a "free market" approach. -This meant the economy was more like capitalism and there was more private ownership and competition; there was more free trade and people were allowed to keep profits -Even in capitalist countries like the United States and Great Britain, during the 1970s and 1980s there was more "economic liberalization." This meant that there was more free trade between countries without taxes or tariffs on foreign goods. There was less government input into the economy (Less Keynesian economics), and more competition between private businesses

Effects of the Mexican Revolution (1910-20)

- The Liberation Army of the South, the Zapatistas, Pancho Villa's army, and other mestizo forces were victorious in 1920 over the Federal Army of creole caudillo dictator, Porfirio Diaz -The Mexican Constitution of 1917 was passed, which did the following: - gave some land back to the peasants (land redistribution...this led the United States to fear communism in Mexica) -universal suffrage (voting rights) to men -State-supported public education -Minimum wage for Mexicans and maximum hour restrictions -Roughly 2.7 million Mexican deaths, including 1.1 million Civilians who died. Civilians often suffer the most in war, especially in Total War and Guerrilla warfare -the old Hacienda system, started by the Spanish colonizers after Cortez conquered the Aztecs in 1519, was finally abolished forever -Peasant labor unions and other labor organizations were finally recognized for the first time

Bartolomeu Dias 1488 CE

- The Portuguese were incredibly motivated to find an ocean route to India and Asia so they could trade with them for spices, silks, and porcelain -Prince Henry the Navigator sponsored a series of voyages to try and sail around the Cape of Good Hope, the southern tip of Africa, to reach India by sea -This explorer set off in his caravels in 1488, and using the compass and the astrolabe attempted to sail to India -He was the first European explorer to make it to the southern tip of Africa, but his crew forced him to turn around before he reached India -They were hit by a series of storms, and his crew threatened to mutiny (overthrow him) if they didn't turn around -This was still an important step in the building of the Portuguese Trading Post Empire as it proved that they could at least get around Africa

Causes of World War I: Assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand 1914 CE

- There were a variety of factors that caused World War I. These can be remembered with ANIME. There were lots of long term causes, things that caused a lot of tension and build up. -Nationalism, Imperialism, and Militarism all caused the European countries to build up their militaries in a competition to see who was the best and strongest country in all of Europe -All the European countries started forming military alliances in the late 1800's and early 1900's; by 1914 there were two big groups of Allies -However, the short term event that would "spark" or cause WWI was the _____________________________________ -This event angered Austria and led to a declaration of war between Austria and Russia -All of the countries in alliances had to then come in to defend their allies; pretty soon, all of Europe had declared war on each other and World War I started

Assassination, Nationalism, Imperialism, Militarism, Entangled Alliances -- CAUSES OF WW I

- There were a variety of factors that caused World War I. You can always remember that World War I is Trench Warfare, World War TWO is the one with the Nazis, the Holocaust, and the Atomic Bomb. -You can always remember the causes of World War I from the term ANIME: -A _________________________ of Archduke Ferdinand -N: _______________________________ (countries competing to see who is the best) -I: _____________________________ (countries competing to take over colonies in Africa and Asia) -M: _______________________________ (countries building up armies and Navies) -E: Entangled Alliances ___________________________________ (it would have been a small war, but there were so many alliances that everyone had to get in and fight) REMEMBER--- ANIME is World War I, HITLER is World War II!

The Epic of Sundiata 1300's CE

- _________________ was called the "lion prince," the founder of the Mali Empire in W. Africa -There was a famous story in West Africa about the "Lion Prince" and how he had founded the empire -This story was told verbally by African storytellers for generations from the 1300's until it was written down by French authours in the 1900's -___________________ was a Muslim ruler -This term is the name of the story that was famously told and spreading

The Epic of Sundiata 1300's CE

- _________________ was called the "lion prince," the founder of the Mali Empire in W. Africa -There was a famous story in West Africa about the "Lion Prince" and how he had founded the empire; told by GRIOTS, West African storytellers and historians -This story was told verbally by African Griot storytellers/historians for generations from the 1300's until it was written down by French authors in the 1900's -___________________ was a Muslim ruler -This term is the name of the story that was famously told and spread for hundreds of years; this story carried the ruler's name

Causes of World War I : Imperialism

- _______________________-ism means to take over other countries to build an empire -As part of this -ism, the Europeans were fighting to take over Colonies. The Scramble for Africa began around 1875. The Europeans competed to carve Africa up into colonies -They also competed to divide China up into spheres of influence and divide up SE Asia. In all these places, this -ism included oppression, racism, and forms of coerced labor. -In order to win this competition to get colonies, they had to build up their militaries in a major way -Countries like Germany and Britain built their navies up, building Dreadnought ships, to try and become more powerful -This competition to take over colonies and build a powerful military helped lead up to and cause World War I, as conflicts began happening over who was going to take over what colony

The Bhagavad Gita 400 BCE

-"Song of the Lord"; one of the Indian epics -400 BCE -This is the single most important, most sacred Hindu text, although the Upanishads are very holy as well -The text is set as a conversation between a Hindu prince and Lord Krishna, discussing what the Prince should do according to dharma and karma -Laid out the principle rules of Hinduism; lays out the rules to follow and how you will achieve rebirth or salvation into a higher or lower caste. -Still sacred today, and Gandhi called it his "spiritual dictionary" -It is also considered an "Indian epic" piece of literature and you could use it an essay about culture/literature

Neo-Confucianism

-"new" form of Confucianism -Took old form of Confucianism and mixed it with Buddhism -The old form was more logical and less spiritual. This new form was more spiritual, dealing questions about the soul and the cosmos. -Zhu Xi was the famous thinker; he wrote the book "Family Rituals"

The Scramble for Africa 1875 - 1914 CE

---From 1750 - 1914 CE, the Europeans developed industrialization -In order to feed the factories during Industrialization, they needed tons of raw materials and resources -Industrialization also gave them the best military and technology in the world -The Europeans began to take over Africa, India, and Asia in order to get resources -In 1850 only a few places in Africa were colonized by the Europeans, but in 1875 the Europeans began a mad dash to try and take over the whole continent -Almost all of the European countries got involved and turned the entire continent into dozens of colonies by 1914 CE -This was one of the fastest periods of Imperialism [conquering] in World History. [TRIGGER WARNING: this term and the next four terms contain examples of brutal, inhumane violence driven by racism] -Once they conquered, white Europeans instituted brutal and violent systems of forced labor and oppression. They also promoted racism to justify their conquest. Examples of brutality include the Belgians in the Congo, where indigenous people had their hands were cut off if they didn't provide enough rubber to the Belgians -This is known as the __________________________________________

Decline of the Spanish and Portuguese Empires in the 19th Century (1800's)

---In the 19th century, Europeans began a new round of imperialism in Asia and the Pacific, as they were now stronger from the weapons and technology gained from industrialization -In the 1800's, thanks to imperialism and industrialization, certain European powers began to rise in power--namely the British, Germans, and French -However, two older European nations that had been very powerful from 1450-1750 CE began to lose power as they failed to industrialize -These two nations began to lose their colonies in wars to the Americans, Japanese, and other Western European nations that were stronger than they were -The Spanish lost almost all of their valuable colonies in the Americas after the Mexican War for Independence and the Gran Colombia revolution; the Portuguese were in the same situation after Brazil revolted

Qing Resistance to Self-Strengthening

---Once the Qing Dynasty began to fall apart in the 1800's, some members of Chinese society began to try and create reforms that would help modernize and industrialize China -In the late 1800's, the Qings created the Self-Strengthening Movement; they tried to create European style factories and European style military -However, many members of the elite resisted the _Self-Strengthening Movement. They thought it went against Confucian values; unlike Japan, they didn't want to become "westernized" --In one famous case, the Empress Cixi took money that was meant for the navy and built a marble boat in her garden -As a result of this resistance, the Self-Strengthening Movement failed to fully modernize and industrialize China, and they lost a humiliating war to the modernized Japanese in the Sino-Japanese War (1895)

Republic of Gran Colombia

---The Enlightenment helped inspire the first major revolution during the Age of Revolution, the American Revolution -After that Revolution, the French and Haitians staged revolutions and rebellions -Revolutionary fever then spread to Latin America -Simon Bolivar united the colonists in several colonies and led a massive rebellion against the Spanish -This was a revolution to get rid of the Spanish from Latin America -After it was successful, Bolivar founded the Republic of ______________________; it was several Latin American colonies joined together -He modeled it on the United States; his hero was George Washington -Unfortunately, Bolivar found it hard to keep the states together; _________________________ fell apart and became the modern countries of Bolivia, Columbia, etc. -What was the name of the Republic Bolivar tried to found?

Latin American Revolutions 1820 CE

---The Enlightenment helped inspire the first major revolution during the Age of Revolution, the American Revolution -After that Revolution, the French and Haitians staged revolutions and rebellions -Revolutionary fever then spread to Latin America -Simon Bolivar united the colonists in several colonies and led a massive rebellion against the Spanish -This was a revolution to get rid of the Spanish from Latin America/South America -After it was successful, Bolivar founded the Republic of Gran Colombia; it was several Latin American colonies joined together -He modeled it on the United States; his hero was George Washington -What were these revolutions called?

Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana, 1957 - 66

--After World War II, nationalist leaders all around the world challenged the European rule -In Sub Saharan Africa, ___________________________ led the fight for freedom in Ghana against the British, and he managed to do it non-violently. He endured several jail terms, repressive controls, and endured suffering. But he stuck it out, and led Ghana to independence in 1957 -After leading the fight in Ghana, ______________________ became its first ruler. The British QUeen Elizabeth II even visited while he was President, and in a symbolic moment, the former colonizer and colonist met as equals -______________________ also sought to unite Africans across national borders in order to increase their power in the Pan African Movement. African leaders saw the scars of colonization from the Europeans, and attempted to unite in order to increase their political and economic strength -However, _________________________ and Pan African leaders faced massive challenges. The African countries were not able to unite, and Nkrumah himself was overthrown from power in Ghana in 1966. Ultimately, even though it still exists today, the Pan African movement has struggled to gain any success in uniting Africa.

Uganda under Idi Amin (1971-1979)

--After World War II, there was a massive wave of decolonization around the world as the former European colonies in Africa and Asia gained their freedom and independence -In Uganda, one of the most notorious, brutal, and violent leaders of the 20th century took over: ______________________ -Known as the "Butcher of Uganda," ________________ was a general who took over as ruler and was extremely harsh. Under his rule, thousands of Ugandans were killed, tortured, and oppressed -___________________'s government in Uganda was also notoriously corrupt, with millions of dollars "disappearing" regularly with corrupt government officials -Was backed by the Soviet Union as part of the Cold War -Known also for giving himself strange titles, such as "Lord of All the Beasts of the Earth and Fishes of the Seas and Conqueror of the British Empire in Africa in General and Uganda in Particular" -There are several movies depicting him, Including "The Last King of Scotland"; THIS TERM IS THE NAME OF THE COUNTRY + THE LEADER

Indian National Congress 1885 CE

--After the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857, the British made India into a massive colony as the Mughal Dynasty ended -Initially, the ___________________________ was started by educated Indian elites with British approval -Soon, the _____________________________ became a group that was searching for Indian independence from the British -In the early 1900's, this group began to put more and more pressure on the British Govt to give India it's freedom -However, that freedom would not come until after World War II in 1948. The leadership of Gandhi would guide India through a 25 year period of protest and Decolonization

Jizya

--Although it was Islamic, the Ottoman Empire contained subjects of many different religions -There were thousands of Christians and Jews in the Empire -If you were a Christian or Jew in the Ottoman Empire, you had to pay a tax, known as the ________________ -Once you paid the tax, you could keep practicing your religion, and you could form a "millet" community where you could practice your own tradition -This is the name for the tax

Olympe de Gouges's "Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen" 1790

--As the ideas of the Enlightenment spread in the 1700's, women began to fight for more freedom and rights for equality -One incredibly important woman in France stood up for her rights and composed an incredibly important document, the ________________________________________________ -It was based off of a similar document that was published for men, and declared that women deserved and needed several of the social and political rights that men had -She was sadly executed on the guillotine during the Reign of Terror

Chinese, Indian, and Persian Textile and Porcelain Production 1200 CE to 1450 CE

--During Era 1, 1200 CE to 1450 CE, there was tons of trade and travel going through Eurasia; the conquest of the Mongols also further increased trade and travel in Eurasia -Textiles like silk, wool, and cotton cloths became incredibly popular, as did porcelain pottery from China -As a result, three major areas began small "factories" to produce textiles and porcelain: China, Persia, and India -In China, cities like Hangzhou and Chang'an became centers of industrial production of silk and porcelain, which where then exported (sent out) for trade along the silk roads -In Persia, the Abbasid Caliphates made cities like Baghdad into centers for production of porcelain and also produced elaborate and beautiful carpet textiles that they would export (send out) in trade -In India, the Delhi Sultanates also produced porcelain and silks that they would export through the Indian Ocean Basin and Silk Roads for trade

British Settler Colony--South Africa 1806- 1910

--During Imperialism from 1750 - 1914 CE, the Europeans began to take over Africa, India, and Asia in order to get resources -In 1806, the British established a settler colony in South Africa and took the colony from the Dutch, who had ruled it since 1652 -This caused quite a bit of conflict between the British and the Dutch, who fought a series of wars for control of the colony in the late 1800's, known as the Boer Wars -These were incredibly brutal wars; although it was European v. European, tens of thousands of black Africans also suffered as enslaved persons, soldiers, and were caught in the crossfire -Ultimately, the British came out on top and won, but they created racist social class systems that still kept the British and Dutch at the top and kept the indigenous black Africans on the bottom of the social structure

Increased Wartime Casualties--World War I and World War II

-World War I and World War II were absolutely horrific wars, with millions of casualties. -Casualties are the total number of dead + wounded from the war -MEMORIZE THIS: WWI had 38 million casualties (17 million dead) -World War II was even deadlier, with 60 million DEATHS -In both of these wars, a large percentage of the deaths were from civilians (normal people, not soldiers). Normal civilians died as cities were attacked, people were starved, and ethnic groups like Jews and Armenians were killed in genocide

British Settler Colony--South Africa 1806- 1910

--During Imperialism from 1750 - 1914 CE, the Europeans began to take over Africa, India, and Asia in order to get resources -In 1806, the British established a settler colony in South Africa and took the colony from the Dutch, who had ruled it since 1652 -This caused quite a bit of conflict between the British and the Dutch, who fought a series of wars for control of the colony in the late 1800's, known as the Boer Wars -These were incredibly brutal wars; although it was European v. European, tens of thousands of natives also suffered as slaves, soldiers, and were caught in the crossfire -Ultimately, the British came out on top, but in order to help make the Dutch happy they helped create racist systems to keep the black natives on the bottom of the social structure, while keeping white British and Dutch settlers at the top

The 95 Theses, 1517 CE DATE REQUIRED FOR CREDIT

--During the Middle Ages, the Catholic church started to become corrupt. If you sinned, you were able to "buy forgiveness" from the church; you could pay for "Indulgences" which forgave your sin -A man named Martin Luther believed that you could not buy your way into heaven. He wrote a rant about it called the _______________ _____________ and the printing press helped spread it all over Europe -Luther and others began protesting against the Catholic church. Many new Christian churches formed and broke off and away from the Catholic Church. This movement spread like wildfire across Europe and millions joined the new churches and left the Catholic church. -This movement was called the Protestant Reformation; the answer to this question is the name of the document the monk published -THIS IS THE TERM FOR WHAT HE WROTE -DATE REQUIRED FOR CREDIT HERE, THIS

Martin Luther

--During the Middle Ages, the Catholic church started to become corrupt. If you sinned, you were able to "buy forgiveness" from the church; you could pay for "Indulgences" which forgave your sin -A man named _______________ _______________ believed that you could not buy your way into heaven. He wrote a rant about it called the "95 Theses" and the printing press helped spread it all over Europe -_______________ and others began protesting against the Catholic church. Many new Christian churches formed and broke off and away from the Catholic Church. This movement spread like wildfire across Europe and millions joined the new churches and left the Catholic church. -This movement was called the Protestant Reformation; the answer to this question is the name of the Monk

Social Darwinism

--From 1750 - 1900 CE, the Europeans developed industrialization -Using Industrial technology, and in order to gain the raw materials needed to feed the factories, the Europeans conquered huge amounts of territory in Africa, India, and Asia -The imperial powers continued colonial practices of exploiting and oppressing indigenous people for labor, resulting in the death and abuse of millions of indigenous people around the world -The Europeans needed to justify their imperialism, so they created a racist theory called _________________ ___________. This theory said that the Europeans were the highest/most advanced race in the world and said they had the right to dominate other races -This theory was based on inaccurate "science" that said Africans were closer to apes, and the white race was the highest form of evolution -This theory has since been proven completely false and wrong, but the Europeans used it to justify why they deserved to take over the world and oppress other groups

British Imperialism in India and China 1750-1914 CE

--From 1750 - 1914 CE, the Europeans developed industrialization; the Europeans began to conquer large parts of Africa, India, and Asia in order to get resources -The British took over places all over the world, but their biggest and most valuable colony was in India -In India, the British East India Company had been growing more powerful for over 200 years -They hired Sepoys (Indians) to fight for them against the dying Mughal Dynasty; the Sepoys rebelled against the British East India Company and killed many British soldiers and colonists -After the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857, the British military and government came in, took down the Mughals, and turned India into a British Colony -The British also were Imperialist in China; here they fought the Opium Wars and established Spheres of Influence with the other Europeans -Colonies in these two places for the British were immensely profitable and provided lots of resources fro British factories, such as cotton and silks -The British continued colonial practices of exploiting and oppressing indigenous people for labor, resulting in the death and abuse of millions of indigenous people around the world

Trans-Siberian Railroad 1900 CE

--In late 1800's, the Romanov Russian Empire began to try and catch up to the British and other Western Europeans -Sergei Witte was appointed Industrialization Chief or Minister; he was in charge of bringing factories, railroads, and Industrialization to Russia -He successfully oversaw the building of the _________________ ____________________ ___________________, a crucial railway project that connected the entire empire via rail -This project made it so that you could now travel all the way across Russia via railroad -Witte also built thousands of miles of railroad throughout the rest of the country

Shah Jahan 1630 CE

--Indian Islamic ruler of the Mughal Dynasty --The Mughals were incredibly wealthy at their peak; they wanted to show off their power and wealth, so this ruler built the Peacock Throne and the Taj Mahal -Son of Akbar the Great; big thing to know is he built the Peacock Throne and Taj Mahal (to honor his wife!) and demonstrate the fantastic wealth of the Mughal Dynasty

Queen Nzinga of Ndongo 1650 CE

--Initially, the Portuguese established a mutually beneficial [helped both sides] trading relationship with the Kingdom of the Kongo and Ndongo -However, over time they began capturing and enslaving too many people and destroying the society of Kongo/Ndongo -This famous warrior queen led a spirited resistance against the Portuguese; she even rode into battle with her troops and fought a guerrilla war against the Portuguese to keep her people free -In one famous case, the Europeans did not offer her a seat in a meeting. She had one of her male concubines go on all fours and she sat on his back! -She led a spirited guerrilla resistance fight for over thirty years, a true military genius who became a ghost in the night, mastering guerilla warfare. But after she died, the Portuguese were able to take over Kongo/Ndongo and turn it into the colony of Angola -still remembered today as a national hero in Angola

Liberalism

--Starting in the 1500's, there was the Scientific Revolution in Europe -Scientists started to question things like religion and started to use logic and reason to explain the way the world worked -Thinkers and philosophers built on the Scientific Revolution in the 1600's. They started to try and explain things in life according to reason and logic and not according to religion or superstition -These thinkers, like John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau, began to say that people had natural, individual rights such as life, liberty, and property -This movement became known as the Enlightenment -The Enlightenment appealed especially to people in the middle class who owned property; they wanted their individual rights protected; -People who followed these ideals were called ______________________ -The idea was called _______________________ -It's a term still used in politics today for people that believe in these ideas

Causes of the Haitian Revolution 1790's

--The Enlightenment helped inspire the first major revolution during the Age of Revolution, the American Revolution -The American Revolution helped inspire this country to start a revolution -This country was a French colony in the Caribbean where 90% of the population were black enslaved persons [slaves]; they suffered brutally under the "Black Codes" where the masters used violence and brutality to keep them in check -However, this revolution was actually started as a Civil War between the White Slaveowners and the class of free mixed-race people, the "Gens de Couleur" -Many of the "Gens de Couleur" had fought in the American Revolution and came back to Haiti and wanted to start their own Revolution; they started fighting with the White Slaveowners -While the free mixed-race "Gens de Couleur" were fighting the White Slaveowners, the black enslaved persons [slaves] staged their own rebellion to try and break free. The rebellion was started by an enslaved Voodoo priest named Boukman, who led enslaved Africans to burn and destroy plantations in the North of Haiti -These were the Causes of the ____________________ _______________

The Manchu Qing Empire 1640 - 1911

--The Manchus were a group of nomadic warriors that invaded China in the 1600's -They began the ____________ ___________ Empire, which was the last Chinese Dynasty -This Empire had famous emperors such as Kangxi and Qianlong, along with the Empress Cixi -Under the ________________________, China went into economic isolation and began to lose its position of power in the world -Rulers used the Mandate of Heaven and the Emperor was known as the Son of Heaven; these religious ideas justified the _____________ rule -Monumental Architecture: additions were made to the Forbidden City and Great Wall during this time -In the 1800's, the empire struggled mightily as it lost the Opium Wars to the British and was divided into Spheres of Influence by the Europeans/United States/Japan. -In the 1800's, the empire struggled to Modernize with the Self Strengthening Movement. Internal rebellions, such as the Taiping and Boxer Rebellions, made progress difficult. -The empire fell in the early 1900's after the Boxer Rebellion

The Peacock Throne

--The Mughal Dynasty was an Islamic dynasty in India that was very wealthy at its height -Shah Jahan wanted to demonstrate the wealth and power of the empire and so he built this in 1630 CE -This throne contained ten million rupees worth of diamonds, rubies, emeralds, and pearls -Considered the "greatest seat upon which a human has ever sat"

Carrack and Fluyt

--The Portuguese were the European country that was most motivated to explore the oceans in the 1400s and 1500s -The carr________ (not the caravel!)was another ship design used by the Portuguese, Dutch, and other countries that were exploring -The carr_______ was crucial for the Portuguese to increase their trade and be able to govern their Trading Post Empire -The Fl________ was a ship used by the Dutch to make them extremely competitive in global trade from 1450 -1750. The Fl_______ cost half as much to make as its competitors, but could carry twice the cargo! -The Fl_________ gave Dutch merchants an advantage over their competition since they could sail faster and farther while carrying more cargo -Both of these ships made Transoceanic travel and trade possible for the Portuguese and Dutch, giving them a big advantage in trade and empire building!

Fascism in Germany, Italy, and Japan

--World War I and World War II were Total Wars--they weren't just fought on the battlefields -They required the entire society to participate and mobilize; everyone had to work in the factories and had to ration or save goods to support the MASSIVE war effort -In order to mobilize all of the resources of the states, governments had to use a variety of techniques to motivate people -In Germany, Italy, and Japan, the governments began following an ideology [way] that helped motivate people for war; this ideology promoted the following: -Extreme nationalism [national pride] -Extreme militarism (development of a large military and a society that supports military values) -One dictator/ruler with Total Power -Loyalty to the state, no criticism allowed -In many fascist states, like Germany and Japan, racism also became a part of fascist policy in the government -This ideology was known as ___________________________________

World War II Warfare--Airplanes, Tanks, Aircraft Carriers, Firebombs

--World War II was started due to territorial aggression from the fascist powers, the Germans and the Japanese -World War II Warfare and war technology was incredibly deadly and would lead to a staggering number of casualties (wounded/dead) -This was NOT trench warfare from World War I, as the new technology made trench warfare ineffective -Airplanes played a big role in dropping bombs on ships, enemies, and even cities. By the end of the war, both sides were dropping bombs on civilian cities of the enemy, trying to destroy factories and kill civilians to lower support for the war -Tanks were devastatingly powerful, destroying enemy soldiers and fortifications -Aircraft carriers and destroyers were the largest ships ever built; some of the most important World War II battles were fought at sea, like the Battle of Midway -Firebombs were used to attack civilians. The Atomic Bomb dropped on Japan at Hiroshima and Nagasaki ended the war and was the most powerful weapon ever created -As a result of this, World War II was the deadliest conflict in history, with more casualties than any other. 60 million died, many of whom were civilians (not soldiers)

Trench Warfare-- World War I

-World War I was probably the most miserable war human beings had ever fought in -World War I was a very defensive war; each side dug trenches, ditches about 10 feet deep in the ground, and fought out of them -This type of warfare was miserable; it was wet, people got trenchfoot, there were rats running around, there was barbed wire everywhere -There was an area between the trenches known as "No Man's Land." That was the area where people would die as the two armies would run back and forth between the trenches attacking each other's trench. -If you had to leave your trench and run to attack the enemy trench, it was called "going over the top." Very dangerous! -Due to this type of warfare, casualties (deaths + wounded) were very high and 17 million soldiers died in combat

Pan-Africanism: 1963- Present

--throughout the 20th century there were several Transnational Movements (movement across country's borders...the root "trans" means across) -These movements sought to unit people around the world regardless of what country they were in; they would cross national borders. One of these major movements was Pan-Africanism. -Pan-Africanism--After World War II, leaders like Ghana's President Kwame Nkrumah sought to unite Africans across national borders in order to increase their power. African leaders saw the scars of Colonization from the Europeans, and attempted to unite in order to increase their political and economic strength -However, Nkrumah and Pan African leaders faced massive challenges. The African countries were not able to unite, and Nkrumah himself was overthrown from power in Ghana in 1966. Ultimately, even though it still exists today, the Pan African movement has struggled to gain any success in uniting Africa.

13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments (1868)

-13th amendment ended slavery in the United States in 1868, after the American Civil War between North and South -14th Amendment guaranteed equal Civil Rights to all races in the United States -15th Amendment granted the right to vote to all Men in the United States, regardless of race. Women did not gain the right to vote until Alice Paul and others led the Suffrage Movement in the 1910's. -White Southerners implemented Jim Crow laws and segregation to try and block African Americans from achieving their rights, similar to the Apartheid system in South Africa under the Dutch and English -racist poll taxes and literacy tests blocked the 15th amendment, keeping African Americans from gaining suffrage [voting] for 100 years -Many of these rights were not actually delivered to black Americans until the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960's under Martin Luther King Jr, with the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965

Battle of the Somme (1916)

-A 1916 WWI (1914-1918) battle between German and British forces. Ending in a stalemate, the bitter three-month conflict is notable for the high number of casualties- -1.25 million soldiers were killed or wounded - the first use of tanks in warfare. - This battle is famous for its brutality and also for its pointlessness--all of these soldiers died for little gain, as the trenches only moved about 7 miles at the end of all the battle and death

James Cook

-A British sea explorer who explored the Pacific and claimed Australia for the British in 1770 CE -Visited Hawaii and many of the other Pacific and South Pacific Islands; one of the first Europeans to visit many parts of the world; created many maps and made many scientific discoveries along the way -killed and clashed with many indigenous peoples in places that he discovered, using the advantage of guns, germs, and steel to defeat native peoples -He himself was killed in a fight with the Hawaiians in 1779 while attempting to kidnap the Queen of Hawaii

Tariffs

-A _____________________________ is a tax that a country puts up to prevent foreign goods from coming into the nation; it's a heavy tax on foreign goods -During 1450 - 1750, when lots of European countries believed in mercantilism, countries put up tons of tariffs. Let's take an example. The British might put up a tax on any foreign goods entering Britain. So any French or Spanish good coming into Britain would subject to a tax -The advantage of a tariff is that it makes goods in your own country more valuable; so the British might have more of their own goods. -The disadvantage of a tariff is that it makes for less trade in your country. If foreign goods are taxed, there are going to be less foreign goods entering your country. We already know the dangers of limiting trade... -If you take away tariffs, you are creating a "free market"--meaning anyone can trade with anyone. -In the twentieth century, as part of Economic Liberalization, many countries removed tariffs to make more free trade. This led to the world sharing in goods more--meaning an increase in GLOBALIZATION--the world becoming one world with shared culture.

Twelver Shiism

-A belief that there were 12 infallible imam (religious leaders) after Muhammad and the 12th went into hiding and would return to take power and spread the true religion. -This was the major religion promoted by the Safavid Empire

Financial Instruments: the Stock Market

-A financial instrument is anything that can be used that can be traded as money; for instance, paper money, coins, gold, silver, etc. -During the Industrial Revolution from 1750 - 1900 CE, as capitalism took off, there was an increase in the variety of financial instruments available -One thing that people began trading A LOT was STOCKS. People owned parts of companies and they could sell their part of a company to someone else for money -A place or way was created to sell these stocks. This place, where you could buy and sell stocks, was called the _________________________________ -This led to a large increase in massive corporations and businesses

Salvador Dali

-A paradigm is a major shift in how people think -Albert Einstein blew people's minds away and changed how people thought when he came up with the theory of relativity in the early 1900's -This theory stated that time was not a constant; that depending on how fast you were moving, time could actually slow down or speed up -this famous Spanish painter was affected by this theory in his paintings that showed clocks melting in a desert dreamscape; his painters were very surreal and didn't appear to be realistic -His work shows the new paradigms [shifts, changes] in art as a result of scientific changes. -His art is also a great example of SURREALIST Art. Surreal art does not try to paint realistic scenes; it creates a "new reality" by painting dreamscapes, monsters, odd symbols, "unreal" objects, etc.

Scientific Paradigm: Einstein's Theory of Relativity

-A paradigm is a major shift in how people think -Albert Einstein is often considered one of the most brilliant geniuses in the history of the human race and came up with mind-blowing science that still affects us today -Albert Einstein blew people's minds away and changed how people thought when he came up with the Theory of Relativity in the early 1900's -This theory stated that time was not a constant; that depending on how fast you were moving, time could actually slow down or speed up -Salvador Dali was affected by this theory in his paintings that showed clocks melting in a desert dreamscape -You need to know the new Scientific Paradigm that Einstein came up with

Pancho Villa (1910's)

-A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution of 1910. -An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata and his Liberation Army of the South -did not approve of the Soldaderas and hesitated to give credit to women like Maria Quinteras de Meras. -Won many important battles defeating the Federal Army of authoritarian creole dictator Porfirio Diaz -Assassinated in 1923, only three years after the Revolution was over

Population Resettlement: India to Pakistan

-A population resettlement is when a large group of people migrate together to a new country together. One major example of this is when Jewish people moved to Israel after World War I. -A second major example of this is after the partition (division) of India. -Once India finally gained it's freedom from Britain in 1948, most of India was Hindu, although roughly 1/3 of India was Muslim (descended from the Mughals!). -The Indian Muslim leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah got his wish and India was partitioned into two countries: India and ___________________________. ________________ was in the Northwest of India. As a result, millions of Indian Muslims left the Hindu south and began resettling/migrating to Pakistan -Along the way there was tons of bloodshed as Hindus and Muslims fought on the migration routes; Gandhi said the migration routes were like "rivers of blood" flowing through India, and compared it to a "vivisection" or cutting open of the human body -SO this is a major example of a population resettlement!

Dhow Ships 1200 CE to 1450 CE

-A traditional Arab or Indian sailing vessel with one or more lateen (triangular) sails. -It is primarily used to carry heavy items, like fruit, along the coasts of the Indian Ocean. -Increased trade in Indian Ocean Region and East Asia -There is controversy amongst historians about when and where it was invented. It was either Arabic or Indian, but people argue about that. The exact time of invention is also controversial, but ultimately it would hold a lot of significance in history as a major trading vessel moving foods, spices, and heavy goods around the Indian Ocean basin -Could have been used by merchants representing the Delhi Sultanate in Northern India or the Great Kingdom of Zimbabwe, or the Swahili City States

Indentured Servitude

-A type of forced or coerced labor that was limited in time. You basically had to agree to do forced labor for 5 to 7 years -At the end of the the 5 to 7 years, if you had served well, you were supposed to get free land on the frontier and supplies to start a farm -Most people who did this in the British colonies initially were white and came from British jails; they often mixed and lived with enslaved persons [slaves], which caused the upper classes to be concerned -as a result of white indentured servants mixing and allying with African enslaved persons, the upper classes passed new laws to separate and divide lower class whites and African enslaved persons. These were the first laws of segregation in the British colonies -Later on the British and other Europeans would use Indian and Chinese indentured labor in their African, Caribbean, and Latin American colonies

Magnetic Compass

-ANOTHER great invention from the Tang/Songs in China -Helped ships navigate -Told ships what direction they were headed in -Technology spread quickly around the world -Chinese merchants could use it to travel by boat to get spices, gems and diamonds from India -Could also use it get spices from Southeast Asia -was a critical [important] tool for European sailors to reach the Americas and circumnavigate [sail around] the world

American Silver for Asian Luxury Goods

-Above all else, as part of mercantilism, the Spanish wanted silver and gold so they could use it to increase their power and wealth -Once they mined it, they sent most of it on ships back to Spain; some of it traveled on the Manila Galleon boats to the Philippines so it could be used to trade with China -They had mines at Potosi and in Mexico where they used the Mit'a System to force the natives to work to get this -As it spread around the world, this was critical for increasing trade and allowing countries to create money and currency; European Maritime Empires started to use more silver in currency, and this made international trade easier -The Ming Dynasty in China required payment in silver for a time; this drove Chinese demand for silver up -the Spanish and other Europeans became immensely wealthy trading American Silver for Asian luxury goods like silk, Spices, and Porcelain -The silver was mined using forced labor and contributed to the rise of the Trans Atlantic Slave Trade, as historians estimate that millions of native laborers died at mines like Potosi

Spanish Silver from the Americas

-Above all else, as part of mercantilism, the Spanish wanted to get this so they could use it to increase their power and wealth -Once they mined it, they sent most of it on ships back to Spain; some of it traveled on the Manila Galleon boats to the Philippines so it could be used to trade with China -They had mines at Potosi (the Mountain that Eats Men) and in Mexico where they used the Mit'a System to force the natives to work to get this -As it spread around the world, this was critical for increasing trade and allowing countries to create money and currency

Divine Right of Kings

-Absolute Monarchs were kings or queens that had total control over their society, controlling the economy, military, and nobles -The ruler was granted this power by the ___________________________meaning that God had given them the power to rule; they were made legitimate by the Catholic Church, who would back absolutism -This is the term stating that Kings and Queens had total control because of the ....

The Five Year Plan (1928-1932)

-According to Marxist theory, in a communist country, the the government controls all of the land, the factories, and the economy. The government owns all major factories, mines, and agricultural products. This is the opposite of capitalism, where that stuff is owned by private companies and citizens -The government also drives growth in a communist economy. In the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin developed this plan which was meant to drive industrialization and the collectivization of agriculture -THe first part was to modernize USSR's Industries and factories, including it's military -The second part was to collectivize agriculture, make people work together on big group farms -The collectivization failed miserably, as peasants resisted and millions died of starvation; the industrialization was relatively successful, with large growth in heavy industry like steel, weapons, and railroads

The Conquistadores

-After Columbus in 1492 CE, the Spanish sent soldiers with horses and steel armor to conquer South/Central America -Cortes conquered the Aztecs and Pizarro conquered the Incans -This was the name for the Spanish conquerors -They were originally celebrated by many historians as bold explorers, but research now often shows how cruel, inhumane, and brutal they were to the Native American people that they conquered. They committed many atrocities and crimes against humanity.

The Yuan Dynasty/Khanate

-After Genghis Khan's death, the Mongol Empire was divided into four Khanates -In this Khanate, the Mongols tried to stay separated from the local people. They tried to not adopt local customs -The Mongols didn't want to run the government themselves, but they also didn't trust the locals. So in this Khanate, foreigners from Persia and Europeans were brought in to run the government -This was the Khanate in China

The Golden Horde Khanate

-After Genghis Khan's death, the Mongol Empire was divided into four Khanates -This was the Khanate (area controlled by a Khan) where the Mongols controlled Russia -In the Khanate, there wasn't too much government structure; the Mongols would keep a large army around and often raid into Russia for food and supplies, making them very unpopular with the local people

1853 CE

-After Matthew Perry arrived, Japan was now "opened" up from isolationism -After a few years, the Tokugawa Shogunate fell apart and the Meiji Reformation happened -Japan rapidly began to industrialize and Westernize -This question asks for the DATE of the arrival of Matthew Perry and the "Opening of Japan"; what date did this happen?

Nasser's Economy in Egypt [1957]

-After WWII ended, many countries became independent from the Europeans as part of decolonization. In many of these newly independent states, the government began to take on a bigger role in the economy than they would in a normal capitalist economy -In Egypt Gamal Nasser took over as President and started to play a huge role in Egypt's economy. The government nationalized (basically bought and owned) all of the old British and French companies, including the tobacco, cement, and phosphate industries -After he took over those companies and industries, he continued to nationalize (take over for govt) several more industries, including the Helwan Steelworks; by the time he was done 1/3 of Egypt's businesses were owned by the government. 2/3 were owned by private citizens/companies. -His biggest project was working with the Soviet Union to construct the Aswan Dam, which could provide power to Egypt -These measures had some successes, and some failures. Moderate/mixed success.

Nasser Builds Aswan Dam in Egypt [1960]

-After WWII ended, many countries became independent from the Europeans as part of decolonization. In many of these newly independent states, the government began to take on a bigger role in the economy than they would in a normal capitalist economy -In Egypt Gamal Nasser took over as President and started to play a huge role in Egypt's economy. The government nationalized (basically bought and owned) all of the old British and French companies, including the tobacco, cement, and phosphate industries -His biggest project was working with the Soviet Union to construct the ____________________, which could provide power to Egypt. His work with the Soviets led to increased suspicion from the Americans. The dam not only provides electricity, but also irrigation and flood control for Egypt.

The Global Balance of Power Shift After World War II, 1945

-After WWII, two major superpowers were left standing as the hegemony of Western Europe was now destroyed -The United States and the Soviet Union (USSR, used to Russia) were left as the two dominant superpowers -Western Europe began to lose control of its colonies in Africa and Asia as they staged nationalist rebellions against the Western Europeans during decolonization, which further weakened European power -The United States and Soviet Union began to engage in an ideological struggle, capitalism v. communism. This conflict, lasting from 1945-90, became known as the Cold War -During the Cold War, the United States and Soviet Union (USSR, used to be Russia) began to compete around the world and force countries to declare either as capitalist or communist nations

Decolonization after World War I and World War II

-After World War 1 (1918) and World War II (1945), a major process called ______________________ began -The Europeans had taken over colonies all around the world, especially Africa and Asia in Era 3 1750 -1900 CE -After the World Wars, the Europeans were weaker; many colonies saw this as a chance to rebel and start fighting for their independence -Many colonial peoples also were forced to fight in the World Wars, and learned how to use modern weapons against white Europeans -Leaders such as Gandhi in India and Jomo Kenyatta in Kenya began leading rebellions against the British; some of these were violent rebellions, and some were non-violent

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

-After World War I, many colonies in Africa and Asia began to fight for their freedom from the European countries -In India, the British had vastly superior military forces and technology, so a violent revolution was not going to work -Gandhi is the leader everyone has heard of; but there was another massively influential leader in India's decolonization movement, a Muslim (perhaps descended from the Mughals!) who was the leader of India's large Muslim population -He was the driving force behind the India - Pakistan partition, as he wanted Indian Muslims to have their own country to live in. Therefore India was split into two countries, and millions of Muslims migrated across India to move there

Satyagraha

-After World War I, many colonies in Africa and Asia began to fight for their freedom from the European countries -One of the major countries fighting for freedom from the British was India -In India, the British had vastly superior military forces and technology, so a violent revolution was not going to work -Gandhi pioneered the use of _________________(non-violent civil disobience, breaking unjust laws on purpose in a non-violent manner); protesting against unjust laws, but doing it peacefully -One of his most famous and effective __________________________ campaigns was the Salt March, where he intentionally broke the tax on salt law and inspired millions around the country to do the same

Mahatma Gandhi (Freedom Fighting 1925-50)

-After World War I, many colonies in Africa and Asia began to fight for their freedom from the European countries -One of the major countries fighting for freedom from the British was India -In India, the British had vastly superior military forces and technology, so a violent revolution was not going to work -This revolutionary leader pioneered the use of "Satyagraha" (non-violent civil disobience; breaking unjust rules in a nonviolent manner); protesting against unjust laws, but doing it peacefully -One of his most famous and effective "satyagraha" campaigns was the Salt March, where he intentionally broke the tax on salt law and inspired millions around the country to do the same -He dedicated his life to freeing India from Britain; after 30 + years of fighting non-violently, India gained its independence after World War II in 1948 -He was against the India-Pakistan Partition, but it happened anyways; he was sadly killed by an assassin -Considered one of the greatest leaders of the 20th century, his nonviolent movement inspired MLK, Mandela, and other leaders to try similar tactics

Decolonization

-After World War I, many of the European colonies begin movements to fight for their freedom against the oppression and racism of European/American colonization -Some colonies, like India, led by Gandhi, begin non-violent movements against their colonizers, the British -some colonies, like Vietnam against the French and Angola against the Portuguese , begin violent revolutions and begin to fight for their freedom -Many colonies will not gain their freedom until after World War II. After World War II, we will see a huge movement around the world to give African and Asian colonies their freedom from the Europeans and free them from the racist chains of oppression -After Decolonization, many newly freed nations struggle to get their economies and politics stable as a result of the scars and effects of colonization -Critical leaders include Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam, Gandhi in India, Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana, Jomo Kenyatta in Kenya, and Ngo Thuong in Vietnam

India's Negotiated Independence 1948

-After World War I, which ended in 1918, many colonies in Africa and Asia began to fight for their freedom from the European countries -One of the major countries fighting for freedom from the British was India -In India, the British had vastly superior military forces and technology, so a violent revolution was not going to work -Gandhi was a revolutionary leader and pioneered the use of "Satyagraha" (non-violent civil disobience); protesting against unjust laws, but doing it peacefully -For over 25 years, Gandhi led his country in a non-violent fight against the British, leading Satyagraha after Satyagraha -World War II was a huge turning point in decolonization, as many colonies got their freedom from the Europeans after World War II ended in 1945. India was able to negotiate their independence from the British in 1948 without having to fight a violent war -It was significant that India did not have to fight a violent rebellion to get their freedom from the British; they were able to get it through negotiations; this is called NEGOTIATED INDEPENDENCE DATE REQUIRED FOR FULL CREDIT

Government Control of the Economy in Communist China

-After World War II ended in 1945, China became Communist, which had been a civil war for a long time -As a communist country, the government began to control all aspects of the economy. In a capitalist country, the government doesn't own factories, businesses, or set prices. In a communist country like China, the government controls the economy more directly -China desperately wanted to modernize and industrialize; Chairman Mao Zedong created the Great Leap Forward, similar to the Soviet Five Year Plan, it tried to modernize Industries and collectivize agriculture -The plan failed miserably, particularly the collectivization part; the leader who had come up with this, Mao Zedong, blamed the bad harvest on "the sparrows." Once the sparrows were killed, bugs began eating the crops! Famine ensued and millions died -People joked it was the "Giant Leap Backward" -In general, Mao and the Communists controlled and directed the economy as part of communism. They are credited with helping to modernize China -The leader who came up with this plan was Mao Zedong -This term is about what the government does in an communist economy

Mao Zedong + Chinese Communism (1945 - 1976 DATES REQUIRED)

-After World War II ended in 1945, after the end of a long civil war, China became Communist. It was led for thirty years by _______________________ -As a communist country, the government began to control all aspects of the economy. In a capitalist country, the government doesn't own factories, businesses, or set prices. In a communist country like China, the government controls the economy more directly -China desperately wanted to modernize and industrialize; the leader __________ created the Great Leap Forward, similar to the Soviet Five Year Plan, it tried to modernize the Industry and collectivize agriculture -The plan failed miserably, particularly the collectivization part; the leader who had come up with this, ______________________ , blamed the bad harvest on "the sparrows" and had them killed. Once the sparrows were killed, bugs began eating the crops! Millions died from famine -This leader is credited for modernizing China, freeing it from colonial influence, increasing literacy and life expectancy, returning China to being a world power. He is considered one of the major Communist leaders of the 20th century (1900s). -He is criticized for human rights abuses during the Cultural Revolution, where millions of Chinese were persecuted for criticizing the government -The leader who came up with this plan was _______________________________________ -DATES REQUIRED FOR FULL CREDIT--YOU NEED TO KNOW DATES FOR CHINESE COMMUNISM UNDER THIS LEADER

ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS: World Trade Organization 1995 - Present

-After World War II, countries around the world needed to rebuild. Some ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS were created--international groups that had some sort of mission to help the world's economy -This Economic Institution was originally known as GATT--and it's goal was to increase trade around the world. In order to increase trade, the idea was to take down TARIFFS. A tariff is a tax that a country puts on foreign goods, which makes it harder to trade. -GATT attempted to remove tariffs and increase free markets--opening up trade. Opening up trade is known as ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION--liberate means to "free"--creating a "free-market" for trade in the world -IN 1995, GATT turned into the WTO--which stands for ______________ _________________ _______________. - The WTO works to increase trade around the world and also regulate (make rules) for trade. By breaking down trade barriers, this increases GLOBALIZATION

ECONOMIC INSITUTIONS: The World Bank 1945 CE

-After World War II, countries around the world needed to rebuild. Some ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS were created--international groups that had some sort of mission to help the world's economy -This economic institution was created to help low and middle income countries (NOT THE United States, Europe, etc) to rebuild. This economic institution loans money to the countries. Its goals are to: -Eliminate poverty -Help build transportation in these countries -Build businesses -Eliminate corruption in government -Help provide jobs -Ultimately this is an international economic institution that aims to help developing countries improve their economy

Israeli - Palestinian Conflict-- 1948 - PResent

-After World War II, international sympathy was up for Jews after the horrors of the Holocaust -With the help of Britain and the United States, the Jews established their own country in the Middle East in the territory of Palestine. Palestine was inhabited by Muslims. They renamed their country Israel. -The problem was that this movement of Jews to Israel/Palestine displaced thousands of Islamic Palestinians; this has led to 50 years of war and terrorism in the region between the Islamic countries and the Jewish state of Israel. -Palestinians and other neighboring countries continue to attack Jewish Israel, attempting to get their land back. Jewish Israel, backed by the United States, continues to fight against its attackers in order to keep its territory. -Thousands and thousands have died as a result of the conflict in this region -What was the name of the conflict between these two nations?

The Zionist Jewish Settlement of Palestine--1948

-After World War II, international sympathy was up for Jews after the horrors of the Holocaust -With the help of Britain and the United States, the Jews established their own country in the Middle East in the territory of Palestine. Palestine was inhabited by Muslims. They renamed their country Israel. -The problem was that this movement of Jews to Israel/Palestine displaced thousands of Islamic Palestinians; this has led to 50 years of war and terrorism in the region between the Islamic countries and the Jewish state of Israel. -The Jews in Israel are surrounded by Islamic countries who believe the land is theirs, and are hostile to Israel; the United States is an ally of Israel and has protected them in the Middle East. -What was name of the movement of Jews to this new home in Palestine?

Cold War Overview 1945 - 1990 (DATES REQUIRED FOR FULL CREDIT)

-After World War II, the two major superpowers the Cold War, the United States and Soviet Union began to compete around the world and force countries to declare either as capitalist or communist nations -These two countries never fought each other in a direct war during the Cold War, but they would still fight in Proxy Wars throughout Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Here are the major events of the Cold War you need to know. 1945 - 1990: Nuclear Arms Race -1950-53: Korean War (Proxy War) -1950 - 1959: Cuban Revolution (Proxy War, Latin America) -1962 Cuban Missile Crisis -1963-75 Vietnam War (Proxy War) -1979-89 Afghan-Soviet War (Proxy War) -1980's Glasnost and Perestroika -1990 Fall of the Soviet Union, end of Cold War -DATES REQUIRED FOR FULL CREDIT

Nationalist Leaders and Decolonization

-After World War II, there was a massive wave of decolonization around the world as the former European colonies in Africa and Asia gained their freedom and independence -Almost every one of the independence movements had a central leader who played a pivotal role in gaining independence for the country. They promoted nationalism (national pride) and are referred to as nationalist leaders. Here are the major ones you need to know: -Gandhi: India 1920's - 40's -Jacobo Arbenz: Guatemala 1950's -Gamal Nasser: Egypt 1950's -Ho Chi Minh and Ngo Thuong: Vietnam 1950's - 70 -Kwame Nkrumah: Ghana 1950's-60's -Augustino Neto: Angola 1960's - 70's -Nelson Mandela: South Africa 1960 's - 1990's

Idi Amin (1971-79)

-After World War II, there was a massive wave of decolonization around the world as the former European colonies in Africa and Asia gained their freedom and independence -In Uganda, one of the most notorious, brutal, and violent leaders of the 20th century took over: _________________ -Known as the "Butcher of Uganda," __________ was a general who took over as rule and was extremely harsh. Under his rule, thousands of Ugandans were killed, tortured, and oppressed -_________________'s government in Uganda was also notoriously corrupt, with millions of dollars "disappearing" regularly with corrupt government officials -Was backed by the Soviet Union as part of the Cold War -Known also for giving himself strange titles, such as "Lord of All the Beasts of the Earth and Fishes of the Seas and Conqueror of the British Empire in Africa in General and Uganda in Particular" -There are several movies depicting him, Including "The Last King of Scotland"; THIS TERM IS JUST THE LEADER

South Asian Migration to Britain

-After World War II, there was a massive wave of decolonization around the world as the former European colonies in Africa and Asia gained their freedom and independence -Many former colonies still maintained (kept) ties to their former colonial "mother countries." For instance, in many former colonies, they continued to play the sports that the "mother countries" had played and continued to speak the language and worship the religion of the former colonial "mother countries." This was part of Globalization, as culture around the world was becoming more shared. -In some cases, some people even migrated from the former colonies to the "mother" country. In India for instance, thousands of Indians from South Asia migrated to Britain and London in the second half of the 1900's. -This migration helped keep economic and cultural ties between the former colonies and the mother countries, increasing Globalization (the world being connected, shared culture) -Indian food became very popular in Britain and dishes like Chicken Tikka Masala are still wildly popular today

Angolan Civil War 1961-74 (Proxy War)

-After World War II, there was a massive wave of decolonization around the world as the former European colonies in Africa and Asia gained their freedom and independence -Some colonies had to fight violent wars for their independence. This was a Portuguese colony that had fallen to the Portuguese over 300 years earlier; this had been the former kingdom of Kongo, where King Affonso had sent his letters and Queen Nzinga had led her spirited resistance against the Portuguese -In 1961 the Angolans called on the spirit of Nzinga (they actually named army units after her!) and fought a fierce, 14 year long guerrilla war against the Portuguese to get their independence led by the general Augustino Neto -This war was particularly brutal and there were lots of atrocities on both sides. As always, since this was during the Cold War, the United States was supplying arms and weapons to one of the rebel groups, and the USSR/Soviet Union was supplying arms and weapons to another one of the rebel groups -After 14 years of fierce fighting, General Neto and the Angolans won their struggle and gained their independence! -Also called the "Angolan War for Independence"

General Augustino Neto 1961 - 74

-After World War II, there was a massive wave of decolonization around the world as the former European colonies in Africa and Asia gained their freedom and independence from the brutal, oppressive, and racist European colonies. -Some colonies had to fight violent wars for their independence. This was a Portuguese colony that had fallen to the Portuguese over 300 years earlier; this had been the former kingdom of Kongo, where King Affonso had sent his letters and Queen Nzinga had led her spirited resistance against the Portuguese -In 1961 the Angolans called on the spirit of Nzinga (they actually named army units after her!) and fought a fierce, 14 year long guerrilla war against the Portuguese to get their independence led by the general _________________________ -This war was particularly brutal and there were lots of atrocities on both sides. As always, since this was during the Cold War, the United States was supplying arms and weapons to one of the rebel groups, and the USSR/Soviet Union was supplying arms and weapons to another one of the rebel groups -After 14 years of fierce fighting, General _______________________ and the Angolans won their struggle and gained their independence!

