Unit 1 Psychology Test

Which of the following statements is true about the different types of psychologists?

Clinical psychologists help clients resolve problems and change self-defeating behavior.

Which of the following substances is a stimulant?

Cocaine

Which of the following terms refers to the waking state?

Conscious

Which of the following statements is true of rod cells in the retina of the eye?

They are sensitive only to the intensity of light.

The characteristic cluster of withdrawal symptoms that results from the sudden decrease in an addictive drug's level of usage is known as

abstinence syndrome.

When you are training a pet, you are most likely relying on which of the following psychological perspectives?

behaviorist

Researchers in which field primarily study how we perceive and mentally represent the world, how we learn, remember the past, plan, problem solve, and use language?

cognitive psychology

Which of the following choices is one of the proposed forms of extrasensory perception?

psychokinesis

Which of these is a method of brain imaging that passes a narrow X-ray beam through the head and measures the structures that reflect the beams from various angles, generating a three-dimensional image?

computerized axial tomography

The audience was very impressed by the singer's ability to hit the high and low notes. This most closely refers to ________.

pitch

This binocular depth cue us based on the fact that when you look at an object, a slightly different picture of that object is displayed on each retina due to the different angles each eye is seeing it from.

retinal disparity

Gael suffers from epilepsy. Which type of drug would most likely be prescribed to treat this?

Barbiturates

Which addictive depressants are used to relieve anxiety or induce sleep?

Barbiturates

Sachio is a college student who attends parties on the weekends. It is not unusual for him to have six or seven drinks in a row at these gatherings. Sachio's grades have also been slipping this semester. What behavior is Sachio engaging in?

Binge drinking

What similarity did Wilhelm Wundt share with Aristotle?

Both saw the mind as a natural event that could be studied scientifically, like light and heat.

In the context of hypnosis, a positive response to each suggestion of the hypnotist sets the stage in which the subject is less likely to follow further suggestions.

False

Nicotine increases the appetite and reduces the metabolic rate of a person.

False

When we sleep, our brain waves become identical to those emitted when we are conscious.

False

Women are more likely than men to develop alcoholism.

False

Liu wants to study how people see patterns in their perception, which school of thought should he enter?

Gestaltism

Which of the following statements is true of applied research?

It is designed to find solutions to specific personal or social problems.

Which of these is a function of prolactin?

It regulates maternal behavior in lower mammals.

Which psychologist is most likely to reject the idea that the mind can be studied objectively?

John B. Watson

Who was the founder of behaviorism?

John B. Watson

Which of the following statements is true of insomnia?

Older adults are more likely than younger adults to have insomnia.

Which theory explains hypnotic events in terms of an individual's ability to act as though they are hypnotized?

Role theory

Which of the following may accompany narcolepsy and is characterized by the collapse of muscle groups or the entire body?

Sleep paralysis

Which of the following is a difference between sleep terrors and nightmares?

Sleep terrors usually occur during the first two sleep cycles of the night, whereas nightmares are more likely to occur toward morning.

Alec's doctor informs him that he is at an increased risk of heart disease due to which behavior?

Smoking cigarettes

More individuals misuse alcohol than individuals who misuse heroin.

True

Physicians frequently prescribe stimulants in an effort to help hyperactive children control their behavior.

True

The fraction of the intensity by which a source of physical energy must be increased or decreased so that a difference in intensity will be perceived is called ________.

Weber's constant

Amir suffered a closed head injury in a car accident and now he has trouble understanding the relationship between words and their meanings. What part of his brain was most likely damaged?

Wernicke's area

According to the psychoanalytic approach, a good majority of what influences our behavior is ________.

an emphasis on unconscious ideas and impulses that originate in childhood conflicts

People with frequent nightmares

are more likely than others to have anxiety and depression.

