unit 1-9 review fill-in

Tariff of 1842

President John Tyler, feeling the repercussions of the Panic of 1837, decided to pass this legislation. This bill was created to reduce rates, and add protection. Successfully angered the Whigs, who then tried to impeach Tyler after he passed this legislation.

Nicholas Biddle

President of the 2nd BUS. Tried to get the bank re-instated with a new charter to expand its length. Was vehemently opposed by Andrew Jackson, though he argued that without the bank, the U.S. would fall to economic chaos.

Election of 1824

Presidential race nicknamed the "Corrupt Bargain," which was between Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, William Crawford, and John Quincy Adams. Nickname derived from the fact that Henry Clay influenced the vote by suddenly throwing his support to John Q. Adams, who would later win and appoint Clay as his Secretary of State. Jackson and his supporters were furious and claimed that Clay and Adams had made a deal to take the White House from the people.

Lecompton Constitution

Pro-slavery document written for Kansas' admission to the union in opposition to the anti-slavery Topkea Decision. It revealed the inherent weakness of the idea of Popular Sovereignty and spelled it death as a potential method for deciding the slavery issue. It was eventually rejected and Kansas became a free state in 1861.

Dorothea Dix

A New England school teacher and author who spoke against the inhumane treatment of mental ill prisoners. People who suffered from insanity were treated worse than normal criminals. She helped to improve conditions in insane asylums, jailhouses and shelter homes.

John Greenleaf Whittier

A Quaker poet associated with the Fireside Poets and an advocate for the abolition of slavery. Remembered particularly for his antislavery writings as well as his book Snow-Bound. A founding member of the American Anti-Slavery Society and signed the Anti-Slavery Declaration of 1833, which he often considered the most significant action of his life.

J. R. Lowell

A Romantic poet associated with the Fireside Poets, critic, editor,and diplomat. Believed that the poet played an important role as a prophet and critic of society and used his poetry for reform particularly abolitionism. Works include A Fable for Critics and The Biglow Papers.

Thaddeus Stevens

A congressman from Pennsylvania who was a radical in the House of Representatives. He was a leading figure on the Joint Committee of Reconstruction. He strongly defended slaves.

KKK

A cult formed by angry Southern racists at the end of the Civil War. Their main drive was to scare former slaves into not voting. They were originally called the Invisible Empire of the South.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

A document that ended the Mexican-American War between the United States and Mexico. Required Mexico to give up about half of its territory, including California, to the United States, whilst the US paid $15 million to Mexico in return. Mexicans within the area were given the choice to stay and become US citizens or go back to Mexico.

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

An American poet of the 1800s. Wrote "Paul Revere's Ride" and The Song of Hiawatha. One of the five "Fireside Poets".

James Polk

11th President of the United States. Won the presidency as a "dark horse" candidate. America's territory increased by one third during his presidency.

Zachary Taylor

12th President of the United States, serving the years 1849-1850. Suddenly died of a stomach-related illness and was succeeded by Fillmore. Led American troops to victory in the Mexican-American War and became a national hero.

Oliver Wendell Holmes

A jurist who served Associate Justice of the Supreme Court from 1902 to 1932 and Acting Chief Justice during January and February of 1930. One of the most cited Supreme Court Justices in history particularly for his "clear and present danger" opinion in the 1919 case of Schenck v. The United States, which concerned the Espionage Act of 1917. Supported efforts for economic regulation and advocated for broad freedom of speech under the First Amendment.

Kansas Nebraska Act

A legislative scheme created by Senator Stephen A. Douglas in 1854. It completely contradicted the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and risked shattering the Compromise of 1850. Further inflamed the resentment between the southerners and the free-soilers and led to the creation of the Republican party.

Clinton's Big Ditch

A name given to the Erie canal by its opposition. A 363 mile long canal from Albany to Buffalo. It lowered the prices of crops because of the decreased time it took to transport produce from the Midwest to the East Coast, but eventually became obsolete with the growth of railroads in the US.