Armed Struggle: Decolonization

-After World War II, there was a massive wave of decolonization around the world as the former European colonies in Africa and Asia gained their freedom and independence from the brutal, racist, and oppressive rule of the European colonies -Some colonies were able to negotiate their independence peacefully and didn't have to fight, like Ghana and India. -Other colonies had to fight violent wars for their independence, like Vietnam against the French/Americans, and Angola against the Portuguese. -These struggles often became a part of the Cold War, as the Soviet Union would give aid and weapons to colonies if they promised to become communist, and the United States would promise to give them weapons and military aid if the colonies promised to become capitalist/democratic when they gained their independence -Many of these armed struggles for independence became Proxy Wars during the Cold War; the most important ones to know are Vietnam fighting for freedom against the French and Americans, and then Angola (used to be Kongo with Nzinga!) fighting against the Portuguese

Mexican Constitution of 1917 (Effects of MR)

-After Zapata and Villa led the Mexican Revolution of 1910-1920, the government passed a new Constitution. Considered one of the major EFFECTS of the Mexican Revolution - the Mexican Constitution did the following: - gave some land back to the peasants (land redistribution...this led the United States to fear communism in Mexica) -universal suffrage [voting rights] to men -State-supported public education -Minimum wage for Mexicans and maximum hour restrictions -considered one of the major effects of the Mexican Revolution of 1910-20

The Columbian Exchange and Maritime (Ocean) Exploration

-After seeing Marco Polo's profits, the Western Europeans were motivated to explore to get to China and the Europeans take to the oceans in order to begin exploration -Christopher Columbus "discovers" (ran into) the New World accidentally, begins the Trans Atlantic slave trade with indigenous Americans-Once Columbus returns to Europe, Europeans return to the Americas and begin to colonize it; this sets off a MASSIVE exchange of goods, foods, diseases, and other things known as the______________________ -Approximately 10- 12 million Africans were enslaved and transported across the Atlantic from 1500 to 1900 CE. They were forced into chattel slavery upon arrival in the Americas and became enslaved persons [slaves]. -There was also the Triangular Trade--trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. On a map it appears in the shape of a triangle -There was also a large growth in maritime (ocean) exploration as the Europeans also set up Trading Post Empires in Africa and Asia -This is the name of the unit

Jim Crow Laws/Black Codes

-After the American Civil War was over, the South had lost, and they were forced to accept the 13th amendment in 1868, ending legal slavery -White Southerners were still determined to maintain their position on the top of the social hierarchy [social class pyramid, social structure], so they enacted a racist series of laws making segregation legal throughout the South -African Americans were not allowed in certain restaurants, train cars, stores, bars, sporting events -Schools and professions were also segregated, making it almost impossible for African Americans to climb the social hierarchy. Social Mobility (moving up in social class), became almost impossible for African Americans. -These laws lasted almost 100 years, from 1868-1965, from the end of the Civil War to MLK and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 -They were the model for and inspired the Apartheid Laws in South Africa in 1948. The Apartheid Laws, like Jim Crow, legally segregated black South Africans from Dutch and English White South Africans. Great SYNTHESIS comparison!

Yaa Asantewaa (1901)

-After the British conquered the Ashanti kingdom during the Scramble for Africa, there was a rebellion against them -The Ashanti King Prempeh I was already in exile in the Seychelles Islands. The British came to the capital city of Kumasi and demanded that the Ashanti give them the Golden Stool to sit on as a sign of British power -Queen ______________________ _____________________ made a famous speech to the Ashanti men, calling them out for standing up to the British. She was chosen to be the first and only female military leader in Ashanti history; -She told the male Ashanti leaders: "Is it true that the bravery of the Ashanti is no more? I cannot believe it. It cannot be! I must say this, if you the men of Ashanti will not go forward, then we will. We the women will. I shall call upon my fellow women." -Despite a spirited rebellion and resistance, the British military technology was just too much for the Ashanti. They were defeated and Yaa Asantewaa was sent into exile in the Seychelles, where she died in 1921 as a hero and martyr to her people -In a small victory, the Ashanti hid the Golden Stool in the jungle, and the British did not find it until 1921 CE THIS IS THE LEADER OF THE REBELLION

Apartheid in South Africa, 1948-1994

-After the British defeated the Dutch for control of South Africa in 1902, the British and Dutch wanted to remain at the top of the social hierarchy and keep the black Africans at the bottom -After World War II in 1948 they developed a racist system of laws similar to the Jim Crow laws so that the white population could control and segregate the black population -These laws stated that whites owned 87 percent of the land; that blacks had to carry a pass book around with them every where they went; that they could not get a quality education; that they could not marry a white person; amongst other injustices and oppressive systems -This system was known as __________________________ -Nelson Mandela and others in the ANC (African National Congress) would dedicate their lives to fighting this system

The Renaissance 1300's 1600's

-After the Bubonic Plague, the Europeans were devastated until they experienced this period of "Rebirth" -Art, painting, and architecture all grew and blossomed. Some of the most famous works of art in European history were created -Michaelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Donatello (the Ninja Turtles!) were some of the most famous artists -Many of these artists admired the Ancient Romans and Ancient Greeks and much of the work created around this time was about Ancient Rome and Greece -Center of the ___________________ was in the Italian City-States -The "Mona Lisa," "The Sistine Chapel" and the "School of Athens" were created as famous paintings -Techniques like vanishing point, chiaroscuro, and repeated sketching revolutionized art and allowed artists to draw "realistic" examples of the human body and human scenes

The Thirty Years War 1618 - 1648

-After the Protestant Reformation, there was a lot of religious conflict in Europe as the Reformation spread -In Italy, the Holy Roman Emperor tried to force people to stay Catholic, although many tried to leave Catholicism -This started one of the most brutal wars in European history; almost every European country got involved -It was incredibly brutal and destructive; fought in the 1600's, it was the most brutal war in Europe until the World Wars -Hundreds of thousands died; many were massacred or hung from trees outside of towns

Napoleon 1800 CE

-After the Reign of Terror, a young French general who had risen up from a middle class family was becoming increasingly popular -He staged a coup/rebellion and took over the French government, eventually becoming the Emperor of France -Eventually he became the Emperor of France; he also conquered much of Europe and became known as one of the greatest military minds in world history. -He defeated several coalitions of European nations that were sent against him, sometimes defeating as many as 8 countries at once. At last he was defeated and exiled to the island of St. Helena, where he eventually died -Influenced by the Enlightenment, he also created the Napoleonic Code, which was a set of laws that granted all men equality and religious freedom. However, it was also patriarchal and supported slavery in the French colonies

International Organizations in the 20th Century

-After the World Wars, there was an increasing desire to seek world peace and prevent major international disasters and wars. -Especially after the destruction of the World Wars, people wanted to create organizations that were aimed at promoting world peace and helping countries cooperate with each other. The first international organization created was the League of Nations, which was created based on the vision of Woodrow Wilson at the Treaty of Versailles after World War I -The League of Nations was ineffective and it was replaced by the United Nations after World War II. The United Nations contains a powerful five nation security council -The major goals of the United Nations include maintaining World Peace, preventing major conflicts and wars, and protecting human rights around the globe

Khanates

-After the death of Genghis Khan, the Mongol Empire was divided into four major ________________ -Each ___________________ was controlled by a Mongol General, some of whom were sons or grandsons of Genghis -the four ________________ you need to know are: 1) the Yuan Dynasty in China 2) the Ilkhanate of Persia in the Middle East 3) The Golden Horde in Russia and 4) the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia (not as significant as other 3)

The Sack of Baghdad and the Abbasid Fall (1258 CE)

-After the death of Harun Al-Rashid, the Abbasids began to decline -His sons fought Civil Wars for power, and there were constant arguments over who should be the next Caliph -The governors of the different areas were supposed to support the Caliphate. But instead, they started to take power for themselves. -Peasant uprisings and Rebellions weakened the empire -The last straw was the invasion of the Mongols in 1258 CE. The Mongols besieged [surrounded] Baghdad and ordered it to surrender; the Caliph Al-Musta'sim refused the Mongol offer of surrender -within 12 days the Mongols had taken the city and proceeded to destroy the city and massacre the people, committing numerous atrocities (the black tent had gone up...). They destroyed the House of Wisdom -This was the end of the Abbasid Caliphate, which was then turned into a Mongol Khanate, the Ilkhanate of Persia

Economic Spheres of Influence

-After the economic imperialism and Opium Wars of 1840 CE, the British began to take power in China -The other Europeans were not to be left out; they all wanted to get pieces of China so their economies could benefit -the weak Manchu Qing China was divided into ________________ of ______________ -Each European country had a certain area of the Qing Dynasty that they controlled economically; their citizens could have extraterritoriality [didn't have to obey local laws], they didn't have to pay taxes, and their businesses began to take over through economic imperialism -This was extremely humiliating and frustrating for the Chinese, and led to the Boxer Rebellion

Portuguese Trading Post Empire 1450 -1750 CE

-After the successful voyage of de Gama in his caravels, the Portuguese saw that there were ENORMOUS profits to be made in the spice trade with India and the silk trade with China -Instead of taking the silk roads, the Portuguese built ________________ along the coasts of Africa and India -By 1550, the Portuguese had built more than fifty trading posts between West Africa and East Asia. -They had superior canon to the Muslim and Asian boats and tried to force all other boats to buy a pass from the Portuguese -If an Arabic or Asian boat was found without a pass, they would be executed or their hands would be cut off

Major Event of Era 2, 1450 - 1750 CE: The Columbian Exchange and Ocean Exploration

-After the wild success of the "Travels of Marco Polo," the Europeans were motivated to explore to get to China and the Europeans take to the oceans in order to begin exploration -Using naval technology such as the magnetic compass, astrolabe, square and lateen sails, and axial rudder, much of which diffused through the Afro-Eurasian trade networks, the Europeans are motivated to take increasingly bigger and biggers risks on the open ocean -Christopher Columbus, having read Polo's book, "discovers" [accidentally runs into] the New World accidentally; he begins the Trans-Atlantic slave trade and puts the indigenous islanders under a brutal regime of coerced labor; the Spanish conquistadores topple the proud Incan and Aztec Empires in the early 1500's -Once the Americas are discovered, the Europeans begin to colonize it; this sets off a MASSIVE exchange of goods, foods, diseases, and other things known as the Columbian Exchange -The Middle Passage and use of enslaved persons formed the backbone of the economy of many of the new European maritime empires in the Americas, as Western Europe's hegemony [power] skyrockets

Akbar's Divine Faith

-Akbar studied many different religions and tried to create a religion that combined many different religions - _____________________________ was his attempt to create a syncretic (mixed) religion from Hinduism and Islam -After his death, this religion faded and did not succeed as his grandson, Aurangzeb, was not religiously tolerant

Chosen Women of the Incas

-Aklya Kona or "Virgins of the Sun," in Inca religion, women who lived in temple convents under a vow of chastity - Their duties included the preparation of ritual food, the maintenance of a sacred fire, and the weaving of garments [clothes] for the emperor and for ritual use. -At the time of the Spanish conquest in the early 1500's the Chosen Women numbered several thousand and were governed by a high priestess, the Coya Pasca, a noblewoman who was believed to be the earthly lover of the sun god. -The Chosen Women, not of noble birth, were village girls selected by officials for their beauty and talent; they were chosen at the age of 8 or 10 and closed up in the temples, which they were not allowed to leave for six or seven years. -Of these girls, some became sacrificial victims, whereas others were sometimes made imperial concubines [girlfriends to the Emperor] or the wives of nobles.

1492

-All European colonization in the Americas happened after this date -The year Christopher Columbus landed in the New World -Dates for the beginning of the Columbian Exchange; this is a landmark date in history, as all European colonization in the Americas happens after this date

Jacques Cartier 1530 CE

-All of the Europeans were desperate to find "The Northwest Passage," a sea route to get to China by sailing through or over North America -Basically they were looking for a river that went all the way across North America so they could sail straight from Europe to China -This French explorer tried to find the Northwest Passage three times in the 1530's, but failed every time -Instead, he claimed the land in Canada for France. The French established a powerful fur trade there.

Millets

-Although it was Islamic, the Ottoman Empire contained subjects of many different religions -There were thousands of Christians and Jews in the Empire -In the Ottoman Empire, Christians and Jews were allowed to form a community where they could keep their religious traditions, languages, and even have their own laws, even though they were still Ottoman subjects - ____________________ Communities could perform their own marriage ceremonies and start their own schools -In order to form ________________ communities, Jews and Christians in the Ottoman empire had to pay a tax known as the "jizya"

Religious Diversity in the Ottoman Empire

-Although it was Islamic, the Ottoman Empire contained subjects of many different religions -There were thousands of Christians and Jews in the Empire -You were not required to convert to Islam; however you did have to pay a tax called "jizya" in order to live in the Ottoman Empire -If you payed the "jizya" tax, you were allowed to form a "Millet" community. This meant that you could live in the Ottoman Empire, but still have your own community with religious laws, traditions, languages, and culture -Note: MILLET or JIZYA are not the answer here; this term is about the fact that there was religious diversity in the Ottoman Empire

Ideologies

-An ideology is basically a set of ideas about how a government or country should be organized -Different ideologies provide different thoughts or systems for how how societies and countries should be set up -Required examples of ideologies: capitalism, communism, fascism, socialism, etc. -Throughout the 20th century, different countries were trying to promote different ideologies. Often, they would even go to war in order to prove that their ideology was the best. -Fascism: Germany, Italy, Japan -Capitalism: United States, Western Europe -Communism: USSR (Soviet Union, later Russia), China

Great Zimbabwe

-Ancient capital city of the Kingdom of Zimbabwe -Huge center for trade in East Africa; connected to the East African coast, and then to the Indian Ocean and Silk Roads trade -Arguably the largest stone city in Sub Saharan Africa before 1450 CE -Massive stone structures and religious temples -Included a royal palace for the ruling family -Beautiful city also displayed advanced architectural techniques -abandoned after invasion of Mutapa and fall of Zimbabwe in 1430 CE

Wood-Block Printing

-Another big Tang/Song invention in China -earliest forms of this involved carving letters or characters into a wooden block and then pushing it down onto paper -later, moveable type became available and made this faster -Diffused through trade to the Abbasid Caliphate and other areas of the world -the Great Wave off Kanagawa is the most famous example of Wood Block Printing art

Sternpost Rudder

-Another great invention from the Tang/Song Dynasties -helped a boat steer (not the compass!) -A wooden steering piece under the water that was connected to a steering wheel or post on top of the boat, helped improve ships -Chinese merchants could use it to get spices, gems and diamonds from India -Could also use it get spices from Southeast Asia -was a critical [important] tool for European sailors to reach the Americas and circumnavigate [sail around] the world

Margaret Sanger and Birth Control 1914

-Another medical innovation was the rise of birth control -In 1914, ____________________________ opened the first birth control clinic in Brooklyn, NY -Her goal was to give women more control over their reproduction. Many working class women were struggling to hold down jobs when they kept getting pregnant -Her clinic was very controversial amongst religious groups but was wildly popular amongst women in New York --__________________________ kept fighting for women's right to birth control her entire life. At the age of 80, she was able to help get the production of "the pill," which women could take in order to prevent pregnancy -Sanger held racist views on the use of birth control and encouraged the use of birth control as a way to keep lower class Americans from reproducing too much

Mahayana Buddhism

-Another type of Buddhism -Was a little bit less strict, easier to follow than traditional Buddhism -Merchants and others helped it spread from India to China, Japan, and Central Asia

Demographic Impact of the Middle Passage 1450 CE - 1850 CE

-Around 12 million enslaved Africans were transported from West Africa to the Americas on the Middle Passage -There was a massive impact on the DEMOGRAPHICS [population statistics] of West Africa. - A majority of Africans enslaved were men, so females outnumbered males in West Africa and many more females were able to rise to positions of power in their societies and kin groups -about 15% of enslaved Africans died on the Middle Passage, the journey from Africa to the Americas, as a result of the horrible conditions and diseases on board the ships -The African Diaspora [places where Africans now lived, spread out from Africa] was created as the demographics of the Caribbean and the Americas were changed; many islands in the Caribbean became majority African descent, and Africans mixed in with South and North American native populations as well.

Demographic Impact of the Columbian Exchange

-As American foods from the Columbian Exchange spread around the world, populations around the world skyrocketed because of the nutritional value of American foods -Foods like manioc, potato, and maize had tons of calories, so populations in Eurasia and Africa went up -The native Amerindian population PLUMMETED because of the diseases brought by the Europeans -Demographics is a fancy word for "Population Statistics"

Sunni Islam/Muslims

-As Islam started to develop, it started to split into two major groups -The first major group was the ______________ Muslims; they believed that the early Caliphs were holy and that they could lead Islam -Also called, "Traditionalists", this was the most popular branch of Islam -The Ottomans and Mughals were ______________________ Muslims -They had a rivalry with and fought against Safavids, who were ________________ Muslims (the other side)

Shi'a Islam/Muslims

-As Islam started to develop, it started to split into two major groups -The second major group was called the ______________ Muslims; they believed that the only people qualified to lead Islam were the direct descendants of Muhammed's son-in-law, Ali -The Safavids were Shi'a Muslims -They had a rivalry with and fought against the Ottomans and the Mughals, who were Sunni Muslims (the other side) -There are lots of tension between these two groups!

Shi'a Islam

-As Islam started to develop, it started to split into two major groups -The second major group was called the ______________ Muslims; they believed that the only people qualified to lead Islam were the direct descendants of Muhammed's son-in-law, Ali -The Safavids were Shi'a Muslims -They had a rivalry and fought against the Ottomans and the Mughals, who were Sunni Muslims (the other side) -There are lots of tension between these two groups!

Effects of Agricultural Diffusion in Dar al-Islam- Urbanization and more

-As Muslim travelers travelled through Dar al-Islam, there was a lot of DIFFUSION (passing goods and ideas along) -Crops moved west from Asia and India into the Middle East/North Africa. They had several key effects: -Population increase (from Rice, spinach, etc) -Increased cities as population grew. Baghdad and Cairo, in Egypt, are two of the most important cities whose populations grew enormously -They provided valuable trade goods to go into the four major trade zones: the Trans-Saharan Caravan routes, trade in the Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean Basin , and Silk Roads -Cotton led to a huge increase in textiles, which became a really important industry in Dar al-Islam

Ethnic Enclaves--Chinese in the Americas

-As a part of Industrialization, there was a massive need for workers in the factories and for workers in the countries that were producing and exporting raw materials -As a result, during Industrialization from 1750 - 1900 CE, there were also massive migrations around the world -Thanks to the steamship and railroad, people could travel much quicker around the world -One example of a group that immigrated a lot were the Chinese -When they migrated, as with many other groups, Chinese migrants often formed neighborhoods where other people from the home country lived together. These neighborhoods would have restaurants, festivals, businesses, religious centers, that reflected Chinese culture. -Many Chinese migrants came to live in the United States and throughout the Caribbean and Latin America -When migrant minorities lived together in the same neighborhood, it was called an "ethnic enclave"

Chinese Exclusion Act 1880 CE

-As a part of Industrialization, there was a massive need for workers in the factories and for workers in the countries that were producing and exporting raw materials -Global immigration increased rapidly during this time. One group that immigrated to the Americas in large numbers were the Chinese -When they migrated, the Chinese faced intense racism, discrimination and harassment from the native people; this was especially true in the United States and in California -Because many Americans held such racist views towards Chinese immigrants, the United States passed the first immigration law in American history that prevented any more Chinese people from coming to America. -This law was called the _____________________________________ -This law is a glaring example of the intense racism faced by Asian Americans, as they were the first group to be targeted and excluded from immigration

The Republic of Haiti 1804 CE

-As a result of the Haitian Revolution, led by Toussaint L'Ouverture, this country became a Republic/Democracy -It was considered the only successful revolution of enslaved peoples [slaves] in World History -The French were kicked off the island, slavery was officially ended, millions on enslaved Africans were freed, and much of the land was redistributed [given back] to the people -Unfortunately the country did struggle economically for a period of time, although it did recover as well for periods of strong economic growth -This became the first Black Republic!

Forms of Coerced Labor, 1200 CE to 1914 CE (DATES REQUIRED)

-As agriculture began to spread, there was an even bigger increase in coerced [forced] labor as the elite classes did not want to work in agriculture or work in construction building large things. Starting in 1200 CE, these forms abounded [grew]. They mostly ended by 1914 CE -Chattel slavery (the slavery you know the most about probably--the Americas, Eurasia) -Serfdom--Japan and Russia, Western Europe 1200 onwards--tied to the land, owe the lord service -Indentured Servitude--Americas, Europe--an unpaid servant for a period of time, usually 5 to 7 years -Mit'a System--The Incan Empire; Spanish Empire in South America--forced labor, 1/7th of a town selected -Encomienda System Spanish Empire in South America; forced labor on Spanish estates, high death rates -Hacienda System; Spanish Empire in South America; forced labor on Spanish estates, high death rates -Most of these forms of coerced labor died out in Era 3, 1750 - 1900 CE, as the effects of the Enlightenment spread around the world. However, there was still forced labor in many European colonies and there is still child labor and other unfair practices around the world today. DATES REQUIRED FOR FULL CREDIT

Forms of Coerced Labor

-As agriculture began to spread, there was an even bigger increase in coerced [forced] labor as the elite classes did not want to work in agriculture or work in construction building large things. There were several types of forced labor: -Chattel slavery = total ownership of the enslaved person, who had no human rights (the slavery you know the most about-the harshest form of slavery,--used in Southern United States, Caribbean, Latin America, Eurasia) -Serfdom--not fully enslaved, but tied to the land and owe allegiance, work, and profits to the lord--Japan and Russia -Indentured Servitude--5 to 7 years of forced labor--Americas, Europe -Mit'a System--1/7th of population used to build things under forced labor--The Incan Empire; Spanish Empire in South America -Encomienda System--forced labor on hacienda plantations in return for "Christianity"-- Spanish Empire in South America -Hacienda System; forced labor on plantations in Spanish Empire in South America -Most of these forms of coerced labor died out in Era 3, 1750 - 1900 CE, as the effects of the Enlightenment spread around the world. However, there was still forced labor in many European colonies and there is still child labor and other unfair practices around the world today.

Deforestation and Desertification

-As human technology has increased, and human populations have skyrocketed, our impact on the environment has been immense -As result of humans cutting down trees for housing and other purposes, we have destroyed millions of acres of forests. This is called Deforestation. -In other areas, we have destroyed climates and forests to the point where they are turning into deserts. This is called desertification. -Another side effect of deforestation and desertification is that we are killing tons of animals and other species. Some estimates say that 1 million species are at threat of extinction because of human hunting and habitat destruction -Other stats say that 150-200 species go extinct every day. This is 1,000 times faster than it should be, because of human impact

Climate Change and Greenhouse Gases

-As humans continued to Industrialize, they continued to pollute the earth and the air, especially with greenhouse gases that come from burning coal and oil. Coal and oil are the primary drivers of energy to power the machines humans began to invent in the Industrial Revolution. -This activity led to a decline in air quality in many areas of the world, especially in East Asia (China), South Asia (India), and other areas of the world. -This increased desertification and deforestation -The burning of coal and oil and the release of greenhouse gases have affected the atmosphere in a way that is causing average temperatures to rise. This is known as global warming -There are fierce debates about climate change and its impacts. Most scientists agree that we are causing serious damage to the planet and there could be serious consequences in the near future -Millions of species are going extinct at much higher rates and speeds than is natural. Much of this is due to habitat destruction and the faster warming of the planet -Species like Polar Bears are now threatened to be extinct as the sea ice they depend on for hunting is disappearing

Peasant Agriculture + Labor Organization in Song China

-As in all societies, there was a social structure and systems of labor organization in Song China -China did not use a system of slavery [only foreigners could be enslaved], however the peasant farmers were not completely free from oppression. Some Chinese peasants did have to provide coerced [forced] labor to their landlords for a certain portion of the year -it was difficult for peasant farmers to own land, although it became easier for them under the Equal Field System in the early Tang Dynasty. The Equal Field System was not used in the Song Dynasty and is therefore out of time period, but you could say that the Song Dynasty DID NOT use this system previously developed by the Tang Dynasty . -taxes could be very high on the peasants as well, as they would have to pay a percentage of their rice to their landlords -Luckily, agricultural techniques improved vastly for poor peasant farmers. Fast-ripening rice, the iron plow, and the ox-collar all made farming easier and more effective. This led to the increasing urbanization [growth of cities] in China. -Peasant farmers were also honored and protected to some degree by Confucianism

Fruit Trees Brought to the Americas

-As part of the Columbian Exchange, Europeans and Africans brought fruit trees to the Americas -The Banana arrived in the Americas thanks to the Columbian Exchange -Citrus Fruits--the orange, lemons, and limes all arrived to the Americas via the Columbian Exchange. These fruit trees were critical for the diet of European colonists in the Americas, as they provided Vitamin C and helped avoid the disease scurvy -These fruits all became popular in the European colonies in the Americas and now fruits like oranges and orange juice are a multi-billion dollar industry in the United States, all thanks to the Columbian Exchange

Potatoes, Maize, Manioc

-As part of the Columbian Exchange, the Europeans brought these three crops from the Americas and they spread to Asia and Africa -These crops were incredibly high in calories and nutrition; so as they spread around the world, populations in Africa, Europe, and Asia began to BOOM -Name the THREE American crops!

Cultural Globalization: Facebook and Twitter

-As part of the forces of Globalization, the internet and smart phones helped to spread global culture, media, and give people around the world similar experiences -Facebook is one of the largest websites on the internet, with 2.45 Billion members globally, with a vast majority of those being international users - It is the largest social media website in the world, and has been used in Revolutions in the Arab Spring of 2010 -Twitter is another massive social media site, with over 300 million users, over 79% of them are foreign accounts -Twitter users have a concise [short] message and followers can read messages from celebrities, athletes, politicians, and friends -Twitter has increasingly played a large role in American and International Politics. Former President Donald Trump used publicity on Twitter to aid his election campaign and often announced foreign policies, and other policies, on Twitter. He had over 72 million followers on the platform -both websites are part of Globalization Communication technology and culture and have helped spread a global culture. It is unclear the impact social media has on human happiness

Antibiotics 1907 CE

-As the 20th century (1900's) progressed, medicine and diseases changed rapidly as well -In 1907, this was invented, and it revolutionized medicine forever in the 20th century -This type of medicine attacks bacteria and attacks infection; together with vaccines, this medicine has eliminated diseases like syphilis and tuberculosis in the developed world -Along with vaccines, this is why we don't have things like the Bubonic Plague any more in developed countries

Lifestyle Disease--Diabetes

-As the 20th century (1900's) progressed, medicine and diseases changed rapidly as well -Many old diseases like smallpox and measles were conquered in developed countries with the help of vaccines and antibiotics -However many new "liftestyle" diseases sprang up as people gained more weight and started eating less healthy -One major lifestyle disease is _____________________; this is also tied to being overweight, and happens to people who can not produce enough insulin -If the body cannot make insulin, it has trouble dealing with sugar in the body; people who have ___________________ have to take insulin shots and have to regulate their diet very carefully -This LIFESTYLE diseases have increased massively in the last 100 years as people's diets and routines have become less healthy

Lifestyle Disease -- Heart Disease

-As the 20th century (1900's) progressed, medicine and diseases changed rapidly as well -Many old diseases like smallpox and measles were conquered in developed countries with the help of vaccines and antibiotics -However many new "liftestyle" diseases sprang up as people gained more weight and started eating less healthy -One of these major diseases was _____________________; this resulted from people being overweight and putting a lot of stress on their __________________________ -This disease can result in death from ____________________ attacks, and can lead to high blood pressure -This LIFESTYLE diseases has increased massively in the last 100 years as people's diets and routines have become less healthy

Diseases Associated with Poverty-- Malaria and Tuberculosis

-As the 20th century (1900's) progressed, medicine and diseases changed rapidly as well -Many old diseases like smallpox and measles were conquered in developed countries with the help of vaccines and antibiotics -However, in many economically poor countries there are still not enough vaccines and antibiotics. These two diseases in particular still kill millions around the world because people in poverty cannot afford the necessary vaccines and antibiotics -The first disease is spread through mosquitoes and is particularly deadly in Africa -The second disease is associated with the lungs and can be treated with antibiotics if you can afford it

The Islamic Delhi Sultanate in Northern India, 1206 CE - 1526 CE

-As the Abbasid Caliphate started to fall apart, new Islamic Empires began to spread into the Middle East and South Asia. These people were known as Turkic peoples, as they originated in Turkey, and spread Islam east into India -During the late 12th century, before the Mughals, Turkic Islamic invaders began a small empire in Northern India -They established their capital city at Delhi and ruled over Northern India for more than three centuries -They had a large Turkic Islamic army, of over 300,000 men, at the peak of their power. However, their rule did not extend too far beyond Delhi. -They tried to extend their rule south, but they were never able to overcome the Hindu forces there. They had no bureaucracy or government organization, and therefore had a hard time running their empire -Even Delhi could be dangerous for the sultans--of the 35 Turkic Islamic sultans of Delhi, 19 were killed by assassins! -Ultimately they were still an important Islamic presence in Northern India, until the Mughals, another Turkic people, would invade and start their empire! -This empire ended when Babur the Tiger, founder of the Mughal Empire, arrived in 1526 CE and defeated the Delhi Sultanate at the Battle of Panipat by using gunpowder and cannon. The sound of the guns and cannon caused the Delhi Sultanate's war elephants to panic and stampeded, trampling their own men

Shah Tughluq (1351-1388)

-As the Abbasid Caliphate started to fall apart, new Islamic Empires began to spread into the Middle East and South Asia. These people were known as Turkic peoples, as they originated in Turkey, and spread Islam east into India -They established their capital city at Delhi and ruled over Northern India for more than three centuries -Considered the greatest Sultan of the Islamic Delhi Sultanate -Laid out a network of canals (waterways) and reservoirs -Built hospitals, schools, and mosques -Founded many new cities surrounding the capital of Delhi -Kept the Ulama (Islamic scholars) happy, which helped his rule

Nutritional Effects from Columbian Exchange

-As the American crops from the Columbian Exchange spread around the world, it had a huge demographic (population) impact as populations around the world skyrocketed -crops like manioc in Africa, and the potato in Europe and Asia, had a big impact because it improved the ___________________ of people's diet. -So this means there was a big improvement in ______________ from the __________________ Exchange.

Bantu Environmental Impact

-As the Bantus migrated and Iron and Agriculture with them, it had a huge impact on the land in the places they went -they cleared forests, diverted water for irrigation, and used their iron tools to plow the earth. -As they spread, their agricultural practices diffused. These practices including irrigation and using iron tools to clear forests, create fields, and using iron to plow fields. This had a big environmental impact, as forests around Africa were turned into fields and rivers were used for irrigation -The Bantus, a pastoral people, also brought new animals like cattle and goats with them to parts of Africa. As a result, these animals ate lots of plants, changing the environment in Africa. They also competed with and took resources from native animal species that might eat those plants

Bantu Pastoralism-- Cattle and Sheep

-As the Bantus migrated and spread through Africa, they were a pastoral people, meaning they herded domesticated (tame) animals such as goats and cattle [cows] as they migrated. -Pastoral people like the Bantu used domesticated animals for sources of food and for labor in agriculture -the Bantu brought _______________and _____________with them throughout Africa as they migrated -These domesticated animals also had a big environmental impact. When they were introduced to new areas, they began eating lots of plants, and taking food from other native species

Sojourner Truth + "Ain't I a Woman" Speech (1851)

-As the ideas of the Enlightenment spread from 1750-1914 CE, people began to not only have revolutions like the French, Haitian, and American Revolutions, but they also began to challenge practices like slavery and fight for women's rights -This inspiring leader escaped from slavery in the United States and went on to become a leader in both the abolition movement (to end slavery) and the women's rights movement -As a woman of color, she experienced discrimination even from other women in the Women's Rights Movement. At a women's rights convention in 1851, despite the fact that many didn't want her to speak, ___________________ got up and delivered an incredibly powerful speech now known as "Ain't I a Woman" -In the "Ain't I A Woman" speech, _____________ delivered a powerful and emotional speech emphasizing the strengths and struggles that women endure, saying repeatedly, "and ain't I a woman, too?" -Legend has it the crowd, which hadn't wanted her to speak, broke into loud applause at the end, with several in the crowd crying with emotion -___________________________ went on to dedicate her life to the dual causes of abolition and Women's Rights, playing a big role in both movements.

The Abolition of Slavery and the Slave Trade 1850 CE

-As the ideas of the Enlightenment spread in the 1700's, more and more people began to question slavery and began to highlight the injustices of the slave trade -Abolitionists in England like William Wilberforce, and William Lloyd Garrison and Harriet Tubman in the Americas began to fight to end chattel slavery and the slave trade across the Middle Passage -By 1810 CE, the Slave trade was illegal in the United States and Britain [England] -By 1865 CE, slavery itself (not just the trade) was illegal in the United States -By the late 1800's, slavery was illegal through almost all of the Americas -Other forms of coerced labor were still around and economic inequalities were hard to overcome as systemic racism remained a massive issue in the Atlantic World

The Women's Suffrage Movement 1848-1920's

-As the ideas of the Enlightenment spread in the 1700's, women began to fight for more freedom and rights for equality -Beginning in 1848 at the Seneca Falls Convention, feminist leaders began to push hard for SUFFRAGE, or the right to vote -Leaders in Europe and the US pushed hard for this right; it was not granted to women in America and other places until 1920 -Major Leaders include Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Sojourner Truth, Ida Wells, Harriet Tubman, Emmeline Pankhurst, and Alice Paul -Unfortunately there was discrimination within the movement, as black women would often be left out of marches/protests/speeches, or forced to march in the back of parades -Women faced tons of resistance to the movement, including personal attacks and death threats, and the movement took 70 years of hard work and dedication achieve the goal of votes for women

The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848

-As the ideas of the Enlightenment spread in the 1700's, women began to fight for more freedom and rights for equality -Women like Olympe de Gouge in France, Mary Wollstonecraft in England, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Sojourner Truth in the US were especially influential - In 1848 Elizabeth Cady Stanton called for an incredibly important meeting to discuss Women's Rights at the _________________________________, -At _______________________ they also pushed for the right to keep property after marriage, greater divorce & child custody rights, & equal education opportunities.) -after this meeting, some feminist leaders began to push hard for Suffrage, or the right to vote -Leaders in Europe and the US pushed hard for this right; it was not granted to women in America and other places until 1920. This meeting was seen by many as the birthplace of the Women's Rights Movement

Tanks, Airplanes, Machine Guns and Mustard Gas--WW 1 Military Technology

-World War I was the first fully industrialized war; it was the first major major war after all the European countries had fully industrialized -Trench Warfare began as each side dug ditches to fight out of; it was very difficult to attack an enemy trench -World War I military technology made this war VERY DEADLY as casualties were high; there were four military innovations (inventions or changes) you need to know -First--is a type of vehicle that was going to break through and be able to cross "no man's land" and attack the enemy trench; large vehicle still used in war today, with a huge cannon on top of it ---SECOND--something that was mainly used for scouting in this war, another type of vehicle that could fly --THIRD--a type of gun that was very deadly --FOURTH--a type of chemical warfare that caused you to go blind and eventually die if you breathed it in

The Enlightenment's Impact on Women's Rights + The Suffrage Movement and Feminism: 1750 -1914

-As the ideas of the Enlightenment spread in the 1700's, women began to fight for more freedom and rights for equality, challenging gender hierarchies [rankings] -Although initially, in the beginning, many male Enlightenment thinkers were not pushing women's rights, many influential female leaders began to push for rights and change in the early 1800's -Women like Olympe de Gouge in France, Mary Wollstonecraft in England, Sojourner Truth, Harriet Tubman, Elizabeth Cady Stanton in the US were especially influential from 1750 - 1914 -Beginning in 1848 at the Seneca Falls Convention, feminist leaders began to push hard for several rights, including suffrage, or the right to vote -In the late 1800's and early 1900's, women like Emmeline Pankhurst in England and Alice Paul and Ida B. Wells in the United States began new campaigns for suffrage that took on dramatic action -These women got radical, giving speeches, making protests, obstructing traffic, burning speeches, breaking into Parliament...they had a motto "Deeds, Not Words," which emphasized taking action to draw attention to the problem -Leaders in Europe and the US pushed hard for this right; it was not granted to women in America/Britain and other places until the 1920's

Indian Indentured Servitude in the 1800's

-As the institution of slavery decreased around the world in the 1800's due to the Enlightenment, plantation owners needed a way to replace the labor they had lost -They did this through indentured servitude. Indentured servants were transported mainly from India and had to agree to work for a period of at least 5 years with very little pay, and poor living conditions -Between 1820 and 1914 about 2.4 million people left their home countries and traveled to distant parts of the world to work as indentured servants -The Most popular destinations for labor were the sugar plantations in South Africa and in the Caribbean islands -The majority of indentured servants came from the British colony of India -This did lead to the Indian Diaspora, or spreading of Indian culture and residents in different places around the world today

Volta do Mar

-As they became powerful ocean explorers, the Europeans began to learn that the winds and currents on the ocean moved in the same pattern every year -They could take advantage of these patterns when they sailed; if they were headed in the right direction at the right time of year, they could catch the winds at their back - The ________________________ was a wind pattern that the Portuguese used to help them sail more quickly to and from Portugal -The ___________________________ was so useful that all the European ships started to use this principle as they sailed all around the world, learning the different wind currents and patterns. "Return through the Sea." Portuguese sea route that took advantage of prevailing winds and currents, not the monsoon winds

Pax Mongolica

-As we know, the Mongols under Genghis and Khubilai Khan conquered a massive amount of territory, the largest land empire the world had ever seen -As they conquered, they united much of Eurasia through trade. The Mongols protected trade routes and made trade safer in the empire; this allowed for the diffusion of goods throughout the Mongol Empire -So after the Mongols conquered, there was a time of relative peace and prosperity, where trade flourished; this was known as the ___________ _______________________ -So think about trade, peace, and prosperity in the Mongolian Khanates!

Fascist Economy v Capitalist Economy v Communist Economy

-At the beginning of the twentieth century (the 1900's), there were three different models for how a government could run their economies: Fascist, Capitalist, and Communist. We need to compare them -The first way was Capitalism. IN a capitalist country, like the United States, the government did not play a big role in the economy. Businesses were owned by private corporations or companies. Businesses competed to see who could produce the best products. The government did not take a very active role in owning businesses or regulating [setting] prices for goods -SECOND WAY: In a communist countries, like the Soviet Union and later China, the government took a much more active role. The government really controlled the national economy. Many factories and industries were actually owned by the government. The government created plans like the the Five Year Plan and Great Leap Forward to help modernize and improve the economy. The government might set and determine prices for certain goods. -THIRD WAY: In a fascist country, the government's role is kind of in between communism and capitalism. The government takes more of an active role in the economy, sometimes owning industries and businesses. However, lots of businesses can remain privately owned and competition and survival of the fittest is encouraged. Everything in the economy is meant to ultimately benefit the nation, as fascist countries are VERY VERY patriotic and nationalistic.

Keynesian Economics and The New Deal 1933-37

-At the beginning of the twentieth century, capitalist governments were hands off--they didn't interfere in the economy, they just let businesses compete. -However, when the Great Depression hit, governments in the United States and Europe needed a way to help get the country back on its feet -John Maynard Keynes was an economist who proposed that governments should get more involved in the economy. Keynesian Economics said that governments should spend money building PUBLIC WORKS: schools, roads, bridges. -Leaders like Franklin D. Roosevelt in the US took his advice and made the New Deal. As part of the New Deal, the government spent BILLIONS of dollars in the economy on FDR's Three R's: Relief, Recovery, Reform. It built parks, highways, bridges, and others. The goal was to give people jobs; millions of people did get jobs and the economy slowly started to recover -The New Deal worked, to some extent. There was a lot of spending and debt. Ever since, governments have played more of a role in the economy in capitalist countries. -Keynes was also bisexual, engaging in homosexual relationships with other men while in high school and throughout his life. However, at age 42 he married a woman, with one of his former male lovers acting as the best man at the wedding! THIS TERM FOCUSES ON THE PLAN FDR MADE!

John Maynard Keynes and Keynesian Economics 1930's

-At the beginning of the twentieth century, capitalist governments were hands off--they didn't interfere in the economy, they just let businesses compete. All businesses and industries were owned by private citizens and corporations -However, when the Great Depression hit, governments in the United States and Europe needed a way to help get the country back on its feet -John Maynard _______________________ was an economist who proposed that governments should get more involved in the economy. He said that governments should spend money building PUBLIC WORKS: schools, roads, bridges -If the government spent money on building projects and building things, the idea was that this would provide jobs to people and would help end the Depression -Leaders like Franklin D. Roosevelt in the US took his advice and made the New Deal; it worked, to some extent. Ever since, governments have played more of a role in the economy in capitalist countries. -Keynes was also bisexual, engaging in homosexual relationships with other men while in high school and throughout his life. However, at age 42 he married a woman, with one of his former male lovers acting as the best man at the wedding

Rankings in the Castas System

-At the top of the racist social class system were the "peninsulares," European people born in Spain -Below the "peninsulares" were the "criollos;" European and Spanish descent, and white, but they were born in the New World -Below this was "mestizos" --mixed race between native/indigenous American and Spanish -Below this was "Mulatto"--mixed black and white/Spanish -At the very bottom were enslaved peoples brought from Africa [slaves] and native American people [Aztec/Incan descendants, and more] -Artwork and cards that we will look at in class contained racist depictions and helped people remember the social classes

Moctezuma

-Aztec ruler who was taken captive by Spanish Conquistador Hernan Cortes, he actually "ruled" from captivity before being killed -He is THE Major ruler you need to know for the Aztecs -Before Cortes, conquered far and wide and expanded the Aztec empire -Was incredibly rich, tons of gold and other goods

Regional Trade Agreements--NAFTA 1994

-Back in 1450-1750 CE, all of the Europeans obeyed Mercantilism. According to mercantilism, it was important to put tariffs (taxes on trade) up that would make trade more difficult -In the 1900's, and particularly after WWII, the ideas of the Free Market started to spread. Countries started to form Economic Alliances/global trading blocs where countries in a region would agree to have no tariffs, and to open up trade fully between the countries. This mean that they took down tariffs and would open up free trade. -Opening up trade is known as ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION--liberate means to "free"--creating a "free-market" for trade in the world -One of the biggest economic alliances/regional trading blocs was _____________________, in North America. This was an economic alliance/trading bloc between the US/Canada/Mexico where they agreed to have free trade and have no tariffs -This allows for liberal, free market policies of trade between the countries. This created a lot of trade in North America - NAFTA stands for North American Free Trade Agreement -The growth of regional trade helps with spreading shared culture and goods, meaning an increase in GLOBALIZATION--people around the world sharing in ideas and culture

Tenochtitlan's Market

-Because of the Tribute System, neighboring tribes always had to send goods to the Aztecs. So there was always things like textiles (cloth), gold and silver jewelry, food crops, and jaguar skins being sent to the Aztecs -Enslaved persons [slaves] were bought and sold here. The Aztecs conquered neighboring tribes and enslaved them. Some of those enslaved persons could be used in human sacrifice -In this market in Tenochtitlan, you would see trade in textiles (cloths), gold and silver jewelry, and food like maize

Fossil Fuels: Coal and Oil

-Before the Industrial Revolution, factories were incredibly small and had to be near a river or use animals to get power -During the Industrial Revolution, James Watt invented the Steam Engine and Siegfried Marcus came up with the internal combustion engine; these were now used to power factories -In order to run these engines, the inventors used __________________________ -There were two major fossil fuels were: ___________ and _______________ -These products became incredibly valuable and the Europeans practiced imperialism to obtain them; capitalists like Rockefeller made a fortune selling these fuels during the Industrial Revolution -They also led to increased pollution, creating problems like asthma, lung disease, and global warming

The Steam Engine 1780 CE

-Before the Industrial Revolution, factories were incredibly small and had to be near a river or use animals to get power -During the Industrial Revolution, inventors created machines that could burn fossil fuels such as coal and oil to produce power; this allowed factories to be anywhere -This invention, created by James Watt in Britain, burned coal and then used ____________________ to power an engine -The _______________ ___________ could be used to power any number of machines in a factory or a railroad car -They were especially useful in Britain's textile (cloth making) industry; over 1,000 were in use by 1800

The Internal Combustion Engine

-Before the Industrial Revolution, factories were incredibly small and had to be near a river or use animals to get power -During the Industrial Revolution, inventors created machines that could burn fossil fuels such as coal and oil to produce power; this allowed factories to be anywhere -This invention, created by Siegfried Marcus. in Europe, burned burned oil in a small space and used the energy from the burning oil to rotate something -The energy from the rotation is used to power machines in factories and also moving vehicles, such as railroads or later cars

Steamships 1860 CE

-Before the Industrial Revolution, ships could only sail with the wind or with the current of the river; after this was invented, boats could now travel directly up a river or against the wind -This revolutionized maritime (ocean) travel and trade; it was now much easier to ship massive quantities of goods and to travel uprivers -It used Watt's ______________ engine -Canals were built for it -The invention of this finally allowed a traveler to beat Ibn Battuta's record for distance traveled! -This invention also led to increases in international and long distance trade on the oceans, as these boats could travel much faster, further, and carry heavier cargo [goods] than sailboats

British Imperialism in India, 1857 - 1948 CE (Dates needed)

-Before the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857, the crumbling Islamic Mughal Dynasty was in power, but the British East India company was starting to take power away from the Mughals -After the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857, the British government made India into a massive colony as the Mughal Dynasty ended -Queen Victoria sent a British VICEROY to rule and thousands of British soldiers and settlers were sent to India -The British dominated the government and made massive changes in India; they cleared forests and began forcing the Indians to work in agriculture growing opium, tea, and coffee. They instituted racist, brutal, and oppressive social class policies as well. -TEA, OPIUM, COFFEE--three products the British grew -In order to transport the goods, they also built canals and railroads throughout India -Resistance to British Rule began as the Indians formed the Indian National Congress DATES REQUIRED FOR CREDIT

British Imperialism in India 1857 - 1948

-Before the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857, the crumbling Islamic Mughal Dynasty was in power, but the British East India company was starting to take power away from the Mughals -After the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857, the British government used the event as justification to invade India and made India into a massive colony as the Mughal Dynasty ended -Queen Victoria sent a British VICEROY to rule and thousands of British soldiers and settlers were sent to India -The British dominated the government and made massive changes in India; they cleared forests and began forcing the Indians to work in agriculture growing opium, tea, and coffee -TEA, OPIUM, COFFEE, COTTON--four products the British grew and used in India. These were luxury goods that would be exported [sent out] of India, with very little profit going to actual Indians -In order to transport the goods, they also built canals and railroads throughout India -Resistance to British Rule began as the Indians formed the Indian National Congress; millions of Indians died from starvation under British rule due to oppressive taxes and a forced focus on inedible [can't eat] luxury goods that would be exported (goods like tea, opium, coffee, and cotton)

Women's Social and Political Union 1903- 1917

-Beginning in 1848 at the Seneca Falls Convention, feminist leaders began to push hard for suffrage, or the right to vote -In the late 1800's and early 1900's, women like Emmeline Pankhurst in England and Alice Paul in the United States began new campaigns for suffrage that took on dramatic action -Pankhurst started the _________________________________________ a feminist women's group whose motto was "Deeds, Not Words." This meant that the group was dedicated to taking dramatic action to draw attention to the suffrage movement -Pankhurst and the __________________________ got radical, giving speeches, making protests, obstructing traffic, burning speeches, breaking into Parliament...one time the women in the group even threw bricks at the Prime Minister's window -Pankhurst was arrested by the police 7 times. In order to draw attention to her cause while in prison, she would go on a hunger strike. During the strikes, she would be force fed by the prison guards, an incredibly painful and uncomfortable process. -In 1918 women gained the right to vote in England in large part due to the work of THIS GROUP

Emmeline Pankhurst (Leading Suffrage 1889 - 1928)

-Beginning in 1848 at the Seneca Falls Convention, feminist leaders began to push hard for suffrage, or the right to vote -In the late 1800's and early 1900's, women like _____________________________ in England and Alice Paul in the United States began new campaigns for suffrage that took on dramatic action -____________________ started the Women's Social and Political Union, a feminist women's group whose motto was "Deeds, Not Words." This meant that the group was dedicated to taking dramatic action to draw attention to the suffrage movement -_______________ got radical, giving speeches, making protests, obstructing traffic, burning speeches, breaking into Parliament...one time the women in the group even threw bricks at the Prime Minister's window -_______________________ was arrested by the police 7 times. In order to draw attention to her cause while in prison, ______________ would go on a hunger strike. During the strikes, she would be force fed by the prison guards, an incredibly painful and uncomfortable process. -In 1918 women gained the right to vote in England in large part due to this hero's hard work

The Struggle to Modernize, 1750 - 1914 CE

-Boosted by Industrialization and Imperialism, the Western Europeans became immensely powerful from 1750 - 1914 CE -Four once-proud empires attempted to catch up with the Western Europeans and Industrialize: the Qing Chinese, The Ottomans, the Romanov Russians, and the Japanese -Many started programs to try and Industrialize/Modernize, such as the Self-Strengthening Movement in Qing China, the Tanzimat Reforms in the Ottoman Empire, Sergei Witte's reforms in Romanov Russia, and the Meiji Reformation in Japan -Many people in these cultures resisted reform and change, and did not want to use foreign technology/methods and modernize. Almost all of these modernization attempts struggled to some degree, as the Qing Dynasty, Romanov Dynasty, and Ottoman Empire all crumbled and fell between 1900-1925 CE. -The Japanese were the most successful in modernizing and reforming with their incredibe Meiji Reformation, one of the most successful government driven economic movements in all of world history

Taqi al-Din

-Brilliant Ottoman Scientist who lived during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent -was considered a genius and knowledgeable in astronomy, clocks, engineering, mathematics, and natural philosophy -wrote over 90 books -Built an observatory to look at outer space -His instruments were so precise [accurate] that he got better measurements of outer space than the European scientists at the time

Margery Kempe (1373-1438)

-British woman and Christian mystic missionary who wrote a book called the "Book of Margery Kempe" (ca. 1438), a work considered by some to be the first autobiography in the English language. -Travelled extensively on religious pilgrimages to holy sites throughout Europe and the Middle East, including Jerusalem -Her book also discusses her mystical conversations with God, and her resistance to sexual temptations -She would preach publicly about her visions and conversations with God; however, women were not supposed to preach -Because she was preaching and for some of her controversial religious opinions, she was tried for heresy (false religion). She was put on trial many times, but was never convicted -She is currently honored by the Anglican Church but was never made a saint by the Catholic Church

Theravada Buddhism

-Buddhism began in India with Siddhartha Gautama and spread throughout Asia through trade, merchants, and missionaries along the Silk Roads and Indian Ocean Sea Lanes -As Buddhism spread, it developed into different branches and sects (parts); all still emphasize the Four Noble Truths and the Eight Fold Path -One sect was called _________________________________ Buddhism. -This was one of the strictest branches of Buddhism and emphasized discipline, meditation, seeking Enlightenment, and following the codes and rules of Buddhism -Spread to Southeast Asia and became the most popular form of Buddhism in countries like Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and is practiced by populations in Vietnam, India, and more countries

Song Dynasty Transportation and Communication

-Built during the Sui Dynasty, the Song Dynasty improved the Grand Canal to great effect, using it to increase trade and transportation within China -The Song Dynasty built and maintained extensive communication network based on roads, horses and human runners -Maintained inns [hotels] and post offices along the road for communication -The network of roads helped the government keep the empire organized and tightly run, in addition to increasing trade -During the Song Dynasty, Chinese Maritime technology also helped increase trade and travel, as the magnetic compass, sternpost rudder, and other maritime inventions allowed for Chinese merchants to travel the seas effectively -During the Song Dynasty, these networks of trade and travel continued to be crucial [really important] routes for trade with Western Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa

Safe Conduct Passes --Portuguese Trading Post Empire

-By 1550, the Portuguese had built more than fifty trading posts between West Africa and East Asia. This was the maritime (ocean) Portuguese Trading Post Empire -They had superior canon to the Muslim and Asian boats and tried to force all other boats to buy a pass from the Portuguese -They tried to force the Muslim and Asian traders to buy a _______________________ pass if they wanted to trade in the Indian Ocean -If an Arabic or Asian boat was found without a pass, they would be executed or their hands would be cut off by the Portuguese -The architect [designer] of this aggressive policy was Afonso d'Alboquerque -The Portuguese had trouble enforcing it as many Arabic and Asian traders refused to buy the passes and tried to make their way past the Portuguese anyways -This term is the name of the pass they had to buy!