Miguel is camping in the mountains far away from the city. At night he looks up at the sky and ever so slightly noticed the twinkling of a star. When he looks for it again moments later it seems to have disappeared but then he sees the twinkling again. In this example, the light from the star is most likely ________.

at his absolute threshold for light

The body's system of ductless glands that secrete hormones and release them directly into the bloodstream is known as which of the following?

endocrine system

Gilberto signed up to participate in a trial for a new vaccine. If he gets the actual vaccine candidate, in which group must he belong?

experimental group

Lucas had been binge watching a television show most of the evening and he eventually started to drift off to sleep. During an especially violent scene in the show, there were loud explosions which jolted him awake. This was due to the secretion of oxytocin.

false

Norepinephrine is manufactured exclusively by the adrenal glands.

false

The receptor cells of the auditory sense are called ________.

hair cells

Mescaline is considered a(n) _______.

hallucinogenic

A participant's agreement to participate in research after receiving information about the purposes of the study and the nature of the treatments is referred to as ________.

informed consent

Which of the following is a principle of critical thinking?

insist on evidence

Crystal has been having difficulty concentrating at work. She thinks it might be due to a lack of sleep and therefore she has been trying to sleep more. Unfortunately, this has created her autonomic activity and muscle tension. In this scenario, Crystal is most likely suffering from __________.

insomnia

Despite being blind, Sanjay has never had a problem with performing day-to-day activities. He has been able to accurately judge the position and motion of his body parts, and thus, he is able to perform activities such as walking and eating quite normally. Which of the following senses is illustrated in the scenario?

kinesthesis

What term is derived from the ancient Greek words for "motion" and "perception"?

kinesthesis

Which structure adjusts or accommodates to an image by changing its thickness?

lens

Which of the following is a group of structures involved in memory, motivation, and emotion that forms a fringe along the inner edge of the cerebrum?

limbic system

Which part of the nervous system that is involved with sensory and motor neurons?

peripheral nervous system

Jose had his arm amputated after an accident. Sometimes at night he wakes up in pain as he feels a burning sensation running down his missing limb. Jose is experiencing ________.

phantom limb pain

Which part of the hindbrain acts like a bridge and transmits information about body movements?

pons

Which part of the brain do some researchers consider to be the "executive center" of the brain, where decisions are made to keep information in working memory and to solve problems?

prefrontal cortex

Which of these can be defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes?

psychology

Jonah is reading a book in a crowded bus. Some boys sitting near him are talking and laughing loudly. Jonah focuses on reading his book and ignores the noise around him. This scenario illustrates an aspect of consciousness called __________.

selective attention

Goran is a person struggling with alcohol addiction. Which neurotransmitter might be in deficit for him?

serotonin

Which theory considers the psychological factors that influence people and their sense of perception?

signal-detection theory

A sleep disorder in which the person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep is called _______.

sleep apnea

A person who cannot move during the transition from consciousness to sleep, during which hallucinations occur, is experiencing

sleep paralysis.

A hypothesis is a ________.

statement about behavior or mental processes that is testable through research

Which of the following proposes reasons for relationships among events and allow us to derive explanations and predictions?

theories

Which of the following statements is true of amphetamines?

They provide a euphoric rush when consumed in high doses.

Which gland is responsible for the production of epinephrine?

adrenal

John B. Watson developed the social-cognitive perspective, arguing for the influence of social factors over cognition

false

Which of the following perspectives stresses people's capacities for self-fulfillment and the central roles of consciousness, self-awareness, and decision making?

humanism

Circulation of blood is an example of a__________.

nonconscious process

Gestalt psychologists claimed that one cannot explain human perceptions, emotions, or thought processes in terms of basic units.

true

According to Freud, which of the following statements is true of dreams?

Dreams express impulses we would censor during the day.

Miguel's eyewitness testimony was debunked by an expert witness who showed how his memory was clouded by prejudice and other factors. On which researcher's work did the expert rely?

Elizabeth Loftus

Subliminal perception is a controversial topic, and its existence is debated. Which of these examples would demonstrate such a phenomenon?

In an experiment, an audio track was played at such a low volume that the participants were not aware of it.

Which of the following is a drawback of case studies?

Interviewers may influence participants to give responses that suit their expectations.

Which of the following people helped conduct pioneering research that added to the Supreme Court decision in 1954 (Brown versus Board of Education) to end inequalities in public schools?