Carpetbagger

A name used for a northerner who moved into the south during the Reconstruction Era. Southerners did not like these type of people. Name originates from the cheap luggage that they had when moving to the South.

James Slidell

A native New Yorker who later moved to Louisiana. He was sent by president James Polk to offer $25 million to the Mexican government for the territory of California. He later became a defender of southern rights as a US representative and a senator.

"Johnny Appleseed"

A nickname for John Chapman. Was a pioneer nurseryman who planted a certain type of fruit tree throughout Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. Was also a missionary for the New Church.

William Lloyd Garrison

A prominent abolitionist and editor of the newspaper "The Liberator". He founded the American Anti-Slavery Society, and called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He stopped writing and editing for "The Liberator" once slavery was abolished by the constitution, but moved on to fighting for women's suffrage.

Crittenden Compromise

A proposed piece of legislation that aimed to resolve the secession crisis of 1860-1861 by addressing the fears and grievances about slavery that led many slave-holding states to contemplate secession from the United States. It proposed six constitutional amendments and four Congressional resolutions but was never successfully passed. It proposed extending the current slavery/anti-slavery line to the west, with slavery prohibited north of the 36° 30′ parallel and guaranteed south of it.

Gabriel Prosser Slave Revolt

A rebellion by those in bondage. Occurred in Richmond, Virginia in 1800 for freedom. Informers foiled the plan and the leaders were hung.

Webster's Reply to Hayne

A result of the conflict regarding the share of power at that time, specifically as to whether power should be given to individual states, and their rights, or be upheld as national power. While one of the prevalent defenders argued that they must support the integrity of the entire Union, the latter defended nullification. This argument resulted in the famous quote, "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable."

Theodore Weld

A self-taught abolitionist that helped get the abolitionist movement started. He appealed with special power and directness to his rural audiences of untutored farmers. Aided by funding from the Tappan brothers he brought the energy and idealism of youth to preach for antislavery gospel.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

A series of seven debates. The two argued the important issues of the day like popular sovereignty, the Lecompton Constitution and the Dred Scott decision. Stephan won these debates, but Abraham's position in these debates helped him beat Stephan in the 1860 presidential election.

Kitchen Cabinet

A small group of Andrew Jackson's friends who were especially influential in the first years of his presidency. Jackson hired them as a result of the spoils system. Many people were frustrated with Andrew Jackson's Shrugging of political procedure when choosing his advisors.

Webster's 7th of March Speech

Address to the union by the then secretary of state in 1850. Spoke positively of the compromise of 1850, which included the fugitive slave law. This address soiled the speaker's reputation in the north with the abolitionists.

Mary Lyon

Advocate for women's education. In 1821, she established an outstanding women's school, Mount Holyoke Seminary, in Massachusetts. She valued socioeconomic diversity.

Election of 1836

After Jackson's presidency, he appointed Martin Van Buren as his successor. The whigs showed their inability to nominate a single candidate instead ran several of their "favorite sons", hoping to scatter the votes so no candidate would win a majority. Whig scheme didn't work, Van Buren won 170 to 124

Spoils System

After a presidential candidate is elected president, they give government jobs to their supporters. Often people were given these jobs due to their loyalty and not based on their qualifications. Later countered by the Pendleton Act.

John C. Fremont

American military officer, explorer, and politician who became the first candidate of the anti-slavery Republican Party. During the 1840's he led four expeditions into the American west and gained the nickname The Pathfinder. During the Mexican American war he took control of California from the Bear Flag Republic in 1846 and proclaimed himself the military governor of California.

Dred Scott

An African American slave who unsuccessfully fought for his freedom in a court case against Sandford in 1857. He claimed that he and his wife should be free because they had been living in Illinois and Wisconsin territory where slavery was illegal. Supreme Court decided against him and finding that neither he nor any other person of African ancestry could claim citizenship in the United States.

Herman Melville

An American novelist in the American Renaissance. Wrote Moby-Dick and Typee. Influential to the Romantic literary movement in America.