Afonso d'Alboquerque

-By 1550, the Portuguese had built more than fifty trading posts between West Africa and East Asia. This was the maritime (ocean) Portuguese Trading Post Empire -They had superior canon to the Muslim and Asian boats and tried to force all other boats to buy a pass from the Portuguese -They tried to force the Muslim and Asian traders to buy a _______________________ pass if they wanted to trade in the Indian Ocean -If an Arabic or Asian boat was found without a pass, they would be executed or their hands would be cut off by the Portuguese -The architect [designer] of this aggressive policy was _________________________________ -The Portuguese had trouble enforcing it as many Arabic and Asian traders refused to buy the passes and tried to make their way past the Portuguese anyways -This term is the name of the architect of the policy!

The Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki-- 1945

-By the middle of World War II, both sides were attacking the civilian (non-soldier) populations of the other side as part of Total War, -Both sides were Fire-bombing the towns and cities of the other side. The idea of Total War was to cripple the factories of the other side and to kill so many civilians that the nation would want to stop fighting -As the Allies started to win at the end of the war, they began a ruthless firebombing campaign over Japan, dropping tons of bombs on Japan in an attempt to force them to surrender -The Americans unleashed the most powerful weapon in world history on two of their cities, _______________ and __________________________________. -This resulted in the deaths of roughly 200,000 Japanese civilians; Japan surrendered after the second bomb was dropped and World War II ended -The bomb released radiation poisoning that lingered in Japan for decades, affecting children and families long after it was dropped -There is controversy amongst historians if the bomb was necessary, if Japan was willing to surrender without it, or if they were going to keep fighting if the bomb hadn't been dropped. Some historians argue it was needed to end the war, others argue it was unnecessary and one of the worst crimes against humanity. -The Atomic Bomb dropped on Japan at Hiroshima and Nagasaki ended the war and was the most powerful weapon ever created

Baghdad

-Capital City of the Abbasid Caliphate -Massive trading city, became very wealthy from Silk Roads and all the taxes coming in from the outer realms of the Abbasid Caliphate -Active trade in this city with the Song Dynasty in China, where silk, spices, and porcelain would arrive -Large population with hundreds of thousands of people -Included the House of Wisdom, one of the grandest libraries in the world that contained all of the knowledge of mathematics, geography, history, and literature that the Abbasids had gathered from Dar Al-Islam -Central city where the Abbasids ran their really well organized government from; influenced by the Persian Achaemenids, they divided the empire up into provinces; the governor of each province reported back to the Caliph at Baghdad

Tenochtitlan

-Capital City of the Aztec Empire in Mesoamerica, the Aztecs built this city on an island in the middle of a lake surrounded by marsh -the lake fed them and allowed them to develop the "chinampa" system of agriculture where they grew maize (corn) year around -The lake also served as a defense, as warriors constantly patrolled the bridges leading to the city. -________________ was a massive center of trade; the Aztecs made all of the neighboring tribes pay them tribute, so the neighboring tribes were always sending them textiles (cloths), jewelry made out of gold and silver, and food -the Spaniards were astonished by the beauty of the city when they saw it with Conquistador Hernan Cortes

Delhi

-Capital City of the Islamic Delhi Sultanate in Northern India, which had been started by Turkic invaders -The Delhi Sultanate had a large army, of over 300,000 Turkic men, at the peak of their power. However, their rule did not extend too far beyond Delhi. -They tried to extend their rule south, but they were never able to overcome the Hindu forces there. They had no bureaucracy or government organization, and therefore had a hard time running their empire -Even the capital city could be dangerous for the Turkic Islamic sultans--of the 35 sultans of Delhi, 19 were killed by assassins! -Major trade city along the Silk Roads in India. India was famous for its fabrics, spices, and precious gems--diamonds, emeralds, etc. They would trade for silk, porcelain, glass, gold, wool, olive oil, etc. -Included caravanserais, Silk Road hotels, where merchants could stay and rest their horses, camels, etc. -This empire ended when Babur the Tiger, founder of the Mughal Empire, arrived in 1526 CE and defeated the Delhi Sultanate at the Battle of Panipat by using gunpowder and cannon. The sound of the guns and cannon caused the Delhi Sultanate's war elephants to panic and stampeded, trampling their own men

Kumasi

-Capital city of the Ashanti Empire (sometimes spelled Asante) -Founded by Osei Tutu, and established as the capital -Important center for trade with the Dutch, Portuguese, and the British. -the Golden Stool, the symbolic throne of the Ashanti Kingdom, would stay here in the capital city -Kente cloth, cloth with golden threadwork, was also produced here

Cuzco

-Capital city of the Incan Empire, it was the religious and ceremonial center of the empire -population over 100,000 people -This is where the Incan rulers and nobles lived in grand palaces

Tikal

-Capital city of the Mayan empire -filled with massive temples along with 40,000 people -Included massive Temple of the Giant Jaguar -also had enormous plazas, trading centers, was a big religious and cultural center -Center of the biggest Mayan City-State

Christianity in Ethiopia

-Christianity spread through trade routes to East Africa -Ethiopia became a Christian Kingdom in East Africa with the start of the Solomonic Dynasty -The Solomonic Dynasty was a string of Ethiopian rulers who claimed descent from David in an attempt to add biblical authority to their rule. David was a famous King in the Christian Bible. -it helped to add authority to their rule to claim they were the family members of David -Ethiopia would remain with a large Christian population from 1262 CE to Present CE. Rulers from this line would continue to rule Ethiopia for almost 700 years and would cite the fact that they were descended from David, a figure in the Christian Bible. -Ethiopian Kings would cite Christianity as a reason why Ethiopia should be left independent during the Scramble for Africa in the late 1800's -Over 40 million Ethiopians today are still Christian; it was the only one of two areas in Africa to remain Christian after the spread of Islam -This term is not the name of the Solomonic Dynasty in Ethiopia; this term focuses on the religion in Ethiopia during the time

Solomonic Dynasty in Ethiopia (1262 CE to 1975 CE)

-Christianity spread through trade to East Africa -Ethiopia became a Christian Kingdom in East Africa with the start of the Solomonic Dynasty -The Solomonic Dynasty was a string of Ethiopian rulers who claimed descent from the David in an attempt to add biblical authority to their rule. David was a famous King in the Christian Bible. -it helped to add authority to their rule to claim they were the family members of David -Ethiopia would remain with a large Christian population from 1262 CE to Present CE. Rulers from this line would continue to rule Ethiopia for almost 700 years -Ethiopian Kings would cite Christianity as a reason why Ethiopia should be left independent during the Scramble for Africa in the late 1800's -Over 40 million Ethiopians today are still Christian; it was the only one of two areas in Africa to remain Christian after the spread of Islam

The Columbian Exchange

-Christopher Columbus "discovers" the New World accidentally -Once the Americas are discovered, the Europeans begin to colonize it; this sets off a MASSIVE exchange of goods, foods, diseases, and other things known as the______________________ -American food crops like Potatoes, Maize, and Manioc were very nutritional and spread to Europe, Asia, and Africa and helped increase world population -Diseases like Smallpox, Measles, and Influenza came from Europe and Africa and DECIMATED [destroyed] Amerindian populations -The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade began and resulted in the forced migration of 11 million West Africans to the Americas. As many as 2 million Africans died during the journey across the Atlantic, known as The Middle Passage, enduring horrifically inhumane conditions. -Using enslaved labor, Cash Crops like Sugar and Tobacco were grown in the Americas and sent to European markets for massive profits

Li

-Confucianism is all about promoting social harmony (a society with strong relationships between the people) and provides rules for everyone to follow in their social relationships -Called for individuals to behave appropriately or morally. You should show courtesy to everyone, especially elders.

Filial Piety

-Confucianism is all about promoting social harmony (a society with strong relationships between the people) and provides rules for everyone to follow in their social relationships -This concept is stressed in Confucianism. Above all else, honor your parents and your ancestors.

Ren

-Confucianism is all about promoting social harmony (a society with strong relationships between the people) and provides rules for everyone to follow in their social relationships -This term tells you that you need to have an attitude of kindness and compassion towards other human beings

Confucianism's Effects on Song Dynasty

-Confucius was an ancient Chinese philosopher who created a set of rules and rituals for all Chinese people to follow -Confucianism is kind of like a religion, but mostly the goal is to promote social harmony (rules for everyone in society to follow so that people get along and the society works well) -Confucianism promotes social harmony by outlining proper rituals and social relationships for all people in China, including the rulers, who have to follow Confucianism -In the Song Dynasty, Filial piety (obeying fathers and elder family members) and ancestor veneration (performing rituals to honor your ancestors) are a HUGE part of Confucianism -The Analects are the central text of Confucianism; they are a book written by Confucius that stresses the rules and relationships that are important in Confucianism -Confucianism calls for you to behave properly in your life towards others; REN stresses kindness towards people; LI stresses moral behavior and respect for elders -Confucianism therefore affected the Song Dynasty as the rulers stressed to the followers the importance of respecting the rulers, following the rules, etc. Song Dynasty rulers also used Neo-Confucianism to emphasize obedience to the state, as well as to your elders

Spread of Eightfold Path and Four Noble Truths

-Core Ideas of Buddhism -With trade, these ideas began to spread to China, Japan, and Southeast Asia, especially to the Khmer Empire in Angkor Wat -Emphasize Buddhist Idea of living the "middle path." Live a life of moderation--don't go too far in any direction. Take the middle route! -These ideas diffused throughout Eurasia as trade along the Silk Roads helped spread new ideas, technology, and culture

Indian Trade Goods in the Indian Ocean Basin

-Cotton and silk textiles -pepper and cinnamon spices -diamonds, rubies, emeralds, pearls, precious stones

1607 CE

-Date of the founding of Jamestown, the first tobacco growing British colony in North America

1868 - 1912 CE

-Dates for Meiji Reformation in Japan, a period of rapid economic and military growth

1820 CE

-Dates for Mexican War for Independence and Latin American Wars for Independence/Gran Colombia

1200 CE to 1900 CE

-Dates for huge amount of coerced or forced labor around the world with the rise of agriculture -by 1900 CE, most forms of coerced labor had been abolished [taken away], although it still lingered in some places

1670 - 1902

-Dates for the Ashanti Kingdom

1200 - 1370 CE

-Dates for the Mongol Empire

1280 CE to 1923 CE

-Dates for the Ottoman Empire, one of the longest standing empires in world history

1299 - 1923 CE

-Dates for the Ottoman Empire; ending date is when they fall -This is the only Empire in AP World history that covers all 4 AP World Eras, from Era 1-4. The peak of their power was under Suleiman the Magnificent, in the 1500's, during Era 2, 1450 - 1750 CE.

1613 CE - 1917 CE

-Dates for the Romanov Dynasty -The Romanovs are not a "required" Land Based Era 2 dynasty in the College Board Curriculum, but they are worth knowing about as Enlightened Rulers and for context on essays, and you have to know their location -It's also important to understand the system of serfdom that was implemented on the lower class Russian peasants

1) Demographics in the Americas 1450 - 1750 CE

-Demographics = population statistics -Initially after the Columbian Exchange, the population of the Americas plummeted due to smallpox and measles that the Europeans brought, in addition to death from wars and conquest -As many as 90% of native American populations were killed by disease, and some by conquest and war in what many historians consider a genocide - European colonization and forced migration the Middle Passage brought the population of the Americas back up. -By 1750, the population of the Americas had gone back up due to Colonization and the new food crops of the Columbian Exchange -Native American populations never fully recovered and never got economic and political power back

Spread of Christianity (Christian Diaspora) 30 CE to 1750 CE

-Diaspora = fancy word for spread -The single most important early missionary to spread the teachings of Christ was Paul of Tarsus, who spread the teachings of Jesus around the Mediterranean Ocean through the sea lane trading networks. He was killed by the Romans for spreading the religion. -Paul was one of the Twelve Apostles, who were the closest followers and students of Jesus. They were the first major missionaries throughout the Roman Empire. -Through Missionaries, this religion spread to Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and the Americas (basically everywhere!) -Became popular in the Middle East/SW Asia as well. Christians in the Major Islamic Empires (Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals, Abbasids) would have to pay the jizya tax to be allowed to worship, or would pay taxes to live in "millet" communities -Christianity spread to Africa as well, with syncretic Christianity spreading to the Kongo (King Affonso and Queen Nzinga!) in the 1400's to 1600's, as well as Ethiopia. Leaders like Dona Beatriz led syncretic Christian Cults, like the cult of St. Anthony and the Antonian Movement -Syncretic Christianity spread to the Americas with European Colonies and conquering after Columbus in 1492. Much of Latin American became Catholic, with cults surrounding the Virgin of Guadalupe (Miguel Hidalgo's symbol in the War for Independence in 1821)

Proxy War Latin America: Cuban Revolution (1953-59)

-Dictator Fulgencio Batista was in power in this country -He was an authoritarian dictator [total power] backed up by the United States with money. His government was denying Cubans Enlightenment style rights of free speech, votes, freedom to protest, etc. -Guerrilla rebel fighters, backed by the Soviet Union, led a revolt against the Batista government. They were led by Fidel Castro and the iconic Argentinian guerrilla fighter, Che Guevara. The United States backed the dictator Batista because he was capitalist -The rebels came out on top and the Communist Fidel Castro government began, and he brought in a Communist style economy and social structure. Batista was toppled in 1959. -As part of communism, Castro instituted land redistribution, where land is taken from the wealthy and given out to the lower classes, along with collective farming similar to the 5 year plan in Soviet Russia -Castro went on to rule Communist Cuba for 52 years, as some elements of communism were successful while others struggled to work -This country immediately became major allies with the Soviet Union and began to accept supplies and major weapons from the USSR. They also began to try and spread communism to other areas of Latin America and the Caribbean

Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro, Invasion of the Spanish Conquistadors in 1520

-During Era 1, 1200 CE to 1450 CE, many empires fell due to invasion -This happened and the Incans and Aztecs both were taken down -the Conquistadors Cortes and Pizarro invaded and allied with local tribes that didn't like the Aztecs and Incans -Cortes brought down the Aztecs; Pizarro invaded and brought down the Incans in 1530; -Both Spanish Conquistadors -Both used steel, horses, guns, and alliances with local peoples who already had resentment against the Aztecs and Incans -Collision at Cajamarca--famous battle between ______________________ and the Incans where a much smaller Spanish forced used steel and horses to overcome a much larger Incan army -Once this happened, the Incans and Aztec Empires were devastated by diseases and then defeated by superior weapons

Spread of Christianity to Africa and Asia 1200 CE to 1450 CE

-During Era 1, 1200 CE to 1450 CE, there was a massive explosion of trade and travel along the Silk Roads, Indian Ocean Sea Lanes, Trans Saharan Caravan Routes, and Mediterranean Sea trade -Along with goods and technology, ideas and religions also spread -Diasporic (spread) communities of Christians spread throughout Africa, Asia, and the Middle East -In certain societies, especially Islamic empires in the Middle East and India, Christians had to pay a "Jizya" tax, or pay extra money to live in "millet" communities -merchants who lived abroad in China and Africa also helped to spread Christianity. -Ethiopia in East Africa became one of the first major Christian Regions in Africa by the 1200's -Christianity did gain followers in China and Japan as well -Later in the 1400's Portuguese Missionaries would have success spreading Christianity to the Kongo, where King Affonso and Queen Nzinga would convert to Christianity before the area became the Colony of Angola -Dona Beatriz, in the 1700's, would lead the Antonian Movement and claim that Jesus was black and that Heaven was only for black Africans!

Spread of Islam to Africa and Asia 1200 CE To 1450 CE

-During Era 1, 1200 CE to 1450 CE, there was a massive explosion of trade and travel along the Silk Roads, Indian Ocean Sea Lanes, Trans Saharan Caravan Routes, and Mediterranean Sea trade -Along with goods and technology, ideas and religions also spread -Diasporic (spread) communities of Islam spread throughout Africa and Asia -Islam really took off in South Asia, where the Delhi Sultanates and later the Mughal Empire would spread Islam -Islam also really took off in North Africa, where Egypt became a strong center for Islam. -Islam also spread to West Africa across the Trans Saharan Caravan route. The city of Timbuktu, capital of the Mali Empire, became a major Islamic center of learning and faith -The Sankore Madrasah, one of the oldest universities in the world, was established in Timbuktu in the Mali Empire -Islam also spread to East Africa as well, making it's way to Ethiopia and the Kingdom of Zimbabwe and Great Zimbabwe, along with the Mali Empire -Mansa Musa was a major Islamic figure as he travelled to Mecca on a pilgrimage -Islam was much more successful in spreading than Christianity, as there were only two Christian Kingdoms (Ethiopia and Kongo) whereas there many Islamic kingdoms and city-states

Increase in Urbanization in Era 1, 1200 CE to 1450 CE

-During Era 1, 1200 CE to 1450 CE, world population continued to increase as Agricultural techniques and seeds spread through trade and migration -As population increased, urbanization also increased as cities grew immensely around the world. -There were several reasons why cities increased in size and scope around the world. You need to memorize these reasons: 1--Increase in safe and reliable transport on horse, camel or sailing vessels 2--The rise of trade and cities serving as centers of trade 3--Warmer temperatures between 800 CE to 1300 CE led to increase in population 4--Increasing agriculture leads to specialization of labor 5--Use of coerced (forced) labor and slave labor to produce lots of food crops Important trading cities to know: Constantinople (Middle East/Mediterranean), Chang'an (Song China), Hangzhou (Song China), Tenochtitlan (Aztecs), Timbuktu (Mali Africa), Baghdad (Abbasid Caliphate), London, Paris (Europe), Samarkand (Central Asia/Silk Roads), Karakorum (Central Asia/Mongols)

Decline of Some Urban Areas Era 1, 1200 CE to 1450 CE

-During Era 1, 1200 CE to 1450 CE, world population continued to increase as Agriculture spread through trade and migration -Many cities grew immensely in size and scope; however, some urban areas declined in this time period and some cities had huge population losses -There were several reasons why some cities declined, and you need to memorize them. The reasons why some cities declined were: 1--Invasions from people like the Mongols 2--Diseases like the Black Plague 3--The Little Ice Age went from 1300 CE to 1850 CE and led to a decrease in agriculture in some places

European Feudal Economy, Era 1: 1200 CE to 1450 CE

-During Era 1, 1200 to 1450 CE, Europe was decentralized (no big empires, no big powerful capital cities) -Europe was a Feudal society organized around large Manors, houses where Lords lived -The Lords lived in the large Manor house, and beneath them were knights and Serfs -The Knights provided protection from outside invaders and barbarians like the Visigoths, Vikings, or Mongols -The serfs worked the land and owed money and military service to the lord in the manor -Europe was almost entirely an agricultural society at this time, using the Open Field System -Crops grown included wheat, olive oil, grapes for eating and wine, -Trade in silk, porcelain, and spices came from the Silk Roads from the Song Dynasty, with merchants like Marco Polo bringing the goods back -Porcelain, spices, gold, ivory, textiles, diamonds, salt, etc came from the Silk Roads, Trans Saharan caravan routes and were carried by merchants -Merchants also carried diseases, technology, ideas, and religions with them

DECENTRALIZED European and Japanese Feudalism Era 1, 1200 to 1450 CE

-During Era 1, 1200 to 1450 CE, much of Europe and Japan was decentralized -Being decentralized meant that there were not many strong, central rulers that were ruling from capital cities; Europe and Japan were divided up in to small areas that were ruled by local lords -Feudalism was the name of the social structure of the time. Even though it was decentralized, there were still some weak Kings. The Kings would grant land to to the Nobles, who lived on large estates called Manors (Manor is the actual large house) -So this overall system, which is similar to serfdom, was called feudalism and manorialism. It's also important to remember that both Europe and Japan were DECENTRALIZED in Era 1, 1200 to 1450 CE, without huge empires or too much central authority

Era 2, 1450 - 1750, Land-Based Empires

-During Era 2 1450- 1750 CE, there were several important Land-Based Empires. These empires did not include overseas colonies, unlike the "Maritime" empires that the Europeans had that included territory overseas -The Land Based Empires you are required to know for Era 2, 1450 CE - 1750 CE: -The Manchu Qing Empire in China -The Ottoman Empire in the Middle East/North Africa/Southern Europe -The Mughal Empire in India (South Asia) -The Safavid Empire in the Middle East -The Kingdom of Kongo in Sub-Saharan Africa -These empires all had different techniques of conquering, governing, and taxing, all of which will be covered in Quizlet and you need to know like the back of your hand!

Era 2 Land Based Empires, 1450 - 1750 CE

-During Era 2 1450- 1750 CE, there were several important Land-Based Empires. These empires did not include overseas colonies, unlike the "Maritime" empires that the Europeans had that included territory overseas -The Land Based Empires you are required to know for Era 2, 1450 CE - 1750 CE: -The Manchu Qing Empire in China -The Ottoman Empire in the Middle East/North Africa/Southern Europe -The Safavid Empire in the Middle East -The Mughal Empire in South Asia (India) -The Kingdom of Kongo in Sub-Saharan Africa -These empires all had different techniques of conquering, governing, and taxing, all of which will be covered in Quizlet and you need to know like the back of your hand!

Muslim -European Rivalry in the Indian Ocean

-During Era 2, 1450 - 1750 CE, the Muslim traders and Europeans had a fierce rivalry over the Indian Ocean trade, fighting several battles to try and control the profits -Muslim traders had previously controlled and dominated trade in the area, but with the arrival of the Portuguese, they tried to dominate the area with Alfonso d'Alboquerque's pass system -The Portuguese and the Muslims fought a major battle at the Battle of Hormuz, and the Portuguese won in 1533 -Later in Era 2, under Shah Abbas the Great, the Safavids would retake the ports taken by the Portuguese and begin to reclaim part of the Indian Ocean trade -This became more difficult as the British East India Company and Dutch East India company moved into the area as well, establishing trading posts and further pressuring the Arabic Muslim traders -By the end of Era 2, 1750 CE, the Europeans had established dominance in trade in the region, although there was still strong Muslim presence

Era 2 Maritime Based Empires, , 1450 - 1750 CE:

-During Era 2, 1450 - 1750 CE, the Netherlands (Dutch) joined the competition of mercantilism [economic competition between countreies] and ocean exploration along with the other maritime powers -these maritime [ocean based] powers now included the Portuguese, British, French, Dutch and Spanish, who all fought for control of the new resource rich territory in the Americas -These maritime (ocean based) empires held territory in: -Portuguese (Brazil, Sub-Saharan Africa including Angola from Nzinga, South and Southeast Asia ) -Spanish (South and Central America, Caribbean, Southeast Asia including the Phillipines) -Dutch (Americas, Caribbean, South Africa, South and Southeast Asia) -British (North America, Caribbean, Africa, South Asia/India, Southeast Asia and Australia...the sun never sets on the British Empire!)

The Maritime Dutch Empire, Era 2: 1450 - 1750 CE

-During Era 2, 1450 - 1750 CE, the Netherlands (Dutch) joined the frenzy of mercantilism and ocean exploration along with the other maritime powers -these maritime powers included the Portuguese, British, French, and Spanish, who all fought for control of the new resource rich territory in the Americas -The Dutch would establish a foothold in New Netherlands in 1609, which would become New York when the British bought it from the Dutch in 1674 -Aided by the efforts of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), the Dutch also built trading posts in Africa and Asia, establishing colonies in South Africa at Cape Town and in India and Southeast Asia -Dutch merchants used advanced ship design to their advantage, and their "fluyts" which allowed them to build ships that required half the crew and carried double the cargo of European rivals. -The Dutch Empire became rich based on trade in spices, silks, porcelain, tobacco, sugar, cotton, silver, gold, Asian tea, coffee all around the world -As with the other European Maritime Empires of Era 2, 1450-1750 CE, the Dutch profited from coerced labor/slavery in all of their colonies

Era 2 Maritime Based Empires, , 1450 - 1750 CE:

-During Era 2, 1450 - 1750 CE, the Netherlands (Dutch) joined the frenzy of mercantilism and ocean exploration along with the other maritime powers -these maritime powers now included the Portuguese, British, French, Dutch and Spanish, who all fought for control of the new resource rich territory in the Americas -These maritime (ocean based) empires held territory in: -Portuguese (Brazil, Sub-Saharan Africa including Angola from Nzinga, South and Southeast Asia ) -Spanish (South and Central America, Caribbean, Southeast Asia including the Phillipines) -Dutch (Americas, Caribbean, South Africa, South and Southeast Asia) -British (North America, Caribbean, Africa, South Asia/India, Southeast Asia and Australia...the sun never sets on the British Empire!) -Slavery and coerced [forced] labor was a major part of what made these empires profitable

Era 2 Maritime [Ocean] Based Empires

-During Era 2, 1450 - 1750 CE, the Netherlands (Dutch) joined the frenzy of ocean exploration along with the other maritime [ocean] powers -these maritime [ocean] powers now included the Portuguese, British, French, Dutch and Spanish, who all fought for control of the new resource rich territory in the Americas -These maritime (ocean based) empires held territory in: -Portuguese (Brazil, Sub-Saharan Africa including Angola from Nzinga, South and Southeast Asia ) -Spanish (South and Central America, Caribbean, Southeast Asia including the Phillipines) -Dutch (Americas, Caribbean, South Africa, South and Southeast Asia) -British (North America, Caribbean, Africa, South Asia/India, Southeast Asia and Australia...there was a saying due to time zones that the Sun never sets on the British Empire).

Era 2, 1450 - 1750 Maritime [Ocean Based] Empires

-During Era 2, 1450 - 1750 CE, the Netherlands (Dutch) joined the frenzy of ocean exploration along with the other maritime [ocean] powers -these maritime [ocean] powers now included the Portuguese, British, French, Dutch and Spanish, who all fought for control of the new resource rich territory in the Americas -These maritime (ocean based) empires held territory in: -Portuguese (Brazil, Sub-Saharan Africa including Angola from Nzinga, South and Southeast Asia ) -Spanish (South and Central America, Caribbean, Southeast Asia including the Phillipines) -Dutch (Americas, Caribbean, South Africa, South and Southeast Asia) -British (North America, Caribbean, Africa, South Asia/India, Southeast Asia and Australia...there was a saying due to time zones that the Sun never sets on the British Empire).

Outcome of World War II--1945- 1990

-World War II ended after the dropping of the Atomic Bomb on the Japanese at Hiroshima and Nagasaki -The Allied Powers were victorious, but at a great cost. The war technology, and the bombing of Civilians as part of Total War, led to 60 million deaths, many of them civilians -Western Europe was in tatters [torn apart] and was devastated. After 1945, the Europeans lost their position of world power and dominance that they had held for over 100 years -the global balance of power and hegemony shifted as two countries emerged as Superpowers--the United States and the Soviet Union--became the most powerful countries in the world and started the Cold War -The United States led an alliance with the Western Europeans called NATO, and the Soviets started an alliance withe Eastern Europeans called the Warsaw Pact

Safavid Governing Style and Bureaucracy

-During Era 2, 1450-1750 CE, the Land Based Empires and Maritime empires had various techniques and political styles they used to govern their empires -The Safavids, along with the other Islamic Empires, the Mughals and the Ottomans, used many of the same ruling techniques as the Mongols before them. -The first thing they did was use a strong military to conquer and enforce their policies -They also relied heavily on a class of BUREAUCRATS, or trained scholars who were government officials, that would run the government on a daily basis. They would collect taxes, run government offices, run the courts, etc. -The Shah or Emperor had absolute, total authority. Their success and respect was based on how strong they were militarily, and how respected they were with regard to his devotion to Islam. They were also judged on how much they spread Islam -In order to make themselves more popular, and to leave a legacy behind, and to make their rule seem more legitimate, many Safavid rulers promoted the arts and sponsored beautiful architecture projects. This made them seem more powerful, increased their popularity, and made their rule seem justified.

Limited Liability Corporations

-During Era 3, 1750 - 1900 CE Capitalism and Industrialization really took off as industrialized nations sought to build massive transnational businesses that could reach global markets -Before Limited Liability Corporations, businesses were privately owned. If the business got sued, or lost a lot of money, the individual owner could lose a lot of money or get personally sued -This created a situation where the business owner was not put into as much risk; they could own the company, but they wouldn't get personally sued, or lose all of their own personal investment, even if the company failed or got sued -This encouraged people to start businesses as it became less risky; many LLC's became huge transnational corporations -Examples include Pepsi-Cola, Sony, Nike, and IBM

Causes of World War I : Nationalism

-During Era 3, 1750 - 1900 CE, borders started to become more defined and countries became very patriotic. This was called __________________ -_______________________-ism is when a country becomes more and more proud of their shared heritage, culture, and power. It also includes defining national borders and creating an identity in your country -When ___________________ gets really strong, you MUST be loyal to your country above all else. Criticism of the country is not tolerated. Therefore when it gets too extreme, this -ism can lead to racism, intolerance, and prejudice against minorities or anyone who doesn't fit the mold -As part of _______________________-ism, political leaders like to promote patriotism. "We are the best, etc." -In the late 1800's especially, the Europeans became very very competitive with each other in trying to each prove they were the best. National pride in places like Germany and Britain fueled military competition. This national competition and pride helped to set up the tension that would cause World War I, as many countries wanted to fight in order to prove their superiority

Emiliano Aguinaldo in the Philippines

-During Imperialism in the late 1800's, the United States defeated the Spanish and attempted to take over the Philippines. The Filipino people resisted imperialism, attempting to defend their home -The Filipino forces put up a brave and spirited resistance to the Americans, led by ________________________, yet were facing a much larger industrial power with superior weapons. They tried to fight a conventional [typical] war first, and were defeated. -They then switched to guerrilla tactics, which were more effective. -Both sides committed atrocities, with United States soldiers burning villages, torturing citizens, and creating concentration camps. In retaliation, the Filipino soldiers tortured American captives. -The war lasted for three years, with _______________________ showing effective leadership, but the massive industrial power of the United States was too much for the Philippines, and they fell to American imperialism

Women and the Homefront in WWII

-During World War II, women played a massive role in the war effort, especially on the side of the Allies -One of the biggest impacts women had was working in the factories to produce war materials such as ammunition, bombs, airplanes and uniforms. Rosie the Riveter became a famous symbol of women's role in war factories during the war -Thousands of other women worked as nurses, medics, support staff, communication staff, and in various other critical roles to support the war effort -Women on the "homefront," or at home away from the battlefield, also played a critical role through RATIONING goods. Rationing is when you save goods at home so they can be used by the soldiers on the battlefront -Goods that were rationed on homefronts included rubber, food, metals, gasoline, and cloth to be used as war material -Women in the United States and England played especially large roles in supporting the war effort and were absolutely critical in helping the Allies to victory

Japanese Internment in the United States

-During and before World War II, xenophobia [fear of foreigners] was rising. In particular, as Japan began to rise to power in the Pacific, Anti-Asian racism in the United States and California increased dramatically -Anti-Asian hate crimes and incidents of racism increased in California and the United States -Many Americans falsely believed Japanese American immigrants were "spies" and could by spying for Japan. President Roosevelt signed an executive order forcing Japanese American citizens into internment camps--prison camps--where they were forcibly removed against their will -no evidence was provided that Japanese Americans were spies and this policy was motivated by racism and xenophobia. Most historians agree that hardly any of the Japanese Americans were going against the United States, and most of them were very patriotic -120,000 Japanese Americans were put into these prison camps. They lost billions of dollars in property that was confiscated, damaged, or unfairly sold during internment. They also experienced emotional and physical trauma that can not be evaluated with money. -Internees were not provided with proper medical care or education. Living conditions were inhumane -This remains a glaring example of Anti-Asian racism in the United States

Astronomical Charts

-During the 1400's and 1500's, the Europeans began borrowing sailing inventions from other cultures, in particular Asia and the Muslims in the Middle East; so they could sail across the Atlantic and around Africa -Muslim sea traders in the Indian Ocean Basin and Mediterranean Sea had perfected the use of the Astrolabe in order to use the stars to navigate and find their way -The astrolabe needed to be used in combination with astronomical charts so that you could find your way -This technology and knowledge diffused (spread) from the Muslim Sea traders to the Europeans from 1450-1750, who used it to establish trading posts and eventually establish maritime empires

Diffusion of Sailing Technology to the Europeans, 1450 - 1750 CE

-During the 1400's and 1500's, the Europeans began borrowing sailing inventions from other cultures, in particular Asia and the Muslims in the Middle East; so they could sail across the Atlantic and around Africa -The following sailing technologies diffused (spread) to the Europeans and made them far more powerful -The magnetic compass (from China) -The Astrolabe (perfected by the Arabic Muslim Sea traders in the Indian Ocean basin and Mediterranean) -Astronomical Charts used with the astrolabe (perfected by the Arabic Muslim Sea traders in the Indian Ocean basin and Mediterranean)

Magnetic Compass + Astrolabe

-During the 1400's and 1500's, the Europeans began borrowing sailing inventions from other cultures, in particular Asia and the Muslims in the Middle East; so they could sail across the Atlantic and around Africa -These were nautical (sailing) inventions that were absolutely key for European exploration -One was borrowed from China (Tang/Song invention) and had diffused to the Europeans; it helped them find their direction on the ocean -The second invention was the _______________; this was a Greek invention and helped them use the stars to find their latitude (location) on a map -The ast________________ was perfected and used by Muslim sailors; they used the ast__________________ along with astronomical charts to help guide sailors and find their way; this technology spread to the Europeans from 1450-1750, who used it to navigate the globe and establish their maritime (sea based) empires and trading posts

The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948

-During the 20th Century, the world was torn apart by insane amounts of wars and violence -Humanitarian Organizations began to form in order to try and provide support and some basic human rights to people -After World War II, the United Nations was created as one of the leading international organizations in the world -One of the major missions of the UN is to provide basic human rights to every person on the planet -The idea that every human was entitled to certain basic rights started to become popular after the horrors of World War II; the UN published this document that listed the Human Rights that everyone was entitled to -These rights included: -Life -Food and Shelter -Freedom of speech and religion

Human Rights

-During the 20th Century, the world was torn apart by insane amounts of wars and violence -Humanitarian Organizations began to form in order to try and provide support and some basic human rights to people and international organizations like the United Nations formed to try and protect human rights -The idea that every human was entitled to certain basic rights started to become popular after the horrors of World War II; the UN published the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights. -Many organizations now try to defend basic human rights around the world. These rights included: -Life and health. Prevention of genocide is big for human rights. Around the world people are still killed for their religion, ethnicity, race, or other reasons. -Food and Shelter. Several organizations seek to ensure people are not starving and have places to live (Habitat for Humanity). -Freedom of speech and religion. -Women's rights.

HUMANITARIAN ORGANIZATION: The International Red Cross 1949 - Present

-During the 20th Century, the world was torn apart by insane amounts of wars and violence -Humanitarian Organizations began to form in order to try and provide support and some human rights to people and to respond to humanitarian crises (disasters and wars) around the world -This International Humanitarian Organization is famous for providing medical care and aid to people around the world, especially during times of war or disaster -When earthquakes, monsoons, hurricanes, epidemics of diseases strike, this organization is often on the front lines providing medical supplies and aid -This organization is truly international as it goes across borders -This organization has won three Nobel Prizes: 1917 (World War I), 1944 (World War II), and 1963.

Humanitarian Organization--The World Health Organization 1948 - Present

-During the 20th Century, the world was torn apart by insane amounts of wars and violence -Humanitarian Organizations began to form in order to try and provide support and some human rights to people and to respond to humanitarian crises (disasters and wars) around the world -This humanitarian organization is a subset or a smaller part of the United Nations. This organization is dedicated to improving the health of people around the world -This org had a huge impact in eliminating smallpox from most places in the world. A lot of their efforts focus on fighting diseases around the world. -Currently they are focusing on HIV/AIDS, Ebola, Malaria, and tuburcelosis--for the most part, COMMUNICABLE diseases (diseases that spread from human to human).

Positive and Negative Effects of the Green Revolution (1945- 1970)

-During the 20th century (1900's), the human population on earth was growing rapidly, and agriculture had to find a way to keep up -In the 1940s/50s/60s, after World War II, Norman Borlaug helped spread new agricultural practices that changed farming forever. Farmers began using genetically enhanced seeds that could grow much faster and bigger -They began using chemicals such as pesticides to kill insects -These practices had positive effects: increased food to support world populations. Now less people had to work at farming, and with the help of machines and chemicals, one person farming could make a lot more food to support the population -The Green Revolution also had negative effects: the chemicals could kill harmless insects, could affect birds and other species, and could poison water sources and make people sick. So there were many environmental negative effects of the Green Revolution

Norman Borlaug and The Green Revolution 1945 - 1970

-During the 20th century (1900's), the human population on earth was growing rapidly, and agriculture had to find a way to keep up -In the 1940s/50s/60s, after World War II, Norman Borlaug helped spread new agricultural practices that changed farming forever. Farmers began using genetically enhanced seeds that could grow much faster and bigger -They began using chemicals such as pesticides to kill insects -They began using new machines to help with irrigation and watering techniques -As these practices spread around the world to places like India and Mexico, people grew even more food and the earth's population grew even more -All of these changes in agriculture were huge. This process was called the ________________________________________

Energy Technologies--Nuclear Power and Petroleum

-During the 20th century, humans unlocked new forms of energy that served to power new technologies -Petroleum was a mined and converted into oil and gasoline to power cars, factories, and homes -After the nuclear bomb, nuclear energy was harnessed in nuclear power plants, which are used to power factories, homes, etc. -These Energy Technologies are powerful but dangerous. Petroleum emissions result in climate change and create pollution. -The advantage of nuclear power is that it's strong and doesn't usually release as much pollution. -Nuclear power plants can melt down, like the Russian plant Chernobyl, and that can lead to deaths, cancer, mutation, pollution, etc.

SE Asia Proxy War-- Vietnam 1963 -1975

-During the Cold War, Proxy wars began tearing nations apart as the United States and USSR wrestled for control and influence in third world countries -This Proxy War in SE Asia was one that the United States got heavily involved in. Led by Ho Chi Minh, North_______________________________ was communist and were trying to unite South _______________________ and create a communist country -North Vietnam = Communist, backed by Soviet Union -South Vietnam = Democratic/Capitalist, backed by United States -The United States did not want Vietnam to become communist, so it sent military supplies and hundreds of thousands of troops to South Vietnam to fight against communist backed North Vietnam from 1963 to 1975. The Soviet Union sent weapons and money to support communist North Vietnam and Ho Chi Minh -The communist Vietnamese fought intense guerrilla warfare with tunnels and traps in the jungle -They overcame the odds and beat the Americans and got their freedom, establishing a communist country in 1975. This is an example of one of the greatest and most successful guerrilla resistance fights of all time, as Vietnam was able to defeat the United States, a global superpower

Proxy Wars during the Cold War, 1945 - 1990

-During the Cold War, the US and Soviet Union "fought" for 45 years in order to try to convince countries in Asia, Latin America, and Africa to follow their ideology and become capitalist or communist -In certain cases, the USA or Soviet Union would offer money to countries if they promised to be capitalist or communist -In other cases, they would fight "_______________ Wars." The US and Soviets would never fight each other directly--but instead they would provide weapons and training to countries where there was a civil war in order to help one side win and make the country either capitalist or communist. -For example, there was a civil war going on in Vietnam. The Soviet Union gave weapons and supplies to the Northern side, who was fighting to make Vietnam communist. The United States gave weapons and supplies to the Southern side, who was fighting to make Vietnam capitalist/democratic. -Eventually, the United States army even came in to fight in Vietnam against the North. However, the Soviet Union never joined in for the North, so there was never a direct war. -So these conflicts were called "________________ Wars." During the Cold War, there were _______________ Wars in Korea, Afghanistan, Israel, Vietnam, Kongo, Angola and Cuba. Many of these wars had significant negative impacts on these countries

The Non-Aligned Movement (1955)

-During the Cold War, the entire globe was affected. Almost every country in Africa, Asia, and Latin America was being forced to declare a side. Either you were democratic and with the United States, or you were Communist and you were with the Soviet Union -Proxy wars began tearing nations apart as the United States and USSR wrestled for control and influence in Asia, Africa, and Latin America -Some countries got fed up with it. In 1955 they met at the Bandung Conference, the first ever conference of all non-white leaders from Asian and African nations. -They decided there was a third path; not to choose EITHER side. They created an option where they wouldn't choose either side in the Cold War and stay neutral. -The was known as the ___________________________________________

Sukarno and the Bandung Conference (1955)

-During the Cold War, the entire globe was affected. Almost every country in Africa, Asia, and Latin America was being forced to declare a side. Either you were democratic and with the United States, or you were Communist and you were with the Soviet Union -Proxy wars began tearing nations apart as the United States and USSR wrestled for control and influence in third world countries -Some countries got fed up with it. In 1955 they met at the __________________________, the first ever conference of all non-white leaders from Asian and African nations. -They decided there was a third path; not to choose EITHER side. They created an option where they wouldn't choose either side in the Cold War and stay neutral; this was called the Non-Aligned Movement -The Conference was led and organized by SUKARNO, the first President of Indonesia. -Sukarno was probably the most influential leader in the early Non-Aligned Movement, and this conference was the launching point

NATO (1949) and the Warsaw Pact (1955)

-During the Cold War, the entire globe was affected. Almost every country in Africa, Asia, and Latin America was being forced to declare a side. Either you were democratic and with the United States, or you were Communist and you were with the Soviet Union -Proxy wars began tearing nations apart as the United States and USSR wrestled for control and influence in third world countries -The Americans and Soviets both began forming alliances. The American alliance included Canada and many of the Western European powers that had been given money as part of the Marshall Plan; the American alliance was known as ____________________________ -The Soviet alliance was all of the countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia that were a part of the Soviet Union, along with a few other communist nations. This alliance was known as the ____________________________________

Ho Chi Minh (1950-1970)

-During the Cold War, the entire globe was affected. Almost every country in Africa, Asia, and Latin America was being forced to declare a side. Either you were democratic and with the United States, or you were Communist and you were with the Soviet Union -Proxy wars began tearing nations apart as the United States and USSR wrestled for control and influence in third world countries -This Proxy War in SE Asia was one that the United States got heavily involved in. Led by ___________________, North Vietnam was communist and were trying to unite South Vietnam and create a communist country -Led by _________________________, the Vietnamese fought intense guerrilla warfare, using tunnels, traps, and the jungle to their advantage -They beat the odds and defeated the Americans and got their freedom, establishing a communist country in 1975, in an example of one of the greatest and most successful guerrilla resistance movements of all time. -This leader goes down as the "father" of modern Vietnam is considered one of the most important communist leaders of the 1900s along with Lenin, Stalin, Fidel Castro, and Mao Zedong.