Kenneth Clark and Mamie Clark

In Gestalt psychology, learning, especially problem solving, is accomplished primarily by ________.

insight

People deprived of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

learn more slowly

Which is the oblong area of the hindbrain involved in regulation of heartbeat, blood pressure, movement, and respiration?

medulla

On his first day as a school psychologist, Daniel took a trip to the school ground and quietly sat in the corner watching the children play. He noticed several patterns in the way children behave with each other, especially when they were playing games. Daniel is most likely using the method of ________.

naturalistic observation

Which structure serves as a sort of telephone wire from the eyes to the brain?

optic nerve

Which of the following is a complete group of interest to researchers, from which a sample is drawn for an experiment?

population

Research that is undertaken primarily because the researcher is interested in a research topic is called ________.

pure research

Chika has lost the sensation of touch in her skin. Which part of her brain is most likely malfunctioning?

somatosensory cortex

Alex and Sean went hiking to celebrate their wedding anniversary, and saw a bear in their path. Which division of their nervous systems would prepare them for the fight or flight response?

sympathetic

Which hormone stokes the growth of muscle and bone and the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics in a male body during puberty?

testosterone

The tendency to perceive an image with missing visual components as being complete or whole refers to ________.

the principle of closure

Erik Erikson focused more on unconscious processes and less on conscious choice and self-direction.

true

In their continuing research, psychologists have come to define consciousness in only one way, as the continuing self in the world.

False

Another term used for REM sleep is paradoxical sleep.

True

Which of the following schools of thought holds that people can modify and create their own environments as part of learning?

social cognitive

Minh wants to study the influence of gender on behavior and mental processes. Which school of thought should they pursue?

sociocultural

Which of the following generally acts by slowing the activity of the central nervous system?

Depressant drugs

Which of the following is a consequence of regular usage of opiates?

They stop the production of neurotransmitters in the brain.

PCP, or phencyclidine, is an opioid whose name is an acronym for its chemical structure.

False

Response set theory suggests that you can be hypnotized against your will.

False

Structuralists tended to ask, "How do behavior and mental processes help people adapt to the requirements of their lives?"

False

Lamar got a head injury while playing football, and his doctor wants to see which parts of his brain are active while he is doing various mental tasks. Which technology should Lamar's doctor choose?

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Saachi is having trouble calming her anxiety, she may have a deficit of which inhibitory neurotransmitter?

GABA

People in which field of psychology believed that learning consisted of both overt behaviors and meaningful "wholes?"

Gestalt

People in which field of psychology are particularly concerned with issues related to the design of self-driving vehicles?

Human factors

Which of the following is true of functionalism?

It looks at how habits help one cope with common situations.

Sasha is undergoing chemotherapy, which makes her feel nauseous. To help treat the nausea, her doctor may prescribe her which drug?

Marijuana

Efraim is interested in how parents and children make attachments to each other. Whose work was most influential on this topic?

Mary Salter Ainsworth

Which of the following substances is classified as a barbiturate?

Nembutal

Which of the following typically occurs during rapid eye movement sleep?

Nightmares

Evelyn's therapist keeps reminding her that she must take responsibility for her thoughts and actions, and reinvent herself. Which approach is her therapist most likely using?

cognitive

The tendency to perceive a series of points (or lines) as having unit is the crus of which of the Gestalt principles of perception?

continuity

An association among variables is known as ________.

correlation

Which of the following expresses the strength and direction (positive or negative) of the relationship between two variables?

correlation coefficient

Zara is observing a painting. She perceives one object in the painting as a two-dimensional circle and another object as a three-dimensional sphere. Which of the following monocular cues can account for this effect?

interposition

While industrial psychologists focus on the relationships between people and work, the behavior of people in workplaces such as businesses is studied by which of these fields?

organizational psychologists

When a patient insists on having a medical cure but a physician does not believe that medicine is necessary, the physician may prescribe sugar pills. Such fake pills are called ________.

placebos

Traits such as sociability and aggressiveness are thought to be ________.

polygenic

Social-cognitive theorists ________.

suggest that people can modify and create their environments

One of the advantages of which method is that by distributing questionnaires and analyzing answers with a computer, psychologists can study many thousands of people at a time?

surveys

Which of the following statements is true of neurotransmitters?