Jefferson Day Dinner

An annual gathering of figureheads of the democratic party and its candidates. The president imparted his sentiment against states' rights. The vice president, Calhoun, attempted to sway the president towards states' rights unsuccessfully.

Harpers Ferry

An arsenal upon which John Brown led a raid with 21 men in 1859. This occurred before the Civil War and was an act of rebellion in Virginia. John Brown and his men were attempting to capture supplies for a larger rebellion but were caught, leading to Brown being tried and convicted of treason.

South Carolina Exposition and Protest

Anonymous response written by John C. Calhoun to the Tariff of Abominations (Tariff of 1828). Document that said that the states could nullify the tariff within their own borders, thus challenging the federal government's power and authority. Eventually led to the Nullification Crisis and sectional conflict between the Northern and Southern States.

John Tyler

Ascended to presidency after the death of William Henry Harrison, becoming the 10th President. Also called "His Accidency", he received death threats from Whig extremists and was hated for being too Democratic. Opposed a centralized bank and protective tariffs, causing him to be expelled from the Whig party by the Whig Congress and for the House of Representatives to consider impeaching him.

David Walker

Black abolitionist wanting an end to white supremacy. Wrote Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World (1829). Advocated for the end to white supremacy through bloody means.

Worcester vs. Georgia

Court case where the Supreme Court held that the state's law that prohibited non-Native Americans from being present on Native American lands without a license from the state was unconstitutional. The court also ruled that the individual states had no authority in American Indian affairs, only the federal government. The tribes were to be seen as sovereign entities, essentially laying out the foundations of the doctrine of tribal sovereignty in the U.S.

Seward's Folly

Derogatory nickname given to the purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7 million. Carried out in 1867. Contrary to its initial description, this was actually very profitable in the long run.

Webster Ashburton Treaty

Ending the Aroostook War, this agreement between two statesmen decided the boundary of Maine. The British won the desired Halifax-Quebec route and Americans were able to keep 7,000 out of 12,000 square miles of wilderness in dispute. During the negotiations, the Caroline Affair was also patched up.

Panic of 1837

Financial crisis during during the presidency of Martin Van Buren that started a major recession. Lasted for 7 years. Was caused by overspeculation in western states, foreign policies and cotton.

Elizabeth Blackwell

First woman to receive a medical degree in the United States. She was a doctor and physician. She pioneered in promoting education for women in medicine and she was also a social and moral reformer.

The 48er's

German Refugees. Attempted but failed in democratic revolutions. Fled to America.

Freedman's Bureau

Government agency that was intended to be a welfare agency for the recently emancipated slaves. Was supposed to provide food, clothing, medical care, and education to ex-slaves. Didn't actually help much except in the form of education.

William Henry Harrison

He was 9th president and a prominent figure in the Whig party which resented Jackson's policies. He was also known for his triumph at the Battle of Tippecanoe and his campaign slogan was "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!". He was the first president to die in office; dying after 32 days of pneumonia following him giving the longest inaugural speech in history on a cold wet day.

Franklin Pierce

He was a pro-southern northerner, making him acceptable to the slavery wing of the Democratic Party, and supported the Compromise of 1850 and especially the Fugitive Slave Law. During his election campaign he was called "The Young Hickory of the Granite Hills" and was enemy-less because he had been inconspicuous.The election of this democrat marked the end of Whig presidents in the United States.

Edgar Allen Poe

He was an American poet, short story writer and literary critic. He is part of the American romantic movement and best known for his tales of mystery and macabre. His best known poem was, "The Raven."

Martin Van Buren

He was the 8th president and Andrew Jackson chose him up to be his successor and carry on Jackson's popularity and legacy. Jackson made this man's presidency unsuccessful because he inherited Jackson's enemies and economic troubles created by Jackson's specie circular. He was an unpopular president because his term was during the Panic of 1837 which he tried to fix by creating an independent treasury. .