Proxy War: Afghan-Soviet War- (1979-89)

-During the Cold War, the entire globe was affected. Almost every country in Africa, Asia, and Latin America was being forced to declare a side. Either you were democratic and with the United States, or you were Communist and you were with the Soviet Union -Proxy wars began tearing nations apart as the United States and USSR wrestled for control and influence in third world countries. This Proxy War was in the Middle East. -The Mujahideen, a group of rebels, started to rebel agains the Communist government. The Soviet Union got heavily involved trying to prevent the country from becoming Democratic. The ruling government in Afghanistan was Communist, and allied with the Soviet Union -The American CIA funded and trained Osama bin Laden and the Mujahideen rebels, supplying them with stinger missiles to take down helicopters and planes. The USA wanted the rebels to overthrow the Communist government and establish democracy/capitalism -The Mujahideen "democratic" side was victorious and the Communist govt and Soviet allies lost an embarrassing defeat that helped contribute to their decline in the 1980's. Afghanistan stopped being Communist and the Soviet Union started to fall aparat

Fidel Castro

-During the Cold War, the entire globe was affected. Almost every country in Africa, Asia, and Latin America was being forced to declare a side. Either you were democratic/capitalist and with the United States, or you were Communist and you were with the Soviet Union -Led by ___________________, a revolution began in Cuba in 1953. The government was a democratic/capitalist government led by Fulgencio Batista and supported by the United States. _______________ and his communists were attempting to overthrow the government. -Despite the United States helping the capitalist Batista government, _______________and the revolutionaries were successful and overthrew the government. They established a communist state in Cuba -Cuba immediately became major allies with the Soviet Union and began to accept supplies and major weapons from the USSR. They also began to try and spread communism to other areas of Latin America and the Caribbean -As leader/dictator of Cuba, he was a major supporter of communism, and he improved education, roads, and medicine. He was criticized for starting foreign conflicts, not allowing criticism, and corruption -This country almost came into major conflict with the United States during the Cuban Missile Crisis -________________________ ruled for an incredible amount of time and was President until 2008

Cuban Missile Crisis 1962

-During the Cold War, the entire globe was affected. Almost every country in Africa, Asia, and Latin America was being forced to declare a side. Either you were democratic/capitalist and with the United States, or you were Communist and you were with the Soviet Union -Proxy wars began tearing nations apart as the United States and USSR wrestled for control and influence in third world countries -This event took place in Cuba; the Soviet Union shipped nuclear missiles to this country in the Caribbean -The United States discovered the missiles and realized they were pointed at the United States -An insane period of tension followed for 13 days -Nuclear war was narrowly avoided by President Kennedy and Premier Kruschev as the Soviets agreed to take missiles out of Cuba and the Americans agreed to take missiles out of Turkey

Cold War Proxy War: The Korean War, 1950 - 53

-During the Cold War, the two superpowers would fight "Proxy Wars." The US and Soviets would never fight each other directly--but instead they would provide weapons and training to countries where there was a civil war in order to help one side win and make the country either capitalist or communist. -The first major proxy war fought during the Cold War was in __________________________. There was a civil war and the Northern half was fighting for communism, and the Southern half was fighting for capitalism/democracy. -Initially, the United States was supplying weapons and training to the Southern side, and the Soviet Union was supplying weapons and training to the Northern side. However, when the South began to lose, the United States sent its full military in. -General Douglas MacArthur initially led American troops to a series of victories -However, eventually China joined the war on behalf of the Communist North and the momentum of the war shifted. In the end, a stalemate (basically a tie) was declared and the country was divided in two along the 38th parallel line. Today, North ______________ is still Communist and still has a rivalry with the United States, while South ___________ is capitalist/democratic and is an ally to the United States

The Bessemer Process for Steel

-During the Industrial Revolution, an inventor named Henry ________________ created a cheap and fast way to make steel from iron -This process involved heating iron up to extremely high temperatures, melting it, and then using a blast of air to create steel from the iron -Once he came up with this, people began using steel to build factories, railroads, and buildings -Andrew Carnegie made a fortune in the United States using this method and selling this product

Karl Marx and Marxism 1848 CE

-During the Industrial Revolution, there was a massive change in the way economies were run and how they worked -Adam Smith wrote a book called "The Wealth of Nations" where he promoted an economic theory called Capitalism -This theory relied on competition between individuals; it was "every man for himself" -One of the problems of capitalism was that due to the competition, some people like Rockefeller and Carnegie became wildly wealthy, while most people remained in the lower classes working in the factories -A German philosopher named ____________________ came up with a different theory called ___________________________ . In this theory, he was against capitalism, and he said that ultimately the lower classes were going to rise up and overthrow capitalism and create an equal society -This theory emphasized class struggle, and claimed that capitalism was wrong and would be overthrown -This theory inspired communism and socialism; this man became a hero in the Soviet Union and was the basis for much of the communist thought in the 20th century

Causes of World War II-- The Invasion of Poland

-World War II was started due to territorial aggression from the fascist powers, the Germans and the Japanese -The Germans began taking land throughout Europe, invading the Sudetenland -The Japanese also began taking over territory in the Pacific, invading China and taking over Manchuria -At first, the Allied Powers, led by Britain, wanted to avoid war; they met Hitler at the Munich Conference and they practiced "appeasement," where they let Hitler keep the territory -However, Hitler kept invading territory. The last straw was his Invasion of _____________________; after that, the Allies declared war on the Axis

Karl Marx and "The Communist Manifesto" 1848 CE

-During the Industrial Revolution, there was a massive change in the way economies were run and how they worked -Adam Smith wrote a book called "The Wealth of Nations" where he promoted an economic theory called Capitalism -This theory relied on competition between individuals; it was "every person for themselves" -One of the problems of capitalism was that due to the competition, some people like Rockefeller and Carnegie became wildly wealthy, while most people remained in the lower classes working in the factories -A German philosopher named Karl Marx came up with a different theory called Marxism . In this theory, he was against capitalism, and he said that ultimately the lower classes were going to rise up and overthrow capitalism and create an equal society -Marx and his partner Engels published a book in 1848 CE that outlined how he thought the lower classes would rise up and replace capitalism with communism. The name of this book was __________________________________ -It was incredibly popular and influential and spread like wildfire through Europe, where the "proletariat" lower classes were suffering in the factories. -This book inspired communism and socialism; this man became a hero in the Soviet Union and was the basis for much of the communist thought in the 20th century

Capitalism

-During the Industrial Revolution, there was a massive change in the way economies were run and how they worked -Adam Smith wrote a book called "The Wealth of Nations" where he promoted an economic theory called ____________________________ -This theory relied on competition between businesses; competition would drive all the prices in the free market economy -The "Invisible Hand" of competition would knock bad businesses out of business; the businesses that could become more efficient would be the ones that did well -This system promoted individuals to compete for themselves; "Every person for themselves" mentality -It led to very strong inventions and economies, but it also led to huge gaps between the rich and the poor as some people like Carnegie and Rockefeller got incredibly rich, while the factory workers remained very poor

Communism

-During the Industrial Revolution, there was a massive change in the way economies were run and how they worked as Capitalism spread -This theory relied on competition between individuals; it was "every man for himself" -One of the problems of capitalism was that due to the competition, some people like Rockefeller and Carnegie became wildly wealthy, while most people remained in the lower classes working in the factories -A group of people who were angry about the inequalities of capitalism came up with Socialism, which is very similar to _____________________ but came before it -In Socialism, the government controls all of the land, the factories, and the economy. The government is run by the people, and one of the goals is to set up a system where everyone was equal -The most famous Socialist was a German philosopher named Karl Marx came up with a different theory called Marxism. In this theory, he was against capitalism, and he said that ultimately the lower classes were going to rise up and overthrow capitalism and create an equal society, which he called ___________________ -So Socialism was the idea that everyone would be equal, and it came before _____________________, which is a type of socialism

Socialism and Socialists

-During the Industrial Revolution, there was a massive change in the way economies were run and how they worked as Capitalism spread -This theory relied on competition between individuals; it was "every person for themselves" -One of the problems of capitalism was that due to the competition, some people like Rockefeller and Carnegie became wildly wealthy, while most people remained in the lower classes working in the factories -A group of people who were angry about the inequalities of capitalism came up with _______________________________________, which is very similar to communism, but came before it -In _____________________-ism, the government controls all of the land, the factories, and the economy. The government is run by the people, and one of the goals is to set up a system where everyone was equal -Different _________________ists had different ideas on how to set up an equal society; Robert Owen was a very famous ____________________ist -The most famous __________________ist was a German philosopher named Karl Marx came up with a different theory called Marxism. In this theory, he was against capitalism, and he said that ultimately the lower classes were going to rise up and overthrow capitalism and create an equal society, which he called communism -So __________________-ism was the idea that everyone would be equal, and it came before communism, which is a type of socialism

Urbanization 1750 - 1914 CE

-During the Industrial Revolution, there was a massive change in the way economies were run and how they worked as Capitalism spread throughout Europe and the Americas -As Factories sprang up all around European and American cities, the cities themselves grew MASSIVELY. By 1900, over 50 percent of people lived in a city in industrialized nations. This was a HUGE change -As cities grew, there were problems. Industrial cities were polluted, unsanitary places without proper plumbing or clean water. Diseases persisted. -Poverty was widespread as the poor lower class lived in huge TENEMENTS (dirty, nasty apt. buildings). Crime increased. -New immigrants from the countryside and from other countries kept the cities constantly growing and full of energy and bustle

The Industrial Middle Class 1800's CE

-During the Industrial Revolution, there was a massive change in the way economies were run and how they worked as Capitalism spread throughout Europe and the Americas -Capitalism and Industrialization from 1750 - 1900 CE had a big impact on social classes in Industrial society; the lower class grew immense and was composed of (made up of) a the industrial working class, the people working in the factories - A new ______________ CLASS was developed, a group that was not employed in the lower level factories but was not in the elite aristocracy; they had jobs like teachers, doctors, lawyers, and store owners -This new ________________ class enjoyed new leisure activities like watching sports, listening to live music, and traveling on the railroads, steamships, and canals

Global Migration to Cities for Work 1750 - 1914 CE

-During the Industrial Revolution, there was a massive change in the way economies were run and how they worked as Capitalism spread throughout Europe and the Americas -Factories sprung up in cities all around Europe, the United States, and Japan. These factories required massive amounts of labor -Immigrants often left the countryside or their home countries to go live and work in industrial countries. -Millions of immigrants came to the United States from Europe and Asia. Many ended up working in factories, leading to increased urbanization [growth of cities] and growth of cities like New York and Boston -Cities like London and Chicago also grew as immigrants flocked to the city -All around the globe, immigrants migrated to the cities and urbanization skyrocketed

The Impact of Industrialization on Family Demographic

-During the Industrial Revolution, there was a massive change in the way economies were run and how they worked as Capitalism spread throughout Europe and the Americas -The demographics of how families were set up were impacted massively by the spread of Industrialization. Before Industrialization, families often worked together in a group on the farm. -Now, each member of the family went their separate ways for as long as 14 hours in a day. Dad worked at one factory, mom at another, and poor children often had to work too. Families began to spend less time together -Men gained even more power as the biggest wage earner in the family; families also became smaller; the "Nuclear Family" included only Mom/Dad/Children, but not the extended family of grandparents, cousins, etc that often lived together on a farm or in a village

The Factory System and Specialization of Labor

-During the Industrial Revolution, there was a massive change in the way the workplace was organized -When you worked in a factory, people started to become really good at one job. They would learn how to work one machine or do one skill over and over again throughout the day. This was called the specialization of labor -People like Henry Ford used a technique called the ASSEMBLY LINE, where each worker repeated one task over and over to build something. For instance, a worker at the Ford car plant might only attach steering wheels. Then the next worker would only attach brakes. Then the next worker would put the seats in, etc. At the end of the line, a car would be produced! -This was incredibly boring, but very efficient -Workers often had to work 12 to 14 hours a day in hot, dirty, smelly, and dangerous conditions -Sadly Child Labor became widespread during this time, as capitalist business owners tried to increase profits by using children to perform the worst, most boring, and repetitive tasks. Orphans were often exploited in this system -In the United States, European and Chinese immigrants were also often exploited and paid miserably low wages and forced to work in inhumane conditions where accidents and deaths were common -This whole system was called the _____________________________________

George Stephenson and the Railroad 1850 CE

-During the Industrial Revolution, transportation was crucial. The factories were mass producing goods in one place, but they had to be carried to the markets -This inventor used Watt's Steam Engine to provide the power for the first _____________________ -This invention would revolutionize transportation; thousands of miles of track would be laid down across Europe and the United States by the 1860's -They even built a track all the way across Siberia in Russia under Industrialization Chief Sergei Witte -For full credit, you must name the INVENTOR and the Invention

Soldaderas

-During the Mexican War for Independence, Miguel Hidalgo welcomed Mexican women into his army. Many of these women fought with extreme courage and bravery, helping to lead their people to freedom -Examples include Manuela Medina, who became a captain of the rebel forces and was the first officer to defeat the highly trained King's Royal Troops; she fought in 7 battles and was wounded and killed in one of the last battles of the war -Gertrudis Bocanegra was a spy who joined Hidalgo's army. She was caught, arrested, and tortured. She refused to give up the names of her friends and allies, even under torture. She yelled in defiance at her executioners when she was shot by the firing squad -These heroic women helped lower class Mexicans/the mestizo classes achieve victory against the peninsulares and the Spanish, gaining freedom for millions of Mexicans

The Protestant Reformation 1500's

-During the Middle Ages, the Catholic church started to become corrupt. If you sinned, you were able to "buy forgiveness" from the church; you could pay for "Indulgences" which forgave your sin -A man named Martin Luther believed that you could not buy your way into heaven. He wrote a rant about it called the "95 Theses" and the printing press helped spread it all over Europe -Luther and others began protesting against the Catholic church. Many new Christian churches formed and broke off and away from the Catholic Church. This movement spread like wildfire across Europe and millions joined the new churches and left the Catholic church.

War of the Golden Stool or Yaa Asantewaa's Rebellion (1900 CE)

-During the Scramble for Africa in the late 1890s, the Ashanti kingdom fell to the British and their superior industrialized military -As happened in so many regions around the world, years after the initial conquest, a millenarian rebellion occurred, trying to rid the Ashanti of the British conquerors (similar to Taiping and Boxer Rebellions in Qing China, Sepoy Rebellion in India) -The Ashanti King Prempeh I was already in exile in the Seychelles Islands. The British came to the capital city of Kumasi and demanded that the Ashanti give them the Golden Stool to sit on as a sign of British power -Queen Yaa Asantewaa made a famous speech to the Ashanti men, calling them out for not standing up to the British. She was chosen to be the first and only female military leader in Ashanti history -Despite a spirited rebellion and resistance, the British military technology was just too much for the Ashanti. They were defeated and Yaa Asantewaa was sent into exile in the Seychelles, where she died in 1921 as a hero and martyr to her people -In a small victory, the Ashanti hid the Golden Stool in the jungle, and the British did not find it until 1921 CE -The British also found the Ashanti so difficult to rule that they were ruled through "Indirect Rule," meaning most of their society was left in place and they had to pay annual tribute to the British

White Man's Grave + Indirect Rule

-During the Scramble for Africa in the late 1890s, the Ashanti kingdom fell to the British and their superior industrialized military -However, the British would find Ghana and the Ashanti were a very difficult kingdom to govern. British soldiers, horses, and livestock were in hell in the Ghanaian jungles, as the Tsetse fly drove soldiers and horses nuts -The Tsetse fly would infect soldiers with the Sleeping Sickness, and mosquitoes infected soldiers with malaria and yellow fever -As a result, the British nicknamed Ghana the White Man's Grave -because it was so difficult to rule as a settler colony, the British decided instead on Indirect Colonial Rule -With "indirect rule," the Ashanti basically became a tribute state. They were allowed to keep their own leaders, political structure, culture, etc. but were forced to pay tribute to the British

Ashanti King Prempeh I (1890s)

-During the Scramble for Africa in the late 1890s, the Ashanti kingdom fell to the British and their superior industrialized military -The Ashanti King ____________________________ attempted to resist the British, but was overwhelmed by their superior military, transportation, and communication -In an act of humiliation and submission, the British went to Kumasi and the King _______________ and his mother were forced to kneel down and embrace the legs and feet of the British generals, in front of a large crowd of British and Ashanti. This was called "The Submission of King _______________" -he was sent to exile in the Seychelles Islands, where he would remain during the War of the Golden Stool, when the British demanded the Golden Stool be turned over. He would later be joined there by Queen Yaa Asantewaa after the rebellion failed

The Zulu Kingdom's War with the British--Battle of Isandlwana (1878)

-During the Scramble for Africa, the British claimed the territory of South Africa -There was a powerful, warlike kingdom there called the Zulu Kingdom, which had been founded by the legendary warrior Shaka Zulu -The Zulu were well-organized, powerful, and extremely strong warriors; however, they lacked the industrial technology of the Europeans -Underestimating the Zulus, the British sent a small force of 7,800 soldiers to conquer them. The Zulus sent 35,000 warriors into battle at the battle of ___________________________. -Even though they were armed only with spears, and the British had guns and machine guns, the Zulus used their knowledge of the land, superior tactics, and brilliant skill on the battlefield to win a massive victory over the British at the battle of ____________________ -Unfortunately, this would be the biggest victory for the Zulus during the war. The British would send in more industrialized troops, and with the power of repeating rifles and machine guns, they would defeat the Zulus, destroy the kingdom, and force them to submit to British authority as the brutal and racist Scramble for Africa continued

Belgium Control of the Congo 1908

-During the Scramble for Africa, the Europeans conquered and divided up Africa into colonies in a mad frenzy of Imperialism -The Belgians claimed the territory of the Congo during the Scramble for Africa -The brutal Belgian king that ran this colony and extracted so much wealth from it was King Leopold II; the peak of his brutality was in the 1890's -After several years of brutality, opposition to Leopold's rule of the Congo began to build in Belgium -The Belgian government bought the colony from King Leopold, who had actually personally owned the Congo, for 215 million French Francs -This showed that many European governments were starting to strengthen control of colonies by buying or taking them from companies like the BEIC, Dutch East India Company, or people like Leopold

Iron and Steel Production in the Song Dynasty

-During the Song Dynasty, there was a massive increase in production of __________ and ____________ in China -Production went up by 10 times -____________ and ___________used for weapons and agricultural tools -Also used for bridges and pagodas. -They would be produced in major cities like Hangzhou and Chang'an; helped Song China become more powerful and technologically advanced

Hangzhou

-During the Song Dynasty, urbanization (growth of cities) increased massively as Chinese agriculture really took off due to the new rice varieties and new agricultural techniques and China became the most urbanized place in the world. -Capital of Song Dynasty, this was a massive center for trade, as lots of long distance trade on the silk roads came into this city. Horses, wool, textiles, carpets, spices, gems, diamonds, and more would come into this city from the Indian Ocean basin and Mediterranean Ocean along the silk roads -One of the largest cities in the world during the Song Dynasty, with over one million residents -This city and the other major Chinese cities were bustling (energetic) cities full of hundreds of restaurants, hotels, markets, brothels (prostitution houses), theaters, craft shops selling silk and porcelain, and more -In ______________________, the taverns [bars/restaurants] had different floors depending on how much you wanted to drink; if you only wanted a glass or two of wine, you sat on the bottom floor; if you wanted to stay and have a whole night of revelry [partying] you would go up to the top floors of the tavern -because there was so much trade coming in from the silk roads, there were merchants and entertainers from all over the world who lived here. There were Muslim merchants from the Abbasid Caliphates, and Christian merchants from the Byzantine Empire. Persian dancers provided entertainment in this diverse metropolis [big city]

Chang'an

-During the Song Dynasty, urbanization [growth of cities] increased massively as Chinese agriculture really took off due to the new rice varieties and new agricultural techniques. China became the most urbanized area in the world. -Capital city of the Tang dynasty, which was the dynasty before the Song Dynasty, one of the largest cities in the world during the Song Dynasty, with almost 2 million residents - a center of trade and innovation [inventions] during the Song Dynasty, with silk, spices, porcelain, textiles [cloth] and more -Center for trade and politics. The Song Dynasty built long networks of roads and communication to run the dynasty, and many of these roads came back to this city - with many of the Scholar Bureaucrats who ran the government after they passed the Civil Service Exam -This city and the other major Chinese cities were bustling [energetic] cities full of hundreds of restaurants, hotels, markets, brothels [prostitution houses], theaters, craft shops selling silk and porcelain, and more -During the Song Dynasty this city continued to be an important hub of trade and politics, although it was not the capital

The Salaried Samurai

-During the Tokugawa Shogunate from 1600 -1850 CE, the Shoguns were constantly worried about rebellions from the "Daimyo" nobility, the noble class just below them -In order to strengthen their power, the Shoguns began hiring professional samurai to fight for them and build a professional standing army. Paying the samurai a salary was a change from the feudal period, where they were sworn to the daimyo [nobles] -Followed the Bushido Code of honor, which demanded respect, loyalty, high pain tolerance, honor, and dedication to victory -Wielded the legendary Kitana sword to great effect. Tokugawa Ieyasu himself was a legendary samurai warrior -This was similar to other Empires around the world like the Ottomans with the Janissaries and the European countries who were paying military professionals to build standing armies

Kabuki Theater

-During the Tokugawa Shogunate from 1603 - 1867 CE the Japanese developed a beautiful style of theater and performing arts called __________________ Theater -Essentially this like a really fancy and beautiful Japanese play -It features colorful scenery and beautiful, bright costumes and an exaggerated style of acting "Yotsuya Kaidan" is one of the most famous examples of a Kobuki play, it tells a tale of love affairs, ghosts, and revenge

Sino-Japanese War 1895 CE

-During the Tokugawa period, the Japanese were isolated for 250 years from 1600 - 1850 CE -After Commodore Perry in 1853, the Meiji Restoration took place as the Tokugawas fell -The Japanese went in the opposite direction of their earlier times when they isolated and hired foreign advisers to reform the military; the Japanese built a powerful military that was modern and Industrialized -They began to try and take over countries in Asia in order to get resources for their new factories and railroad -with their new technologically advanced military, Meiji Japan fought two larger countries, Russia and China, and defeated both in wars from 1890-1910. -This term is the war they fought against the Chinese, (not the Russians!). It happened in 1895 CE and they were victorious, able to easily defeat a much larger foe -After defeating the Qing Chinese, the Japanese gained Chinese territory and gained trading rights in China as they now had their own "sphere of influence"

Japanese Imperialism during the Meiji Reformation

-During the Tokugawa period, the Japanese were isolated for 250 years from 1600 - 1850 CE -After Commodore Perry in 1853, the Meiji Restoration took place as the Tokugawas fell -The Japanese went in the opposite direction of their earlier times when they isolated and hired foreign advisers to reform the military; with the aid of European advisors, they built a powerful military that was modern and Industrialized -They began to try and take over countries in Asia in order to get resources for their new factories and railroad -with their new technologically advanced military, Meiji Japan fought two larger countries, Russia and China, and defeated both in wars from 1890-1910. -They also took over several islands in the Pacific -This process was called: ______________________________________________________________

Mahdist Wars in Sudan--Battle of Omdurman (1898)

-During the brutal Scramble for Africa, the British claimed the territory of Sudan in Northeast Africa -The Sudanese people had already been fighting for their freedom against the Egyptians, and now they had to deal with the British as well -The Sudanese warriors put up a fierce and spirited resistance to defend their homeland from invaders; 60,000 warriors, the "Dervishes," led by Khalifa Abdullah, rallied to protect their homeland against 25,000 British and Egyptian forces at the Battle of _______________________ -Even though the Sudanese had the numbers, the British had the weapons. Armed with repeating rifles, cannon, artillery from gunboats, and the deadly Maxim Machine Gun, the Sudanese forces were devastated by the British military technology -at the end of the day, the Sudanese suffered 30,000 casualties while the British only lost 700 soldiers in this battle, and the British gained control as the brutal and racist Scramble for Africa continued

Jacobo Arbenz 1954 CE

-During the late 1800's and early 1900's, America was practicing economic imperialism in Latin America -American companies were taking over Latin American countries and dominating their economy, bribing politicians, and serving as the major employer for thousands -The United Fruit Company, a massive transnational corporation, took over in Guatemala and owned huge parts of land and resources; they bribed politicians to let them keep the land and make favorable policies -In 1954 a new President was elected, President __________. ________________started a new Land Reform Policy that tried to take land away from the United Fruit Company and redistribute (give it back) to the lower class Guatemalans -The CIA was scared that taking land from the rich company and giving it to the people was like Communism. The CIA organized a rebellion against ____________________ and he was exiled, where he died. -Guatemala descended into a 40 year Civil War; the company turned Guatemala into a "Banana Republic," which was the main product being grown and exported -This term is JUST THE NAME OF THE PRESIDENT

Arbenz's Land Reform Policy 1954

-During the late 1800's and early 1900's, America was practicing economic imperialism in Latin America -American companies were taking over Latin American countries and dominating their economy, bribing politicians, and serving as the major employer for thousands -The United Fruit Company, a massive transnational corporation, took over in Guatemala and owned huge parts of land and resources; they bribed politicians to let them keep the land and make favorable policies -In 1954 a new President was elected, President __________. ________________started a new ________________________ Policy that tried to take land away from the United Fruit Company and redistribute (give it back) to the lower class Guatemalans -The CIA was scared that taking land from the rich company and giving it to the people was like Communism. The CIA organized a rebellion against ____________________ and he was exiled, where he died. -This term is the name of the President + the name of his policy of taking land away from the UFC and redistributing it (giving it back) to the lower classes

The United Fruit Company in Guatemala 1899 - 1980 CE

-During the late 1800's and early 1900's, America was practicing economic imperialism in Latin America -American companies were taking over Latin American countries and dominating their economy, bribing politicians, and serving as the major employer for thousands -This massive transnational corporation took over in Guatemala and owned huge parts of land and resources; they bribed politicians to let them keep the land and make favorable policies. They used racist, oppressive policies and mistreated indigenous workers -In 1954 a new President was elected, President Jacobo Arbenz. Arbenz started a new Land Reform Policy that tried to take land away from the ____________________________ and redistribute (give it back) to the lower class Guatemalans -The CIA was scared that taking land from the rich company and giving it to the people was like Communism. The CIA organized a rebellion against Arbenz and he was exiled, where he died. -Guatemala descended into a 40 year Civil War; the company turned Guatemala into a "Banana Republic," which was the main product being grown and exported

Ottoman Architecture in Istanbul

-Empires like the Ottomans traditionally built large palaces and architectural construction projects to show their power as part of monumental art and architecture -The Ottomans loved to build magnificent palaces and mosques to show their wealth and might; -In the city of _________________ in particular, they built magnificent palaces and mosques -arguably the most beautiful mosque was the the Suleymaniye Mosque, built in honor of Suleyman the Magnificent (NOT THE ANSWER!) -This term is about Ottoman Architecture in their capital city

Suleymaniye Mosque

-Empires traditionally built large palaces and architectural construction projects to show their power -The Ottomans loved to build magnificent palaces and mosques to show their wealth and might; -arguably the most beautiful mosque in Istanbul was the the ___________________, built in honor of ______________ the Magnificent -Built from 1550 - 1557 CE -an example of monumental architecture [big construction]

Era 1 Overview, 1200 - 1450 CE

-Era 1 from 1200 - 1450 CE saw a rise in several important Land-Based Empires, as well as a huge increase in trade and travel; -CRITICAL ERA 1 EMPIRES TO KNOW: -Song Dynasty in China/East Asia -Mayans, Incans, and Aztecs in the Americas -The disintegration of the Abbasid Caliphate into several smaller Turkic empires in the Middle East/South Asia -The Islamic Delhi Sultanate in South Asia -Great Zimbabwe in Africa -Feudalism and decentralization (no empire) in Western Europe -The Mongol Empire in Asia/Middle East; they come in at the end and knock many empires down! TRADE also massive. BIG FOUR ERA 1TRADE NETWORKS TO KNOW: -Silk Roads in Eurasia/Middle East -Trans-Saharan Routes in Africa -Indian Ocean Basin trade -Mediterranean Sea Trade

Era 1 Overview, 1200 CE to 1450 CE

-Era 1 from 1200 - 1450 CE saw a rise in several important Land-Based Empires, as well as a huge increase in trade and travel; -CRITICAL ERA 1 EMPIRES TO KNOW: -Song Dynasty in China/East Asia -Mayans, Incans, and Aztecs in the Americas -The disintegration of the Abbasid Caliphate into several smaller Turkic empires in the Middle East/South Asia -The Islamic Delhi Sultanate in South Asia -Kingdom of Zimbabwe, Mali Empire in Africa -Feudalism and decentralization (no empire) in Western Europe -The Mongol Empire in Asia/Middle East; they come in at the end and knock many empires down! TRADE also massive. BIG FOUR ERA 1TRADE NETWORKS TO KNOW: -Silk Roads in Eurasia/Middle East -Trans-Saharan Routes in Africa -Indian Ocean Basin trade -Mediterranean Sea Trade RELIGION also huge, with the spread of Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism -The Black Plague, Marco Polo, Ibn Battuta, also major terms!

Era 1 Overview, 1200 CE to 1450 CE

-Era 1 from 1200 - 1450 CE saw a rise in several important Land-Based Empires, as well as a huge increase in trade and travel; -CRITICAL ERA 1 EMPIRES TO KNOW:-Song Dynasty in China/East Asia -The Empire of Mali and Great Zimbabwe in Africa -Mayans, Incans, and Aztecs in the Americas -The disintegration of the Abbasid Caliphate into several smaller Turkic empires in the Middle East/South Asia -The Islamic Delhi Sultanate in South Asia -Feudalism and decentralization (no empire) in Western Europe -The Mongol Empire in Asia/Middle East; they come in at the end and knock many empires down! TRADE also massive. BIG FOUR ERA 1 TRADE NETWORKS TO KNOW: -Silk Roads in Eurasia/Middle East -Trans-Saharan Routes in Africa -Indian Ocean Basin trade -Mediterranean Sea Trade RELIGION also huge, with the spread of Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism -The Black Plague, Marco Polo, Ibn Battuta (world travelers), also major terms!

Era 1 Overview, 1200 CE to 1450 CE

-Era 1 from 1200 - 1450 CE saw a rise in several important Land-Based Empires, as well as a huge increase in trade and travel; -CRITICAL ERA 1 EMPIRES TO KNOW: -Song Dynasty in China/East Asia -Mayans, Incans, and Aztecs in the Americas -The disintegration of the Abbasid Caliphate into several smaller Turkic empires in the Middle East/South Asia -The Islamic Delhi Sultanate in South Asia -Great Zimbabwe in Africa -Feudalism and decentralization (no empire) in Western Europe -The Mongol Empire in Asia/Middle East; they come in at the end and knock many empires down! TRADE also massive. BIG FOUR ERA 1TRADE NETWORKS TO KNOW: -Silk Roads in Eurasia/Middle East-Trans-Saharan Routes in Africa-Indian Ocean Basin trade -Mediterranean Sea Trade RELIGION also huge, with the spread of Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism -The Black Plague, Marco Polo, Ibn Battuta, also major terms!

The United Nations 1945 - Present

-Especially after the destruction of the World Wars, people wanted to create organizations that were aimed at promoting world peace and helping countries cooperate with each other. The first international organization created was the League of Nations, which was created based on the vision of Woodrow Wilson at the Treaty of Versailles after World War I -The League of Nations was ineffective and it was replaced by the United Nations after World War II. The United Nations contains a powerful five nation security council that hold the most power. The nations on the security council are Russia, The United States, China, Britain, and France. -The major goals of the United Nations include maintaining World Peace, preventing major conflicts and wars, and protecting human rights around the globe -The UN has its own military that acts as a peacekeeping force and can be sent in to prevent major conflicts around the globe.

Slave Trade in the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean

-Even before the Middle Passage and TransAtlantic slave trade, there was already slavery in Africa, the Middle East, the Mediterranean, and Indian Ocean regions -Within African Kingdoms such as Kongo and Songhay, enslaved persons [slaves] were captured through war and used internally in Africa -Enslaved persons [Slaves] were also sent across the Trans-Saharan caravan routes and were traded by Arabic traders in the Middle East, Mediterranean Sea, and Indian Ocean -Many students hear slavery and only think of African enslaved persons and the Middle Passage; slavery had existed in Africa and Eurasia before that, and enslaved persons were also being sent to other parts of the world before the Middle Passage and Trans Atlantic trade

1492 -1800 CE

-Everything having to do with colonization and transAtlantic trade in the Americas happens AFTER Columbus -The Dates of the Columbian Exchange

Angela/Angel Jimenez

-Explosives expert from Oaxaca, Mexico who was known for her courage in battle -according to one scholar said she would "shoot anyone who tried to seduce her" and she refused to have relationships while in the army -Jimenez joined the army after a Federal Raid on Oaxaca from the troops of creole caudillo Porfirio Diaz -She fought for multiple rebel groups alongside her father and then revealed her identity -rose to the position of lieutenant and earned immense amounts of respect from her fellow troops -continued fighting against the Federal Army for several years under her true identity as a woman, believed that that Mexican Revolution would finally be the start of having justice and the creoles facing justice after the brutality of Spanish colonization and oppression

Impacts of Global Migration 1750 - 1914 CE

-Factories sprung up in cities all around Europe, the United States, and Japan. These factories required massive amounts of labor -Immigrants often left the countryside or their home countries to go live and work in industrial countries. -Millions of immigrants came to the United States from Europe and Asia. Many ended up working in factories, leading to increased urbanization and growth of cities like New York and Boston -Due to the physical nature of the jobs available, many of the immigrants were male; this left women to take on new roles and responsibilities in their home villages -Many men migrated seasonally; they would go work in the factories for 9 months in a country, then return home to their families for several months -When they arrived in new cities, immigrants created "ethnic enclaves" where people of the same ethnicity all lived in the same neighborhood, such as Chinatown in San Francisco and Little Italy in New York City

David Alfaro Siqueiros (1957)

-Famous Mexican Painter -Painted about the Mexican Revolution to promote Nationalism (patriotism, national pride) in Mexico -Most famous work is From "The Dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz The Revolutionaries" painted in 1957 -Painting was painted in 1957 during the Cold War, five years before Cuban Missile Crisis. -Painting includes Cold War references including red colors and lower classes united, and the anonymous mestizo soldier in the front representing all lower classes. Everyone is equal and the Zapata, the major leader, isn't in the front, which is a common Communist theme in art during the Cold War -This painting showed Emiliano Zapata, many soldaderas, and other Mestizo fighters of the Liberation Army of the South and the Zapatistas

Zhu Xi

-Famous Neo-Confucianist -Mixed Buddhism with old Confucianism to make "Neo" or new Confucianism -Edited book "Family Rituals" to help people know how to properly perform Confucian rituals, honoring your ancestors, etc.

Maria Quinteras de Meras

-Famous Soldadera who fought in Pancho Villa's army in 1910 -Fought in ten battles from 1910-1913 -rose to the rank of colonel -well-decorated, meaning she received medals and honors for her bravery in battle -She was well respected despite the fact that Pancho Villa did not approve of the Soldaderas -Was a higher rank than her husband -Refused to allow Villa to pay her for fighting in his army, only want to be paid in respect -known for being extremely effective in battle and fighting just as well as any male soldier in battle, some thought her to have supernatural powers because she could aim so well. -up there with Queen Nzinga, Nanny of the Maroons, Toussaint L'Ouverture, and Emiliano Zapata as great guerrilla fighters

Hu Wenrou

-Famous female mathematician during the Song Dynasty -Was consulted [asked for advice] by many well-known Song Dynasty mathematicians during the time period -lived right before 1200 CE, but can still be referenced [talked about] in an essay as someone that contributed a lot to mathematics -considered incredibly intelligent and brilliant during her time

Adolf Hitler, the Nazis, and Fascism in Germany

-Fascism was an ideology that basically became a type of government in Germany -After World War I, all of the blame for the war was placed on Germany and the Treaty of Versailles forced Germany to pay $33 billion in reparations payments to the Allies; under the burden of this debt, the German government fell apart and collapsed -This set the stage for a new leader to rise to power, one who promised a "new age." He promoted the ideology of Fascism and began a new government. -This leader motivated Germany to prepare for Total War. He gave speeches, used propaganda, made films, and created a nationalist spirit. Germany rallied and returned to being an incredibly powerful, warlike nation As parts of Fascism under this leader, you would have seen in Germany: -Extreme nationalism [national pride] -Extreme militarism -Loyalty to the state, no criticism allowed -Ultimately this leader started World War II and played a large role in the Holocaust as well. He was extremely racist and decided, along with other leaders of his political party, the Nazis, that every Jew, person with a disability, gypsy, homosexual, etc. should be put to death. -This leader is now known as one of the most notorious criminals in world history, and one of the most racist leaders in history

Benito Mussolini and Fascism in Italy 1930's

-Fascism was an ideology that basically became a type of government in Italy -In Italy, this leader began promoting fascism. In a Fascist country, you're going to see: -Extreme nationalism -Extreme militarism -One dictator/ruler with Total Power -Loyalty to the state, no criticism allowed -This man's fascist group were known as the Black Shirts. Under this leader, Italy allied with Hitler and the Nazis -As part of Fasciscm, Italy was very aggressive. They took over Ethiopia and helped start World War II.

Causes of World War II-- Axis Aggression

-Fascist leaders took over in Germany, Italy, and Japan. These leaders were VERY aggressive and promoted imperialism in their countries, which led to the start of WWII. --World War II was started due to territorial aggression from the fascist powers, the Germans and the Japanese, as they began taking land throughout Europe and Asia, invading the Sudetenland -The Japanese also began taking over territory in the Pacific, invading China and taking over Manchuria. Powered by the Meiji Reformation of the late 1800's early 1900s, the Japanese were a dominant military force and took over most of Asia. They fought fiercely, at the end of the war resorting to the infamous Kamikaze suicide attacks in their airplanes. -Germany and Britain had a huge nationalist rivalry and hated each other; however, the British wanted to avoid war if possible - they met Hitler at the Munich Conference and they practiced "appeasement," where they let Hitler keep the territory he had taken -However, this policy failed miserable as Hitler just kept taking more and more land. He INVADED POLAND and after that war had to be declared to stop the Axis powers

Feudalism in Europe and Japan , 1200 - 1450 CE

-Feudalism was the name of the social structure of the time in Europe and Japan. Even though it was decentralized, there were still some weak Kings. The Kings would grant land to to the Nobles, who lived on large estates called Manors (Manor is the actual large house) - Nobles lived on the land and owned large pieces of land and usually lived in a large house or castle called a MANOR -Below the Nobles were Knights/Samurai--who were a wealthier military class; the weapons and armor of Knights/Samurai were very expensive, thus most of this class was well off. They were required to give military service to their lord, and lived near to the manor -The peasants or serfs were tenants on the lord's land and were below the knights/samurai. They had to pay him rent in the form of crops or labor. The lord and Knights would provide them with protection from invaders or barbarians -The peasants or serfs also had to serve in his military force whenever they were required to do so; the lord was supposed to provide Military protection for all those sworn to him, protecting from invasion by people like the Vikings or Visigoths or Mongols in Japan -In some cases, the nobility formed the warrior class of Knights and samurai, and the poorer peasants were not required to fight, but just had to provide labor, goods, and other services

Social Structure during European and Japanese Feudalism, 1200 CE to 1450 CE

-Feudalism--decentralized, so the Kings and capital cities didn't have much power Social Structure was: -Kings at the top, gave land to the nobles, who lived in MANORS -Nobles owned land, had people sworn to them like Knights and Serfs -Knights/Samurai were a rich military class below the nobles; sworn to fight for nobles -Peasants/serfs were tenants who rented the land from the nobles; were required to pay rent in the form of food or military service when required -In return, the nobles/knights who lived in the manors provided military protection from outside invaders and barbarians, like the Vikings or Visigoths

The Manorial System

-Feudalism--decentralized, so the Kings and capital cities didn't have much power Social Structure was: -Kings at the top, gave land to the nobles, who lived in MANORS -Nobles owned land, had people sworn to them like Knights and Serfs -Knights/Samurai were a rich military class below the nobles; sworn to fight for nobles -Peasants/serfs were tenants who rented the land from the nobles; were required to pay rent in the form of food or military service when required -In return, the nobles/knights who lived in the manors provided military protection from outside invaders and barbarians, like the Vikings or Visigoths -This whole system was called Feudalism and the Manorial System. The manor was the center of the village often, with the lord living in the large house. Serfs and the knights lived nearby -The manor could provide services like a mill, blacksmith, medical care, and the lord could give out legal judgments and settle disputes

Tabriz

-First capital city of the Safavid Empire, in modern day Iran, in the Middle East; established as Capital City by Shah Ismail -Described by Marco Polo as "a great city surrounded by beautiful and pleasant gardens," known for its beauty and culture -Huge trade center one of the Western ends of the Silk Roads; would have silk, spices, porcelain, diamonds coming from Asia; wool, olive oil, wines, exotic animals, ivory, and more coming from Europe and Africa -Temporarily taken over by the Sunni Ottomans after they defeated the Shi'ite Safavids at the Battle of Chaldiran -Shah Abbas the Great later established the capital at Isfahan, so it lost its status as capital of the Safavid Empire

International Monetary Fund (IMF) (1945 - Present)

-Founded by the United Nations in 1945 after World War II, the International Monetary Fund is a fund that 189 different countries contribute to. It is based in Washington, D.C. -Founded on the ideas of John Maynard Keynes, the famed economist whose theories inspired the New Deal, FDR's program that helped provide jobs in the United States during the Great Depression -All 189 countries contribute money to it -The IMF helps make sure that currencies are stable, they help make international trade go smoothly, and they help out member nations if they are having a financial crisis -As part of the UN, they also try to combat poverty and raise employment levels -the IMF is a part of the economic Globalization movement that was happening during Era 4, 1900 - Present. The IMF shows how many countries are joining International Organizations, making international trade easier, etc. -Some people in the anti-globalization movement have led protests against the IMF

Jamestown 1607 CE

-Founded in 1607, this town struggled mightily when it was first founded until the discovery of Tobacco -This was the first British town in North America in Virginia; initially, the town really struggled with starvation, disease, and Native American attack -Once tobacco was discovered and grown by John Rolfe, the town was economically successful and the colony of Virginia became one of the first powerful colonies in the British Empire -Virginia saw the beginning of African slavery in the what would become the United States in 1619 CE

Siddhartha Gautama 550 BCE

-Founder of Buddhism in 550 BCE -Also known simply as The Buddha -At first, he was one of the richest Brahmin sons and was showered with luxury for his whole life. After seeing the sick and poor, _____________went away and starved himself under a tree. He became free of everything from life, and began to feel enlightened, and found the way to end suffering. -Buddhism will be based off of his teachings. Buddha translates from the word the enlightened one. Key terms are Four Noble Truths, Eightfold Path, and Nirvana!

Shah Ismail (r. 1501-1524)

-Founder of Safavid Empire in 1501, ruled until 1524; started a rebellion at age 14 and led his Persian army to great victories to establish the Safavid Empire -made Twelver Shiism the official religion of the empire and imposed it upon his Sunni subjects -Founded the beautiful cultural center of Tabriz and established it as his first capital city -his most devoted followers became known as the "Qizilbash," or the "red heads," for the red hats they wore as a sign they followed him; they were fanatically loyal to Ismail and believed he could make them invincible -Hade a huge rivalry with the Sunni Ottoman Empire, and lost the Battle of Chaldiran to the Sunni Ottomans, as he and his followers refused to embrace gunpowder technology, believing it was "unmanly"; however, the empire survived the defeat and would last more than 200 years

Song Taizu 960 CE

-Founder of Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty would last for three hundred years. Note that Song Taizu is before 1200 CE, but he can be used for Context in an essay, and much of his systems and ideas will live on up until and past 1200 CE -He emphasized organizing the government, continuing to use the civil service exam, industry in IRON, steel, and porcelain, and Confucian education -did not emphasize the military as much and mistrusted many of the military leaders. This would continue throughout the Song Dynasty -Gave bureaucrats [govt officials] a lot of responsibility and power, so the importance of the Civil Service Exam became even greater. Scholar Bureaucrats would earn high salaries, increasing the merit-based promotion and competition for these positions -As a result, Song Taizu and the Song Dynasty would be known for having a strong political organization, with excellent government officials who were very loyal to the dynasty -However, the weakness of the military would eventually be its downfall, as the empire would be unable to protect itself from the invasion of the Mongols in 1279 CE

Genghis Khan

-Founder of the Mongol Empire, one of the greatest conquerors of all time -Military genius; reorganized military so that men were loyal to HIM and not to their tribes -Promoted people in the military based on merit [skill] rather than by birth -Used incredible military tactics to conquer thousands of square miles in Asia and the Middle East and start the greatest land empire of all time -While conquering, was responsible for the death of millions of people. The Mongols were ruthless [no mercy, violent] with the people they conquered -practiced religious toleration [allow people to practice their own religion] in the places the Mongols conquered -established capital city at Karakorum and promoted safe trade in Eurasia, establishing the Pax Mongolica [Peace of the Mongols] so that merchants could travel the Silk Roads safely -After death, his line continued to rule through Kubilai Khan

Osman Bey 1280 CE

-Founding Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, a nomadic, warlike Turk -Very warlike, a "Ghazi" which means Islamic warrior of God -The Ottomans saw themselves as descendants of the Mongols, and Osman was a nomadic conqueror like Genghis Khan. -The Ottomans practiced many Mongol traditions, like fearlessness in battle and honoring mothers and first wives. Women could be very influential in politics, economics, religion, and the building of public works -Founds the Islamic Empire, which will last 600 + years

Jesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ) 0 BCE

-Founding figure of Christianity -Taught and preached about kindness, forgiveness, and a love for a monotheistic God -He was known for being a very charismatic speaker and leader; he recruited lots of "disciples" who became missionaries and spread his message around Eurasia -Claimed to be the Son of God and his messenger on earth -Christianity had lots of influence from Judaism and ________________________- was originally Jewish -He was persecuted by the Roman Empire and crucified (nailed to a cross) on the orders of the Roman Emperor Pontius Pilate. Legend has it that after his death he was reborn again through a miracle.

Osei Tutu (ruled 1695-1717)

-Founding leader of the Ashanti (sometimes spelled Asante) kingdom in West Africa, modern day Ghana -Built an extremely powerful military machine and conquered neighboring tribes in Ghana -Established capital city at Kumasi and started lucrative trade with the Dutch, trading gold and enslaved persons for outdated guns and alcohol -Throughout his rule he was advised by a key adviser, Okomfo Anokye, who was his spiritual and religious adviser. Anokye helped him organize and bring together the empire -Established the Golden Stool as the symbol of Ashanti ruler and essentially the symbol of the King. Gold would play a huge role in Ashanti and West African culture

Muhammad (570 CE - 632 CE)

-Founding prophet of Islam -Made a famous journey to Mecca, known as the "Hijra." Mecca is now the holy city of Islam. The five pillars of Islam require every Muslim to visit there once -____________________ CE , DATE REQUIRED IN ANSWER -Successfully established Islam as a prophet and missionary and spread it throughout the Middle East/Arabia -Is named in the first pillar of Islam as the prophet of God, Allah -Muslims believe that Allah sent revelations to Muhammad, and those were written down in the Qur'an. These rules are set down for Muslims to follow (Dates are before 1200 CE, but he is still important context)

Pachacuti

-Founding ruler of the Incan empire in 1430 -Great military general and leader, took over several kingdoms and launched an empire -the famous, beautiful mountain city of Machu Picchu may have been built as his estate -Helped start the Incan cult surrounding the sun -Established Cuzco as capital city

Four Major Old World Trading Routes 1200 CE to 1450 CE

-Four major trading routes dominated Afro-Eurasia from 1200 CE to 1450 CE. There are other trade routes in the Americas, but the population of humans was far lower in the Americas than in Afro-Eurasia -Trade would pass along not only economic goods, but also cultural/religious ideas, military technology, diseases, and general technology There four major trade routes were all in Eurasia or North Africa. Sub-Saharan African received some trade through these routes, but less than other areas. -The Four Major Long-Distance Trading Routes you need to know are: -The Eurasian Silk Roads -The Trans-Saharan Caravan Routes -The Indian Ocean Sea Lanes -The Mediterranean Sea Lanes -These trading routes would also continue into later eras

Collapse of Empires, 1200 CE to 1450 CE

-From 1200 CE to 1450 CE, many Empires collapsed as the Plague and the Mongols spread throughout Afro-Eurasia -Disease could weaken an empire, the Plague was ravaging Eurasia and North Africa at the time -The Mongols knocked over the Song Dynasty, the Abbasid Caliphate, and many other Eurasian dynasties as well -In Africa, the Mali Empire and the Kingdom of Zimbabwe were both taken over by aggressive outside invaders -Shortly after this time, the Spanish conquistadors would bring down the Incan and Aztec Empires in the Americas in the early 1500's -Religious wars could result in the downfall of empires too, as Islam, Christianity, Buddhism and Hinduism were all spreading

Spread of Buddhism within Asia 1450 CE to 1750 CE

-From 1450 - 1750 CE, Buddhism continued to spread within Asia through the Silk Roads and Indian Ocean trade routes -Buddhist monks and missionaries spread the religion through the trade routes -China became even more devoted to Buddhism -SE Asia became more devoted to Buddhism as people moved away from Angkor Wat, which had originally been a Hindu temple in Cambodia -Japan developed its own form, Shinto Buddhism -This religion includes the Eight Fold Path and the Four Noble Truths

The Kingdom of Kongo 1450 - 1700 CE DATES REQUIRED FOR FULL CREDIT

-From 1450 - _____________ CE, this began as one of the most powerful kingdoms in West/SW Africa, on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean; had a complex and advanced civilization and economy -This empire had lots of trade with the Portuguese; initially, it was a beneficial trade to both empires, as the Portuguese were trading manufactured goods to the Kongolese and many Kongolese even converted to a syncretic (mixed form of Chrisitianity) -As time passed, the "slave trade" increased and the Portuguese slavers began to have an increasingly negative effect on the Kingdom of Kongo -Rulers like King Affonso and Queen Nzinga of Ndongo tried to resist the Portuguese -Eventually the kingdom fell to the Portuguese and became the first European colony in Africa in the year ______________________________ -AP Region: Sub-Saharan Africa, SW Africa

1) Silk Textile Production in China 1450 - 1750 CE

-From 1450 -1750 CE, the demand for ___________ increased dramatically in China as the Europeans found new ways to get there -In China, the MIng and Qing Dynasties encouraged higher levels of planning and organization to produce more _________________. They worked in old school mini-factories in cities like Hangzhou, Beijing, and Chang'an -There were thousands of people that worked in workshops to produce ____________ _________ that would be exported out of the country -This was before factories though, and these shops were much smaller than factories

Wood-Block Prints in Japan

-From 1600 -1850 CE, this type of artwork became very popular in Tokugawa Japan -These artists were able to create beautiful prints on wood-blocks using water based inks -"The Great Wave off Kanagawa" is a famous example of wood-block prints; other famous examples include Japanese propaganda from the Meiji Reformation showing heroes with swords vanquishing (Defeating) Russian and Chinese enemies in heroic battle poses

The Golden Age of Piracy 1650 - 1750 CE

-From 1650 to 1750 CE, PIRACY really took off in the Caribbean as people wanted to rob the British, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and other European ships in the region -People began to try and rob these ships in order to take their cargo, which often included sugar, rum, whiskey, timber, tobacco, fish, or other goods -Ships transporting enslaved persons [slaves] were also robbed -In the late 1700s the European and American navies began attacking pirates to protect their merchants and the pirates became less successful -Some of the most famous real-life pirates were Blackbeard, Captain Kidd, and Anne Bonny

Imperialism 1750-1900 CE

-From 1750 - 1900 CE, the Europeans developed industrialization -In order to feed the factories during Industrialization, they needed tons of raw materials and resources -Industrialization also gave them the best military and technology in the world -The Europeans/Americans/Japanese began to conquer large amounts of territory in Africa, India, and Asia in order to get resources -The United States and Japan also took over territory throughout Latin America and the Pacific/Asia -This included the Scramble for Africa and dividing China into Spheres of Influence -The imperial powers continued colonial practices of exploiting and oppressing indigenous people for labor, resulting in the death and abuse of millions of indigenous people around the world -Imperial Powers (Europe, US, Japan) continued to use racist ideology and racism to justify their conquest -This process of taking over was called ________________________________

Single Export Economies in the Non-European Countries

-From 1750 - 1900 CE, there was a dramatic change in the world's economy as Europe and the United States began to produce "goods" in massively different ways -To power the Industrial Revolution, the Factories required fossil fuels such as oil and coal -They also required massive amounts of raw materials such as rubber and cotton -Countries in Latin America, Asia, and Africa began producing one or two major raw materials and exporting them to the Europeans -For instance, India began producing vast amounts of cotton to send to the British textile factories -The Belgians forced the Congolese to send rubber to them, or they would cut their hands off -This meant that many of the economies in these countries became dependent on the Europeans, and the rest of their agriculture and economy declined -Countries that focused on one product to send to the Europeans were called _______________________________________________________________________________

Industrialization's Effect on Non-European Countries

-From 1750 - 1900 CE, there was a dramatic change in the world's economy as Europe and the United States began to produce "goods" in massively different ways -To power the Industrial Revolution, the Factories required fossil fuels such as oil and coal -They also required massive amounts of raw materials such as rubber and cotton -Often, the Europeans would practice Imperialism [conquering other countries] to take over countries in Africa, South America, and Asia to get their raw materials (example: Belgians in the Congo w/cutting off hands for rubber) -Therefore in this time period, Industrialization was a pretty negative force for Asia, Africa, and Latin America, as they didn't have the inventions and were outgunned and turned into raw material producers

The Industrial Revolution 1750 - 1900 CE

-From 1750 - 1900 CE, there was a dramatic change in the world's economy as Western Europe and the United States began to produce "goods" in massively different ways -New machines such as the steam engine and internal combustion engine powered other machines in massive factories -Fossil fuels such as coal and oil became incredibly valuable in order to power the factories -The assembly line and mass production increased efficiency and lowered costs -Transportation was changed immensely with the railroad, steamship, and canals -It wasn't all improvements; working conditions were horrible, and massive urbanization (movement to cities) led to horrible and unsanitary conditions in the tenements -All of these changes are part of the ___________________________________________

The Sepoy Rebellion 1857 CE

-From 1750 - 1914 CE, the Europeans began to take over Africa, India, and Asia in order to get resources -The British took over places all over the world, but their biggest and most valuable colony was in India -In India, the British East India Company (joint-stock!) had been growing more powerful for over 200 years -They hired Indians to fight for them as a paid military force, known as the Sepoys - the Sepoys were becoming resentful of the BEIC; the rebellion was sparked when the BEIC asked them to rip ammunition cartridges with their teeth that had animal fat on them; this was against Hinduism and Islam -The Sepoys rebelled against the British East India Company and killed many white colonists -After the ____________________ of 1857, the British military and government came in, took down the Mughals, and turned India into a British Colony -So this was a rebellion against the British East India Company by Indians that eventually caused the British to take over the country and turn it into a colony

Martin Luther King Jr. (leading 1950's and 60's)

-Gandhi's methods of nonviolent resistance inspired somebody we know well, and can definitely be referred to in essays! -MLK was an American Baptist minister and civil rights leader. -A noted orator [public speaker], he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. -His marches and protests in Selma and Birmingham were legendary, and he was imprisoned many times for his non-violent resistance -His famous "I Have a Dream" speech lives on today as one of the great speeches in American History -Received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964, and his work helped create the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act of 1965, ending legal segregation and discrimination -His use of non-violent protest is one of his most powerful legacies. MLK emphasized the power of non-violence, showing how it exposed the oppressor and made injustice visible. -He was tragically assassinated in 1968

Temple of the Giant Jaguar

-Giant Mayan temple in the capital city of Tikal -Over 150 feet high, worshipped by population of 40,000 -Center of the biggest Mayan City-State

North African Trade Goods in Mediterranean

-Grains to make bread and food -Textiles (cloth)

Zapatistas

-Guerilla movement named in honor of Emiliano Zapata; originated in 1911 in Mexico's southern state of Chiapas; -the Mexican government of Diaz tried to repress and defeat the ________________________, but were unable to do so -They fought bravely in the huge victory for Zapata and the Liberation Army of the South in the Battle of Cuautla (1911) -Included many Soldaderas, female guerrilla fighters who fought bravely in Zapata's Army and the Liberation Army of the South

Gens de Couleur

-Haiti was a French colony in the Caribbean where 90% of the population were black enslaved persons [slaves]; they suffered brutally under the "Black Codes" where the masters used violence and brutality to keep them in check -There were also two other social classes, the White Slaveowners and the class of free mixed-race people, the __________________________ -Many of the ____________________________ had fought in the American Revolution and came back to Haiti and wanted to start their own Revolution; they started fighting with the White Slaveowners -While the free mixed-race class were fighting the White Slaveowners, the black enslaved persons [slaves] staged their own rebellion to try and break free. The rebellion was started by an enslaved Voodoo priest named Boukman, who led enslaved Africans to burn and destroy plantations in the North of Haiti -This helped cause the Haitian Revolution

Squanto

-He was a member of the Patuxet tribe born around 1585 in North America in modern day Massachusetts. It is hard to verify [know the exact truth] all the details of his story -Most likely, he was lured on board a ship by a man named Thomas Hunt with the promise of trade and then was kidnapped, enslaved, brought across the Atlantic Ocean and forced to work in Spanish mines -He was bought by Spanish friars [monks] and brought to England, where he learned English. Eventually, after many years, he made it back across the Atlantic Ocean to North America, only to find his entire village, family, and friends killed and wiped out by disease. -He went to live with a nearby tribe. Later, British colonists named the Pilgrims arrived. They were struggling to feed themselves and were dying. Squanto, who spoke English, helped them learn agricultural techniques like using fish as fertilizer, provided them with good seeds, taught them how to fish and hunt. He also acted as translator for them -With Squanto's help they got on their feet; that fall, they shared food together in the first "Thanksgiving" -He died of a disease known as "Indian fever" in 1622

Fulgencio Batista

-He was a pro-American, pro-"democracy"/capitalism dictator of Cuba before Castro came to power during the Cold War -His overthrow led to Castro and communists taking over Cuba, who was now friendly to the Soviets. -As part of Containment Policy during the Cold War, he was backed by the United States with money and military aid -He lost to Fidel Castro, Che Guevara the Argentinian Rebel, and the Soviet backed guerrilla fighters in the Cuban Revolution of 1960 -This was after World War II and in the heart of the Cold War. The Cuban Revolution was a classic Proxy War

Samuel Gompers

-He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers in the United States.

Cults of Shiva and Vishnu in Southeast (SE) Asia

-Hindu Gods -As Hinduism spread in SE Asia, in places like Vietnam people made cults to worship these gods -A great example of these cults is in the Khmer Empire in Angkor Wat in present day Cambodia, in Southeast Asia

Brahma and Reincarnation 600 BCE to 600 CE

-Hinduism is one of the most ancient religions, based off the Vedic Religions brought to India by the Aryans -The core texts of Hinduism were based off of the Sanskrit scriptures and the Vedas--the core texts were the Bhagavad Gita and the Upanishads - Hindus followed the teachings in these texts carefully to learn how to follow the teachings of Hinduism. -One of the major themes of Hinduism found in the Upanishads and the Bhagavad Gita was the idea of reincarnation. People who lived a good life and followed the codes of Hinduism would affect their "karma;" if people had good karma, they would be reincarnated (reborn) into a higher caste in their next life; if they had bad karma, they would be be reborn into a lower caste -In order to teach about reincarnation, the Hindu Sanskrit texts gave examples of Brahma, the Hindu creator God, being reborn in different forms -The Hindu creator god Brahma could be reborn into many different forms, and he even had four different faces. These Hindu epics helped teach people about reincarnation and how it worked in Hinduism

Dharma

-Hinduism was derived from the Vedic Religions and the Rig Veda, which was brought in by the Aryan invaders -In Hindu belief, a person's religious and moral duties. You need to follow this code correctly, and if you do, you will be reborn into a higher caste or social class. -Therefore, the idea of _______________ helped contribute to the social caste system in India

daily Resistance Runaway Rebellion

-Historians have identified the three "R's" that enslaved peoples [slaves] used to resist slavery: daily Resistance, Runaway, Rebellion -Daily resistance included breaking of tools, countless acts of insubordination, petty theft, sabotage; faking illness -Daily resistance included acts of sabotage like setting fires, poisoning farm animals -birth control was a form of resistance for some women, who refused to have children that would make their masters richer; -Direct attack--one enslaved person [slave] was executed in 1755 for poisoning her master -2nd R: Runaway!!!! Most common person? -80% men in 20's; where go? To "freedom" or ...Runaway slave communities, aka "Maroons." -Third R: Rebellion... -Stono Rebellion, Pueblo Revolts, New York Slave Revolts, and more to come in Era 3, 1750 - 1900 CE, like the Haitian Revolution, Amistad Rebellion and Nat Turner's Rebellion!

The Aztec Empire in Mesoamerica 1430 CE to 1520 CE

-Huge Empire in Mesoamerica ( modern day Mexico) started by the Mexica people in 1430 CE -They built a massive capital city of Tenochtitlan on an island in the marshy region of a lake; was known as an extraordinarily beautiful city, the Spaniards were astonished when they saw it; this showed their brilliant engineering and architecture -Very warlike people, conquered far and wide, they used a large system of slavery to enslave other native tribes in the area. Some enslaved persons [slaves] would be used for human sacrifice -had complex systems of agriculture and record keeping, as well as complex religions -Brought down by the Spanish Conquistador Hernan Cortes in 1520 CE

Battle of Cuautla (1911)

-Huge victory in the Mexican Revolution in 1911 -Emiliano Zapata's Liberation Army of the South and his Zapatistas were victorious against the Federal Army, the army of the authoritarian regime of creole caudillo leader, Porfirio Diaz -This victory for the rebels was a major turning point in the Mexican Revolution, giving momentum to Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa, and Maria de Meras's side -Many Soldaderas, brilliant female soldiers who fought bravely for the Zaptatistas, played a big role in helping the rebel side to victory -MAJOR VICTORY FOR THE REVOLUTIONARIES!

Che Guevara

-Iconic Argentinian guerrilla fighter who fought for the Soviet backed Communist rebels in the Cuban Revolutionary rebel against the American backed Batista government -was traveling around South America as a young medical student and was struck by the poverty he saw there. He decided to help Fidel Castro and the Communist rebels defeat Fulgencio Batista and the American backed Cuban forces -After the revolution, he became a leading figure in the Communist government in Cuba after the successful Cuban Revolution, where the Soviet backed forces rose to power -As Minister for Industries, helped with communist land redistribution and land reform, trying to take land from the wealthy and provide it to the lower classes for farming -Left Cuba to help Communist/Soviet rebels in Africa and Bolivia, where he was caught and executed by the American CIA -his picture became an iconic symbol for Communist revolutionaries and is still on walls, murals, and t-shirts today

Siege of Constantinople in 1453

-In 1453 CE, Mehmed the Conqueror and the Islamic Ottoman forces conquered this city -This city had been the capital of the Byzantine Empire and was a symbol of Christianity; it was also a crucial trading center -Once they took it over, they renamed the city Istanbul -The Ottomans used gunpowder and cannon to break through the mighty walls of the city -Once the city fell, the Ottomans marched straight to the Hagia Sophia and turned it from a church to an Islamic mosque

The Tokugawa Shogunate 1603 CE to 1867 CE

-In 1600, Japan was ruled by an emperor -There was also a Shogun, who was the highest ranking military general --In 1603, Tokugawa Ieyasu was the Shogun; he staged a rebellion and took power away from the Emperor -He started the _________________ ______________, which would last for 250 years -He left the emperor in place however, as a puppet or figurehead. Throughout this entire time, the Shoguns had all the real power -The Tokugawa Shoguns kept Japan isolated for 250 years; in 1853 CE Commodore Matthew Perry arrived in Japan and "opened" it to trade at gunpoint; the ______________ ______________ ended soon thereafter

Settler Colony--Dutch in South Africa 1652-1815

-In 1652, back in Era 2, 1450 -1750 CE, the "blue era" of ocean exploration, the Dutch East India company established a trading post colony at the Southern tip of Africa at Cape Town -The colony became a settler colony as Dutch colonists moved and settled there -As they moved and settled there, they used their superior weapons to conquer, kill, and enslave the native Xhosa people -As with almost all European colonies, they instituted brutal, racist, and oppressive social and economic policies to keep white Dutch settlers at the top of the social and economic ladder -However, this settler colony would not last forever. A more powerful European nation--the British--would come along in 1806 and take over the colony from the Dutch. They continued many of the oppressive, racist policies

Settler Colony--Dutch in South Africa 1652-1815

-In 1652, the Dutch East India company established a trading post colony at the Southern tip of Africa at Cape Town -The colony became a settler colony as Dutch colonists moved and settled there -As they moved and settled there, they used their superior weapons to conquer, kill, and enslave the native Xhosa people -Once they settled in South Africa, the Dutch instituted racist and oppressive policies to keep themselves at the top of the political, economic, and social hierarchies [rankings] -However, this settler colony would not last forever. A more powerful European nation--the British--would come along in 1806 and take over the colony from the Dutch

Caudillos and Porfirio Diaz

-In 1810-1820, Father Miguel Hidalgo led the inspirational Mexican War for Independence. Inspired by the Enlightenment, the mestizos and creoles successfully kicked the Spanish Peninsulares out of Mexico and ended Spanish colonization in Mexico forever -Unfortunately, little meaningful social change came for the mestizos and indigenous Mexicans, as the creole elites kept most of the power. Regional Creole warlords took over in regions of Mexico and began ruling as dictators on their large hacienda plantations -Caudillos would often use soldiers to rule and would act as authoritarian dictators. Criticism was not allowed, and the lower classes were not given Enlightenment style rights to freedom of speech, freedom to protest, etc. Caudillos were often harsh and corrupt -The ultimate example of a Caudillo was Porfirio ____________, who ruled much of Mexico in the late 1800s and early 1900s. -Porfirio _______________ was known as corrupt and didn't allow the people of Mexico to hold free elections. He ignored election results and attempted to keep himself in power through force even though he was unpopular with the people. -Caudillos = corrupt regional creole warlords in Mexico -Some historians argue you can still see these effects today as parts of Mexico are controlled by regional strongmen

King Leopold II and Rubber Plantations in the Congo 1890's

-In 1850 Africa was not colonized by the Europeans, but in 1875 the Europeans began a mad dash to try and take over the whole continent in what became known as the Scramble for Africa -This was one of the fastest periods of Imperialism in World History, known as the Scramble for Africa, as Africa was turned into dozens of colonies -One of the most brutal colonies was held by the country of Belgium. Their colony was in the Congo -In this colony the Belgians demanded rubber for their factories. In order to get the native people to get rubber for them, they made a system where every town had to provide a certain number of rubber baskets each month. If they did not meet the quota, the European soldiers would start cutting off people's hands and feet, even children -Literally millions (most estimates around 10 million) died and were murdered under this harsh regime; it is one of the most brutal periods of forced labor and colonization in world history -The brutal and racist Belgian king that ran this colony and extracted so much wealth from it was _________________________; the peak of his brutality was in the 1890's THIS TERM IS THE NAME OF THE BRUTAL EUROPEAN KING who ran the Belgian Colony

Belgium in the Congo

-In 1850 most of Africa was not colonized by the Europeans, but in 1875 the Europeans began a mad dash to try and take over the whole continent in what became known as the Scramble for Africa -All the European countries got involved and turned the entire continent into dozens of colonies by 1914 CE -This was one of the fastest periods of Imperialism in World History. [Violent Trigger warning in this term] -One of the most brutal colonies was held by the country of Belgium. Their colony was in the Congo -In this colony the white Belgians demanded Rubber for their factories. In order to get the native people to get rubber for them, they made a system where every town had to provide rubber baskets each month. If they did not meet the quota [required amount], the European soldiers would start cutting off people's hands and feet, even children -Literally millions died and were murdered under this harsh regime; it is one of the most brutal periods of forced labor and colonization in world history -The brutal and racist Belgian king that ran this colony and extracted so much wealth from it was King Leopold II; the peak of his brutality was in the 1890's

Woodrow Wilson and The Fourteen Points--1918 CE

-World War ended in 1918 -The President of the United States had vision for how the peace treaty should be decided and how the world should look after World War I -He wrote a document that outlined his ideas for the peace treaty for World War I and named it the ______________________________ -One of his major points was that countries should have Self Determination, that they should be able to define their own borders and that nations should cut back on imperialism -He also wanted to make a League of Nations. This was meant to be an alliance of all the countries in the world. The goal of the League was to prevent major wars from happening. It was the first International Peacekeeping body and would later be replaced by the United Nations -This President brought his ideas with him to the Treaty of Versailles; he managed to get the League of Nations included in the Treaty, but the League was weak and he looked foolish because the American Congress would not let the United States join the league

The Great Depression 1930 - 1939 (MUST KNOW DATES FOR FULL CREDIT)

-In 1929, the Stock Market in New York experienced an historic crash; the crash started of chain of events that plunged the American economy into a massive depression -The ripple effect from the United States spread around the world, as the US had loans out to many European countries. Soon Europe and the rest of the world was also plunged into Depression. -You MUST know the EFFECTS: 1--Germany's economy crashed so hard that their government fell apart. This allowed Hitler to take power and start a fascist government in Germany 2--Governments around the world began to take a more active role in their economies. In capitalist countries, usually, the government does not interfere. It just let's competition rule the economy. However, during the Depression, governments began to put in programs like the New Deal to try and get the economy back on its feet So ultimately, one of the really important effects of the Great Depression is that governments in Europe and the United States became more involved in running their economies -The Depression ended when WWII began MUST KNOW DATES FOR FULL CREDIT

Assyrian, Babylonian, and Roman Conquests and the Jewish Diaspora

-In 722 BCE, the Assyrians came and conquered the Jewish states in Israel -In 586 BCE the Mesopotamian empire of Babylon conquered Israel as well -Every time Israel was conquered, many Jews fled to other areas of the Mediterranean and SW Asia/Middle East. IF they did not flee, they were also sometimes forced to leave Israel -This created a Jewish Diaspora (spreading). Judaism began to spread all throughout North Africa, SW Asia, and the Mediterranean region -Once the Roman Empire conquered the Mediterranean region, Jews continued to be persecuted. -Judaism would later be the foundation for Christianity, and Christian missionaries like Paul of Tarsus would use the Roman Roads and Mediterranean Sea Lanes to spread Christianity

The Great Leap Forward 1960 CE

-In China, as a communist country, the government began to control all aspects of the economy. In a capitalist country, the government doesn't own factories, businesses, or set prices. In a communist country like China, the government controls the economy more directly -China desperately wanted to modernize and industrialize; Chairman Mao Zedong created the _________________________________________, similar to the Soviet Five Year Plan, it tried to modernize Industry and collectivize agriculture -The plan failed miserably, particularly the collectivization part; the leader who had come up with this, Mao Zedong, blamed the bad harvest on "the sparrows." Once the sparrows were killed, bugs began eating the crops! Millions of people died from famine -People joked it was the "________________________ Backward" -Some aspects of the industrial, technological modernization succeeded, and Mao is credited with helping to modernize China -The leader who came up with this plan was Mao Zedong -What is the name of the plan?

Economic Liberalization under Deng Xiaoping in 1980's

-In China, as a communist country, the government began to control all aspects of the economy. In a capitalist country, the government doesn't own factories, businesses, or set prices. In a communist country like China, the government controls the economy more directly -However, attempts at government control under Mao Zedong from 1945 to 1976 had not gone well. The Great Leap Forward had failed miserably. -Under China's new leader in the 1980's, ________________________, China started to open up its economy and use a more "free market" approach -This meant the economy was more like capitalism and there was more private ownership and competition; there was more free trade and people were allowed to keep profits. He allowed foreign investments into China basically brought some capitalism to China -This was very successful and ________________ is credited with turning China's economy around and turning it into one of the fastest growing economies for 35 years

Liberation Army of the South

-Zapata led army in the Mexican Revolution of 1910-1920 -Many soldiers were mestizo peons from the lower class -Fought bravely in the Battle of Cuautla (1911), defeating the army of the authoritarian dictator Porfirio Diaz -Included Zapatistas, Emiliano Zapata's closest followers and guerrilla fighters. -included the Soldaderas, brave female soldiers who fought brilliantly in guerrilla warfare, like Maria de Meras

Christianity and Buddhism's Effect on Women, Era 1, 1200 - 1450 CE

-In Era 1, 1200 - 1450 CE, Buddhism and Christianity spread like wildfire. -These religions had a significant impact on the role of women in society and impacted family structures -In Christianity, several women were upheld as important saints and religious figures, such as the Virgin Mary, who was usually the most popular Christian saint -During the Middle Ages, Christian Europe practiced the "code of chivalry," where manners, honor, and codes of conduct were defined. Women were often seen as objects that needed to be protected/saved -As a sign of devotion, Buddhist and Christian nuns dedicated their lives to studying their religion and serving their religion. Nuns were required to be celibate and not have sex. They lived in monasteries where they focused on religion, and to keep themselves focused on the spiritual realm -This lifestyle was called monasticism, where Christian and Buddhist nuns lived in celibacy [no sex] in monasteries

Italian City-States 1200 CE to 1450 CE

-In Era 1, 1200 CE to 1450 CE there were some new political forms of governance that arose. In the Middle East/SW Asia, the Caliphate was a new way of governing -Another political structure that became popular was the city-state. They city-state had been used in ancient Mesopotomia and was used by the Mayans and Greeks -In a city-state, there is one major city that forms the center of the state. The surrounding territory is used for agriculture; the city serves as a center for trade and uses the military to protect the surrounding area -from 1200 CE to 1450 CE, Italy was no longer under the Roman Empire. Italy divided into powerful city-states that were known especially for their merchants and trading in the Mediterranean Sea routes. -The most powerful Italian city-states were Venice, Milan, and Florence -Italy would remain divided into city-states until the 1800's, when the rising tide of nationalism would lead to the unification of Italy under Cavour and Garibaldi

The European Crusades 1096 CE to 1487 CE

-In Era 1, 1200 CE to 1450 CE, Islam became one of the fastest growing religions in the world. Islam urged expansion through war if necessary -Christianity was also growing incredibly quickly during Era 1, and Christians also used war to expand the religion. These two religions came into conflict in the Mediterranean region, as the Abbasid Caliphate fought wars with the Christian Byzantine Empire, whose capital city was Constantinople -In 1096 CE, the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I requested help from the Christian Pope in Rome. He was worried about fighting of the Islamic threat -Pope Urban II called for Christian military forces from Europe to invade the Middle East/SW Asia to help support Christianity, support the Byzantine Empire, and reclaim cities and sites important to Christianity -For the next four hundred years, thousands of Christians from Western and Southern Europe traveled to the Middle East to fight against Islam for Christianity -One of the major effects of the Crusades was obviously a huge increase in animosity (anger) between Christianity and Islam; some of this animosity still lingers today -Another major effect was actually the transfer or exchange of technology and culture between Christianity and Islam. -Christians learned new ideas about hygiene and science from the Muslims; they actually rediscovered ancient Greek texts that Muslim mathematicians and scientists had in their library; -Christians also gained new techniques for agriculture and irrigation, along with secret glass-making techniques that they got from Syria -Muslims learned new military tactics and strategies from the conflict with the European Christians

Effects of Belief Systems on Gender Roles

-In Era 1, 1200 CE to 1450 CE, the spread of religion was one of the major storylines as religions like Buddhism, Hinduism, Christianity, Judaism, and Confucianism (philosophy) spread around the world -In particular, Buddhism, Christianity, and Confucianism affected gender roles, gender relationships, and women's roles in society -As a sign of devotion to God/Buddha, Christian monks and nuns and Buddhist monks and nuns were required to be celibate and not have sex. They lived in monasteries where they focused on religion, and to keep themselves focused on the spiritual realm -This lifestyle was called monasticism, where Christian and Buddhist monks and nuns lived in celibacy in monasteries -Confucianism also affected gender roles by emphasizing filial piety. Filial piety meant that children should honor their parents and their ancestors -In particular, male ancestors and male elders received the most respect. Confucianism and Chinese culture also emphasized the importance of male heirs, or having a male child to carry on the family line -The emphasis in Confucianism on male heirs led to infanticide or killing of Chinese female babies in some cases

Zamindar Tax Collection

-In Era 2 1450 CE to 1750 CE, as empires grew in size they needed to develop new systems for bureaucrats (government officials) to collect taxes -In the Mughal Dynasty, the Zamindars were the nobles and belonged to the nobility -The Zamindars would rule over certain areas and would own lots of land and have lots of power over they peasants in those lands. -they would be responsible for collecting the taxes in those areas from the peasants -the taxes would get passed on to the Mughal rulers, who would use the taxes to pay for the military or to increase trade

Era 2, 1450 - 1750 CE, Rebellions

-In Era 2, there was a lot of colonization and oppression, as maritime based and land-based empires conquered and expanded. They also used a lot of coerced [forced] labor such as chattel slavery and the mit'a system -As a result of this oppression and coerced [forced] labor, there was a lot of rebellion from 1450-1750 CE. Some of these rebellions were led by enslaved persons [slaves], others by indigenous or native people resisting colonization. These rebellions included: -Pueblo Revolts--Indigenous Native Americans v the Spanish in 1680 in North America -The Stono Rebellion of 1739-- Enslaved persons [slaves] against British colonists in North America -The New York Slave Riots against British colonists in North America -The Maratha Rebellion against the Mughals in India -The Cossack Revolts against the Romanov Dynasty in Russia -The Fronde revolts in France These revolts show resistance to forced labor, oppression, and colonization that was prevalent in Era 2, 1450 - 1750 CE. It is important to study them because European enslavers would promote the myth that enslaved persons were "happy" as slaves. Rebellions show that myth wasn't true.

The Women's March on Versailles (Causes French Revol)

-In France, King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette were wildly unpopular, seen as irresponsible, cowardly, and out of touch with the people, who were starving during a famine -A group of women in the Third Estate, the lowest social class, gathered in one of the bread markets and began banging a drum, calling for justice for King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette -6-7,000 angry women, and some men, raided a nearby armory for weapons and marched 15 miles to the royal palace at Versailles -They besieged the palace all night and stormed the palace early the next morning, beheading several guardsman and dragging the Royal Family back to Paris in chains -This was one of the major events that got the French Revolution started in 1789, and was caused by the social unrest due to famine, and the political unpopularity of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

The Romanov Dynasty 1613 CE - 1917 CE

-In Russia this family established a 300+ year long dynasty that ruled over Russia as Tsars. It began in _____________CE (see term) -This Russian Dynasty/Empire was very powerful at its height, but always struggled to catch up to the Western Europeans in terms of technology and Industrialization -Famous leaders/Tsars included Tsars Peter the Great and Catherine the Great -The emancipation (freeing) of serfs in 1861 led to a lot of change in the country, as there was now a much bigger free peasant class -In the late 1800's, the peasant classes began to rebel against the Dynasty -The Dynasty fell after 300 years in ______________ (see term) CE when Lenin and the Communists started the Bolshevik Revolution

Lapu-Lapu

-In SE Asia in the Philippines, the Spanish sent an army with explorer Ferdinand Magellan to try and conquer the native people so they would have a trading post to trade with China -Many of the native Philippino people gathered and united to resist the Spanish conquest -Led by _________________________, the indigenous people put up a strong resistance fight -This leader and his people managed to defeat the Spanish at the Battle of Mactan and kill Magellan -Today he is still remembered as a massive hero in the Philippines for being the first leader to successfully resist Spanish colonization

Paper Money

-In Song Dynasty China, there was so much trade they ran out of copper and silver coins (why they were so desperate for silver later on!) -The government then helped invent this, and it helped people trade more -Was a really important economic invention that helped make trading and exchange much easier -Some people tried to fake it and make counterfeit -The government took measures to stop it

Nelson Mandela in South Africa

-In South Africa in the 1900's, they developed a racist system of laws similar to the Jim Crow laws so that the white population could control and segregate the black population; these laws were called Apartheid -Led by ________________ and the African National Congress, black South Africans started to protest against these laws in the 1950's and 60's after World War II -Nelson _______________ tried to lead non-violent protests, following in the footsteps of Gandhi. However, after events like the Sharpeville Massacre when 69 unarmed protesters were killed, he eventually gave up on non-violence and turned to armed resistance. -___________________ was arrested in 1964 and spent 27 years in prison in South Africa -He became a symbol of injustice and after 27 years was freed; he led the charge against Apartheid and became the nation's first black President in 1994 -As President, he sought rights for his people while also attempting to unite the white and black populations. His theme was Truth and Reconciliation; let's tell the truth about what happened, but also reconcile [unite back together] -He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts, is considered the father of modern South Africa, and was one of the most important global leaders of the 20th century

Anti-Apartheid Movement 1960-1994 CE

-In South Africa in the 1900's, they developed a system of laws similar to the Jim Crow laws so that the white population could control and segregate the black population -Led by Nelson Mandela and the African National Congress (ANC), the black South Africans started to protest against these laws in the 1950's and 60's after World War II -In one incident at Sharpeville, they tried non-violent protest but were massacred by the police as they attempted to protest the unfair pass laws -After non-violent protests repeatedly failed, the Anti-Apartheid movement turned to violent tactics, sometimes employing terrorism when needed -Mandela and other ANC leaders helped organize boycotts and protests against the racist and oppressive system of apartheid -The movement against these laws was called the....

Fascist Corporatist Economy

-In a fascist country, the government's role in the economy is kind of in between communism and capitalism. The government takes more of an active role in the economy, sometimes owning industries and businesses. -However, lots of businesses can remain privately owned and competition and survival of the fittest is encouraged. Everything in the economy is meant to ultimately benefit the nation, as fascist countries are VERY VERY patriotic and nationalistic. -Fascist governments would take a very active role in getting their country's economy ready for war as well. Hitler and Mussolini owned or mandated that factories begin producing war and military supplies in order to prepare for the massive wars ahead

State-Sponsored Industrialization in Tsarist Russia, Late 1800's CE

-In late 1800's, the Romanov Russian Empire began to try and catch up to the British and other Western Europeans -Sergei Witte was appointed Industrialization Chief or Minister; he was in charge of bringing factories, railroads, and Industrialization to Russia -He successfully oversaw the building of the Trans-Siberian Railroad, a crucial railway project that connected the entire empire via rail -It's important to note that in Russia, the STATE sponsored (the government paid for) a lot of the Industrialization in the country; in places like Britain and the United States, most of it was private business and capitalism that paid for Industrial growth -Although Witte was good at what he did and railroads and "heavy industry" like steel grew a lot, by 1905 CE Russia still struggled to Industrialize as the peasants rebelled and many resisted change. A series of revolts from peasants such as the Bloody Sunday Massacre helped set the stage for the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, which would end the Romanov Dynasty.

Sergei Witte 1900 CE

-In late 1800's, the Romanov Russian Empire began to try and catch up to the British and other Western Europeans -This man was the Industrialization Chief or Minister; he was in charge of bringing factories, railroads, and Industrialization to Russia -He successfully oversaw the building of the Trans-Siberian Railroad, a crucial railway project that connected the entire empire via rail -was the most important economic figure for Russia in the 1800 (19th century) -Although he was effective at increasing Russia's industrial power, Russia still struggled to Industrialize as the peasants rebelled and many resisted changes

Leaders of Reform Movements, PART 2, Era 3, 1750 - 1900 CE

-In response to the growing problems of capitalism and Industrialization, governments and organizations around the world began pushing for progressive reforms -Reforms were laws or movements aimed at improving society -Here were some of the major reform movements in the United States/Western Europe in the 1800's -Better Wages, no Child Labor, better conditions (Florence Kelley, Jane Addams) -Free Public Education (Horace Mann) -African American Rights, Women's Rights (Sojourner Truth, Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman) -Almost all of these movements were successful to some extent and improved conditions in the United States and Western Europe -However, poverty and inequality remained a major problem in many Industrialized nations, which would lead to the biggest reaction to capitalism and the biggest reform movement ever--COMMUNISM! -THIS TERM ASKS YOU TO FOCUS ON THE LEADERS!, and is PART 2 of the leaders!

Leaders of Reform Movements, PART 1 Era 3, 1750 - 1900 CE

-In response to the growing problems of capitalism and Industrialization, governments and organizations around the world began pushing for progressive reforms -Reforms were laws or movements aimed at improving society -Here were some of the major reform movements in the United States/Western Europe in the 1800's -Temperance Movement--to end the drinking of alcohol (Susan B. Anthony) -Women's Suffrage, to gain the right to vote (Emmeline Pankhurst, Sojourner Truth, Ida Wells, Alice Paul) -Prison Reform--clean up prisons (Dorothea Dix) -Almost all of these movements, besides Temperance, were successful to some extent and improved conditions in the United States and Western Europe -However, poverty and inequality remained a major problem in many Industrialized nations, which would lead to the biggest reaction to capitalism and the biggest reform movement ever--COMMUNISM! -THIS TERM ASKS YOU TO FOCUS ON THE LEADERS!

Emperor Lizong (1224 - 1264 CE)

-In the 1200's, the Song Dynasty was on the decline -The Mongols were beginning to invade and put pressure on the Song Dynasty -Emperor ______________ ruled for 42 years and was largely ineffective. While the Mongols were a major threat, he spent most of his time seeking pleasure even as the Mongols were terrorizing the borders -Emperor _______________ was largely uninterested in ruling and let his ministers do most of the rule -This contributed greatly to the demise of the Songs, which would fall in 1279 to the Mongols

Songhay - Morocco Conflict

-In the 1500's, Moroccans in North Africa started to develop the use of gunpowder to great military effect -Across the Trans Saharan routes, the Songhai empire controlled the valuable gold and salt trades at Timbuktu that had once been controlled by the Mali Empire and Mansa Musa -The Moroccans wanted to control this trade for themselves, and they had the military advantage to do so. They crossed the Trans Saharan routes and fought the Songhai empire at the Battle of Tondibi in 1531. -Armed with eight cannons and lots of guns, the Moroccans smashed the Songhay empire at the Battle of Tondibi and took control of the valuable trading city of Timbuktu -This was the end of the Songhay empire and symbolized the importance of gunpowder in winning wars in Era 2, 1450-1750 CE. The Europeans, Mughals in India, and Ottomans in the Middle East would all use guns to expand their empires during this time.

Miguel Cervantes and "Don Quixote"

-In the 1600's, a new type of fiction started to be born; a long story written and printed using the printing press called "the novel" -One of the first long novels ever published was in 1600 by Spanish author __________ _____________; it was called "Don Quixote" -"Don Quixote" was a comedic novel about a knight riding around the countryside and it was a satire about chivalry and knighthood -It is one of the most famous novels ever written and is still read and studied in schools today

The Age of Revolution 1750-1900 CE

-In the 1600's, an intellectual movement called the Enlightenment started. This movement caused everyone to question lots of things, including weather Absolute Monarchy [Kings with total power] was the best form of government -In the 1700's, inspired by the Enlightenment, some American colonies also started to believe that they had individual rights and should rebel against the colonial European mother countries -The American Revolution came first in 1776, as they threw off the British. Leader: George Washington. Enlightenment Document: Declaration of Independence -Inspired by the American Revolution, other Revolutions followed in the Atlantic World. -Haitian Revolution, against the French. Leader: Toussaint L'Ouverture. Doc: Haitian Declaration of Independence -Mexican War for Independence against the Spanish; Leader: Miguel Hidalgo. Document: Cry of Dolores -French Revolution, middle/lower classes against the nobility. Leader: Robespierre/Napoleon. Document: French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.

John Locke 1690 CE

-In the 1600's, the Enlightenment began; thinkers and philosophers around Europe began to use reason and logic to question the way things were set up -Many Enlightenment thinkers began to question if Absolute Monarchy and Kings was a fair or just form of government -One of the most famous and important Enlightenment thinkers was the British author _____________________________. He didn't believe that Kings had the Divine Right to rule, and he believed that it was the job of the government to protect the individual rights to life, liberty, and property -In his "Second Treatise of Civil Government," _____________argued for individual rights; the King was not there to rule; the King was there to make sure everyone in the country had their rights -Thomas Jefferson would build on ______________'s ideas of the rights to life, liberty, and property in the Declaration of Independence; his writings inspired many revolutions and constitutions

Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1760 CE

-In the 1600's, the Enlightenment began; thinkers and philosophers around Europe began to use reason and logic to question the way things were set up -Many Enlightenment thinkers began to question if Absolute Monarchy and Kings was a fair or just form of government -One of the most famous and important Enlightenment thinkers was the French philosopher _____________________________. He deeply hated the privileges of the elite classes and was one of the first thinkers to promote or talk about equality between social classes -He published "The Social Contract," which stated that the people, not the king, was actually the Sovereign (the most important power) in a government -He believed in Democracy and his ideals helped start the French Revolution -He was French

The Declaration of Independence 1776 CE

-In the 1600's, the Enlightenment began; thinkers and philosophers around Europe began to use reason and logic to question the way things were set up -Many Enlightenment thinkers began to question if Absolute Monarchy and Kings was a fair or just form of government -The Enlightenment helped inspire the first major revolution during the Age of Revolution, the American Revolution -During the Revolution, American leaders published a document that contained many of the Enlightenment ideas of John Locke, talking about individual rights to life, liberty, and property -This document is the foundational document of the American Revolution; -The document states that "all men are created equal," (patriarchy) but America has struggled to live up to that ideal ever since, with slavery being legalized and several forms of systemic, legalized racism put into place in the centuries that followed

The American Revolution 1775 CE

-In the 1600's, the Enlightenment began; thinkers and philosophers around Europe began to use reason and logic to question the way things were set up -Many Enlightenment thinkers began to question if Absolute Monarchy and Kings was a fair or just form of government -The Enlightenment helped inspire the first major revolution during the Age of Revolution, the ____________________________________ -This Revolution was fought by 13 North American colonies against the British, the 13 colonies in this revolution were not expected to win against a militarily superior foe. Led by George Washington, they defeated the British against the odds -The success of this Revolution helped inspire other countries in the Atlantic World to stage their own revolutions -This revolution really built on the Enlightenment ideas of John Locke, talking about individual rights to life, liberty, and property -Once successful, they started the United States of America

Tiananmen Square Protests 1989

-In the 1980's, China was still a Communist country; however, millions of Chinese students who had been educated in the West began a protest for democracy in 1989. They wanted more freedom of speech, freedom of the press, less corruption in government, and more Enlightenment/democracy style rights. -Deng Xiaoping, the leader of China after Mao, sent in tanks to break up the protest -The famous picture of Tankman was taken, a protestor standing in front of and stopping tanks, and it went viral, sending ripples around the world -The protests turned bloody. The government claims only 200 were killed, other sources say between 3 and 4 thousand. However, the Chinese government still held onto power. -Where was this protest?

Perestroika-- Fall of the Soviet Union

-In the 1980's, the economy of the Soviet Union began to struggle. Mikhail Gorbachev introduced a new economic policy known as ____________________________; this meant that the Soviets started doing some capitalist things, giving people profit motives, allowing companies to keep profit, etc. -According to strict communism, major businesses should be owned and run by the government, who controls a lot of the economy. However, under ____________________, there were some private businesses allowed that were allowed to compete. If they were successful, they could keep their profits. Again, this meant that there was some capitalism in the communist country. -After these policies were introduced, the countries were still struggling; countries in Eastern Europe like Poland started rebellions and began trying to leave the Soviet Union -In 1990, the countries in Eastern Europe left the Soviet Union and the whole thing collapsed; the Soviet Union went back to just being Russia

Mikhail Gorbachev-- Fall of the Soviet Union

-In the 1980's, the economy of the Soviet Union began to struggle. The new leader ________________________ introduced a new economic policy known as "Perestroika"; this meant that the Soviets started doing some capitalist things, giving people profit motives, allowing companies to keep profit, etc. -__________________ also introduced a new policy of "openness" called "glasnost."; this allowed people to have the freedom of speech to criticize the government -After these policies were introduced, the countries were still struggling; With the new policy of "Glasnost", people began criticizing the Soviet government and people in Eastern Europe wanted to leave the Soviet Union - countries in Eastern Europe like Poland started rebellions and began trying to leave the Soviet Union -In 1990, the countries in Eastern Europe left the Soviet Union and the whole thing collapsed; the Soviet Union went back to just being Russia

Glasnost

-In the 1980's, the economy of the Soviet Union began to struggle. The new leaderMikhail Gorbachev introduced a new economic policy known as perestroika; this meant that the Soviets started doing some capitalist things, giving people profit motives, allowing companies to keep profit, etc. -Gorbachev also introduced a new policy of "openness" called _____________________; this allowed people to have the freedom of speech to criticize the government -After these policies were introduced, the countries were still struggling; With the new policy of _____________________________________, people began criticizing the Soviet government and people in Eastern Europe wanted to leave the Soviet Union - countries in Eastern Europe like Poland started rebellions and began trying to leave the Soviet Union -In 1990, the countries in Eastern Europe left the Soviet Union and the whole thing collapsed; the Soviet Union went back to just being Russia;

Globalization--Communication Technologies

-In the 20th century, particularly after World War II, globalization has really increased. The idea is that the world is increasingly becoming "one world"--meaning that people around the world share in culture, music, communication, etc. -Communication technology has aided with Globalization massively. The radio, the internet, and the cellular phone have all had a massive impact on communication -Humans can now communicate around the world in a matter of seconds. On the internet, humans in different countries can interact, watch the same videos, listen to the same music, etc. It's all part of Globalization, the process of sharing culture and experiences around the world!

Globalization--The Olympics-- 1894 - Present

-In the 20th century, particularly after World War II, globalization has really increased. The idea is that the world is increasingly becoming "one world"--meaning that people around the world share in culture, music, communication, etc. -There are several things that are increasing "globalization"--meaning the breaking down of barriers and shared culture around the world. One of the major factors leading to globalization is international sporting competitions -One of the biggest international sporting competitions that happens every four years are the _____________________. There are winter and summer ______________________________ -Over 200 nations participate; the widespread participation and attention helps the world become more global and sharing in more culture

Globalization--World Cup Soccer-- 1930 - Present

-In the 20th century, particularly after World War II, globalization has really increased. The idea is that the world is increasingly becoming "one world"--meaning that people around the world share in culture, music, communication, etc. -There are several things that are increasing "globalization"--meaning the breaking down of barriers and shared culture around the world. One of the major factors leading to globalization is international sporting competitions -One of the biggest international sporting competitions that happens every four years is the ______________________________. This is the biggest sporting event in the world and millions around the globe watch and celebrate the games of the tournament -Brazil has won five times, while Germany and Italy have won four times each. Ronaldo of Brazil is considered by some to be the greatest player in ________________________ history.

Diffusion of Music and Film--Bollywood

-In the 20th century, particularly after World War II, globalization has really increased. The idea is that the world is increasingly becoming "one world"--meaning that people around the world share in culture, music, communication, etc. -There are several things that are increasing "globalization"--meaning the breaking down of barriers and shared culture around the world. One of the major factors leading to globalization is the diffusion (spread) of music and film around the world. -Due to improved communication and transportation technologies, like the internet and airplanes, people around the world can share in much of the same music, movies, and TV shows. In Afghanistan, the movie "Titanic" became famously popular in the 2000's even though the government tried to ban it. -_______________________-wood is the Indian version of Hollywood. The Indian film industry is HUGE--in 2011 there were 1000 movies made, whereas in Hollywood there were only 500 made. _________________-wood is also incredibly popular, with millions of tickets being sold each year -As music and movies diffuse (spread), the world becomes more globalized and shares in more culture

Diffusion of Music and Film--Reggae 1960's to Present

-In the 20th century, particularly after World War II, globalization has really increased. The idea is that the world is increasingly becoming "one world"--meaning that people around the world share in culture, music, communication, etc. -There are several things that are increasing "globalization"--meaning the breaking down of barriers and shared culture around the world. One of the major factors leading to globalization is the diffusion (spread) of music and film around the world. -Due to improved communication and transportation technologies, like the internet and airplanes, people around the world can share in much of the same music, movies, and TV shows. One type of music that has spread throughout the world is ______________________ -This music originated in Jamaica in the late 1960's. Popularized by superstar Bob Marley, the music diffused (spread) to the United States, Europe, Latin America, Africa, and the rest of the world -Marley and other ______________________ artists promoted a vision of world peace and racial equality -As music and movies diffuse (spread), the world becomes more globalized and shares in more culture

Multinational Corporations--Coca Cola 1892 - Present

-In the 20th century, particularly after World War II, globalization has really increased. The idea is that the world is increasingly becoming "one world"--meaning that people around the world share in culture, music, communication, etc. -There are several things that are increasing "globalization"--meaning the breaking down of barriers and shared culture around the world. One of the major factors leading to globalization is the rise of multinational corporations. -Multinational corporations are HUGE businesses that sell their products in lots of different countries around the world. They often have factories and distribution centers in dozens of countries around the world. -This American soft drink giant is one of the largest multinational companies in the world. This product is available in every single nation around the world except for North Korea and Cuba (communist nations). -This company and other multinational corporations have grown so powerful in some countries that they can dominate the government or economy through economic imperialism

Multinational Corporations--Sony

-In the 20th century, particularly after World War II, globalization has really increased. The idea is that the world is increasingly becoming "one world"--meaning that people around the world share in culture, music, communication, etc. -There are several things that are increasing "globalization"--meaning the breaking down of barriers and shared culture around the world. One of the major factors leading to globalization is the rise of multinational corporations. -Multinational corporations are HUGE businesses that sell their products in lots of different countries around the world. They often have factories and distribution centers in dozens of countries around the world. -This Japanese electronics giant produces all sorts of electronics, movies, and music. It is currently ranked 115th out of the 500 biggest corporations in the world. -This company and other multinational corporations have grown so powerful in some countries that they can dominate the government or economy through economic imperialism

The Mayans, Incans, and Aztecs

-In the Americas /Mesoamerica during Era 1, 1200 - 1450 CE, there were three major Empires that sprang up and became very powerful -Incans were centered around the Andes mountains in South America -The Aztecs and Mayans were in Mesoamerica (essentially modern day Mexico and Central America) -These empires were known for their powerful political, trading, and military systems -Built long systems of roads and conducted trade -complicated, complex civilizations with record keeping systems and beautiful artwork and culture -complex religions that could include human sacrifice -Wealthy empires that had large amounts of gold and silver -Ended with the invasion of the Spanish Conquistadores in the late 1400's/1500's

Joseph Stalin 1925 CE - 1950 CE

-In the Communist Soviet Union, founding father VI Lenin passed away and was succeeded by ___________________ - This leader was a Totalitarian Dictator, meaning he controlled many aspects of government, including the military, the economy, and the justice system. There was no free speech under his rule, and with total control, his opponents would be killed or exiled to Siberia. There were also no opposition parties or real elections -One of his major economic plans was the Five Year Plan, which pushed Industrialization and collectivization of agriculture -The Five Year Plan was partially successful, with some increases in heavy industry. However, collectivization of agriculture was a massive failure that led to widespread famine (starvation) where millions died of starvation -He was ruthless, sending thousands to the "Gulag" concentration camps in Siberia if they criticized his policies. -Led the USSR for over 25 years, all through World War II -Name translates to "The Man of Steel"

The Monsoon System

-In the Indian Ocean Basin -In Summer, winds blew from Southwest -In Winter, winds blew from Northeast -Once Arabic, African, and Asian traders knew the wind patterns, they would time their trips to have the wind at their backs -Synthesis comparison: the "volta do mar" that the Portuguese and European sailors used to navigate home through the Atlantic Ocean

Colony of Angola 1700 CE

-In the Kongo, the Portuguese began demanding and taking so many slaves that it destroyed the society -Rulers like King Affonso and Queen Nzinga of Ndongo tried to resist the Portuguese and Queen Nzinga led a spirited defense/rebellion where she fought a guerrilla war for her entire life in 1600's to keep them out of the Kongo -Eventually the kingdom fell to the Portuguese after Nzinga's death and they created the Colony of _______________________ in _________ CE -This was the first major European colony in sub-Saharan Africa, but the Scramble for Africa would come until the late 1800's

Peninsulares

-In the Spanish colonies, there was the racist "Castas" social class system, based on skin color -This meant that you were a white European and you were born in Spain; these people had the most power, privilege, and opportunity -They were the ones mainly in charge of running the Spanish colonies in the Americas and had the most power

Mestizos

-In the Spanish colonies, there was the racist "Castas" social class system, based on skin color -This meant that you were mixed race between Spanish and native/indigenous American parents; the darker your skin was, and the more "Indian" you were, the less power and opportunity you had -This class was below the Criollos, who were mainly white and European; they would be forced to work on the Haciendas [farms] and mines as only a step above enslaved Africans in the encomienda system

The Criollos/Creoles

-In the Spanish colonies, there was the racist "Castas" social class system, based on skin color -This term meant that you were a white European and of Spanish descent, but you were born in the New World; these people had the second most power and opportunity -This group was not as powerful as the "peninsulares" because they had not been born in Europe; the "peninsulares" were often given positions and power over this group because they had been born in the New World

Mexican Revolution from 1910-20

-In the early 1900's, Mexico was in a rough social and economic situation. It was governed by a powerful dictator, Porfirio Diaz. 95% of the peasants in the country did not own any of the land. Not much had changed since Father Hidalgo led the Mexican War for Independence 100 years earlier. The Caudillos (regional warlords) were still in power -Two men rose up and started a rebellion. Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa, two charismatic leaders, started a rebellion that had tremendous popular support -Their saying was "Tierra y Libertad"--Land and Liberty. Zapata himself began capturing hacienda land from the rich and redistributing it to the peasants. -Soldaderas, female soldiers like Maria de Meras, participated in the Revolution in large numbers and were inspirational fighters and leaders -In the end, both Zapata and Villa were killed by the government. However, the government did pass the Mexican Constitution of 1917, which gave some land back to the peasants (redistribution of land) and also gave universal suffrage (voting rights) to all men

Causes of the Mexican Revolution of 1910-1920

-In the early 1900's, Mexico was in a rough social and economic situation. It was governed by a powerful dictator, Porfirio Diaz. 95% of the population, the mestizos and indigenous Mexicans, were peasants in the country did not own any of the land. Not much had changed since Father Hidalgo led the Mexican War for Independence 100 years earlier. The Caudillos (creole regional warlords) were still in power -In addition, there was an unpopular caudillo dictator in power, Porfirio Diaz, who had been in power for 31 years. Diaz did not allow for Enlightenment rights--no free speech, no protests, and no real elections. The power was kept in the hands of the few, as was the money and land. Injustice was everywhere as the white creole descendants of the Spanish attempted to keep all of the power and land -In 1910 Diaz was challenged in a rigged election. Even though he lost, he refused to give up power [sound familiar in 2020?] -Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata rose up and started a war to forcibly remove Diaz from power -Diaz was removed quickly, but the war and struggle for power raged on for 10 more years after 1910 until it finally ended in 1920 -So the basic causes were to remove the corrupt Diaz from office and to provide "Land and Liberty" to the lower class mestizos and Indigenous Mexicans, giving them land, power, and Enlightenment style rights to free speech, freedom to protest, right to vote, etc.