William Seward

He was the Secretary of State from 1861-1869. Was a prominent figure in the Republican Party for his strong opposition to slavery but was defeated by Lincoln for the presidential nomination. The man responsible for purchasing Alaska from Russia.

Denmark Vesey

He was the leader of a slave rebellion in Charleston in 1822. A free man, this man's slave revolt was doomed due to being betrayed by informers. He and more than thirty followers were publically strung in the gallows after getting caught.

Stephen Douglass

Illinois senator who ran for president against Abraham Lincoln. Created the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Popularized the idea of popular sovereignty.

Election of 1832

Jackson, a strong defender of state's rights, won the presidency. Henry Clay, of whom introduced The American System, and William Wirt, a representative of the anti-Masonic party, also ran. Main issue was that over the implementation of the BUS.

Antietam

Known to be the turning battle of the Civil War. This battle took place in Maryland. In this battle, Mclellan halted Lee's advances into Maryland.

Daniel Webster

Leader of the Whig Party, Statesman and American nationalist during the Antebellum period. Part of the Great Triumvirate along with Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun

Tariff of Abominations

Legislation passed in 1828 that outraged some americans. This tax on imported manufactured goods passed in 1828 helped the north but harmed the south. This tax on imported goods resulted in John C. Calhoun's anonymous writing of the South Carolina Exposition and Protest which detailed the doctrine of nullification.

Tenure of Office Act

Legislation that required the president to secure the consent of the Senate before he could remove his appointees once they had been approved by that body. Passed by Congress in 1867. The purpose of this legislation was to keep the secretary of war at the time, Edwin Stanton, in office.

Wilmot Proviso

Never became a federal law, but was endorsed by most free states and became a symbol of the burning issue of slavery in the territories. It would prohibit slavery in the territory gained in the Mexican American war but was blocked by the southern Senators. Split the national politics along North-South sectional lines.

Maysville Road Veto

Occurred when President Jackson rejected a bill that would grant federal aid for a road in Kentucky between Maysville and Lexington in 1830. Jackson believed that internal improvements violated the principle that Congress could appropriate money for objectives only shared by all Americans. It increased Jackson's popularity in the South.

Caroline and Creole Incidents

Occurred when two American ships were attacked. Caused tension between Britain and the US. Both attacks were illustrated and put into newspapers to rouse up the American public.

John C. Calhoun

One of the few top flight political theorists ever produced by America. Secretly wrote a pamphlet known as The South Carolina Exposition, denouncing the Tariff of 1828 as unjust and unconstitutional. Also the leader of South Carolina's offensive to nullify the Tariff of 1832.

Anti-Masons

Opposed to the secrecy and power of secret societies. It was founded as a result of the mysterious disappearance of a New York man who was threatening to expose the secrets of a secret organization. Shared many of President Andrew Jackson's ideals, but opposed him due to his membership in the secret society they were named after.

Pre-Emption Act

Passed in 1841, allowed poor settlers to stake a free claim to 160 acres of federal land. Land was sold to the squatters at a very low price before being auctioned off to the general public. Widely utilized in Kansas and Nebraska territory.

Copperheads

Peace Democrats in the north who were against the Civil War. They sympathized with the south and desired a compromise. They undermined the war effort and posed a threat to Lincoln's reelection.

American Historians

People who wrote about the past of the United States. Contained writers such as George Bancroft, William H. Prescott, and Francis Parkman. Most of these writers were from New England and were abolitionists, so many of their works portrayed the South negatively because of their hatred of slavery.

Wade-Davis Bill

Put forth by radical republicans to make sure the whites in the south didn't rule over freed blacks. It proposed that 50% of voters in the South had to promise to protect the freed blacks. Lincoln pocket-vetoed this because he didn't want to be too hard on the South.

"Spot resolutions"

Requests by Lincoln, then a representative of Illinois, for president James Polk to show the location where blood was spilt upon American soil by Mexico. This brought to question the validity of the president's words. Represented the political struggle between the whigs and democrats.