Ida B. Wells (1862-1931) + The Alpha Suffrage Club

-In the late 1800's and early 1900's, women in England and the United States began fighting for suffrage. -This African-American reform activist fought for many causes throughout her lifetime. She is famous for being the leader of the anti-lynching movement, writing books and articles to expose the evils of lynching in the South -She also became very involved in the Women's Rights Movement and the Suffrage Movements, founding the first African American Suffrage group, the Alpha Suffrage Club -Even within the Women's Rights Movement, women of color were discriminated against by white women pursuing suffrage. Wells often fought against this, refusing to march in the back of suffrage parades and forcing her way to the front -She endured several attacks, threats, and episodes of mob violence, but persevered and often put herself in extreme danger to cover lynchings, murders, and injustices in her books -She left a huge legacy in both the anti-lynching and Suffrage Movements

Alice Paul (Leading 1910 - 1977)

-In the late 1800's and early 1900's, women in England and the United States began fighting for suffrage. This woman went to England and learned from Emmeline Pankhurst how to fight the suffrage fight. -____________________ came back to the United States and used Pankhurst's motto, "Deeds, Not Words." This meant that the group was dedicated to taking dramatic action to draw attention to the suffrage movement -_______________ got radical, giving speeches, making protests, obstructing traffic, burning President Woodrow Wilson's speeches, chaining herself to the gate of the White House. -_______________________ was arrested by the police 7 times, the same number as Pankhurst. In order to draw attention to her cause while in prison, ______________ would go on a hunger strike. During the strikes, she would be force fed by the prison guards, an incredibly painful and uncomfortable process. -In 1920 women gained the right to vote in America under the 19th amendment -This woman continued to fight for women's rights for the rest of her life and made sure women were included in the Civil Rights Act of 1964

Plantation Farming

-In the southern and Caribbean British colonies, the British began to force enslaved Africans [slaves] onto large farms where they grew tobacco, sugar, indigo, rice, and later on, cotton -These were MASSIVE farms in the South [southern United States today] and Caribbean that used indentured servants and enslaved persons to run for a massive profit -These type of farms were extremely profitable and increased British economic hegemony [power] and later on, United States hegemony after the American Revolution

European Merchants in Asia 1450 - 1750 CE

-In this area of the world, the European Merchants established trading posts -the Europeans found it difficult to take over Asia as these countries were too advanced to be easily taken over, as they had been included in the Afro-Eurasian trade network, had immunity to disease, and advanced technology. -Countries like China and Japan also became isolationist [cut themselves off from trade] and were difficult to take over -Therefore in this area, the European Merchants mainly just used their caravels to transport goods from one Asian market to another or brought goods to other trading posts in the Indian Ocean -European merchants would also bring lots of silver from the mines in the Americas to trade for silk, spices, and porcelain in Asian markets -They also brought goods from this region back to Europe for trade

Aurangzeb 1670 CE

-Indian Islamic ruler of the Mughal Dynasty -Grandson of Akbar the Great, this emperor was NOT religiously tolerant; started around 1670 CE -He re-established the jizya tax on the Hindu lower classes and demolished several temples -The empire reached it's greatest total area under him -Because of his oppression and lack of toleration, he faced many rebellions and dissent from the Hindus in India -did expand the empire further south through conquering

Akbar the Great 1600 CE

-Indian Islamic ruler of the Mughal Dynasty -He was considered the greatest Mughal Emperor, he was a powerful ruler who expanded the empire and was also known for his religious tolerance -He famously threw an advisor out of a window--twice! Took power around 1600 CE -He created "the Divine Faith"-- a syncretic religion that mixed parts of Hinduism and Islam together; -he married a Hindu, which showed his religious tolerance -He also lessened or took away the jizya tax on Hindus, making him popular with the Indian Hindu population -Expanded the empire southward through conquest

Khmer Empire (Hindu + Buddhist, SE ASIA) 889 CE to 1431 CE

-Indian culture had a big influence on Southeast Asia, as Hinduism and Buddhism spread from India to SE Asia. -In present day Cambodia, a powerful kingdom known for building beautiful temples sprang up, the kingdom of Angkor -Originally, this SE Asian kingdom was Hindu; they built an amazing temple known as Angkor Thom, and this temple and the entire city were designed to be a reflection of Hinduism, as there were Hindu sculptures, carvings, and statues everywhere -in the 1200's and 1300's, the Angkor kingdom started to become influenced by Buddhism. They began to build magnificent Buddhist temples around the outsides of their cities, without destroying the Hindu Temples -The most magnificent temple they ever built was known as Angkor Wat, and it shows the influence of Hinduism and Buddhism. It is currently the largest religious monument in the world! -Eventually Angkor fell to Thai invaders, and the jungle re-claimed the temples for hundreds of years...until the 1800's, when French explorers found the temples-Mr. McNulty has visited Angkor Wat and it is probably the coolest place he has ever been

Rise of European Industrialization

-Industrialization rose in Europe during the late 1700's and throughout the 1800's -There were several reasons why the Europeans were the first area to Industrialize. It's CRUCIAL that you memorize these reasons 1--they had the most iron and coal 2--they had an incredible number of raw materials and resources coming from the American colonies 3--They had a foundation for invention after the Scientific Revolution 4--The Europeans were divided into several smaller competing nations [optimal fragmentation]. as the Europeans competed, they actually shared technology with each other and made each other better 5--Capitalism and the theories of Adam Smith drove the European countries to compete economically, sharing in technology as they did so One of the major effects was that Industrial powers became Imperialist and began to take over other non-Industrialized countries for power and resources

Effect of the Portuguese on the Kongo

-Initially, the Portuguese [Europeans] established a mutually beneficial (helped both sides) trading relationship with the Kingdom of the Kongo -The Portuguese also converted many Kongolese to a syncretic (mixed) form of Christianity -This group of Europeans brought textiles (cloths), and weapons to the Kongo to trade with the Kongolese -In return, they received copper and ivory -They also became interested in trading for enslaved persons [slaves]. Slavery already existed in the Kongo and the Kongolese nobles had enlaved persons [slaves], but the Portuguese began capturing and enslaving Kongolese at a massive rate -Eventually, the benefits of trade stopped for the Kongolese as the Portuguese began to take more captives and enslave them; -Rulers like King Affonso and Queen Nzinga of Ndongo tried to resist the enslavement of their people -Eventually the kingdom fell to the Portuguese and became the first European colony in Africa in 1700

King Affonso I 1525 CE

-Initially, the Portuguese established a mutually beneficial (helped both sides) trading relationship with the Kingdom of the Kongo -The Portuguese converted many Kongolese to a syncretic (mixed) form of Christianity -This Kongolese King was famous for being a devoted Christian; he would even forget to eat because he was reading the Bible -However, he also started to protest against the Portuguese because they were enslaving so many people and capturing too many enslaved persons; even though slavery already existed in the Kongo, the Portuguese were taking it to another level -he began to write letters to the Portuguese king asking that he stop the slave trade -The Portuguese king ignored his letters and the slave trade increased; when this King died, the Kongo was losing power to the Portuguese

Gunpowder in the Song Dynasty

-Invented during the Tang Dynasty in China and use was continued in Song Dynasty -Spread west to Europe and the Middle East -At first, was just used in fireworks and bombs and wasn't that effective -by 1200's, people in Europe and SW Asia were experimenting with using this in metal barreled cannons -Diffused through trade and through the Mongolian conquest and moved westward -Although invented in China, Western Europeans, Ottomans, and Mughals would all become masters of the gun and gunpowder from 1400 - 1750 CE.

Judaism, Christianity, and Zoroastrianism

-Islam combined parts of these three faiths in order to create one religion -Islam had parts of all three of these faiths in it and was influenced by these faiths -These were all older religions than Islam

Spread of Islam 1450 - 1750 CE

-Islam was founded in 620 CE by the Prophet Mohammed, making it the youngest of the world's major religions, Buddhism, Hinduism, Christianity, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism -Dar al-Islam (the house of Islam, or the regions of the world where countries are largely Islamic) spread to new regions from 1450 CE to 1750 CE -Sufi mystics were a type of missionary that helped spread Islam in West and Sub-Saharan Africa and East Africa -Islam began to spread across the Sahara desert through the Trans-Saharan caravan routes and to trading cities like Timbuktu, and through conquest into India -Empires like the Songhay Empire in West Africa began practicing a form of syncretic Islam - The three major Islamic empires from 1450 - 1750 C were: -The Ottomans in the Middle East/North Africa -the Safavids in the Middle East -The Mughals in South Asia (iIndia) -So this term is about the -....

Sufi Mystics

-Islam was founded in 620 CE by the Prophet Mohammed, making it the youngest of the world's major religions, Buddhism, Hinduism, Christianity, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism -Dar al-Islam (the house of Islam, or the regions of the world where countries are largely Islamic) spread to new regions from 1450 CE to 1750 CE -______________ _____________ were a type of missionary that helped spread Islam in West and Sub-Saharan Africa -They helped spread Islam to places like the Songhay Empire -They were successful at spreading Islam because they usually allowed SYNCRETISM; they would let the people in West Africa keep some part of their original religion

The Spread of Islam: Trade, Warfare, and Missionaries

-Islam, like other major religions, spread through three major ways: trade, warfare, and diffusion through missionaries -Islam expanded rapidly through trade as merchants brought the faith along the Trans-Saharan caravan routes and along the Silk Roads to SE Asia and India; merchants also spread Islam throughout the Middle East and North Africa -Motivated by "jihad," Islamic people also used their military power to conquer nearby countries and turn them Islamic (note: answer is NOT "jihad") -Islam also expanded rapidly due to Islamic missionaries spreading the word; types of missionaries include the Sufi Mystics -Islam spread to North Africa, the Middle East, South Asia (India), SE Asia and even to parts Europe

The Ottoman Empire 1280 CE - 1923 CE

-Islamic Empire based in the Middle East, although it included territory in Africa, SW Asia, and Europe -Famous rulers were Osman Bey (the founder), Mehmed the Conqueror (conquered Constantinople), and Suleiman the Magnificent (Ottoman Golden Age) -Hurrem Sultana, also known as Roxelana, was an influential female leader in the empire; part of the Sultanate of Women -used the "devshirme" process to recruit soldiers and bureaucrats; Janissaries were the elite military -One of the longest standing empires in world history -At it's peak, incredibly strong military that harnessed the use of gunpowder; effectively used cannons against the walls at the battle of Constantinople in 1453 -Had a period of brilliant academic and architectural achievement, especially under Suleiman the Magnificent in the 1500's

Sharia Law

-Islamic Law that governs the way people should live -Through this law, Islam became more than a religion; in Islamic states, the laws, the society, are all governed by Islam -In the Caliphates, like the Abbasid Caliphate, ____________________ law was used to govern cities and states -It covers many areas of life and law, including crime, sexuality and adultery, hygiene, diet, and prayer -________________ law is seen as the word of God, as recorded in the Qur'an. Remember, the Qur'an is the direct word of god, as told to Muhammad by the archangel Gabriel -________________ law became more than just a religious set of rules; it became the social, economic, and political laws that governed cities and states in Dar al-Islam

Eras 1-4

-It's incredibly important you know the dates and major events for each era, as the essay questions and other questions are organized around the Eras -Era 1, 1200 - 1450 CE: Trade, Travel, and Turmoil (Mongols, Plague, Mali, Silk Roads, etc. Nicknamed GOLD Era, for trade and color of sands/plains) -Era 2, 1450 - 1750 CE: Collision of Civilizations (Ottomans, Columbian Exchange, Colonization, Resistance to Colonization, Resistance to Enslavement; Isolation in East Asia; Nicknamed BLUE Era, for travel on the oceans) -Era 3, 1750 - 1900 CE: Age of Revolution (Industrial Revolution, Revolutions in Atlantic World, Imperialism, Struggle to Modernize, Women's Rights; Nicknamed ORANGE Era, for fires of Revolution) -Era 4, 1900 - Present CE: Age of War (World War I and II, Great Depression, Decolonization, Cold War, Globalization)

Virginia 1600 CE to 1750 CE

-Jamestown was in this tobacco growing colony; it was the first major British colony in North America -Once tobacco was discovered and grown by John Rolfe, the colony was economically successful and it became one of the first powerful colonies in the British Empire -Initially included indentured servitude; would gain more enslaved persons [slaves] throughout the 1600s to provide the labor in the economy

The Influence of Judaism on Christianity

-Jesus and all of his early followers were all Jews -Christianity was originally just a sect of Judaism (a part of Judaism) but after Paul of Tarsus started spreading Christianity, Jewish leaders didn't want to be associated with the religion and it became its own religion -The Bible is composed of the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is the Jewish part of the Bible and is still used today in Judaism. The New Testament was the part that was new to Christianity -The New Testament was written and compiled (put together) by the disciples of Jesus. It contained the story of the life of Jesus and his major teachings and miracles accomplished -Like Judaism, Christianity demanded living by a strict moral and ethical code according to the Bible -Also like the Jews, the Christians refused to honor the Roman gods and cults and were therefore persecuted (attacked) by the Romans

Influence of Mesopotamian Cultural and Legal Traditions on Judaism

-Judaism was the first major monotheistic religion -They lived and prospered in the states of Mesopotamia -The Hebrews used the same "eye for an eye" philosophy from Hammurabi's Code. -Many of the philosophies that were found in the Hebrew Scriptures/Old Testament were borrowed or influenced by the Mesopotamian legal codes -Similar to Hammurabi's code, they used "lex talionis"--a legal system where the punishment would fit the crime, "An eye for an eye" -Therefore we can learn a lot about Mesopotamian culture by looking at the ancient Hebrew Scriptures/the Old Testament

The Safavid Empire 1501 - 1736 CE

-Land-based empire in the Middle East, present day Iran, Era 2, 1450 - 1750 CE -Founded by Shah Ishmail -Islamic Empire. There are two types of Islam we will study--Sunni and Shiite. The Safavids were a Shiite Islamic Empire -The specific branch of Islam they followed was called Twelver Shiism, named after the 12 most important Imams (religious leaders) that came after the Prophet Muhammad -They had a very serious and intense rivalry with the neighboring Ottomans, who were Sunni Muslim. They lost a huge battle to them at the Battle of Chaldiran -Their most famous and powerful leader was Shah Abbas the Great, who restored their power after the defeat at Chaldiran, expanded the empire, encouraged more trade, and modernized the military

The Incan Empire 1430 - 1530 CE

-Largest empire in South America during Era 1, 1200-1450 CE -Known for its great system of roads, incredibly warlike people -Letter "D" on the map image -Strict social structure and social classes -Used the Quipu system of record keeping to keep track of economy and politics -Beautiful legendary city at Machu Picchu and Capital at Cuzco -Very rich, lots of silver -Brought down by the Spanish Conquistador Francisco Pizarro

Samurai Class

-Legendary Japanese warriors who were a social class that was part of Japanese feudal structure -They were an upper social class and were sworn to fight for and protect local Japanese nobles -Included lifelong training in the way of the warrior -Followed the Bushido Code of honor, which demanded respect, loyalty, high pain tolerance, honor, and dedication to victory -Wielded the legendary Kitana sword to great effect -Wore plated armor in defense -Could commit suicide out of shame if they lost a major battle -With the aid of storms, the samurai, despite being outnumbered, defeated two separate Mongol Invasions -Tokugawa Ieyasu was a legendary samurai warrior who started the Tokugawa Shogunate

Attar of Nishapur (1221 CE)

-Legendary Sufi master -Sufi mystics were a Islamic missionaries that emphasized looking inwards -considered a legendary Persian, Islamic, and Sufi scholar and poet by the time of his death in 1221 CE -Left a lasting influence in Persian poetry and Sufism; Sufi Mystics were major missionary that helped spread Islam throughout Eurasia and Africa. -one of his most famous works was "The Conference of the Birds" -probably visited the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, capital city of the Abbasid Empire -Met Nasir al-Tusi, the famous mathematician and polymath, who considered him to be a very influential figure -died a violent death when he was killed by the Mongols in 1221 CE when Genghis Khan and his armies massacred and sacked his city. He was 78 years old

The Tanzimat Reforms 1839 - 1876 CE

-Like so many other empires, from 1750 - 1914 CE the Ottomans began to lose power to the heavily industrialized and militarized Europeans -The Ottomans eventually realized they were far behind; like the Qing Chinese with the Self-Strengthening Movement, they tried to make a series of reforms to modernize and industrialize -These reforms attempted to remodel the Ottoman Empire and use European style systems of government/military; They focused on: -European Military Training -European Education and Legal Systems -A Constitution and govt based on the Enlightenment -As in Qing China, conservatives [people who want to keep things the same] in the government resisted the change and these reforms struggled to take off, facing serious resistance

Ottoman Resistance to the Tanzimat Reforms

-Like so many other empires, from 1750 - 1914 CE the Ottomans began to lose power to the heavily industrialized and militarized Europeans -The Ottomans eventually realized they were far behind; like the Qing Chinese with the Self-Strengthening Movement, they tried to make a series of reforms to modernize and industrialize called the Tanzimat Reforms -These attempted to remodel the Ottoman Empire to be more like the Europeans; They focused on: -European Military Training -European Education and Legal Systems -A Constitution and govt based on the Enlightenment -As in Qing China, conservatives [people who want to keep things the same] resisted the change and many elites fought against the Tanzimat Reforms -this resistance prevented the Tanzimat Reforms from fully reforming the society. The Ottoman Empire continued to struggle through the late 1800's -The answer is not JUST the Tanzimat Reforms...there's more to it...

Mecca

-Located in Saudi Arabia in the Middle East -The Holy City of Islam -Every Muslim required to go to Mecca and make a pilgrimage there once in lifetime as part of the five pillars of Islam, encouraged to go there more often -Became famous because Muhammad made one of his big early journeys to this city

Trade Goods in the Kingdom of Zimbabwe

-Lots of trade in the Indian Ocean Basin and with Trans Sharan Caravan routes. Active trade with the Delhi Sultanate in India, Abbasids and Ottomans in Persia, and Song Dynasty in China; -Exported (sending out in trade) gold, exotic animals, and ivory (elephant tusks) from the interior of Africa -Enslaved persons were also exported [sent out] of this region -Imported (brought in) spices, diamonds, precious metals, textiles from India -Textiles, salt, gold from the Trans Saharan Caravan routes and the Abbasid Caliphate and Ottoman Empire

Versailles

-Louis XIV was the most powerful ruler in the French Empire, and the longest reigning ruler in French History -He was the ultimate symbol of Absolute Monarchy; Absolute Monarchs were kings or queens that had total control over their society, controlling the economy, military, and nobles -As a symbol of his absolute power, Louis constructed the magnificent palace at ____________________________________ , one of the most stunning palaces in all of Europe -This palace could house hundreds of guests, thousands of servants, and had acres and acres of formal gardens and fountains -Louis made this palace into party central--with gambling, opera houses, parties, live music -It had its own Library, Zoo, Chapel, and magnificent dining halls -Part of his goal was to keep the nobles distracted and partying so that they would not be focused on rebelling against him

Mandarins and Eunuchs

-Ma______________ were the highest civil servants or government officials in the Qing Chinese dynasty -You had to take the Civil Service Exam and pass at high levels to become a Ma______________________________________ -They were immensely powerful and helped run the government; as a result thousands of people competed for the jobs and to take the exam --Eunuchs were castrated [had their genitals cut off] so that they would have no family of their own and would only want the Emperor's family to succeed; they would not try to put their family into power. They were often the most trusted servants and advisors to the emperor

Mali Empire (1235 - 1670 CE DATES REQUIRED)

-Major West African Empire founded by Sundiata ("Epic of Sundiata" tells his story!) -Major trading Empire with city of Timbuktu located on the southern edge of the Sahara desert on the Trans Saharan caravan routes; one of the first major cities you would hit after crossing the desert into Sub Saharan Africa -this kingdom became immensely wealthy on a trade of gold, salt, ivory, and other precious goods -The kingdom also traded enslaved persons [slaves] -religion also spread across the Trans Saharan Caravan routes and Timbuktu and the Mali Empire became major centers of Islam -Mansa Musa was their most famed ruler; he conquered 24 neighboring cities and and grew wildly wealthy from the gold trade. He is considered one of the wealthiest individuals in the history of the world -The great world traveller and Islamic judge Ibn Battuta visited Mali and Timbuktu in 1352 CE -Timbuktu remains a Major trading city in West Africa from 1200 CE to Present, an Islamic center throughout -The empire collapsed when its military weakened and they were defeated by the Songhai, who knocked over the Mali Empire and started another Islamic Empire, th Songhai Empire -Dates Required for full credit

Porcelain Production in the Song Dynasty

-Major luxury good created in China and traded on the silk roads -Thin pottery, very delicate and pretty -Traded to the wealthy in India, Persia, East Africa, and Europe along the silk roads -Would leave from major trading cities like Chang'an and Hangzhou

Islam

-Major world religion started around 630 CE -Started by the prophet Muhammad -God is Allah; this is a monotheistic religion that demands the worship of the one true god, Allah. -Combined parts of Judaism, Christianity, and Zoroastrianism, all of which influenced this religion -Holy city of Mecca; believers are encouraged to make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their lifetime, ideally every year -Centers around the Five Pillars of Islam, which are the five central beliefs of Islam -the Qur'an is the holy text of Islam and lays out the rules and laws of Islam, including sharia law (the law that Islamic codes follow) -"jihad"--can be the struggle within a person, or the struggle against the enemies of Islam -some branches of Islam encouraged members to fight holy wars to spread Islam. Through holy wars, Islam spread rapidly throughout the Middle East and North Africa -Through holy war, trade with merchants, and through Islamic missionaries like the Sufi mystics, Islam continued to spread throughout Eurasia. Islam took over Spain for a time, and reached into India (South Asia), SE Asia, and far into Sub-Saharan and East Africa

North Atlantic Fishing Trips

-Many Europeans were still taking trips across the _____________________________ in order to fish for cod -This led to the settlement of Iceland, Greenland, and Nova Scotia -Once the Americas were discovered, fishermen in the North Atlantic continued to look for a water route to Asia -Some people tried to go through North American rivers; others, like Vitus Bering, searched for routes through the Arctic and over the top of North America -The Three European countries that led the way in Ocean Exploration in the North Atlantic were the British, Dutch, and French

Lamaist Buddhism

-Many Mongols in China converted to this religion -This is the religion with the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path -Khubilai Khan himself was a member of this religion

Karakorum

-Massive center of trade and technology in Central Asia. The Mongols would make artisans, blacksmiths, thinkers, inventors, and writers leave their conquered villages and go to this city -Because of this, technology, religion, and disease spread all around the mighty and vast Mongol Empire -Capital city of the Mongol Empire

Kilwa 1300 CE to 1500 CE

-Massive trading city in Swahili city states on East Coast of Africa -Part of the Indian Ocean Basin Trading Region -Peaked from 1300 CE to 1500 CE -Traded away gold and participated in slave trade, enslaved persons being sold out of this city -Received Chinese Porcelain, silks, Indian spices and Indian Cloth -Letter "A" on the map image!

Kingdom of Zimbabwe 1100 CE to 1430 CE

-Massive trading kingdom on East Coast of Africa -A Swahili City State in EAST Africa, founded by the Bantu-speaking Shona tribe; had over 150 tributary states or towns that paid them taxes and tribute -Monarchy, with powerful rulers ruling from the capital city of Lusvingo, aka the Great Zimbabwe -Lots of trade in the Indian Ocean Basin and with Trans Sharan Caravan routes. Active trade with the Delhi Sultanate in India, Abbasids and Ottomans in Persia, and Song Dynasty in China; -Exported (sending out in trade) gold, exotic animals, and ivory (elephant tusks) from the interior of Africa -Enslaved persons were also exported [sent out] of this region -Imported (brought in) spices, diamonds, precious metals, textiles (cloth) and more -Knocked down by African invaders in 1430 CE, taken down by the rise of Prince Mutapa -Powerful from 1100 CE to 1430 CE

VI Lenin

-Millions of lower class people around Europe were inspired by the ideas of Karl Marx, which led to the rise of communism and socialism. But someone needed to put it into play in an actual country -In Russia, the Romanovs were in power, and had been for 300 years. This man would lead the Bolshevik Revolution, which would bring down the Romanov Dynasty -After he brought down the Romanovs, he started the first major communist country in the world, the Soviet Union -Considered the founding father of the Soviet Union -Promoted Communist/Marxist policies like Land Redistribution, where he took land from the church and the wealthy and gave it to the peasants. He wanted to bring economic and social equality to the lower classes -Died while relatively young, and Joseph Stalin took over

The Bolshevik Revolution (Russian Revolution) of 1917 CE DATE REQUIRED FOR FULL CREDIT

-Millions of lower class people around Europe were inspired by the ideas of Karl Marx, which led to the rise of communism and socialism. But someone needed to put it into play in an actual country -In Russia, the Romanovs were in power, and had been for 300 years. VI Lenin would rise up and would lead the ______________________________, which would bring down the Romanov Dynasty -The Bolshevik Revolution led to the Russian Civil War, which resulted in approximately 8 million Russian deaths -After Lenin brought down the Romanovs, he started the first major communist country in the world, the Soviet Union DATE REQUIRED FOR FULL CREDIT

Government Control in a Communist Economy

-Millions of lower class people around Europe were inspired by the ideas of Karl Marx, which led to the rise of communism and socialism. The Soviet Union became the first major Communist country after Lenin led the Bolshevik Revolution -In a capitalist, laissez-faire economy, the government does not control or interfere with the economy. Competition governs everything, and people are free to build what they want, start what they want, etc. Businesses and factories are owned by private citizens like Rockefeller and Carnegie -The opposite of capitalism is Communism/Marxism/Socialism. According to Marxist theory, in a communist country, the government controls all of the land, the factories, and the economy. The government owns all major factories, mines, and agricultural products -The government also drives growth in a communist economy. For instance, the Five Year Plan in the Soviet Union and the Great Leap Forward in Mao's Communist China were plans from the government to drive the industrialization and agriculture of the economy -So the major difference in capitalist v communist economies is this: in a capitalist economy, it's all about competition, and private companies and citizens own the businesses. In a communist economy, the government directs the economy and owns a lot of the businesses and services.

Mongol Mothers and First Wives

-Mongol society was still patriarchal [male dominated], but Mongol women had more power and influence than in many societies -Genghis Khan especially honored his mother and his first wife; these women could influence male leaders in their decisions -There was polygamy [multiple wives] -Women close to the ruler were allowed to voice their opinions in council and could affect many decisions -Töregene Khatun is an example of a famous Mongol woman who ruled her Khanate after her husband died -Chabi is another example of a famous Mongol woman. She was a Nestorian Christian and wife of Khubilai Khan, she often influenced his decisions and she was one of his most trusted advisers.

"The Dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz The Revolutionaries" (1957)

-Most famous painting of brilliant Mexican painter David Alfaro Siqueiros -painted in 1957 during the Cold War, included red and Communist themes of lower class union -This painting showed Emiliano Zapata, many soldaderas, and other Mestizo fighters of the Liberation Army of the South and the Zapatistas -Painting includes Cold War references including red colors and lower classes united, and the anonymous mestizo soldier in the front representing all lower classes. Everyone is equal and the Zapata, the major leader, isn't in the front, which is a common Communist theme in art during the Cold War

Joint Stock Companies

-Much of the British and European ocean exploration from 1450 CE to 1750 CE was driven by private companies and not by governments; a company would raise money by selling stock -The company would sell stock to people; if you bought stock and the company did well, you would make a lot of money; if the company did not do well, your would lose money -People would buy stock and the companies would go on journeys to India and China to try to make money -The British East India Company was an example of this

jizya

-Muslim caliphates often placed a tax on non-Muslims living in the Caliphate, such as Jews and Christians -This was unpopular and led to resistance against the Abbasids -the Big Three Islamic Empires in Era 2, 1450 - 1750 CE, The Mughal Dynasty in India, Ottoman Empire in the Middle East, and Safavid Empire in the Middle East would also use this tax on Jews and Christians

Greek Influence on Islam

-Muslims widely admired these people and borrowed much of the scientific and medical writings from ___________ -They particularly tried to learn from the __________ philosophers Aristotle and Plato -_______________ mathematics and science influenced Muslims and inspired them to find their own powerful mathematical and scientific discoveries -By borrowing from other cultures, Islamic societies like the Abbasid Caliphate became advanced technologically and culturally and rose to great power -Arabic and Islamic philosophers would help translate Greek works at the House of Wisdom, the grand library in Baghdad, where much of the knowledge would be gathered and stored. Arabic/Islamic philosophers would add their own ideas to Greek philosophy

Neoconfucianism's Effect on Women, Era 1: 1200 - 1450 CE

-Neo-Confucianism was a new form of Confucianism that was influenced by Buddhism -Neo-Confucianism emphasized order in Chinese society; you must obey your elders, honor your ancestors, and obey those higher above you in social class -The emphasis on order made society even more patriarchal for women; women during Neo-Confucianism were supposed to obey men and were seen as inferior to men in many areas of life -Women were expected to be chaste [no sex before marriage] and not have relationships outside of marriage, whereas men could do so -Women could not divorce, and their primary job was to bear children and run the household -The practice of footbinding continued -Women were not allowed to get an education or take the Civil Service Exam -So in the end, Neo-Confucianism led to increased patriarchy

The Mongols 1200 - 1370 CE

-Nomadic [moved around] group led by Khans -Conquered a massive amount of territory in Eurasia the 1200's and 1300's, resulting in the deaths of millions -Known for military prowess [strength] and speed using horses, bows and arrows, and strict military organization -After they conquered, they made Eurasia safe for trade by making the Silk Roads safe again (the Pax Mongolica, "Peace of the Mongols." -Due to the increase in trade, their rule led to diffusion [spread] of technology, ideas, religions, and disease -Conquered territories divided into Khanates -Promoted religious tolerance [allowing people to practice their religion] and women played important and influential [powerful] roles in society, more than in many other cultures at the time -The Mongols were better conquerors than they were governors, and their empire fell apart quickly after they started it

The India-Pakistan Partition 1948

-Once India finally gained it's freedom from Britain in 1948, but there was still controversy -Most of India was Hindu, although roughly 1/3 of India was Muslim (many descended from or encouraged to be Muslim by the Mughals!). -The Muslim leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah wanted India to be split into two countries so that the Muslims could have their own country, known as Pakistan -Gandhi was against this idea as he believed it would provoke violence and go against national unity -Jinnah won out and India was divided into two countries in 1948. Millions of Muslims began migrating to the new country of Pakistan, and as Gandhi predicted there was tons of violence and death along the migration routes. Today, there is still hatred and rivalry between the two countries, with India identifying as Hindu and the majority of Pakistan being Muslim

The Catholic Reformation or Counter Reformation

-Once Martin Luther published the "95 Theses", millions around Europe started leaving the Catholic Church -The Catholic Church realized it had to make some changes to keep people in the church; it began its own series of reforms and corrections -They created a new group of missionaries called the Jesuits who went to the Americas and elsewhere to convert people to Catholicism -They built Catholic schools to get kids dedicated to Catholicism early on -There was also lots of Witch Hunting and Religious Wars in Europe; thousands were burned at the stake or killed over religion

Chattel Slavery

-Once indentured servitude became too expensive, British plantation owners began turning to ___________________________________ for the labor for tobacco, indigo, sugar, rice, and later cotton -This type of slavery is the most harsh and intense kind of forced labor; it means complete ownership over someone; you can buy and sell them, you own them from birth to death, and could punish them violently even to the point of death. They had no human rights -These type of enslaved persons in the British colonies received the harshest treatment of any forced laborers and were often brought in from Africa via the Caribbean and the Middle Passage -Despite facing violent threats every day, chattel slaves resisted on a daily basis, ran away from enslavers [masters] and organized several rebellions throughout the Americas

Mulatto

-Once the British began bringing over slaves, there was mixing between the white and black populations -This was the term for someone who was mixed race, black and white. These people were still considered "black" still and were not given political or economic privileges or opportunities in society -in its original meaning, translates into "mule." Dehumanization was a consistent part of racism and white supremacy, as calling non-white and mixed-race people animal names dehumanized them and helped justify social class hierarchies [rankings] based on skin color

The Atlantic System

-Once the Columbian Exchange took off, there was a massive amount of TransAtlantic trade that took off across the Atlantic Ocean -The Europeans were sending manufactured goods to Africa, especially old and outdated guns -The European merchants were taking enslaved persons [slaves] from Africa to the Americas to work the sugar and tobacco plantations -They were bringing back raw materials from the Americas, such as sugar, tobacco, rice, indigo, maize, and other products -This whole system and pattern of trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas was mainly known as the Triangular Trade. THIS QUESTION IS NOT THE TRIANGULAR TRADE. THIS IS A FANCY TERM FOR THE TRIANGULAR TRADE, THE Answer is "The ___________________________ System" -Basically--> European manufactured goods to Africa; --> enslaved Africans to the Americas --> raw materials from the Americas to Europe

The Triangular Trade

-Once the Columbian Exchange took off, there was a massive amount of TransAtlantic trade that took off across the Atlantic Ocean -The Europeans were sending manufactured goods to Africa, especially old and outdated guns -The European merchants were taking enslaved persons [slaves] from Africa to the Americas to work the sugar and tobacco plantations -They were bringing back raw materials from the Americas, such as sugar, tobacco, rice, indigo, maize, and other products -if you look on a map, the trade routes from Europe --> West Africa-->Americas and then back to Europe makes a triangle -This whole system and pattern of trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas was known as the _______________________________________

The Manchu Elite Classes

-Once the Manchus invaded China and started the Qing Dynasty, they tried to create an elite class that kept them separate from the Chinese -The Manchus made it illegal to intermarry between the Chinese and the Manchus -The Manchus made the lower class Chinese shave the front of their heads in the Manchu style as a sign of submission to the Qing Dynasty -The Manchus set themselves up as an elite class and kept economic and political power in their hands. They had more wealth, more leisure activities, and the highest ranking government positions were reserved for Manchus.

Artisans and Craftsmen

-Once the Mongols conquered territory, they dealt with conquered people in various ways. If some people had resisted the Mongols, they could be slaughtered; if a town surrendered, some people might be spared -There were some people that Mongols often spared; these people were usually skilled in a trade, like blacksmith, carpenter, silversmith, wheelwright, cooper, etc. -These people were useful to the Mongols; they would be sent to Mongolian cities, where they would work for the Mongols and make them more powerful -These people were ______________ and _____________________________

The Self-Strengthening Movement, 1860 - 1895 CE

-Once the Qing Dynasty began to fall apart in the 1800's, some members of Chinese society began to try and create reforms that would help modernize and industrialize China -In the late 1800's, the Qings created the ___________-__________________ ______________; they tried to modernize and create European style factories and European style military -They still tried to keep some Confucian and Chinese customs; the saying was "Chinese learning at the base, Western learning for use." -The movement struggled to succeed because many of the elites resisted "westernization" and becoming like the Europeans, which went against Confucian values; for instance, the Empress Cixi took money that was meant for the navy and built a marble boat in her garden

The Castas System

-Once the Spanish conquered the Americas, they instituted [began] a racist social class system based on skin color. This system included the Spanish, the indigenous American people, and enslaved Africans brought over on the Middle Passage. -In addition, there were many mixed race groups as these three populations, Europeans, Americans, and Africans, began to mix -People of lighter skin and European ancestry had more power and opportunity; people of darker skin and African/Latinx ancestry had less power and opportunity -The Spanish created a social hierarchy system known as the _______________ system that kept people of different races separated and gave more power to people of lighter skin

The Encomienda System

-Once the Spanish conquered the New World, they gave out Haciendas (plantations) to the "peninsulares" and "Criollos"--the elites who were white Europeans --These white elites needed labor; before African slavery, they forced the indigenous/native American population to work for them using this forced labor system -Under this system, Native Americans [often used to be Aztecs/Incans, or other groups] had to work as slaves for the white elites for a portion of the year -In return, the hacienda owner was supposed to provide Christianity to the natives -Obviously, this was an unfair system and thousands of natives died from harsh labor, undernourishment, and disease. The tradeoff was "forced labor for Christianity"--but the Spaniards murdered many of the workers through forced labor and mistreatment

Canals

-Once the Transportation Revolution hit as part of the Industrial Revolution, people wanted to be able to ship large amounts of goods from factories on water -Sometimes large industrial cities were not near a river; so if the people wanted a river there, they would just build one! These were called _________________. They would dig a long trench [ditch] in the ground, fill it with water, and basically create a man-made river. -There are massive, very important ___________________ in Panama, the Suez (Egypt), and the Erie ____________ in New York.

The Manila Galleons 1565 - 1815 CE

-Once they mined silver at places like Potosi, the Spanish sent most of the silver back to Spain; some of it they put on MASSIVE trading ships known as the __________________ to the Philippines so it could be used to trade with China -These ships were ENORMOUS; almost as big as Zheng He's ships; they brought Spanish silver to the Philippines, and then they used it to buy silk, porcelain, and other luxury goods from the Chinese -Some of the ____________________ sunk in the ocean and today people still dive for them; one was discovered the and silver was still worth millions of dollars -the Spanish had mines at Potosi and in Mexico where they used the Mit'a System to force the natives to work to mine the silver

Song Dynasty and Abbasid Trade

-One of the coolest exchanges of culture, technology, and goods was between the Song Dynasty in China and the Abbasid Caliphate in the Middle East. -Abbasid merchants travelled on the Silk Roads and through the Indian Ocean basin to Chinese trading cities like Hangzhou and Chang'an. -Through trade, lots of things diffused: the Chinese sent magnetic compass, wood-block printing, porcelain, and paper making to the Abbasids -The Abbasids took the Chinese practices and improved on many of them; they set up silk weaving factories in Baghdad and made paper mills in Baghdad. They actually captured some Chinese paper makers at the Battle of Talas and forced them to show them the best techniques of making paper! -The Abbasids also imitated the Chinese production of porcelain -Once the Abbasids began to master the Chinese techniques, porcelain, paper, and silk began to diffuse throughout the rest of Dar al-Islam (the Muslim world) -Abbasid merchants brought knowledge of Algebra, Mathematics, Medicine, and Astronomy to China. Much of this knowledge the Abbasids had gained from studying the ancient Greeks

Sankore Madrasah (University of Sankore)

-One of the earliest universities in the world, located in Timbuktu, the great trading city of the Mali Empire -Timbuktu was located on the other side of the Trans Saharan caravan routes and was a critical trading city for gold, salt, ivory, and other goods. -Islam also spread across the Trans Saharan routes and Mali, and this university was strongly Islamic -This university was founded by the great Mali ruler, Mansa Musa -The University was capable of housing 25,000 students and had one of the largest libraries in the world at the time, housing over 1,000,000 manuscripts -Demonstrates the brilliance of the African people

St. John's Slave Rebellion (1733)

-One of the longest and largest enslaved rebellions, in the Caribbean against the British -150 African enslaved persons [slaves] from Ghana rebelled against the Danish on the island of St. Johns, and managed to rebel for several months -The Danish were unable to put down the rebellion and needed to get outside help from the French -With French help the enslavers were able to end the rebellion, and leaders of the rebellion were executed. In a common pattern following an unsuccessful rebellion, slave rules and restrictions were made tighter afterwards by the enslavers

The Salt March 1930 CE

-One of the major countries fighting for freedom during Decolonization were the British was India -In India, the British had vastly superior military forces and technology, so a violent revolution was not going to work -Gandhi pioneered the use of "Satyagraha" (non-violent civil disobience); protesting against unjust laws, but doing it peacefully -One of his most famous and effective "satyagraha" campaigns in 1930 was the _________________, where he intentionally broke the tax on ________________ law and inspired millions around the country to do the same -With millions of people peacefully disobeying the tax on salt, the Indians started to see that the British couldn't control them if they all refused to cooperate. This was an important moment in the march to freedom for the Indian people

Technological and Cultural Transfers in the Crusades

-One of the major effects of the Crusades was the transfer or exchange of technology and culture between Christianity and Islam. -Christians learned new ideas about hygiene and science from the Muslims; they actually rediscovered ancient Greek texts that Muslim mathematicians and scientists had in their library; -Christians also gained new techniques for agriculture and irrigation, along with secret glass-making techniques that they got from Syria -Christians also gained new techniques for architecture from Muslim science and architecture, that allowed them to build larger and grander monumental architecture -Muslims learned new military tactics and strategies from the conflict with the European Christians

John Stuart Mill 1860 CE

-One of the results of Industrialization was that the poor were really suffering and living in bad conditions -This English philosopher tried to help individuals out by writing about ways to protect the rights of individuals and minorities in the new industrial work -He advocated (supported) the right for people to form labor unions and supported universal women's suffrage [vote] -He has been called "the most influential English speaking philosopher of the 19th century" -Father of Liberalism

The Spread of the Horse in the Americas

-One of the things that allowed the Spanish to conquer the American native populations was the horse, and they were the first ones to bring horses to the Americas -Once the Spanish arrived, horses were very well suited to the climate in North America, especially the Great Plains in modern day Texas/Nebraska/Dakotas/etc. Horses began to take off and spread all around the Americas -In North America, the Plains Native Americans like the Comanche and Sioux tribes mastered the use of the horse as it spread through the Americas -They used the horse in war (like the Mongols) and to hunt buffalo

Open Field System in Feudal Europe

-Open Field System: during feudalism, there was the Manor System -The Manor was the large house or castle where the local noble and knights lived; outside of the manor house would be two or three large fields divided into strips, worked by the serfs -peasant tenant farmers, often known as serfs, would be assigned a strip and a crop. They would owe a certain amount of the crop to the lord in return for protection from barbarians, such as the Visigoths, Vikings, or Mongols -Critical part of the agricultural European economy and feudalism from 1200 CE to 1450 CE

The Upanishads 600 BCE

-Originally based on the Vedas (1500 BCE) one of the oldest religions in the world, and the Rig Vedas -Hindu scholars looked at the Rig Vedas and wanted to create texts for the foundation or basis of Hinduism. This is the foundational text of Hinduism, and is actually roughly 200 texts that are contained in a collection -The __________________ outline the rules and codes of Hinduism, and lay out the path that you can follow in order to gain salvation -They include discussion of karma and dharma as well -Emphasizes that depending on how you live, you will be reborn into a higher or lower social class. If you have good KARMA, you will be reborn into a higher class. If you have bad KARMA, you will be reborn into a lower class. -Hinduism also emphasizes Dharma--these are the moral duties or the code that you need to follow in order to be successful. If you do this correctly, you will be reborn into a higher caste (social clas

Mehmed the Conqueror

-Ottoman Sultan who captured Constantinople in 1453, which later became Istanbul, the Ottoman capital; - Ruled as an absolute monarch [total power] and centralized his power at the capital city of Istanbul; -used the devshirme process to recruit enslaved soldiers, the Janissaries, and bureaucrats [government officials] -Expanded into Serbia, Greece, and Albania (attacked Italy).

Thomas Edison and Electricity 1870's

-Part of the major driving force of Industrialization was the invention of electricity! This would happen later in the Industrial Revolution, but when it took off, it was critical -Electricity was used to power many factories and manufacturing processes -One of the most famous uses of electricity is the invention of the Incandescent Light Bulb, developed by the famous American inventor ____________________________ -This inventor developed over 1,093 patented inventions in his Invention Factory in New Jersey, including the light bulb and the motion picture camera

Patriarchy and Footbinding in the Song Dynasty

-Patriarchy (male dominance) increased dramatically during the Tang and Song dynasties -Confucianism already emphasized filial piety and veneration (honoring) of ancestors, particularly male ancestors. The Song Dynastyincreased the obedience due to elder males in families, and honoring male ancestors became a huge part of Song culture. -Instead of just remembering male ancestors, families would journey hundreds of miles to visit the graves of their ancestors -There were also arranged marriages for women -Women could not own property, men owned everything -Women also experienced ______________; Women's feet were broken and tightly wrapped to appear small and more attractive -was a sign of wealth and attractiveness -symbol of increased patriarchy (male dominance)

Sultanate of Women 1550-1650 CE

-Period of time starting with the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent where Ottoman women in the ruling class had lots of power and influence in Ottoman politics -The ultimate example of this was Hurrem Sultana, who exerted lots of power and influence over her husband, the Ottoman ruler Suleiman the Magnificent -Turhan Sultan is another example of a powerful Ottoman female leader. She was the only woman to legally share full power with the Sultan from 1651-56 as she served as regent [temporary ruler] for her son -The most powerful Ottoman women were the First Wives [Haseki Sultan] and the Mothers of the Sultan [Valide Sultan]; this was a tradition started by the Mongols that the Ottomans carried on -Many of these powerful women would influence politics, foreign affairs, religious affairs, and would sponsor [pay for] public works [building mosques, parks, schools, etc.] -some were required to speak from behind a curtain when in public court when they advised sons/husbands -Some would participate in military strategy and leadership

Islamic Golden Age (800 CE to 1258 CE)

-Period of time where Islamic scholarship and inventions really took off -Islamic mathematicians, astronomers, chemists, translators, and historians all compiled massive amounts of knowledge and added their own works as well -The House of Wisdom in Baghdad considered the epicenter of learning -One of the first tasks was gathering knowledge from other countries; Islamic Scholars particularly built on Greek and Indian knowledge -By building on Greek and Indian knowledge, we see cultural and technological diffusion -Great Mathematicians like Nasir al-Tusi helped define mathematics -Universities like Sankore Madrasah in Mali sprung up -Improvements to the Astrolabe allowed Islamic merchants to trade in the Indian Ocean Basin; other inventions included medical inventions relating to surgery, parts of Algebra, the magnifying glass, and new methods of producing paper -Most historians say it ended in 1258 with the Mongols Sack of Baghdad and the destruction of the House of Wisdom; others say it continued through the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent in the Ottoman Empire in the 1500's

"The Arabian Nights" Book

-Persia is basically the territory around modern day Iran and Afghanistan. Ancient Persian culture influenced Islam and the Abbasid Caliphate in lots of different ways -Persian influence also affected Islamic literature. Islamic literature was written in Persian; the most famous collection of stories was known as ______________________ -The stories in this book presented popular tales of romance, adventure, and daring set in the court of the wealthy Abbasid Caliph, Harun Al-Rashid -You can still read the stories today, they are famous and fun! The movie "Aladdin" is loosely based off one of the most famous stories

Nasir al-Tusi (1201 CE to 1274 CE)

-Persian, Arabic, and Islamic scholar and mathematician -Lived during the Abbasid Caliphate -was a Twelver Shia Muslim, a type of Islam -was a famous and brilliant mathematician who developed the famous Law of Sines for Plane Triangles and helped create the field of spherical trigonometry -Arabic -Considered one of the fathers of Trigonometry -Also considered a polymath--meaning he excelled in many fields, and was considered one of the true geniuses of his day -left a lasting legacy in the fields of Mathematics, Biology, Logic, Chemistry, and Astronomy -met and was influenced by Attar of Nishapur, a famous Sufi Mystic (a type of Islamic Missionary) -had to move constantly in the early 1200's as Genghis Khan and the Mongols swept through Persia, sacking Urgench and Bagdhad -Most likely worked in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad before the Mongols destroyed it -has a planet in outer space named after him as a modern Soviet astronomer revered (admired) his work

Anti-Imperial Resistance, 1750-1914

-Powered by Industrialization, from 1750-1914, the Europeans began to take over Africa, India, and Asia in order to get resources. The Scramble for Africa was the ultimate chapter of rapid Imperialism -The United States, Russia and Japan also participated and took over territory throughout Latin America and the Pacific/Asia -There was lots of resistance to Imperialism through Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Anti-Imperial resistance took various forms, including: -Military resistance--fighting against the conquest, like the Opium Wars in Qing China, the Mahdist Wars in Sudan (Africa), and Yaa Asantewaa's War in West Africa, and the Zulu Kingdom Wars in South Africa -Rebellions after the conquest, like the 1857 Sepoy Rebellion in India, the Taiping and Boxer Rebellions in Qing China, -Another form of resistance was to try and flee from the Europeans and start new states, such as the Cherokee Nation -Unfortunately, from 1750-1914 CE, almost all of these rebellions and wars failed, as the Europeans/Japanese/Americans/Russians were too powerful with the military strength of Industrialization backing them

Ashanti Kingdom in West Africa (also called Asante; 1670-1902)

-Powerful kingdom in West Africa in present day Ghana -Founded by Osei Tutu, powerful king who organized a strong military. The Ashanti would be known as feared and powerful warriors throughout West Africa -Capital city of Kumasi, which was a center for trade -In Era 2, 1450 -1750 CE, became powerful through trade with the Dutch. The Ashanti (some spell it "Asante") became powerful through their trade with the Dutch -Would trade gold and enslaved persons for outdated guns + alcohol and other goods manufactured in Europe -The Golden Stool is one of the symbols of power and rule, and gold plays a huge part in the culture -During the Scramble for Africa, put up a huge resistance to the British and were one of fiercest tribes resisting in Africa. However they eventually fell to the guns of the British and became a British colony, despite an inspired rebellion from Queen Yaa Asantewaa -Actually still exists as its own kingdom within the nation of Ghana, and in some ways has preserved some of its political independence and culture

The Silk Roads Trade

-Probably the most important trading route in the world from 200 CE - 1450 CE -Overland Trading route -Started during Han Dynasty, began in China -Went all the West and ended in the Middle East/Persia/ Mediterranean Area -Had overland connections to India, the Delhi Sultanate, and other kingdoms. -Also had a sea route through Indian Ocean, connected to the spice islands in Southeast Asia (SE Asia) -Silk, porcelain, and spices travelled West from China and Southeast Asia -Horses, wool, olive oil, iron tools, going East from Mediterranean region -Huge in spreading religions like Buddhism, Hinduism, Christianity, and Islam -Caravanserais were like hotels for merchants and travellers with horses, camels, etc. -Major cities include Chang'an in China, Samarkand and Karakorum in Central Asia, Delhi in India, and Constantinople (Middle East).

Chabi

-She was a Nestorian Christian -She influenced Khubilai Khan a lot, as she was one of his most trusted advisers -Wife of Khubilai Khan, who was the grandson of Genghis and ruler of China

Ching Shih (1775-1844)

-She was a pirate leader during the Qing Dynasty from 1801 - 1810, born into the lower classes in China -She was arguably the most successful and largest pirate leader in history, commanding over 400 junks [ships] and 40,000 pirates in 1805. -Her forces clashed [fought] with many major powers in the China Sea and Indian Ocean basic, including the Portuguese Empire, the British East India Company, and the Qing Dynasty, winning several major victories -Was once able to capture the boat of the Portuguese governor of Timor -After years of struggle, she negotiated a truce with the Qing Dynasty and was able to live out the last 34 years of her life in relative peace -Described as history's most successful female pirate and arguably most successful pirate in history -Shown in many movies including Pirates of the Caribbean

Guru Nanak (late 1400's early 1500's) and Sikhism

-Sikhism was a religion that combined elements of Hinduism and Islam making it a syncretic religion -It developed in South Asia, in India, where these two religions were really mixing -Started in the late 1400's and continues today -The fifth largest religion today, and one of the youngest major religions -Sikhism was founded by __________________________ , and is based on his teachings and those of the nine Sikh gurus -fundamental beliefs include faith and meditation on the name of the one creator, divine unity and equality of all humankind, engaging in selfless service, striving for justice for the benefit and prosperity of all and honest conduct and livelihood while living a householder's life -Sikhs typically wear head coverings or turbans

Guru Nanak and Sikhism (late 1400's early 1500's)

-Sikhism was a religion that combined elements of Hinduism and Islam making it a syncretic religion ; it was started by ____________________________ -It developed in South Asia, in India, where these two religions were really mixing -Started in the late 1400's and continues today -It's the fifth largest religion today, and one of the youngest major religions -founded by __________________________ , and is based on his teachings and those of the nine Sikh gurus -fundamental beliefs include faith and meditation on the name of the one creator, divine unity and equality of all humankind, engaging in selfless service, striving for justice for the benefit and prosperity of all and honest conduct and livelihood while living a householder's life -Sikhs typically wear head coverings or turbans

Sikhism in South Asia (late 1400's to Present)

-Sikhism was a religion that combined elements of Hinduism and Islam, making it a syncretic [mixed] religion -It developed in South Asia, in India, where these two religions were really mixing -Started in the late 1400's and continues today -The fifth largest religion today, and one of the youngest major religions -founded by Guru Nanak, and is based on his teachings and those of the nine Sikh gurus -fundamental beliefs include faith and meditation on the name of the one creator, divine unity and equality of all humankind, engaging in selfless service, striving for justice for the benefit and prosperity of all and honest conduct and livelihood while living a householder's life -Sikhs typically wear head coverings or turbans

Sikhism in South Asia (late 1400's to Present)

-Sikhism was a religion that combined elements of Hinduism and Islam, making it a syncretic religion -It developed in South Asia, in India, where these two religions were really mixing -Started in the late 1400's and continues today -The fifth largest religion today, and one of the youngest major religions -founded by Guru Nanak, and is based on his teachings and those of the nine Sikh gurus -fundamental beliefs include faith and meditation on the name of the one creator, divine unity and equality of all humankind, engaging in selfless service, striving for justice for the benefit and prosperity of all and honest conduct and livelihood while living a householder's life -Sikhs typically wear head coverings or turbans

Chinese Trade Goods in the Indian Ocean Basin

-Silks and Porcelain (delicate pottery) -Spices

Bolivar's Jamaica Letter

-Simon ____________________ was the leader of the Latin American Revolutions against the Spanish -He wanted to found a country, Gran Colombia, free from Spanish rule -In 1815 he wrote a letter to Europe; he was trying to get the British to help the Latin American countries gain their freedom from the Spanish -In his letter, he justified why "Spanish Americans" had the right to freedom and independence from Spain. In this letter, you can see the influence of the ideas from the Enlightenment, such as freedom from monarchy. -This is one of the MAJOR revolutionary documents, inspired by the Enlightenment, you need to know, along with the Declaration of Independence and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

The Caste System

-Social Class system in South Asia/India -Came from the Vedic Religions and the Aryan invasion -Four main classes: 1) Brahmins (priests); 2) Warriors (kshatriyas); 3) Middle class Peasant farmers and Merchants (vaishyas) and 4) serfs or lower class peasant farmers (shudras) It was difficult to move up in caste and class, and this was a big part of Indian life for thousands of years.

Veiling of Women

-Some Islamic societies became strongly patriarchal [male domination]; fathers, brothers, and husbands guarded and controlled young women -Even before Islam, there had been a tradition of upper class women in Persia and Mesopotamia veiling themselves to hide some of their features from lower class men -as Islam spread into Persia and Mesopotamia, upper class women began adopting this old Mesopotamian tradition of wearing veils to hide their features from men -increasingly became identified with Islamic dress and control over women; over time, this helped increase patriarchal male control over women

Sufi Mystic Missionaries

-Some of the most effective Islamic missionaries -They themselves were incredibly devoted to Islam, and would be examples of piousness (devotion). Some would even give up all of their possessions (charity part of the five pillars!) and live as beggars to show their dedication. -They would spread the word of Islam far and wide through Dar al-Islam and beyond, travelling through the four major trade zones to spread Islam - They were effective missionaries because they would often allow people to keep some of their own customs and mix it with Islam, meaning they would allow some syncretism (mixing of religions) -Because of their devotion and allowance for syncretism, they won thousands of converts and were especially successful in India and Persia

Anti-Globalization Movements

-Some people are opposed to Globalization and it's various effects -These movements are particularly opposed to the power of multinational corporations like McDonald's, Sony, Nike, Apple, Sony, etc. -Opposition to Cultural Globalization: some people do not like the loss of indigenous or native culture that often happens from globalization. -Opposition to Economic Globalization: some people do not like the increasing free trade as it can hurt local businesses. -Opposition to Economic Globalization: some people are against the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank, and World Trade Organization (WTO). They believe the IMF and World Bank favor industrialized, developed countries over underdeveloped countries mainly in Latin America and Africa -Books like "McWorld" contain many of the criticisms of cultural globalization

Ox Collar

-Something put around an _______ -this animal and this invention were used in China to drag plows during the Song Dynasty -This helped this animal drag plows through the fields and would lead to better growing and agriculture -The improvement in agriculture led to a huge increase in urbanization in China as Chinese cities grew to be the biggest in the world; Chang'an had a population of 2 million and Hangzhou had a population of 1 million

Morelos

-Southern Mexican state where Zapata was from -majority of Zapatistas, mostly mestizos in the lower class, came from this region, along with a majority of the Liberation Army of the South -Zapata, the Zapatistas, and the Liberation Army of the South won several key battles against the authoritarian regime of creole Caudillo dictator, Porfirio Diaz, in this region

Hernan Cortes 1519 CE

-Spanish Conquistador who conquered the Aztecs in 1519 after Columbus accidentally landed in the Americas -Conquered the Aztecs by using steel weapons and making alliances with the local people who resented the Aztec rule -Disease and the spread of it, primarily smallpox, also played a key role in his victory -Had children with a local woman, Dona Marina [La Malinche], who helped guide him to Aztecs -Conquest did find lots of gold, initially -Was originally upheld by historians for daring and military genius. However, research shows he was also cruel and ruthless, reigned in blood over the Aztecs, and was very harsh and brutal.

Francisco Pizarro 1532 CE

-Spanish Conquistador who conquered the Incans in 1532-33 -Conquered the Incan Empire; won a decisive battle at Cajamarca when he was vastly outnumbered -was victorious thanks to steel weapons and armor, the spread of disease, and used alliances with tribes that disliked the Incans -found lots of silver and gold in initial conquest, became wealthy governor, but was murdered -Was extremely brutal and inhumane in his conquests, committing several atrocities on native peoples

The Enlightenment 1650 CE - 1800 CE

-Starting in the 1500's, there was the Scientific Revolution in Europe -Scientists started to question things like religion and started to use logic and reason to explain the way the world worked -Thinkers and philosophers built on the Scientific Revolution in the 1600's. They started to try and explain things in life according to reason and logic and not according to religion or superstition -These thinkers, like John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau, began to say that people had natural rights such as life, liberty, and property -This intellectual movement was called The Enlightenment; once it started to spread around the world, it encouraged people to rebel against the Kings and Absolute Monarchies and to start democracies and Republics -The Enlightenment laid the foundation to challenge the end of slavery, the end of serfdom, and helped promote women's rights as well -The Enlightenment also led to an increase in suffrage (voting rights) for people around the world

Justifications for Imperialism

-Strengthened by the power of Industrialization, the Europeans/Americans took over and conquered much of Africa, India, and Asia in order to get resources -There were several justifications for Imperialism that the Imperial powers used in order explain why they had the right to take over, including: -Social Darwinism--the racist idea that the Europeans were the highest, most genetically superior race -The "Civilizing Mission"--providing Christianity and Western civilization to the world. -Nationalism--the competition between the European countries that said they needed to do whatever it took to prove they were the best and beat the other European nations -Many of these "justifications" proved just to be excuses so the Imperial powers could take over countries, take their natural resources, and force the natives to work for them in coerced labor. Many of these justifications promoted damaging racial stereotypes that still affect the world today

Civil Service Examination

-Test used by the Chinese Dynasties to become a bureaucrat (government official); the Manchu Qing Dynasty continued to use this system -you had to memorize the Confucian texts; an incredibly difficult exam -Any male in China, rich or poor, could take it regardless of social class. Due to patriarchy, women were not allowed to take it -Was incredibly rigorous and competitive, a 72 hour test. The highest level was the Imperial Exam, where you tested in front of the Emperor himself -If you passed, you became a scholar bureaucrat and became one of the powerful elites in China -Created a merit-based promotion system--you got to the top by having the best scores, based on your merit, not based on what social class you were in. -Wealthy classes still had the advantage of better education and private tutors

New Age Religion--Hare Krishna-- 1966 - Present

-Thanks in part to new forms of communication and technology, several "New Age" religions sprung up and spread around the world in the 20th century -One of the most popular and influential new forms of spirituality was the ___________________ ____________ movement. - The ___________________ _____________________ movement comes from Hinduism. It was founded in 1966 by Swami Prabhupada, who is also the leader and Guru of the movement. At the core of its beliefs are certain ancient Hindu scriptures from the Bhagavad Gita. -One of the major parts of this movement is worshipping the god Krishna. All of your acts and spiritual focus should be dedicated to pleasing him. ANother big aspect is spreading the practice of YOGA--which allows for you to focus your spirtuality while you worship. -Worhsippers of this religion are known for their public singing and dancing -The religion has spread through North America, Europe, and India. Today there are over 550 centers around the world to worship Krishna.

New Age Religion- Falun Gong 1992 - Present

-Thanks in part to new forms of communication and technology, several "New Age" religions sprung up and spread around the world in the 20th century -One of the most popular and influential new forms of spirituality was the ___________________ ____________ movement. It was founded by Li Honghzi -This movement began in China and also had a political impact as it came into clashes with the government. -The religion is very spiritual; it focuses on Buddhist and Daoist teachings. Followers do daily exercises called Tai Chi to focus their mind and body. They are trying to become virtuous, healthy, and moral. Ultimately, through this practice, they seek to gain enlightenment. -This religion became MASSIVELY popular in China, with some estimates at 70 million followers. Tens of thousands practice the religion outside of China in over 70 countries. -The religion clashed with the Communist government in the 1990's. 10,000 followers gathered in Beijing to request rights and recognition and this protest led to a government crackdown. Thousands of followers have been thrown in jail, and some claim that they have been used by the Chinese government for "organ harvesting."

Isfahan

-The "Crown Jewel" of the Safavid Empire, Shah Abbas the great moved the capital here, so Tabriz was no longer the capital -Shah Abbas was determined to make this into the "Queen of the Persian Cities." He Made it into one of the most precious jewels of urban architecture in Eurasia -There were magnificent palaces, beautiful mosques, shaded avenues, and magnificent bridges that made this city stunning and beautiful -Building this beautiful city made Shah Abbas more popular and made his rule seem more justified and legitimate -Abbas also made it a vibrant, energetic center for trade! He extended trading privileges to the Europeans, bringing Armenian Christians to_____________________ in order help with the Silk Trade, and allowing the British East India Company and Dutch East India Company (VOC) to establish trade there; as a result, trade flourished in this city

The Rig Veda

-The "______________________________" were songs and prayers honoring the Aryan gods; they were finally written down in 600 BCE -The ________________________ would form the basis of the caste system, which would exist for thousands of years in India -The Vedic Religions would also form the basis for Hinduism -Therefore, the Vedic Religions are some of the oldest religions in the world that still exist today in some form. And they have had a HUGE influence on India and Hinduism

Ashanti Trade with the Dutch

-The Ashanti (sometimes called Asante) were a powerful kingdom in West Africa -At the end of Era 2, backed by a powerful military, the Ashanti gained access to the West Coast of Africa and began a lucrative (profitable) trade with the Dutch, also with the Portuguese and later the British -The Ashanti would trade gold and enslaved persons to the Dutch in return for outdated guns and alcohol, which the Europeans used to get indigenous people addicted to -The Ashanti were also known for their beautiful golden threadwork cloth, which was called Kente Cloth -The Ashanti would also use "Talking Drums" as forms of communication and for entertainment purposes

Ashanti Political Structure

-The Ashanti kings were powerful, monarchs with lots of authority, but they did not have complete absolute control. There were other branches of government, the legislative branch in particular, that could check the power of the king -The King's primary role was to act as the lead general for the military, and they were responsible for defending the kingdom and ideally expanding the borders -Ashanti kings were also judges, and would act as the highest judge in the kingdom. They could sentence people to death or any other punishment they saw fit, according to the crimes. They were only person in the kingdom that could give out the death sentence -The Ashanti had an organized and sophisticated bureaucracy (govt organization), with a Department of Foreign Affairs that interacted with the Europeans. -There were also local chiefs in the kingdom and a Council of Elders that could check the power of the King -The government positions were given out as a meritocracy; you could gain high ranking jobs through merit, rather than by birthright

Aztec Trade in Mesoamerica

-The Aztecs made all of their subjects pay them tribute in the form of goods -This meant that trade was really increased in the Aztec Empire, helping spread goods, technology, and other things in Mesoamerica -Some of the common goods traded were textiles (cloth), jewelry, shells, food crops, -The most prized trade item was jaguar skins, as they were the most dangerous and feared predator in the jungle

Tribute

-The Aztecs made their subjects pay ______________ -The tribes the Aztecs conquered were forced to give them things like food crops, rabbit-fur blankets, jewelry, and obsidian knives -One of the most valuable things subjects had to give the Aztecs was jaguar skins, as jaguars were the most powerful and dangerous animals in the jungle

Human Sacrifice

-The Aztecs, Incans, and Mayans all did this to varying degrees [different amounts] -In particular, the Aztecs believed that this was necessary to please the gods and keep the crops growing -Captured warriors or conquered tribespeople would be killed in a religious ritual in order to please the gods -Their blood would be seen as a symbol of giving moisture to the earth for crops; when it wasn't raining, sacrifices would increase with the hope that sacrifice of blood would please the gods who would make it rain

Diffusion of Bantu Agriculture

-The Bantu were able to make iron tools through iron metallurgy, and used them to clear forests and make farming tools -Because of this they were excellent farmers and their practices diffused and spread with them -Yams, bananas, and grains were three of their main products they made while farming -As the Bantus spread around Africa, they brought Bananas and yams along with them. -These plants had big impacts on demographics [population size] as they diffused [spread] because they increased calories and health, which led to the increase of population throughout Africa -This diffusion also had a big environmental impact, as forests around Africa were turned into fields and rivers were used for irrigation

Diffusion of Bantu Languages--Swahili

-The Bantus were a migratory, pastoral people who migrated throughout Africa and brought with them agriculture, iron metallurgy, and languages -As they moved, the original Bantu language spread and became the root for over 500 languages -Today over 90 million people speak Bantu languages, including Swahili in Central and East Africa

Industrialization Spreads

-The British and the United States led the charge in Industrialization ; the rest of the Western Europeans followed quickly after to maintain the competition -Industrialization also spread to Russia and Japan -The Ottomans and Qings attempted to implement Industrialization, but struggled due to resistance within the culture and other economic difficulties -Much of Africa, Latin America, and Asia became export economies as they provided the raw materials for the Western European, Russian, Japanese, and America factories -Industrialized powers gained massive military and economic advantages over non-Industrialized nations

Economic Imperialism and the Opium Trade in China

-The British began using economic imperialism to take over in China; the joint-stock company, the British East India Company, began growing the drug ______________ in India and selling it in China for Chinese silver -Millions of Chinese people became addicted to the British opium. For those people who became severely addicted, it became difficult to be productive members of society, as they would spend time and money in opium "dens." -The Manchu Qings tried to stop the drug from being imported, and destroyed twenty thousand chests of opium that belonged to the British East India Company -Despite requests from the Qing Dynasty, the British continued to force opium into China against the wishes of the Dynasty. The Opium trade had devastating social and economic impacts on China and its people. -Ultimately the conflict over the opium trade resulted in the Opium Wars between Britain and the Qing Dynasty

The Opium Wars 1840 CE

-The British began using economic imperialism to take over in China; the joint-stock company, the British East India Company, began growing the drug opium in India and selling it in China for Chinese silver -The Manchu Qings tried to stop the drug from being imported, and destroyed twenty thousand chests of opium that belonged to the British East India Company -In retaliation for the destroyed opium, the BEIC and the British government started a war. The British military sent a steam powered gunboat called "The Nemesis" straight up the Grand Canal and with modern military technology were able to destroy the Chinese navy -The British military had some of the most advanced industrialized weapons in the world, and the Chinese had outdated [older, not technologically advanced] weapons and military technology; the British won quickly and the Chinese were forced to sue for peace -This war shows the tremendous advantage industrialization gave to Western Europe and showed that the Chinese had fallen behind in their technology since they had not actively gone out and pursued global trade

Zhang Qinqiu

-The Chinese Communist party attempted to support Women's Rights, allowing women to divorce, ending concubinage, continuing to disallow footbinding, and increasing educational opportunities for women. Some of these changes were difficult to make and were resisted by some in Chinese society -One famous female leader was ____________. She helped fight for the Communist side during the civil war, and was a high ranking commander in the Chinese Red Army during the Long march, considered the only female general of the Red Army -became a feminists and advocate for women's rights; became dean of the Chinese Women's University, also a member of the Women's Committee -In Mao's Communist China, in the 1950's and 60s, she became Deputy Minister of the Textile industry and was a high ranking government official -Was persecuted during the Cultural Revolution and died in 1968

Effect of Columbian Exchange on the Environment

-The Columbian Exchange led to a MASSIVE increase in agriculture in the Americas -European agricultural technology made a HUGE difference in the Americas and European colonists began farming all over North and South America -European farming practices had a HUGE impact on the _________________________ of the Americas as lots of soil was depleted and forests were destroyed -So the big takeaway here--the Columbian Exchange and European farming really DAMAGED the American _______________________ because the forests were cut down for wood and soil was robbed of nutrients

Cossack Revolts

-The Cossacks were a group of fierce, independent people living in modern day Ukraine -During Era 2, 1450-1750 CE, the Russian Empire and the Romanovs were trying to take over this territory and control the Cossacks -Some of the Russian nobility tried to turn the Cossacks into serfs as well -The Cossacks were constantly resisting and rebelling against attempts to oppress them, with over 16 revolts from 1450 - 1750 CE -However, by the end of all of their rebellions, the Cossacks were conquered and lost most of their autonomy [freedom] to the Romanov Russian Empire

Dutch East India Company (VOC) 1602

-The Dutch, like the Portuguese, also established a powerful trading post empire -They did it in India and Africa with a very powerful JOINT STOCK COMPANY that was started in 1602 -Unlike the Portuguese, this was a private company that required people to buy stock; if the company was successful, they got massive profits -This company established trading posts and a Trading Post Empire all over the world and the merchants who ran it were very powerful; the VOC held trading posts and colonies in the Americas, the Caribbean, Africa, and Asia -Dutch merchants used advanced ship design to their advantage, and their "fluyts" which allowed them to build ships that required half the crew and carried double the cargo of European rivals. -The Dutch Empire became rich based on trade in spices, silks, porcelain, tobacco, sugar, cotton, silver, gold, Asian tea, coffee

The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, 1789 CE

-The Enlightenment helped inspire the first major revolution during the Age of Revolution, the American Revolution -The American Revolution helped inspire this country to start a revolution -Inspired by Enlightenment thinkers like Locke and Rousseau, and by the American Declaration of Independence, the Third Estate composed a document called the _______________________________________________________________ -This was also similar to the American Bill of Rights -It laid out the individual rights that each person in the country was entitled to, such as free speech, free religion, right to a fair trial, etc.

Causes of the Mexican War for Independence against the Spanish (1810-1820)

-The Enlightenment helped inspire the first major revolution during the Age of Revolution, the American Revolution -The American Revolution helped inspire this country to start a revolution -This revolution had social and economic roots; this was a Spanish colony SOCIAL: The upper class was composed of the "peninsulares," who were born in Europe and living in ________________; they had all the power -The Upper/Middle class were the "Criollos," who were white but were born in the Americas -Below the Criollos were the Mestizos, everyone of mixed-race heritage; -the lowest class were African/native American heritage; black enslaved persons [slaves], descendants of the Aztecs, etc. -The lower classes were fed up with the taxes they had to pay and oppression they faced; they were starving and dying. If they didn't pay taxes, they were being thrown in jail. -A priest in a small town named Miguel Hidalgo gave a famous speech called the "Cry of Dolores" and started to rally people in his town to march with him -He started marching through _______________, gathering thousands of people into an army, and when they fought the Spanish this was the start of the _____________ ___ _______________________________

The Causes of the French Revolution

-The Enlightenment helped inspire the first major revolution during the Age of Revolution, the American Revolution -The American Revolution helped inspire this country to start a revolution -This revolution was caused by social, economic, and political problems SOCIAL: The country was divided into Three Estates. The 1st Estate was the Clergy [Church] and the 2nd Estate was the nobles/king/Queen. The Third Estate was the lowest, poorest social class with the biggest population. The 3rd Estate had very few political rights, and had to pay lots of taxes. There were a lot of peasants, and they were unhappy ECONOMIC: Even though they were the poorest, the Third Estate had to pay most of the taxes. Also, the Monarchy in this country was very poor after having to pay so much for costly wars. One unpopular tax was called the "Taille" or land tax POLITICAL: The King was trying to make people pay taxes that didn't want to. The Third Estate also got sick of being ganged up on by the other two estates that formed the upper classes. -Due to all of these problems, eventually the Third Estate, the lowest social class, rose up in rebellion against the First and Second Estates. The first major event of the French Revolution was the Storming of the Bastille, where the 3rd Estate stormed a prison and armory, taking it over and taking the weapons to use against the upper classes

The French Revolution 1790

-The Enlightenment helped inspire the first major revolution during the Age of Revolution, the American Revolution -The American Revolution helped inspire this country to start a revolution; Enlightenment thinkers like Rousseau also inspired this Revolution -This revolution was caused by social (Third Estate being unhappy with their position below the first two Estates), economic (Third Estate paying 100% of taxes like the TAILLE), and political problems (King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette were wildly unpopular, seen as irresponsible, cowardly, and out of touch with the people, who were starving during a famine). -The Third Estate, which was the lowest social class, rose up and overthrew the first Estate with violent events like the Storming of the Bastille and Women's March on Versailles. They were able to capture and execute the King + Queen, overthrowing the 1st and 2nd Estates and taking power for the lower classes. -The ideals of Enlightenment Philosopher Jean Jacques-Roussea helped inspire this Revolution -"The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen" was published and the Third Estate started a Republic/Democracy; the King and Queen were executed via the Guillotine -Eventually the Revolution got out of control as the revolutionaries got extreme with Robespierre and the Reign of Terror -Napoleon took over and turned the country back into an Empire/Monarchy

The 19th Amendment (1920)

-The Enlightenment in the late 1700's sparked the Women's Rights Movement with Mary Wollstonecraft, Olympe de Gouges, and others starting to question for rights -1848 Seneca Falls was a huge turning point as women fought for more rights -In the late 1800's and early 1900's, women like Emmeline Pankhurst, Alice Paul, and Ida Wells began pushing for suffrage, the right to vote -in 1920 they finally got it! This Amendment gave women the right to vote in the United States, and most countries in Western Europe/the Americas gave women the same right in roughly this time period -Due to racism, Asian-Americans, Native Americans, and black women in the Jim Crow South were still kept from voting and did not gain voting rights until the 1960s -There were still many forms of patriarchy left afterwards, including unequal pay, physical and sexual abuse, and discrimination in the workplace

American Cash Crops--Sugar and Tobacco

-The Europeans created colonies in the United States and used enslaved labor to create __________ crops as part of the Columbian Exchange -These were American luxury crops that were not vital or required for people's diets in Europe and the Middle East, but they were sold for lots of profit and money -These two ___________ crops grown in America and sold in European and Middle Eastern markets were _______________ and ____________________

French Fur Traders

-The Europeans from this country established a maritime empire North America/Canada -They established close alliances with the Native American tribes in Canada -The most profitable thing the French gained from Canada was animal furs, such as beavers, which they sent back to Europe for enormous profit -The _______________________ often intermarried with the Native American populations, creating mixed populations -This term is French ____________________________ [the name of the job that was profitable]

French Colonies in North America 1500 CE - 1800 CE

-The Europeans from this country established a maritime empire North America/Canada -They established close alliances with the Native American/"Indian" tribes in Canada -Unlike the English, these colonies had lots of mixing and marrying between the Native Americans and the European colonists; they called this "frontiers of inclusion" -The most profitable product they gained from Canada was fur, which they sent back to Europe for enormous profit -The French often intermarried with Native Americans, creating mixed populations

Square and Lateen Sails

-The Europeans needed to be able to sail in different types of wind in their caravels - ______________________ sails (the first term) allowed them to use a following wind (a wind blowing from behind) - ________________ sails, which were triangular, allowed them to catch winds from the side and ships like caravels could even sail INTO the wind -Use of both of these types of sails were KEY as the Europeans like de Gama, Columbus, Dias, and Magellan embarked on expeditions around the globe

British Maritime Empire in North America/Caribbean 1450 CE to 1750 CE

-The Europeans took to the seas in a frenzy after Columbus discovered new lands and peoples in the Americas -This MARITIME empire, meaning an empire that was spread over oceans, was one of the most powerful European empires from 1450 - 1750 CE -This was a maritime empire that spread from Europe to North America -This maritime empire consisted of 13 colonies in North America that would eventually rebel against the empire in 1775 in the American Revolution -This empire also held lots of territory in Canada and the Caribbean -Later they would hold territory in Africa, Asia, and would colonize India, one of their most profitable colonies -The British East India company helped make this empire profitable; -Trade goods included cash crops like tobacco, sugar, and cotton. The British enslaved Africans to provide the labor on many of their plantations

British Settler Colony in Australia

-The Europeans, Japan, and the United States began to take over Africa, India, and Asia in order to get resources, including the Scramble for Africa and dividing China into Spheres of Influence -Once the Europeans/Americans/Japanese took over, there were different types of colonies -In some colonies, the Europeans just sent the army and tried to make the natives work for resources -IN other colonies, Europeans actually migrated there to live and start settlements -This was a settler colony where the British tried to settle; however, they didn't send typical colonists, but they sent British criminals from prisons to live there and start colonies; this was known as a penal colony -This developed into a powerful British colony, but is famous because it was originally settled by criminals and prisoners -As with almost every settler colony during this time, the British instituted brutal racist policies designed to oppress the indigenous aboriginal Australian people, who suffered immensely under British colonization

Max Robespierre and the Reign of Terror (1790s)

-The French Revolution was successful at overthrowing King Louis XVI and his family -They beheaded him and his wife on the Guillotine -Once the Revolution was successful, they started a Republic/Democracy -The new government got out of control. Some of the people that didn't like the new government were speaking out against it. The French government, now led by the Third Estate, went crazy and starting executing thousands of people that spoke out against them. Around 20,000 French people were killed. Thousands were killed using a new killing machine that had just been invented, the Guillotine, aka the People's Avenger -Leading the charge was the leader of the new government, ________________. -This time, when thousands French people were executed by the guillotine, was called the ____________ ___ ________________

Causes of World War II--The Great Depression

-The Great Depression plunged nations around the world into an economic crisis -Germany in particular was in real trouble. Germany was already $33 billion in debt from the Treaty of Versailles. The Depression destroyed their economy and made their government wildly unpopular -Because the government in Germany fell apart due to debt from the Treaty of Versailles and the Depression, that set the stage for the rise of Hitler. As the govt fell apart, Hitler rose to power and was able to put fascism into play in Germany. -Meanwhile similar things happened in Italy and Japan. The Depression plunged the countries into an economic crisis. This allowed for Fascist Leaders like Mussolini to take over. -Once they had power due to the Depression, many Fascist leaders used War and Imperialism to help motivate their countries and get them out of the Depression. Once the factories were producing war supplies, that helped get the country back on its feet. They started invading countries, and this led to the start of WWII.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

-The Haitian rebellion was started by an enslaved Voodoo priest named Boukman, who led enslaved Africans to burn and destroy plantations in the North of Haiti. However, Boukman was captured and killed -An incredible former enslaved person [slave] named ______________________________ went into the mountains where the runaway enslaved perons [slaves] had gathered and built a massive army of runaway enslaved persons [slaves] -This Haitian leader led this army of runaway enslaved persons [slaves] and fought battles against the French, the Whites, the Gens de Couleur...and, using guerrilla warfare, was able to successfully beat them all. He was a master of guerilla warfare and also beat the Europeans at their own game with traditional, European style warfare -He was also a political genius, using alliances to play major European powers against each other while getting vital [important] weapons, training, and supplies -He is considering one of the most brilliant military minds of all-time for defeating so many powerful enemies and leading his people to freedom against the odds -This was the only known successful revolution of enslaved peoples [slaves] in World History -This leader was betrayed under a flag of peace and was captured by the French and sent back to Europe, where he died of disease in a cell

The Hebrew Scriptures/ Old Testament

-The Hebrews would write their scriptures into the Old Testament --The Hebrews used the same "eye for an eye" philosophy from Hammurabi's Code. -They were written over a long period of time by various scholars; -The Ten Commandments were included and were told by God to Moses; these included rules to live by (thou shalt not kill, no lying, no thievery, no adultery, etc.) -The Hebrew Scriptures/Old Testament described a monotheistic God who was harsh with those who disobeyed his rules but rewarded those who had faith. He demanded that no other gods be worshipped besides him (Monotheistic) -Judaism would become the basis for Christianity and the Old Testament

Incan Roads

-The Incans built the best ______________ in all of the Americas -These _______________ were over 10,000 miles long and were HUGE for helping with trade in the empire -When the Spanish came in the 1500's, they were amazed at how nice and wide they were, shaded by trees -If an Incan ruler wanted fresh seafood, runners were sent from Cuzco for 320 miles along these ________ and they had their fish in two days

The Mit'a System

-The Incans forced every tribe they conquered to give up some of their men for a period of time each year to complete projects building roads, cities, and temples -After the Spanish conquered the Incans then used the same system to get labor for silver mining -One out of every Seven men in a tribe had to go work for four months out of the year as enslaved persons [slaves] in the silver mines -Any town who didn't send 1/7th of their male population would be severely punished

Incan Political Control

-The Incans ruled as a military elite -they made the people they conquered fight for them -The Incans weren't that numerous. If people rebelled against them, they tried to crush them or made them go live in distant parts of the empire -The Incans used a large number of bureaucrats (government officials) who used a system called "quipu" to help them keep track of responsibilities

Russo-Japanese War 1905 CE

-The Japanese went in the opposite direction of their earlier times; the Japanese built a powerful military that was modern and Industrialized -They began to try and take over countries in Asia in order to get resources for their new factories and railroad -with their new technologically advanced military, Meiji Japan fought two larger countries, _____________ and China, and defeated both in wars from 1890-1910. -This term is the war they fought against the ____________________ (not the Chinese!). It happened in 1905 CE and they were victorious, able to easily defeat a much larger foe in only 14 months -This was a clear demonstration the military reforms of the Meiji Reformation had been effective and that Japan had truly arrived as a modernized, industrialized world power

Fall of Zimbabwe 1430 CE

-The Kingdom of Zimbabwe was a massive kingdom with over 150 tributary states -The capital city of Great Zimbabwe was a massive trading center in East Africa that traded well with the Delhi Sultanate in India, Abbasid Caliphate in the Middle East, and the Song Dynasty in China -As the 1400's developed, a nearby tribe, the Mutapa, rose to great power and prominence. They moved into the area of Zimbabwe searching for salt, and their leader named Mutota knocked down Zimbabwe, and the city of Great Zimbabwe was abandoned

The Forbidden City

-The Manchu Qing Emperors had immense powers and privileges as the Son of Heaven and it was important they were kept completely separate from the lower classes -They lived in an enormous, beautiful palace in the center of Beijing surrounded by large walls; inside the walls, there were almost 1,000 buildings -there were massive, stunning Halls in the city, such as the Hall of Supreme Harmony and the Hall of Preserving Harmony. -The Dragon Throne was in the Hall of Supreme Harmony; as you approached the emperor the whole approach was designed to make you feel awe and intimidation of the emperor, the Son of Heaven -Each building had small ornamental dragons and animals on the roof; the more it had, the more important the building was. This city showcased the beauty and majesty of Chinese Architecture.

Privileges of the Manchu Qing Emperors

-The Manchu Qing Emperors were considered the Son of Heaven, the most powerful beings on earth, and therefore had powers and privileges reserved only for them -Emperors like Kangxi and Qianlong were given immense power; the imperial wardrobe was forbidden to anyone but the emperor -The name characters of the emperor could not be used by anyone else in all of China -If you had the rare chance to see the emperor in person, you had to perform the KowTow--three kneelings, and nine head knocks on the ground. -They had thousands of Eunuch servants loyal to the Emperor who had no family of their own that were there to do his bidding

Maratha Rebellion against the Mughals 1680 - 1707 CE

-The Marathas were a group of native Indians in South Asia that rebelled and resisted against the Mughal Empire -The Mughals were Islamic invaders into India, and were attempting rule over all of India as Islamic -The Marathas were Hindu and wanted to keep Hinduism powerful in India; they fought a series of rebellions and wars against the Mughals -This began with the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb invading Maratha territory -After the death of Aurangzeb, the Marathas were able to defeat the Mughals with great vengeance, and were able to be a thorn in the side of the Mughals, aiding in their collapse in the 1800's

Mayan City-States

-The Mayan Kingdom was divided into dozens of city-states; this meant that there was a central city, with a population of people organized around the city in the surrounding area -The largest city-state was Tikal, with a population around forty thousand people -Each city state had it's own king and usually each city had large religious temples to the gods -The city-states would often war and fight with each other; when one city-state would conquer another, the losers would be enslaved and turned into enslaved persons [slaves]; some enslaved persons would have to work in agriculture, while others could be sacrificed at the temples as part of religious ceremonies -Most Mayan kings of the city-states were named after the most dangerous predator of the jungle, the Jaguar. Jaguar Paw, Shield Jaguar, Bird Jaguar, etc. -THe populations of the city-states were usually between ten and thirty thousand people -City-states is a similar political structure to ancient Mesopotamia, which had twelve city-states

Outcome of the Mexican War for Independence

-The Mexican War for Independence was fought to gain freedom from the Spanish -Miguel Hidalgo led the mixed-race lower classes and creoles against the "Peninsulares" and Spanish -They won their freedom from the Spanish; however, the Criollo elites (white people of European descent who had been born in Mexico) kept almost all of the land and power -90% of the land and power remained in the hands of the Criollo elites; the mestizos/mulattoes/blacks/Indigenous Mexicans remained poor and landless -Unfortunately even though they achieved their independence from the Spanish, not much changed for the lower classes of Mexicans as most of the land and power would remain in the hands of the Criollo elite

Miguel Hidalgo 1810 CE

-The Mexican War for Independence had social and economic roots; this was a Spanish colony -The lower class Mestizos/blacks/Indigenous Mexicans were fed up with the taxes they had to pay and oppression they faced from the upper class "peninsulares"; they were starving and dying, and getting thrown in jail if they didn't pay taxes -A Criollo/Creole [Middle upper class] priest in a small town named _____________ gave a famous speech and started to rally people in his town to march with him -He began marching through Mexico rallying thousands of mestizos and mixed race lower classes to his flag -He began leading the army and fighting against the peninsulares and Spanish -He was betrayed and killed by the Criollo middle class; but the independence movement continued and was successful -Considered today the father of Mexico and a national hero; what's his name (the term)?

Industrialization's Effect on India's Textile Industry

-The Middle East and Asia had previously been strong economically and played big roles in manufacturing -Even without large factories, the Middle East and Asia would still produce manufactured products like porcelain, silk and cotton textiles (cloths), and other finished goods to be sold in markets -With the rise of Industrialization, the Industrialized countries began gaining a larger share of the global market for finished goods -In India, the Indian production of cotton textiles could not compete with the production in the British factories, which used the assembly line and steam engine -The British colonized India and forced it to become an exporter of raw materials, rather than a producer of finished goods; as this happened, the Indian share of the global market in textiles declined, and the British increased -This same process happened throughout the Middle East and Asia, as non-Industrialized countries who used to make manufactured goods now lost out to the Industrialized powers

Taxation in the Ming Dynasty

-The Ming Dynasty collected their taxes in hard currency, and often would demand that silver be used to pay taxes -this created a huge demand for silver; that made the silver coming in from the Manila Galleons even more valuable, and increased Chinese trade with the Europeans -Many provinces were unable to meet these taxes, and at times it led to rebellion -Towards the end, Ming taxes became extremely light, and the government was poor an unable to pay its soldiers and employees. As a result this led to some soldiers rebelling or defecting to the side of the enemy!

Mongol Resettlement

-The Mongols needed craftsmen, inventors, smiths, administrators, armor makers, miners, carpenters and people who were skilled workers -When the Mongols conquered a village or town, they would take the skilled workers and send them to Karakorum or one of the other capital cities -Because of this, technology and ideas DIFFUSED (spread) rapidly throughout the Mongol Empire

The Mongols and Trade

-The Mongols united a VAST amount of territory in Eurasia -The Mongols made a point to make all roads and routes really secure in the empire; so once the empire was established, trade flourished -Merchants traveled safely all throughout the empire with the protection of the Mongols, so long-distance trade and travel skyrocketed

Decline of the Mongols 1350 - 70 CE

-The Mongols were amazing conquerors from a military standpoint, but they struggled to govern the lands they took -The Khanates only lasted around 100 years. Soon the native peoples began to rebel in the Khanates and push for their own governments back -One by one, the Khanates fell. However, the Mongols had brought Eurasia closer together than ever before and the effects on trade, technology, and the diffusion (spread of ideas) would be very long-lasting

The Taj Mahal 1650 CE

-The Mughal Dynasty was an Islamic dynasty in India that was very wealthy at its height -To honor his dead wife, Shah Jahan ordered the construction of this famous mosque, one of the most beautiful buildings ever constructed -This building demonstrates the power and wealth of Shah Jahan and the Mughals; different parts of the building represent different parts of Islam -One of the major national symbols of India, it is considered extremely beautiful, and one of the modern 7 wonders of the world

Mughal Battle of Panipat (1526)

-The Mughals were Islamic invaders descended from the Mongols who were trying to conquer India under Babur the Tiger -they had the huge advantage of bringing gunpowder with them, as they fought against the Delhi Sultanate in Northern India -One of the first battles to use gunpowder in South Asia (India) -Even though Babur and the Mughals were dramatically outnumbered, the gunpowder and canon proved a huge advantage. Not only did they kill many of the Delhi Sultanate's soldiers, but the sound of the cannon scared the enemy war elephants and forced them to trample their own soldiers -The Islamic Mughals were victorious in this battle; this ended the Hindu Delhi Sultanate and began the Mughal Empire

Jizya

-The Mughals were Islamic rulers ruling over a population of Hindus -Aurangzeb wanted to encourage Hindus to convert to Islam so he placed a tax on the Hindus that they had to pay each year -This was an unpopular tax and led to rebellions; the tax was called the _______________

Mughal - Safavid War 1649 - 1653 CE

-The Mughals were Sunni Muslim, and they fought a major war against the Safavids, who were Shiite Muslim; the Shite Safavids won the war -This war was fought in modern day Afghanistan -While the Mughals were distracted fighting someone else, the Safavids seized the opportunity and took one of the Mughal cities/fortresses in Afghanistan, named Kandahar -When the Mughals realized what happened, they fought a war to attempt to regain the city and the territory they had lost. -The Safavids had revitalized (rebuilt) their military and modernized with guns, so the Mughals were unable to gain the territory back -As a result the Shiite Safavids emerged victorious from the conflict, and the Sunni Mughals were defeated

Mughal - Safavid War 1649 - 1653 CE

-The Mughals were a powerful empire in India, they Sunni Muslim, and they fought a major war against the Safavids, who were Shiite Muslim -This war was fought in modern day Afghanistan -While the Mughals were distracted fighting someone else, the Safavids seized the opportunity and took one of the Mughal cities/fortresses in Afghanistan, named Kandahar -When the Mughals realized what happened, they fought a war to attempt to regain the city and the territory they had lost. -The Safavids had revitalized (rebuilt) their military and modernized with guns, so the Mughals were unable to gain the territory back -As a result the Shiite Safavids emerged victorious from the conflict, and the Sunni Mughals were defeated

The Ottoman Empire from 1750 - 1914 CE

-The Ottoman Empire in the Middle East began to lose a lot of power from 1750 -1914 CE as its territory kept shrinking; the Russians and other nations were constantly taking territory away -The Sultans attempted to reform with the Tanzimat reforms, but many members of society resisted the reforms -The Janissaries began rebellions, and neglected their training -Europeans took more and more power and they were forced to sign capitulation or unequal treaties, which allowed the Europeans to have Extraterritoriality (they didn't have to follow Ottoman laws) -This empire became increasingly weak from 1750 -1914 CE; after World War I, it would completely fall apart in 1923 CE

Ottoman Timars

-The Ottoman ___________________ were an elite class of Ottomans who owned land in the Ottoman Empire -The Sultan would grant them land that they would tax -They were often soldiers who had provided great military service to the sultan; they would be rewarded with large grants [gifts] of land -they are example of political and economic elites [high class]. However, their power fluctuated [changed] as sometimes they had more power than other times, depending on their relationship with the Sultan -Sometimes the ________________ might plan rebellions against the Sultan, sometimes the Sultan would have them replaced or assassinated

The Ottoman Loss of Egypt 1820 CE

-The Ottomans began to lose a lot of power from 1750 -1914 CE as its territory kept shrinking; the Russians and other nations were constantly taking territory away -The Janissaries began rebellions, and neglected their training, which led to more loss of territory. -In 1798, a young French general named Napoleon invaded some of the Ottoman territory in __________________; the area was thrown into turmoil; after Napoleon left, the weak Ottoman military was unable to take ___________________ back -The loss of __________________ was one of the most signficant losses of territory for the struggling Ottoman Empire

Devshirme

-The Ottomans conquered some Christian territories in Eastern Europe -They would take young Christian boys and recruit them into the Ottoman government as enslaved persons; they could either become bureaucrats (govt officials) or janissaries (soldiers) -The boys were taken away from their families and therefore the thinking was that they would be really loyal to the Sultan's family since the Sultan's family had become their family -this term translates into "Child levy" or "Blood tax"--> the "blood tax" is like a tax on Christians because of their religion, but paid in blood, i.e. humans

Caravels

-The Portuguese were the European country that was most motivated to explore the oceans in the 1400s and 1500s -The Portuguese built these long ships that were very maneuverable and could sail against the wind -Once they invented/developed these ships, they were able to explore and start trading post empires in Africa and Asia

Collapse of the Romanov Dynasty in Russia

-The Romanov Dynasty in Russia had existed for 300 years, with leaders such as Tsar Peter the Great and Catherine the Great serving as Enlightened Monarchs -During the 1800's the Romanov Dynasty really started to struggle. They lagged behind Western Europe in Industrialization, and even though Sergei Witte helped them catch up, problems plagued the Romanovs -The former serfs, who had been emancipated [freed] in 1861, were incredibly poor and landless and were forced to work in horrible conditions in the new factories being built in Russia -Workers began to protest against the working conditions and protesting workers were killed in cold blood in the Bloody Sunday Massacre of 1905 -After the massacre, protest and discontent skyrocketed as the Romanovs became even more unpopular with the people -In international affairs, the Romanovs lost an embarrassing war to the Japanese in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 -All of these factors set the stage for the collapse of the Romanov Dynasty, which would come with the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917. The Romanov royal family was executed by the rebels and perished (although there is a conspiracy theory that Princess Anastasia survived)

Tsar Peter the Great 1689 - 1725 CE

-The Romanov Dynasty ruled Russia for 300 years; the rulers were called Tsars (Russian word for Caesars) -The first and most powerful Tsar that you need to know for the Romanov dynasty is _________________ the ____________ -He was the Tsar that really wanted to Westernize Russia; he visited Western Europe and came back and tried to modernize the military, the economy, and the government -WEIRD MEMORABLE FACT: He was the one that tried to get Russians to cut off their beards in order to be more like Western Europeans and went in the street with a pair of scissors to cut people's beards off -SECOND WEIRD MEMORABLE FACT: was extremely tall for his time, 6' 8" -Built a new capital city called St. Petersburg; painting of him facing the West, looking out at the Ocean

Tsar Catherine the Great of Russia 1760 CE to 1800 C

-The Romanov Dynasty ruled Russia for 300 years; the rulers were called Tsars (Russian word for Caesars) -The second incredibly powerful Tsar that you need to know for the Romanov dynasty is _________________ the ____________ -She was known for being an "Enlightened Monarch;" she had read parts of the Enlightenment [other quizlet units explain this term] and wanted to be more tolerant -As an Enlightened Monarch in the Romanov Dynasty, she built schools and hospitals, and was also tolerant of different religions -She also continued Peter's attempts at modernization of the military and the economy WEIRD MEMORABLE FACT: Her real name wasn't ____________, it was Sophie; and she wasn't even Russian, she was Prussian! -Although she was married, she was rumored to have over 12 official affairs in her lifetime, and 3 of her children may have been illegitimate. She was famously generous to her lovers! -Expanded the empire and took land from the Ottomans

Frontier Settlements in Russian Siberia

-The Romanovs wanted to expand the Russian Empire, so they pushed and expanded into one of the coldest climates on Earth, ______________ -They went into this region as part of the lucrative fur trade; Russian hunters trapped animals and sold them for their pelts -This area was ridiculously cold so people didn't want to work there or move there; the Russian landowners that moved there had to offer working conditions to peasants that were better than in the main part of Russia -Serfdom was still pretty intense and horrible here -Many of the Russians that moved here were criminals, prisoners of war, and other social misfits; kind of like Australia -These settlements were on the edge of the Wilderness; the term for that is frontier

Decline of the Safavids (1736 fall)

-The Safavids began to decline in the 1600's and 1700's -one factor was poor leadership and rulers, as rulers spent vast amount of money on personal pleasures and leisures rather than the affairs of the state -There was also fighting within the dynasties, as "ghilman" enslaved [slave] soldiers had rebellions and there was also religious tensions and fighting in the empire that led to its downfall -Shiite leaders pressured the Safavids to become less religiously tolerant and to persecute Sunni, non-Muslims, and even the Sufi Mystics that had helped establish the dynasty -The Safavids, along with the other two Islamic empires, the Mughals in India and the Ottomans in the MIddle East, were also Culturally Conservative. This meant they felt they had little to learn from other cultures, including the Europeans. So they fell behind the pace of the European militaries and lost out on many European technologies. -By 1736 they complete collapsed due to poor leadership and pressure from numerous outside invaders, and the Safavid Dynasty was over

Cultural Conservatism in the Islamic Empires

-The Safavids, along with the other two Islamic empires, the Mughals in India and the Ottomans in the MIddle East, were also Culturally Conservative. This meant that they wanted to keep their culture and practices, so they tried to limit foreign influence -one downside of this practice was you didn't learn as much from other cultures. So they fell behind the pace of technology in other cultures, including European militaries and lost out on many European Industrial technologies from 1450-1900 CE -This attitude was similar to East Asia, where they also resisted foreign influence and closed themselves off from trade [isolationism] -It was rare the Muslims would venture to Europe as they felt they had little to learn there, so they did not learn about inventions such as the Printing Press as well.

Safavid Trade

-The Safavids, and especially Shah Abbas the Great, were determined to participate in trade in a big way -Shah Abbas extended trading privileges to the Europeans, bringing Armenian Christians to the capital of Isfahan in order help with the Silk Trade, and allowing the British East India Company and Dutch East India Company (VOC) to establish trade there; as a result, trade flourished in this city -In exchange for trading privileges, the European companies gave the Safavids gunpowder and helped them bring down the Portuguese in the Persian Gulf -They also helped them defeat their arch-nemeses, the Sunni Ottomans -The major product the Safavids focused on producing was silk; they brought the Armenian Christians in to help with Silk Production, and then sold it to the Europeans for the silver and gold that was coming in from the Americas

Song Tributary System

-The Song Dynasty had a powerful military and sought to expand its borders to the south, north and west -Some areas were not fully taken over by the Song, but they would force these areas to pay "tribute" to the Song Dynasty. Over 300 areas sent tribute to the Song Dynasty -Places like Vietnam would maintain their political independence, but they would have to send economic gifts to the court of the emperor -Ambassadors from places like Vietnam would also have to show that the Chinese emperors were superior, god-like rulers by bowing before them and performing the kow tow (nine head knocks on the ground) -This system actually ended up benefitting both sides in some ways, as it led to an increase in trade. Many Chinese agricultural techniques spread to tributary states, as well as Chinese culture. Chinese Chan Buddhism, and the study of Confucius, spread quickly to places like Korea and Vietnam in Southeast Asia -The Song Dynasty continued to exact tribute from SE Asian and South Asian rulers when possible

The Song Dynasty (960 CE to 1279 CE)

-The Song Dynasty is a powerful Chinese Dynasty known for its technology, wealth, education trade, and Confucian culture -note the Song Dynasty starts before 1200 CE, but ends after 1200 CE, which is the start of Era 1, 1200 - 1450 CE -Under these empires, technology flourished as China led the world in inventions and education -Important inventions include the magnetic compass, printing, sternpost rudder, flying cash, improvement of gunpowder, paper money, and more -Some call it the Golden Age of China because of all the inventions and technology, this is where the Chinese really got ahead of the rest of the world -Under these dynasties, there were big growths in population, cities, trade, and Buddhism -Song Capital =Hangzhou -Major Song City = Chang'an; -Major Trading City = Hangzhou -Civil Service Exam became used widely; merit-based promotions and the emphasis on education -Emperor Lizong is the main leader to know!

Potosi

-The Spanish desperately wanted silver from their colonies, and found it here in Bolivia where they established a massive silver mine -They used the Mit'a System to force 1/7th of the native populations to work in the mines -The conditions were horrible; it was known as the "Mountain that Eats Men" because thousands of native Americans died there from cave-ins and diseases -Once they mined it, they sent most of it on ships back to Spain; some of it traveled on the Manila Galleon boats to the Philippines so it could be used to trade with China -As it spread around the world, this silver was critical for increasing trade and allowing countries to create money and currency

Christianity and Catholicism in Latin America

-The Spanish established religion in their colonies and forced the people to adapt Catholic Christianity -In particular, the natives were forced to convert to this type of Christianity -Today, Latin American countries are majority Catholic -Major cults sprang up in South America to worship the Christian saints

Cults of the Christian Saints in Latin America

-The Spanish forced the natives to convert to being Catholic Christians in the 1500's and 1600's -There was lots of initial resistance, but one area that the Natives embraced were the saints; they drew similarities between the saints and their gods that they had before the Spanish arrival -The Virgin of Guadalupe was the most popular saint in Latin America; people created cults to worship her -Legend had it that the Virgin of Guadalupe appeared to a Mexican peasant and told him she was the mother of Jesus

The Virgin of Guadalupe

-The Spanish forced the natives to convert to being Catholic Christians in the 1600's -There was lots of initial resistance, but one area that the Natives embraced were the saints; they drew similarities between the saints and their gods that they had before the Spanish arrival -The ________________________ was the most popular saint in Latin America; people created cults to worship her -Legend had it that the _____________ appeared to a Mexican peasant and told him she was the mother of Jesus -There is a shrine outside of Mexico city to mark the spot -In the 1800s, when Hidalgo started the Mexican War for Independence, he used the __________________________ as his flag symbol

1492 CE to 1840 CE

-The Spanish had one of the most dominant empires in all of the world, with dozens of colonies in South America and Central America -They grew massively in hegemony [power] as they gained tons of resources like silver from Potosi and Acapulco and sugar and other food crops from their colonies -Much of this wealth was gained by enslaving native American and African peoples -They fell in the 1800s when native/mestizo populations rebelled against them - The answer is DATES FOR THE SPANISH EMPIRE and colonies in the Americas; after the Spanish lose their colonies in South and Central America in the 1840's, those colonies remain as Spanish speaking countries

Christopher Columbus

-The Spanish sponsored this explorer; his accidental "discovery" of the New World was one of the most significant events in world history -After he landed in the Americas, it set off an unprecedented exchange of goods, diseases, foods, and even people across the Atlantic Ocean, that became known as the Columbian Exchange -Landed in 1492 -Known as an outstanding sailor but a very cruel ruler; presided over the murder and death of several thousand Taino native Americans in the Caribbean, and began what many historians considered a genocide -Also began the Trans-Atlantic slave trade when he transported Taino natives across the Atlantic Ocean -The Columbian Exchange is named after him

Commodore Matthew Perry 1853 CE

-The Tokugawa Shogunate was very worried about European influence in Japan -They had seen what had happened to the neighboring Philippines, which had been taken over by the Spanish -In 1635 the Tokugawa Shoguns issued the Tokugawa Edicts; this was a set of laws that forbade any Japanese from leaving Japan, and blocked any foreigners from coming in -As a result of basically cutting off trade for 250 years, the Japanese became very isolated; this was called Japanese Isolationism -Japanese Isolationism ended in 1853 when _____________________ __________ _______________ , an American, entered Japan and forced them to open up trade at gunpoint -This term is the American naval commander that ended Isolationism in 1853 CE

Japanese Isolationism 1635 - 1853 CE

-The Tokugawa Shogunate was very worried about European influence in Japan -They had seen what had happened to the neighboring Philippines, which had been taken over by the Spanish -In 1635 the Tokugawa Shoguns issued the Tokugawa Edicts; this was a set of laws that forbade any Japanese from leaving Japan, and blocked any foreigners from coming in -The only people who were allowed to enter or exit Japan were the Dutch, so trade was very limited -As a result of basically cutting off trade for 250 years, the Japanese became very ____________________________ -This meant that they fell very far behind in terms of technology, the Enlightenment, new ideas, etc. -Here we see the damaging effect of cutting yourself off from the outside world; you get to preserve your culture, but you fall behind in military and technological power -Japanese _______________ ended in 1853 when Commodore Matthew Perry, an American, entered Japan and forced them to open up trade at gunpoint

The Tokugawa Closed Country Edicts

-The Tokugawa Shogunate was very worried about European influence in Japan -They had seen what had happened to the neighboring Philippines, which had been taken over by the Spanish -In 1635 the Tokugawa Shoguns issued the _____________; this was a set of laws that forbade any Japanese from leaving Japan, and blocked any foreigners from coming in -Any foreigners who came to Japan were to be executed -Any Japanese who left Japan were to be executed -A ship of Portuguese decided to try their luck; the entire crew was beheaded, except for a few that were allowed to live to go tell the rest of the Europeans, "Come here no more." -The only exception were the Dutch, who were allowed to trade with Japan. However, there was still a very limited amount of trade and knowledge being spread -After this, Japan became Isolationist for 200 years until the arrival of Matthew Perry in 1853

Japanese Modernization during the Meiji Reformation

-The Tokugawas fell and the samurai restored the Emperor, Emperor Meiji, to power -The new Emperor and his council of powerful lords decided to Westernize and modernize Japan; they started one of the most remarkable periods in world history, known as the Meiji Reformation -The Japanese started to modernize and industrialize faster than any country in world history; they sent travelers to Europe and America to learn about Industrialization -They hired hundreds of Europeans and Americans to come to Japan to train their army and build factories and railroads -By the end of the Meiji Reformation, the Japanese were a fully industrialized and modernized state, capable of beating the Russians and Chinese in head-to-head wars -the main focus of modernization during the Meiji Reformation was the economy and the military; the slogan was "enrich the country, strengthen the military." -The Meiji Reformation and Japan's modernization remains as one of the most remarkable economic and military transformations in all of world history -This term is saying this process was: Japanese _______________________

United States Imperialism in the Pacific 1890's and early 1900's

-The United States wanted to get involved in the frenzy of Imperialism [taking over other countries] that they saw the Europeans doing -The United States began sending it's navy into the Pacific Ocean; in 1898, the United States annexed [took over] the island of Hawaii, which had been occupied by indigenous Hawaiians -In 1906 the United States colonized the Philippines as well, taking the islands from the dying Spanish Empire, which was losing all of its power around the world. -The Americans also took over many smaller islands in the Pacific. All of these islands and possessions were key stops along the way to trading with China and Japan, which was still incredibly valuable -In the Philippines, Hawaii, and other places, the United States instituted racist policies and oppression similar to what the Europeans and Japanese were doing in Africa/Asia during Imperialism

Cold War: Nuclear Arms Race 1945 - 1990

-The United States was the first country to have the atomic bomb after using it on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. However, the USA refused to share the technology with the Soviets, which immediately caused suspicion and helped increase tension at the beginning of the Cold War. Within a few years the Soviets had the technology and began building up their nuclear arms as well. -During the Cold War, the two superpowers engaged in a massive nuclear arms race in order to build up the largest set of nuclear arms in the world -This soon got out of control, as both sides built thousands and thousands of nuclear weapons, enough to blow up the entire world. -Some historians argue that nuclear weapons have actually made the world safer, though, because the superpowers became scared of fighting each other because they knew they would both get destroyed. This was called MAD--Mutually Assured Destruction. -By 1970, the United States had 30,000 nuclear weapons. By 1990, the Soviet Union had 40,000 -The closest the world ever came to all out nuclear war was the Cuban Missile Crisis, when the United States and Soviet Union almost launched nuclear weapons at each other.