William Seward

Secretary of state from 1861 to 1869. Bought Alaska from Russia. The previous exchange was named his 'folly', despite turning out to have been a profitable purchase later.

Stephen Austin

Sent to Mexico to arrange gaining a huge tract of land in Texas which he would bring 300 American families to settle on. Sent to jail in Mexico City in 1833 by Santa Anna for 8 months. Lead his new colony between Brazos and Colorado rivers where he banished several families as "undesirables" and fell three families short of 300

The Second Great Awakening

Series of religious revivals in America starting in the early 1800s Affected moral movements such as views on slavery and prison reform. Attracted women, and African Americans..

Whigs

The 2nd party in 2-party system created in 1824, initially on the platform of hatred of Jackson. The party's first president was William Henry Harrison and it was made up of anti-masons and evangelists. They favored a national bank, tariffs, internal improvements, and public education.

Gadsden Purchase

The buying of land from Mexico that completed the continental United States. It provided the land needed to build the transcontinental railroad. Later became part of Arizona and New Mexico.

Jefferson Davis / Alexander Stevens

The president and vice president of the Confederacy during the Civil War. The Confederate president took charge of war plans but was unable to defeat the industrialized Union. The Confederate vice president became weary of the Confederate president's policies and proceeded to meet with Lincoln to discuss peace terms.

Tariff of 1833

The result of Henry Clay's efforts to soother South Carolina's qualms about the Tariff of Abominations. Caused South Carolina to withdraw the ordinance nullifying the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. Was accepted by both the North and South.

American Artists

These people started off by first painting portraits of people and landscapes. Then they moved to surrealism to rebel against previous forms of art. After they were highly influenced by the Great Depression and had a renewal of realism.

Ostend Manifesto

This document was written in secret by American ministers in Spain, England, and France after failing to purchase Cuba from Spain for $100 million. It urged that the US pay $120 million for Cuba, if Spain refused, then the US would be justified in taking Cuba forcefully. The leaking of this secret document angered Northern free-soilers and stopped further attempts at territorial expansion at the time.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

This man was an American novelist and short-story writer in the Romantic movement. Born in Salem, Massachusetts. Wrote The Scarlet Letter and Fanshawe.

Sam Houston

This man was an ex-governor of Tennesse who fought Native Americans with Andrew Jackson. When the Texans declared independence from Mexico, this man became the commander in chief of the Lone Star Republic. As a general, this man led the Texans against Santa Anna, eventually beating them and became the governor of Texas.

George Mcclellan

This person organized and led the infamous Peninsula Campaign. This man was appointed general of the Army of the Potomac. Abraham Lincoln was, time and time again, disappointed by this man.

The "Corrupt Bargain"

This was a political scandal in 1824. The House of Representatives vote was a deadlock as Speaker of the House Henry Clay met with presidential candidate John Quincy Adams. After this, Adams was elected president against the popular vote and Clay was named Secretary of State.

Aroostook War

This was an explosive contreversy of the early 1840's involving the Maine boundary dispute. Lumberjacks from both Maine and Canada clashed against each other, threatening to widen the conflict as militia from both sides were called in. The conflict was ended with the Webster Ashburton Treaty.

Specie Circular

This was issued by president Jackson in 1836, meant to stop land speculation. There was overprinting of paper money without proper gold or silver backing it. The purchase of public lands had to be paid in hard money which stopped land speculation and the sale of public lands dramatically declined.

John Q. Adams

This was the 6th president of the United States and Secretary of State under James Monroe. Was known as one of the greatest American diplomats and was hugely influential in the creation of the Monroe Doctrine. Was not known for many accomplishments during his pregnancy due to strong opposition by Jacksonian Democrats in Congress.

Election of 1828/Jacksonian Revolution

This was the name of the presidency of the first Democratic president. It was known as the rise of the "Common Man" because the president was a "non aristocrat". It emphasized small businessmen and farmers as well as the appointment of common men to government positions.