The Four Noble Truths

-The core of Buddhism are the _________________--basically that all human suffering is caused by desire. 1. Life is suffering 2. There is a cause to suffering 3. There is an end to suffering 4. The end to suffering will come if you follow the eight fold path If we can eliminate desire, and live a simple life, you can end suffering.

Janissaries

-The elite fighting force of the Islamic Ottoman Empire -These men were trained from youth to be fighting machines, they were the strongest fighters in the empire, and some would argue in the world -Often they began their lives as Christian slaves who were taken through the "Devshirme" process; if they showed that they were athletic and smart, they could become _____________ -As the Ottomans began to crumble in the 1800's, the _______________ neglected their training and began to stage rebellions against the Sultans

Hebrew Monotheism--Judaism 1300 BCE - Present

-The first group of Hebrews/Jews were the Israelites -They started this religion in Israel (Middle East) around _________________________________ -This the first major monotheistic religion, and it is still going strong today -They lived and prospered in the states of Mesopotamia -The Hebrews used the same "eye for an eye" philosophy from Hammurabi's Code. -Eventually the Jews were taken into slavery in Egypt, but Moses led them out of slavery -King David and King Solomon helped build the power of the Hebrew religion -The Hebrews would write their scriptures into the Old Testament -Judaism would become the basis for Christianity

Nationalist Rivalry Between Britain and Germany

-The first half of the 20th century (1900's) was dominated by the two major World Wars -In both of these wars, these two countries had massive rivalries to prove they were the best and the strongest countries in the world -In the 1700's and 1800's, Britain had always been the most powerful, building the largest empire the world had ever seen -In the 1800's, Germany got motivated and started to build up its military and industrial might to catch Britain, -These two countries really hated each other -The rivalry between these two countries was a significant factor in the outbreak of both World War I and World War II as both countries had built up MASSIVE militaries and were out to prove they were the best

1520 CE - 1857 CE SOUTH ASIA

-The first part of this term are the dates for the Mughal Dynasty -The second part of this term is the AP Region for the Mughal Dynasty, which includes India and Pakistan

The Sepoy Rebellion of 1857

-The joint-stock company, the British East India Company, began training and hiring Indian soldiers to fight for them. -These soldiers were known as Sepoys -The company was trying to force them to bite cartridges that contained animal fat; this was against their religion. The Sepoys were unhappy with the BEIC and staged a rebellion -They killed hundreds of white British settlers in India; once the British heard about this, the Queen sent in military and took over India; this was the downfall of the Mughals -So the major thing to know about this event is that it was the downfall of the Mughal Dynasty, as the British took over the Empire afterwards

Maize

-The major food crop that spread through the Mayan, Aztec, and Incan empires through trade -A type of corn, this was the most important food crop in Mesoamerica -High in calories, it helped native populations to grow.

Syncretism

-The mixing of local religions with a major religions; for example, Christianity/Islam being mixed with local religions like shamanism or animism -Example: in the Kongo, many people converted to Christianity. But many people still worshipped local gods, the sun gods, animal gods, etc.

The Mexica

-The most dominant tribe in the Aztec Empire. The Aztec Empire was really formed by the Mexica tribe, who allied with a few other tribes. -Incredibly feared as warriors -Once they established the Aztec Empire, the Mexica ruled over 12 million people in Mesoamerica or modern-day Mexico.

Zumbi de Maroon

-The most famous maroon society in Brazil was Palomares - This was a series of combined settlements with a population over 30,000! It survived almost 100 years, making it the largest and most successful maroon community in the New World -____________________ was the most feared warrior-leader, and the maroons here fought with a form of Capoeira, a martial art form, and were known by the Portuguese as incredibly hard to conquer. - This leader was widely feared by the Portuguese as a dominant fighter and brilliant general -After years of freedom and resistance, the Maroon community finally fell to the Portuguese in 1694 this term is the name of the leader!

Global Economy 1450 - 1750 CE

-The silver trade coming from the Spanish mines at Potosi and other locations in the Americas went straight across the Pacific Ocean on the Manila Galleons. -Much of the silver also went back to Europe. -Once the silver was in the Philippines, it was used to buy luxury goods like silk, spices and porcelain from the Chinese -These goods typically went back to Europe -So in 1450 - 1750 CE, we see for the first time that the economy is truly _______________________ -Everyone around the world, including the Americas, is linked together in trade and communication during Era 2, 1450-1750 CE. The only exception is Oceania [islands near Australia], which remains isolated and cut off -this was a big deal!!! For the first time in world history, by 1750 CE, the economy was truly _____________________

Ethnic Violence/Genocide--the Holocaust

-The twentieth century (1900's) was one of the most violent centuries in World History, with World War I, War II, and the Cold War -The proliferation (growth) of violence led to an increase in ethnic violence and genocides -Ethnic violence is war or violence specifically directed at a religious group or racial group. Genocide is when one group tries to kill and destroy another ethnic group, nation, or race. -During World War II, Jews and other minority groups were targeted by the Germans and Nazis during the ________________________________ -This was one of the most horrific cases of ethnic violence and genocide in World History; men, women, and children were rounded up and sent to work camps -At these work camps, they would often be worked to death; or, they would have experiments performed on them that could involve mutilation of body parts -Eventually, Hitler, Himmler [architect of the Holocaust], and the Nazis decided to try and exterminate the Jews altogether; they were sent to extermination camps, where they were sent into gas chambers and killed -Ultimately, an estimated 6 million Jews and 5 million other minority groups were killed, for a total of 11 million. -The word "__________________" means "sacrifice by fire.

Violence and Non - Violence in the 20th Century

-The twentieth century was insanely violent, with incredible numbers of casualties/deaths between World War I and World War II, roughly 78 million -As the violence continued and got worse, certain leaders began to promote alternative ways of fighting or dealing with conflict -Gandhi pioneered the use of Non-violent protest, which he called "satyagraha." He used civil disobedience--intentionally breaking laws he didn't agree with, but doing it peacefully. MLK Jr. would use the same strategies in the United States. -Pablo PIcasso also promoted non-violence and protested and fought through art. His painting "Guernica" showed a powerful vision of the damage and hurt that wars and violence could cause. -However, other groups engaged in terrorism and increased the violence; groups like Al Qaeda and the IRA (Irish Republican Army) used terrorism to gain their ends

Picasso and Guernica 1937

-The twentieth century was insanely violent, with incredible numbers of casualties/deaths between World War I and World War II, roughly 78 million -As the violence continued and got worse, certain leaders began to promote alternative ways of fighting or dealing with conflict -______________________ also promoted non-violence and protested and fought through art. His painting "____________________________" showed a powerful vision of the damage and hurt that wars and violence could cause. -The painting shows animals, humans, and even buildings going through the pain caused by war; after painting it, Picasso brought the painting on a world tour and it became one of the most famous anti-war symbols in history

Overview Era 4, 1900 - Present CE

-The twentieth century, 1900 - Present, was a time of massive upheaval, war, and turmoil. The century is shaped by war. -The Mexican (1910-1920) and Bolshevik Revolutions (1917) -World War I (1914) and rise of Communism -Great Depression (1930's) -World War II (1945) -The Cold War (1945-1990) -Decolonization and Freedom Movements (1920 - 1990) -Globalization-- 1945 - Present The world was fully connected at this point. These major events would affect nearly every country in some way. After World War II, we finally see the end of colonization around the world, as most African and Asian countries gain their freedom from colonization -Technology also plays a huge role in globalization as the world is more connected

Overview Era 4, 1900 - 2001 CE

-The twentieth century, 1900 - Present, was a time of massive upheaval, war, and turmoil. The century is shaped by war. -The Mexican (1910-1920) and Bolshevik [Russian communist] Revolutions (1917) -World War I (1914) and rise of Communism -Great Depression (1930's) -World War II (1945) -The Cold War (1945-1990) -Decolonization and Freedom Movements (1920 - 1990) -Globalization-- 1945 - Present The world was fully connected by trade and technology at this point. These major events would affect nearly every country in some way. After World War II, we finally see the end of colonization around the world, as most African and Asian countries gain their freedom. -Technology also plays a huge role in globalization as the world is more connected

Overview of Era 4, 1900 - Present

-The twentieth century, 1914 - Present, was a time of massive upheaval, war, and turmoil. The century is shaped by war. -World War I (1914) and rise of Communism -Great Depression (1930's) -World War II (1945) -The Cold War (1945-1990) -Decolonization and Freedom Movements (1920 - 1990) -Globalization-- the world become more connected through technology and communication (1914- Present) The world was fully connected at this point. These major events would affect nearly every country in some way. After World War II, we finally see the end of colonization around the world, as most African and Asian countries gain their freedom. -Everyone was forced to take sides in the Cold War, except for the people who developed the Non-Aligned movement

American Federation of Labor

-The working conditions during Industrialization were abysmal. Factories were incredibly dangerous places, and workers could suffer from accidents, collapses, fires, mutilations by machines, machine explosions, etc - In response to these conditions, workers began to form Labor Unions. In labor unions, workers would unite and protest for better wages, better working conditions, and shorter hours -The main weapon of the labor union was the strike, when the workers would all agree to stop working at the same time. They would usually demand higher pay, safer conditions, etc. -Famous Labor Union founded in 1886 in the United States -sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, -rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.

Indira Gandhi (1965-1984)

-________________ Gandhi was the first and only female Prime Minister and President in Indian history -she was the daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India. She was not related to Mahatma Gandhi, but knew him well growing up. -In Era 4, 1900 to Present, Governments took a much more active role in guiding and promoting economic life, as did Indira Gandhi -Presidents like FDR in the United States did things like the New Deal, which helped get the United States out of the Great Depression by providing jobs for unemployed Americans. In Japan and Russia, the state-sponsored Industrialization projects like the Five Year Plan -In India, President _________________ Gandhi, a strong female leader, helped bring in the Green Revolution to improve agriculture -India became one of the leading rice exporters in the world -This also helped end lots of famine and starvation in India, which had always plagued the country and were specifically bad under British colonization from 1857 (after Sepoy Rebellion) to 1948 (Gandhi's Movement, Independence from Britain) -She also had three different Five Year Plans, which were plans to modernize India, build industries, and lower poverty. -Two out of three of her Five Year plans worked and hit targeted growth. These are examples of state sponsored economies and projects, which is not strict capitalism. -She was tragically assassinated in 1984

Indira Gandhi and the Green Revolution (1970's)

-_________________ Gandhi was the first and only female Prime Minister and President in Indian history -In India, President ______________ Gandhi, a strong female leader, helped bring in the Green Revolution -Dr. Norman Borlaug was "Father of the Green Revolution," an agricultural revolution that used genetically modified seeds, pesticides, farming technology, and other chemicals to improve farming -India and Mexico were the two most successful places to experience the Green Revolution. The Revolution was also controversial because it had negative environmental impacts -India's rice production and food production increased dramatically, as they went from producing two tons per hectare to six tons per hectare (acre, football field size) -India is now one of the leading rice exporters in the world -This also helped end lots of famine and starvation in India, which had always plagued the country and were specifically bad under British colonization from 1857 (after Sepoy Rebellion) to 1948 (Gandhi's Movement, Independence from Britain) -This term is her name plus the ......

Indira Gandhi and her Five Year Plans (1965 - 1984)

-___________________ Gandhi was the first and only female Prime Minister and President in Indian history -In Era 4, 1914 to Present, Governments took a much more active role in guiding and promoting economic life, as did Indira Gandhi -Presidents like FDR in the United States did things like the New Deal, which helped get the United States out of the Great Depression by providing jobs for unemployed Americans. In Japan and Russia, the state-sponsored Industrialization projects like Meiji Reformation in Japan and the Five Year Plan in Communist Russia under Stalin -____________________ Gandhi also had three different Five Year Plans, which were plans to modernize India, build industries, and lower poverty. -Two out of three of her Five Year plans worked and hit targeted growth numbers, while one failed to meet the hopes of Indira Gandhi. These are examples of state sponsored economies and projects, which is not strict capitalism. -This term is her name + the plans

Genocide in Rwanda (1994)

-______________________ was a country in Sub-Saharan Africa. The majority of the country were a group called the Hutus; the minority group was known as the Tutsis -there was a history of violence and tension between these two groups; in 1994 when the Hutu President had his plane shot down and was killed, it sparked a wave of mass violence by the Hutus against the Tutsis -Using machetes and guns, Hutus massacred the minority Tutsi groups over a period of approximately 100 days. Around 500,000 Tutsis were massacred -Despite knowledge that it was happening, the United States and other foreign powers failed to intervene until it was too late. -Along with the Holocaust, it remains as one of the examples of ethnic violence and genocide in the 20th century

Absolute Monarchy (Absolutism)

-a political system where a ruler holds total power -Absolute Monarchs were kings or queens that had total control over their society, controlling the economy, military, and nobles -The ruler was granted this power by the Divine Right of Kings, meaning that God had given them the power to rule; they were made legitimate by the Catholic Church, who would back absolutism -Louis XIV, the Sun King, of France who built the palace at Versailles, is the ultimate symbol of Absolute Monarchy

Voting Rights Act of 1965

-after MLK's non-violent protests, the protests of thousands of activists, and the leadership of many, the United States government and President Lyndon B. Johnson passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 -This made it illegal for the Jim Crow South to enact poll taxes, literacy tests, and other methods to block the free African American population from voting. -Helped African Americans gain suffrage, the right to vote -this right had originally been promised to African Americans in 1870 with the 15th amendment, but it took 100 years to actually get the right because of the racism and discrimination of Jim Crow South

La Malinche

-also known as Dona Marina or Malintzin, a Nahua woman, she was one of 20 women enslaved persons given to the Spaniards after Hernan Cortes defeated her people in battle -was a talented linguist and translator and spoke several languages. She served as a translator for Cortes for several years, playing a key role in his process of making alliances with tribes against the Aztecs -She had a son with Cortes who is considered one of the first Mestizos, people of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry, in Mexican history -She is a controversial and mysterious figure in history, and there are lots of different accounts about her. Some consider her a traitor to the Aztecs, while others consider that her tribe might have been oppressed by the Aztecs. Others portray her as a strong woman forced to make difficult choices -For others she is portrayed as a symbolic mother in Mexico, and is compared to La Llorona and the Soldaderas (female soldiers in the Mexican Revolution)

Bibi-Khanym Mosque (1405)

-beautiful Islamic mosque constructed in Samarkand -Samarkand was a bustling (energetic) trading city in Central Asia right on the Silk Roads that was full of merchants of all religions and faiths, as Hindus, Buddhists, Christians, and Jews were all represented -However, after the Abbasid Caliphate briefly possessed Samarkand, it became an ever stronger center of Islam and many stunning mosques were constructed, including this one -when it was built in the 15th century (1400's), it was one of the largest and most beautiful mosques or Islamic monuments in the world, right up there with the Sulemaniye Mosque, Hagia Sophia, Taj Mahal, and the Blue Mosque

Diego Rivera's Art (EFFECT of Mexican Revolution)

-brilliant Mexican artist and muralist who painted art after Mexican Revolution from 1920-40 -Paintings often supported Communism and Marxism -paintings were often critical of the United States and the fact that the US interfered and intervened in Latin America -Married to Frida Kahlo, famous bisexual Mexican painter who also had a disability with her back after a tragic bus crash as a teenager -paintings were an EFFECT of the Mexican Revolution of 1910-1920 where Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa defeated the authoritarian dictator, creole Caudillo warlord Porfirio Diaz -Famous murals showed fighters like Zapata and the Soldaderas -paintings were meant to build Mexican Nationalism [patriotism]

Yams and Bananas, Polynesian Migration

-domesticated plants (foods) that the Polynesians brought with them when they migrated through the Pacific Islands; they would fill their outrigger canoes up with these items and bring them -That way when they arrived at a new island they would be ready to go with food to grow right away -They would also bring domesticated animals like pigs and chickens -These two crops had a big demographic impact, as populations on the islands went up due to the new sources of calories and healthier diets -These plants also had an environmental impact on the islands in Oceania. In order to grow them, forests were cleared, trees knocked down, and rivers used for irrigation -They also had an environmental impact because as they grew, they took resources, land, and water away from other native plants on islands like Hawaii and Fiji in Oceania

Hurrem Sultana

-famous and influential female Ottoman leader -she grew up a Christian in Europe, living in what is today Poland, with the name Roxelana -Was captured and enslaved as a teenager and brought to Istanbul. Was sold into the harem of Suleiman the Magnificent -she converted to Islam, changed her name to Hurrem ____________________, and Suleiman broke with tradition and elevated her to the status of legal wife, or "Haseki Sultan." First concubine ever elevated to title of "Haseki Sultan," legal wife. -She became highly influential in the Ottoman court and affected many major decisions -Powerful Ottoman woman who acted as Suleiman's chief political adviser and oversaw many public works projects and monumental architecture projects, such as the building of bath houses and mosques -had a rivalry with Suleiman's first wife, Mahidevran, who was eventually exiled -Part of the "Sultanate of Women," a group of powerful wives and mothers in the period of Suleiman and afterwards who had a lot of influence in Ottoman politics -Hurrem's son Selim would go on to become the next Sultan after Suleiman passed away in 1566 CE

Frida Kahlo (paintings 1920-1954)

-famous bisexual Mexican painter -Was in a tragic bus accident at age 18, breaking several bones including spinal vertebrae, inflicting permanent damage -Overcame her disability to go on and become a master painter, also married to Diego Rivera who was also a famous painter -Paintings were often Surreal self-portraits; not meant to paint reality, but create a different, more symbolic and emotional reality -Joined the MCP (Mexican Communist Party) in 1927 and her paintings expressed themes of communism and anti-colonialism -Her self-portaits and Diego Rivera's murals helped create a new Mexican Identity after the Mexican Revolution -Didn't truly become internationally famous and acclaimed for her art until after death [posthumous fame] -Seen by many as a great hero to the LGBTQ+ and Disabled communities!

The Ashanti and the Scramble for Africa

-in 1875, the Scramble for Africa began as the Industrialized Europeans began the frenzied takeover of Africa during the time of Imperialism -The Ashanti were one of the last kingdoms in Africa conquered, as they put up a fierce resistance, but ultimately they were targeted and invaded by the British, arguably the most powerful country in the world at the time -Ashanti warriors with outdated guns were overwhelmed by modern British military superiority, which included Maxim Machine guns, steam powered gun boats, explosive artillery bombs, and repeating rifles -Ashanti rulers King Prempeh and Queen Yaa Asantewaa led inspired millenarian rebellions against the British, but were defeated and sent into exile -However British soldiers died in large numbers due to diseases like "sleeping sickness," malaria, and yellow fever, that they caught in the jungles of West Africa. They found the Ashanti kingdom difficult to rule as a settler colony, and instead decided on indirect rule -With "indirect rule," the Ashanti basically became a tribute state. They were allowed to keep their own leaders, political structure, culture, etc. but were forced to pay tribute to the British

Rise of Medical Innovations

-in the 1700's and 1800's, Medical technology was nowhere near what it is now. People didn't even know that they should keep cuts clean and they didn't know about infections. People used leeches to suck blood out of their bodies as a medical cure! -At the beginning of the 20th century (early 1900's), there was a large increase in medical innovations (inventions and improvements). Doctors started to actually perform surgeries to fix people and use effective medical treatments for diseases -ANTIBIOTICS were a huge medical innovation (invention). Antibiotics helped kill bacteria and end fevers and flus. -VACCINES like the polio vaccine helped prevent people from getting other viruses and diseases; vaccines help you build up immunity to a disease and gets your body ready to fight the real disease if you get it. [COVID!] -All of these things led to a large increase in life expectancy

Women in the Qur'an

-initially, the Qur'an helped this group of people and provided women with specific rights and honors -Female infanticide (killing baby girls) was illegal and women were upheld as honored individuals -Muhammad himself known for his kindness and generosity towards wives -However, women also strictly controlled and guarded by male guardians (fathers, brothers, husbands); some intense forms of patriarchy [male domination] -As time progressed, the patriarchal controls on women increased as Qadis (judges) and the people who interpreted Sharia law used sharia law to control the rights of women and give them less and less freedoms

Fall of the Song Dynasty 1279 CE (Date Required!)

-internal [inside the empire] rebellions helped weaken the Song Dynasty -the military wasn't very strong, especially in the Song Dynasty, and began to collapse -The Mongols invaded and took over, and this was the final reason for the collapse of the Song Dynasty -Date Required for full credit

The House of Wisdom in Baghdad

-located in the capital city of Baghdad, one of the grandest libraries in the world that contained all of the intellectual and historical knowledge gathered by the Abbasids -Included translations of Greek, Roman, and Indian classics into Arabic -Included Arabic learnings on Mathematics, Geography, Sailing, Religion, and other topics -Was much more than just a library, as it was a center for scientists and researchers to work. Work there was part of the modern foundation for chemistry and astronomy (study of the stars and universe) -Also a center for mathematicians, who helped create the foundations of Algebra -Was destroyed by the Mongols in 1258 CE when the Caliph Al-Musta'sim refused to surrender to the Mongols. Supposedly, the books from Baghdad's libraries were thrown into the Tigris River in such quantities that the river ran black with the ink from the books

The Abbasid Caliphate (750 CE - 1250 CE)

-major Islamic kingdom/ Empire -Started by Abu al-Abbas -Not an empire based on conquering; relied on Islamic missionaries to spread Islam and expand "Dar al-Islam" (the House of Islam) -The dominant Islamic empire in the Middle East from 750 - 1250 CE. Really really effective government structure and administration; capital city at Baghdad, where everything was organized -Instead of trying to conquer, the Abbasids wanted to organize the places they ruled. They were strongly influenced by the Persian Achaemenids in the way thy ran the government; they used regional governors, -"Qadis" (judges) and "Ulama" (religious scholars) were government officials that helped every town follow the rules of Islam -Declined with the Invasion of the Mongols

Damascus

-major city in modern day Syria, in the Middle East/SW Asia -by 1200 CE, major Islamic trading city on the Silk Roads -was the capital city of the Umayyad Caliphate, before they were toppled by the Abbasid Caliphate, who moved their capital to Baghdad where the House of Wisdom was located -at times was part of the Abbasid Caliphate and Ottoman Empire -famous for having all of the Chinese and Byzantine silks and textiles (cloth, clothing); major trading city for Italian merchants who would ship goods from Syria through the Mediterranean Sea Lanes into Western Europe -Chinese and Indian spices would be flowing through Damascus to Europe; gold, salt, and ivory from North Africa; and wool, olive oil, and wine coming from Western Europe -Was hit really hard by the Plague, with almost half of the city's population dying from the Black Death in the 1300's; would later be part of the Ottoman Empire -Incredibly diverse city with Sunni and Shi'a Muslims, Christians, Jews, Hindus, Buddhists, all represented

Samarkand

-major trading city in Central Asia that was a central destination along the Silk Roads from 1200 CE to 1450 CE -Crucial city connecting East Asia and the Song Dynasty with the Abbasid Caliphate in the Middle East and the Delhi Sultanate in Northern India -Was known as incredibly diverse, with all the major religions including Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, Christianity, and Judaism represented -Was briefly controlled by the Abbasid Caliphate and became a strong center of Islam, with many beautiful mosques constructed, including the Bibi-Khanym Mosque in 1405 -silk, spices, and porcelain flowed in from the East from Song, Ming, and later Qing China -Diamonds, spices, and precious stones came in from the Delhi Sultanate in India -Textiles (cloths), gold, mathematics flowed in from the Middle East/Abbasid Caliphate -Was taken over by the Mongols and Genghis Khan, who massacred some of the residents of the city and forced 30,000 men to fight and also deported 30,000 craftsmen/artisans to Karakorum, the Mongol capital -Flourished under the Mongols during the "Pax Mongolica," although the city was devastated by the Black Plague in the 1300's and 1400's

Mansa Musa

-most famous Mansa or King of the Mali Empire -Conquered 24 neighboring cities and built a massive fortune in the gold trade as Mali became one of the largest producers of gold in the world -Was a major Islamic figure who built many mosques in cities like Timbuktu -Made a pilgrimage to Mecca and gave out much gold to along the way; this also helped to establish important trade routes. Supposedly his trip included 60,000 people and 12,000 enslaved persons [slaves]. His gifts of gold to the poor and to mosques made him famous throughout North Africa and the Middle East. -Founded the Islamic University Sankore Madrasah, the University of Sankore, one of the oldest universities in the world -Also called "The Lion of Mali," now considered one of the wealthiest people in the history of the world, right up there with John D. Rockefeller and many others

Dona Beatriz 1700 CE

-once the Portuguese had established the Colony of Angola where the Kingdom of Kongo had been, there were thousands of Africans practicing syncretic Christianity -This woman claimed that she had been visited by St. Anthony and that he was trying to send messages through her -She told Africans that Jesus was black and she gained a reputation for working miracles and curing diseases -She told the Kongolese that Heaven was for Africans and told them to ignore the European missionaries -She was arrested and burned to death at the stake -After her death an army of 20,000 followers challenged the Portuguese, although they failed

Nanny de Maroon

-one of the most famous maroon communities was in Jamaica, and one of their great leaders was an escaped Ashanti enslaved woman [slave] named Nanny -Nanny led the resistance in her maroon community and constantly fought against the British colonists who repeatedly attempted to take them back into slavery -She was a true master of guerrilla warfare, using camouflage, traps, drum and smoke signals, and ambushes to repeatedly defeat the British -Under her leadership, her maroon community successfully resisted and signed a treaty that allowed them to live freely as long as they agreed not to allow new runaway enslaved persons [slaves] to live with them -she was the political leader of her Maroon town, which she modeled after an African Ashanti town. She was also a spiritual leader, a healer, and a skilled hunter and tracker -Her leadership is remarkable as she fought the British to a standstill and was able to establish a free and safe community for runaway enslaved persons; she is remembered on the Jamaican $500 bill

Afro-Mexicans

-people of African descent who lived in Mexico -Many were imported as enslaved persons from 1500-1800, although Mexico did not have as large of a slave population as Brazil or the British colonies in the Southern United States -In terms of demographics, population is 1.3 million in 2015 living in Mexico. Many are mixed race -Many fought for the Liberation Army of the South, the Zapatistas, Pancho Villa's army, and many of the armies of the Mexican Revolution of 1910-20 -Around 64% report having as some indigenous Amerindian Mexicans as ancestors, and almost all speak Spanish fluently -Many were absorbed into the larger mestizo class [mixed European/Indigenous Mexican population]

The Great Assembly of Mali

-ruling body of the Mali Empire -Consisted of roughly 30 representatives of the most powerful tribes/groups to make up the Mali Empire -Their major political structure they used to organize the empire -The King or Mansa held power over everyone, but he did have to listen to the Great Assembly, who could make many important decisions -Would meet regularly and especially if the empire was threatened -Kings like Sundiata and Mansa Musa would use this structure very effectively to govern the kingdom of Mali

The Bantu Migrations in Africa

-the Bantu were eager to move around and spread throughout Africa -As they moved around, they brought with them Agriculture and Iron tools -As they spread, their agricultural practices diffused. These practices including irrigation and using iron tools to clear forests, create fields, and using iron to plow fields. This had a big environmental impact, as forests around Africa were cut down and turned into fields and rivers were used for irrigation -As they moved, the original Bantu language spread and became the root for over 500 languages -Today over 90 million people speak Bantu languages, including Swahili in Central and East Africa

Federal Army

-the army of US backed dictator, creole caudillo warlord Porfirio Diaz in the Mexican Revolution of 1910 - 20 -Mexican generals Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata fought against the Federales or Federal Army -The Soldaderas, Guerrilla fighters such as Maria Quinteras de Meras and Angela/Angel Jimenez, fought bravely against this army that was loyal to Porfirio Diaz -were defeated by Zapata at the Battle of Cuautla (1911) -Lost the Revolution to the Revolutionaries!

1840 CE + EAST ASIA

-the first part is a date--After this date, the Europeans started to divide the Qing empire up into Spheres of Influence and the Qing Empire got destroyed by rebellions like the Taiping and Boxer Rebellions -This is the date for the Opium War; the British defeated the Manchu Qings and after this date, the Qing Dynasty began to lose power and crumble -The second part of this term is the AP Region for China, Japan, and Korea

Sundiata

-the founder of Mali empire. He crushed his enemies and won control of the gold trade routes in West Africa -The Mali Empire had its capital at Timbuktu, one of the first cities you hit after crossing the Sahara desert into Sub Saharan Africa -Sundiata established the Islamic Mali Empire, which would rise to tremendous power and wealth with the trade in gold, enslaved persons [slaves], ivory, and more going across the Trans Saharan Caravan routes -The "Epic of Sundiata" was an epic song/story that told his story -His great grand nephew, Mansa Musa, would expand the empire by conquering 24 cities and building a massive fortune in the gold trade

Women in Politics and Mahd-e Olya

-the major three Islamic Empires, the Safavids, the Ottomans in the Middle East, and the Mughals in India, carried on many of the traditions of the Mongols with regard to the involvement of women -Technically, according to Islam, women had no traditional role in politics. They weren't allowed to rule or hold office -However, following the example of Genghis Khan, they gave special privileges to their mother and "first wife;" these women could influence rulers on policy and help make critical decisions -In Safavid Persia Mahd-e Olya was a famous wife of a Shah who basically was the ruler of the empire because she was so influential over her husband. -Unfortunately her efforts to limit the power of the Qizilbash so enraged them that they murdered her. -The aunt of another Shah was so annoyed at the ruler that she used her own money to raise an army and put down a revolt herself

The Qur'an

-the most important book in Islam, containing all of Muhammad's revelations [ideas shown to him] and understandings of Allah -Foundational text of Islam -Lays out the five pillars of Islam, which are the foundational behavior that every Muslim must observe -Contains influences from Judaism, Christianity, and Zoroastrianism, all of which heavily influenced Islam -lays out the rules of Islam, known as "sharia law." These laws form the basis for how the Caliphates and many Islamic states were governed -Muslims believe that Allah sent revelations [ideas] to Muhammad over the course of 23 years, and these revelations were written down in the Qur'an. Allah sent the messages to Muhammad through the Archangel Gabriel.

Fronde Rebellion (1648-1653)

-the young French King Louis XIV (14th) was in power -He attempted to increase taxation and the nobles rebelled, and a war broke out for five years -Louis' forces were victorious; this experience convinced Louis that he should be an ABSOLUTE monarch and increase his power and control over the nobility and military -As a result, Louis XIV tightened his control over France and became one of the strongest rulers in Europe, having absolute or total control over his subjects and nobles. He would also build the magnificent palace at Versailles!

Suleiman the Magnificent (died 1566 CE)

-this Ottoman Sultan was known for expanding the Ottoman Empire, modernizing the army, and sponsoring the arts -One of his names was "the Lawgiver" because he improved the legal system -Built up the Ottoman navy -Considered the greatest Ottoman Sultan, he was the Sultan when the empire was at its most powerful in 1550 CE -Longest reigning [ruling] Ottoman Sultan , from 1520 - 1566. CE. -Brilliant period of academic, intellectual, and architectural accomplishments during his rule, including building of the Suleymaniye Mosque; this time was called the Golden Age of the Ottoman Empire -Famous love with and marriage to one of his concubines, Hurrem Sultana -Under ______________________, the Ottomans were the most powerful empire in all of Europe and the Middle East

Vasco de Gama 1498

-this Portuguese explorer was the first European sailor to sail around Africa in 1498 and make it to India -When he arrived in India, he traded for spices, brought them back, and sold his spices for a MASSIVE profit -The voyage was successful beyond the wildest dreams of anyone's imagination; he turned a profit 60 times the cost of the voyage -He used the volta do mar wind currents in his caravel to push himself faster and further to India -When he arrived in India, the kings there thought his trade goods were so weak and poor that he could not have possibly been sent by a King -Although he made money, over half of de Gama's crew died from scurvy -His profits were so massive that it inspired the rest of the Portuguese to try and start the Portuguese Trading Post Empire

Pueblo Revolts (1680)

-this was an indigenous revolt of the native Pueblo people against the Spanish colonizers in modern day New Mexico, led by a Pueblo man named Pope. It is also known as Pope's Rebellion -This was a millenarian or religious rebellion, as Pope invoked [called on] the Pueblo gods to help them expel the foreigners, and promised a rebirth and return to glory for the Pueblo people after the rebellion - indigenous natives under Pope, tired of Spanish rule and oppression, united and killed 400 Spanish and successfully drove the remaining 2,000 settlers out of the area. Pope demonstrated great skill as a leader in uniting his people and winning guerrilla warfare [ambushes, camouflage, etc] -For approximately 15 years, the Pueblos were able to live freely under their own rule. Within 20 years, the Spanish military had reconquered the territory and placed the native people under the oppressive burdens of colonization

Transnational Movements in the 20th Century

-throughout the 20th century there were several Transnational Movements (movements across the borders of different countries...the Latin root "trans" means across) -These movements sought to unite people around the world regardless of what country they were in; they would cross national borders There are three you really need to memorize: -Communism: communism was a global movement. Communist countries tried to ally together, and true communists sought to unite communists all around the world. -Pan-Arabism: sought to unite all of the Arabic speaking countries in the Middle East, despite the fact that they were different countries. -Pan-Africanism--After World War II, leaders like Kwame Nkrumah sought to unite Africans across national borders in order to increase their power

The Eightfold Path

-to live a good life, and end suffering, you need to follow the __________. The __________ urges you to walk the middle ground--don't be too greedy, or too harsh. Stay in the middle, lead a good life, and you will reach salvation [being saved]. -Avoid a life of extremes--stay in the middle, stay calm, and you will reach salvation (nirvana)!

Buddhism 550 BCE to Present

A major religion that emerged in the 500s BC. ______________ urged people to seek enlightenment through meditation and its founder was Siddhartha Gautama. -The core of __________ are the Four Noble Truths--basically that all human suffering is caused by desire. If we can eliminate desire, and live a simple life, you can end suffering. -to live a good life, and end suffering, you need to follow the Eightfold Path. The Eightfold Path urges you to walk the middle ground--don't be too greedy, or too harsh. Stay in the middle, lead a good life, and you will reach salvation (nirvana). -So you need to know Four Noble Truths, Eightfold Path, and Nirvana!

Hinduism 500 BCE to Present

A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being, Brahma, who takes many forms. -In Hinduism, there are many gods that are worshipped, so it is polytheistic to some extent. However, all the gods share some of the essence of Brahma, so in some ways you could argue it is monotheistic. -Originally based on the Vedas (1500 BCE) one of the oldest religions in the world -Emphasizes that depending on how you live, you will be reborn into a higher or lower social class. If you have good KARMA, you will be reborn into a higher class. If you have bad KARMA, you will be reborn into a lower class. -Hinduism also emphasizes Dharma--these are the moral duties or the code that you need to follow in order to be successful. If you do this correctly, you will be reborn into a higher caste (social class).

Collectivization of Agriculture

According to Marxist theory, in a communist country, the the government controls all of the land, the factories, and the economy. The government owns all major factories, mines, and agricultural products -The government also drives growth in a communist economy. For instance, the Five Year Plan in the Soviet Union -Part of the Five Year Plan was the collectivization of agriculture. This mean that individual farmers joined their farms together to create a massive farm, the idea being they could work better together than separately -The collectivization failed miserably, as peasants resisted and millions died of starvation

Demographics of Mexico (1921)

According to the census of 1921, here were the Demographics [population statistics] of Mexico after the Mexican Revolution: Mestizo (mixed race, which included mixes of the following groups: indigenous Mexican, White European, and African mixed together): 60% Indigenous (Aztec, Mayan, other tribes descended): 30% Creole/Criollo (White European Descent): 10% So the smallest class was the Creoles/Criollos, white European descent, but before the Revolution the caudillos and other creoles controlled most of the land (95%) and economic power in Mexico.

Regional Trade Agreements-- ASEAN 1967

Back in 1450-1750 CE, all of the Europeans obeyed Mercantilism. According to mercantilism, it was important to put tariffs (taxes on trade) up that would make trade more difficult -In the 1900's, and particularly after WWII, the ideas of the Free Market started to spread. Countries started to form Economic Alliances/global trading blocs where countries in a region would agree to have no tariffs, and to open up trade fully between the countries. This mean that they took down tariffs and would open up free trade. -Opening up trade is known as ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION--liberate means to "free"--creating a "free-market" for trade in the world -Another one of the biggest and most powerful economic alliances/trading blocs was ___________________________. This alliance was a global trading bloc in Southeast Asia that united countries like Vietnam, Thailand, and the Phillipines in a massive trading alliance. -This trading alliance has been incredibly successful and the economies of many of these countries have grown tremendously. -The growth of regional trade helps with spreading shared culture and goods, meaning an increase in GLOBALIZATION--people around the world sharing in ideas and culture

Regional Trade Agreements--The European Union and the Euro 1993

Back in 1450-1750 CE, all of the Europeans obeyed Mercantilism. According to mercantilism, it was important to put tariffs (taxes on trade) up that would make trade more difficult -In the 1900's, and particularly after WWII, the ideas of the Free Market started to spread. Countries started to form Economic Alliances/global trading blocs where countries in a region would agree to have no tariffs, and to open up trade fully between the countries. This mean that they took down tariffs and would open up free trade. -Opening up trade is known as ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION--liberate means to "free"--creating a "free-market" for trade in the world -Another one of the biggest and most powerful economic alliances/trading blocs was the __________________________. This alliance even formed it's own Currency, known as the Euro. These countries all had free trade and no tariffs on trade between countries. -This allows for liberal, free market policies of trade between the countries. This created a lot of trade in Europe -It is also very easy today to travel freely between these countries -The growth of regional trade helps with spreading shared culture and goods, meaning an increase in GLOBALIZATION--people around the world sharing in ideas and culture

1914 - 1918 (World War I) 1939 - 1945 (World War II)

Dates for World War I and Dates for World War II

1910-1920

Dates for the Mexican Revolution Remember Emiliano Zapata, Pancho Villa, and the Soldaderas like Maria de Meras, and the Mexican Constitution of 1917 fighting to get land and power for the lower class mestizos from the upper class creoles and caudillo warlords

Era 2 Land- Based Empires, 1450 CE - 1750

During Era 2 1450- 1750 CE, there were several important Land-Based Empires. These empires did not include overseas colonies, unlike the "Maritime" empires that the Europeans had that included territory overseas The Land Based Empires you are required to know for Era 2, 1450 CE - 1750 CE: -The Manchu Qing Empire in China -The Ottoman Empire in the Middle East/North Africa/Southern Europe -The Safavid Empire in the Middle East -The Mughal Empire in South Asia (India) -The Kingdom of Kongo in Sub-Saharan Africa -These empires all had different techniques of conquering, governing, and taxing, all of which will be covered in Quizlet and you need to know like the back of your hand!

Era 2 Land- Based Empires, 1450 CE - 1750

During Era 2 1450- 1750 CE, there were several important Land-Based Empires. These empires did not include overseas colonies, unlike the "Maritime" empires that the Europeans had that included territory overseas The Land Based Empires you are required to know for Era 2, 1450 CE - 1750 CE: -The Manchu Qing Empire in China -The Ottoman Empire in the Middle East/North Africa/Southern Europe -The Safavid Empire in the Middle East -The Mughal Empire in South Asia (India) -The Kingdom of Kongo in Sub-Saharan Africa -These empires all had different techniques of conquering, governing, and taxing, all of which will be covered in Quizlet and you need to know like the back of your hand! The Romanovs in Russia are not a "required" example from the College Board, but they are referenced for context

Adam Smith and "The Wealth of Nations"

During the Industrial Revolution, there was a massive change in the way economies were run and how they worked -Adam _______________wrote a book called ________________________where he promoted an economic theory called capitalism -This theory relied on competition between businesses; competition would drive all the prices in the free market economy -The "Invisible Hand" of competition would knock bad businesses out of business; the businesses that could become more efficient would be the ones that did well -This system promoted individuals to compete for themselves; "Every person for themselves" mentality -It led to very strong inventions and economies, but it also led to huge gaps between the rich and the poor as some people like Carnegie and Rockefeller got incredibly rich, while the factory workers remained very poor -This term is the name of the economist and the book he published

Nirvana

For Buddhists, a state of Enlightenment. After long periods of meditation, if you have followed the Eightfold Path, you reach "nirvana"--a state where you have peace and knowledge. This is the ultimate goal of all Buddhists, to get to ________________.

Settler Colonies

From 1750 - 1914 CE, the Europeans developed industrialization and began a new round of aggressive Imperialism -The Europeans, Japan, and the United States began to take over Africa, India, and Asia in order to get resources, including the Scramble for Africa and dividing China into Spheres of Influence -Once the Europeans/Americans/Japanese took over, there were different types of colonies -In some colonies, the Europeans just sent the army and tried to make the natives work for resources -IN other colonies, Europeans actually migrated there to live and start settlements. Examples include Australia and South Africa, where the British actually tried to live -So this is a type of colony where the conquerors actually tried to live and establish settlements. -In these colonies, the settlers instituted racist and discriminatory policies to keep themselves at the top of the political, economic, and social hierarchies [rankings]

Inventions from the Industrial Revolution

Here is a list of some of the most important inventions from the Industrial Revolution: -Railroads, cars, steamships, canals, later airplanes -Steam Engine and Internal Combustion Engine -Electricity and Light Bulb, battery -Camera, zipper, telegraph, telephone -Machine gun, rifle, steam boiler for hot showers, -cotton gin, spinning jenny, zipper

Karma

If you follow Hinduism properly, you will have this and you will be reborn into a higher caste. If you don't follow the rules of Hinduism, you will have bad ___________ and you will be reborn into a lower class or maybe even as a bug or animal.

Palmares (Maroon in Brazil)

Maroon societies were places where runaway enslaved persons [slaves] would go to live and escape from slavery -Maroon communities were typically located in the harshest climates and most inaccessible [hard to get to], remote areas, like swamps or mountains -If Maroons were discovered, enslaved persons [slaves] caught could face incredibly severe punishments, such as amputations or castration -The most famous maroon society in Brazil was ____________________________ - This was a series of combined settlements with a population over 30,000! It survived almost 100 years, making it the largest and most successful maroon community in the New World -Zumbi was the most feared warrior-leader, and the maroons here fought with a form of Capoeira, a martial art form, and were known by the Portuguese as incredibly hard to conquer -Sadly, the Maroon finally fell to the Portuguese in 1694

Gold Trade

One of the major goods traded across the Trans Saharan Caravan routes. Muslim merchants from North Africa flocked on camels to the kingdom of Ghana and Mali to try and get ______________ to bring back to the Mediterranean. -Mali and the city of Timbuktu were also major centers of trade for this valuable object

Historical Purposes and Effects of Religion, 8,000 BCE to Present

Religion served many purposes in the development of early societies and had many effects. The historical purposes and effects of religion include [these do not try to cover the spiritual effects]: -Providing an ethical and moral code to live by -Providing a bond and community among people who shared the same religion -Social stratification [social classes being separated] was increased as classes of priests reached a higher status than lower classes -Political stratification (power being separated) was also increased as the elites used religion to justify their rule -Political rulers, especially absolute monarchs and emperors, used religion to justify their power and explain why they and their heirs (younger family members) should deserve absolute power. Examples include the Mandate of Heaven (China), the Divine Right of Kings (Europe), Incan and Aztec demi-god status of Emperors, etc. -Religions could also lead to conflict, even armed military conflict, as civilizations with different religions fought each other. It could even lead to Civil War, as within one religion people might argue and fight over the rules (Martin Luther and the Protestants v. the Catholics and the Pope, Sunni Islam v. Shi'a Islam, etc.)

Fast-Ripening Rice

The Song Dynasty had incredibly strong agriculture -They got a new crop that diffused [spread] through trade from Vietnam and SE asia -Because this rice crop grew so quickly, they could get in two harvests per year -The improvement in agriculture led to a huge increase in urbanization in China as Chinese cities grew to be the biggest in the world; Chang'an had a population of 2 million and Hangzhou had a population of 1 million

Analects

The book that Confucius wrote and that stresses the values and ideas of Confucianism. - filial piety, or honoring your parents and ancestors; --honor to farmers --hatred of merchants ---emphasis on education, and being fair and wise. Confucianism was present in the Han Dynasty all the way through to modern China (with some changes along the way).

Trans-Saharan Trade 700 CE to 1600 CE (Dates Required)

There was tons of important trade across this desert in Africa. Use of the CAMEL was huge. This also helped Islam and religion spread. Goods being traded included: -Gold and Salt -Cotton and textiles (cloth) -There was also a lot of West Africans being captured and sold into slavery, and enslaved persons [slaves] were transported along these routes Trade went from the Mediterranean Sea to the kingdoms below the desert, of Ghana and Songhay. (note this is a little later, in 1000 CE or so). In the Trans-Saharan Trade, the camel was critical for helping transport goods across the desert. They could make it across the desert because they could go so long without water! -Dates required for full credit

Indian Ocean Trade 1200 CE to 1450 CE

This area includes the East Coast of Africa, the Middle East (Persia), and India (South Asia). -The Bantus, a group of migratory pastoralists (herders/farmers) settled on the East Coast of Africa -The Bantus Created the Swahili City States; -Exports from Africa (goods leaving Africa) : Gold, and ivory coming from Africa being traded to Persia and India -Africans were also being enslaved and were sold throughout the Indian Ocean region -Exports from India: Cotton and silk leaving from India -Exports from China: Silk, spices, and Porcelain leaving from China -Islam also began to spread as a result in the region, as well as Hinduism, Buddhism, and even Christianity

Nyai Pinateh, The Great Lady of Gresik (1410-1489)

When the European merchants arrived in Southeast Asia to trade in spices, they were surprised to find that the majority of trade was controlled by female merchants -In Southeast Asian culture, women were in charge of most occupations that involved selling and trading in the public marketplaces -Women would also be able to change foreign money/currency and make trade go more smoothly-Women would also be in charge of keeping records and doing mathematical accounting -One of the most famous female merchants was ________________________, who was incredibly wealthy. She was known as the Great Lady of Gresik, and traded in current day Indonesia. She owned many ships and sent them to Bali, Cambodia, and beyond -She was Chinese and Islamic, like the great Ming Admiral Zheng He (1425) -In 1421 she met Zheng He, who appointed her brother to rule over an island; she became the "shahbander" or port master of her city of Gresik in Indonesia (Southeast Asia) -She was a powerful merchant who also was dedicated to spreading Islam as a Chinese Muslim

Deng Xiaoping 1978 - 1992 (in power)

World War II ended in 1945, China became Communist, which had been a civil war for a long time -As a communist country, the government began to control all aspects of the economy. In a capitalist country, the government doesn't own factories, businesses, or set prices. In a communist country like China, the government controls the economy more directly -However, attempts at government control under Mao Zedong from 1945 to 1976 had not gone well. The Great Leap Forward had failed miserably. -Under China's new leader from 1978 - 1992, ________________________, China started to open up its economy and use a more "free market" approach -This meant the economy was more like capitalism and there was more private ownership and competition; there was more free trade and people were allowed to keep profits -_________________ really opened up the Chinese economy; he also sent in troops to squash the Tiananmen Square protests, where TankMan, an inspirational resistance figure, showed up! -This leader is credited with helping return China to its status as an economic powerhouse

The Rape of Nanking 1937 CE [TRIGGER WARNING]

[TRIGGER WARNING, INCLUDES SEXUAL ASSAULT] -World War II was started due to territorial aggression from the fascist powers, the Germans and the Japanese -The Germans began taking land throughout Europe, invading the Sudetenland -The Japanese also began taking over territory in the Pacific, invading China and taking over Manchuria -When the Japanese took over China during WWII, they were incredibly brutal. In one city in particular, they raped thousands of women and murdered thousands of innocent civilians -In this city, brutality hardly even begins to describe what the Japanese did. Japanese committed extreme atrocities and crimes against humanity. The event still causes tension and controversy between Japan and China today. -This event is one of the many atrocities committed during World War II