Election of 1840

This was the presidential race where Martin Van Buren was fighting for reelection against the whig candidate William Henry Harrison. Because of Van Buren's unpopularity from things like the Panic of 1837, Harrison won easily. The fact that a whig won shows that the whig party was becoming a prominent party.

Peggy Eaton Affair

This was when Jackson's Cabinet wives gossiped about the Secretary of War's wife being an adulteress. This led to the resignation of many of Jackson's Cabinet members including vice president John C. Calhoun. The formation of Jackson's Kitchen Cabinet followed this event.

Harriet Tubman

This woman was born a slave but escaped and made several trips to save and escort enslaved families via the Underground Railroad. African-American abolitionist. When the Civil War broke out, she was a Union spy.

David Crockett

United States frontiersman and Tennessee politician who died at the siege of the Alamo. Became popularly known for his larger- than- life exploits popularized by stage plays and almanacs. Known as the "King of The Wild Frontier", and represented the common man.

Panic of 1857

Was a sudden downturn of the United States economy. Caused by British investors removing funds from U.S banks, the fall of grain prices, and collapse of land speculation programs that depended on new rail routes. The economic downturn was brief and the lasting impact was more political than economic.

Frederick Douglas

Was an African American abolitionist who managed to escape from slavery and flee to the north. He had exceptional oratory skills which helped him become a leading figure in the abolitionist movement and convince many people to support the end to slavery. He wrote about his experiences as a slave in his best selling narrative.

Black Hawk War

When President Jackson wanted to move all the indian tribes west, the Sauk and Fox braves tribe was wary of the whites intentions. The tribe tried to resist eviction but was bloodily crushed by regular troops, fought by volunteers including Jefferson Davis and Abraham Lincoln. Once the chief (whom the war was named after) and his son Whirling Thunder were captured, they were put on public display around the country.

The Changing Family

Women Began challenging their inferior status. More women entered the workforce. More women avoided marriage.

The Knickerbocker Group

Writers and poets who made American literature great for the first time, after years of only political essays receiving prominent attention from the public and Europe. Contained authors such as Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, and William Cullen Bryant. Their works rose from American nationalism following the War of Independence and the War of 1812.

Journalistic Giants

Wrote brutal, bare-knuckle editorials. The invention of the Linotype in 1885 caused their direct, ruthless articles to be replaced with non controversial, syndicated material. Some of these writers include Horace Greeley and Edwin Godwin.

Harriet Beecher Stowe/Hinton Helper

Wrote the popular books "Uncle Tom's Cabin" and "Impending Crisis of the South". They were both authors who criticized the institution of slavery. One attempted to show the North the horrors of slavery and the other attempted to use statistics to prove that the non-slaveholding whites were the ones who suffered the most from slavery

Charles River Bridge Case

a Supreme Court decision in which two pieces of public infrastructure were built in close proximity by the state of Massachusetts - one a toll road and one a free road. One company felt that Massachusetts had violated their contract because no one would use their road if there was a free one nearby.

Dorr's Rebellion

a conflict in 1841 to 1842 in Rhode Island which sought to bring more democracy to the state. The leader of the uprising (who it is named for) mobilized a unit of the disenfranchised and marched to the state

Independent Treasury

in action from 1846-1921; provided that the public revenues be retained in various cities. The federal repository was to pay out its own funds and be completely separate of the banking and financial system of the nation; all payments to the government were to be made in money in the form of coins.

Zachary Taylor

the 12th president of the United States, who was a major general from 1846-1847 in the Mexican American war, died twelve months into his term. Before his presidency he was known as "Old Rough and Ready", he attempted to negotiate with Mexico but has failed. He defeated Santa Anna's forces in Buena Vista, which made him a popular president.

Nicholas Trist

was a private secretary to Andrew Johnson, and arranged an armistice with Santa Ana for up to $30 million U.S dollars. Planned acquisitions of California, the Nueces Strip, and New Mexico. Was later distrusted by Polk because of this and recalled, but later signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo on February 2, 1848.