"Loose" neurotransmitters are either broken down or reabsorbed by the axon terminal.

Which of the following fractions is known as Weber's constant for light?

1/60th

How many rods does each eye contain?

125 million

Masha's friend woke her up in the middle of the night. Upon waking, Masha recounted the nightmare she was just having. Which stage of sleep was Masha probably in?

Rapid eye movement (REM)

Amelia is a general physician. One of her patients claimed to be suffering from constant stomach aches. After running some tests, Amelia concludes that the patient is not suffering from any medical disorder. However, the patient insisted that she has stomach cancer. The patient then volunteered for a medical trial where she was given a pill with a new medication while participants in the trial were given sugar pills. This best exemplifies ________.

a placebo

Vibrations in the fluids within the chambers of the inner ear press against the ________.

basilar membrane

Sergei is having disturbing thoughts. His therapist suggests doing blood work to measure the level of hormones. Which perspective is Sergie's therapist using?

biological

Dr. Mickie studies the perception of sensory stimuli by utilizing signal-detection theory. This theory involves the interaction of physical and which two other factors?

biological; psychological

Which of the following diseases stems from food poisoning and prevents the release of acetylcholine?

botulism

Nearsightedness can result when the eyeball is elongated such that the images of ________.

distant objects are focused in front of the retina

Tunde has concluded that the only reason Jerry chooses bullying behaviors is due to his lack of dopamine. Which aspect of critical thinking has Tunde mistaken?

do not oversimplify

Pedro is confused and hearing voices. If he has schizophrenia, to which neurotransmitter is he most likely extra sensitive?

dopamine

Alejandro is participating in a study of a drug that is supposed to increase reaction time and foot speed. If neither he nor the researcher knows if Alejandro got the real drug or the placebo, what kind of study is it?

double blind

While returning from the grocery store, Bob was held at gunpoint by two men who wanted to rob him of his belongings. Bob had never been in a fight before, yet he could feel his heartbeat rapidly rise, along with a sudden urge to fight the two men. This involuntary increase in Bob's heartbeat and his immediate urge to fight the men are controlled by the ________.

sympathetic nervous system

Which structures that contain neurotransmitters are located within the axon terminals?

synaptic vesicles

The ganzfeld procedure is used to study ________.

telepathy

Kohler's pioneering work with chimpanzees revealed ________.

that sometimes learning occurs suddenly

Psychology seeks to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior and mental processes.

true

Jordan is a professional skydiver. During their freefall, they are able to automatically sense their body's position in relation to the earth's gravity without really having to look around them. This allows them to adjust their position appropriately during their fall to regulate their momentum. The sense that is illustrated in this scenario is the ________.

vestibular sense

Who discovered the primacy and recency effects while pioneering the involvement of women in psychology?

Mary Whiton Calkins

Raquel, Rachel, and Emma are triplets. Raquel and Rachel are monozygotic, and Emma is dizygotic. How much genetic overlap does Emma share with her sisters?

50%

The average amount of time it takes to complete each cycle through the stages of NREM sleep and REM sleep lasts about

90 minutes

Which theory related to dreams states that acetylcholine and the pons stimulate responses that lead to dreaming?

Activation-synthesis model

Rani has just consumed a substance that provided an increase in energy that made it difficult to fall asleep. She has a reduced appetite and is suffering from hallucinations and delusions. What did Rani likely ingest?

An amphetamine

Which of the following statements is true of depth perception?

Distant objects stimulate smaller areas on the retina than nearby ones.

Which of the following statements is true of stage 4 sleep?

During stage 4 sleep, the delta waves produced by the brain slow to about 0.5 to 2 cycles per second.

Dreams are more likely to be coherent in plot than emotionally gripping.

False

When utilizing readings from an EEG machine, which two stages of sleep would appear to look the most similar?

Stage 1 and REM

Johnny Appleseed has forgotten where he planted his seeds. A decrease in which neurotransmitter may be responsible for his memory loss?

acetylcholine

Which of these is a neurotransmitter that controls muscle contractions?

acetylcholine

Which of these is defined as a way of evaluating the claims and comments of other people that involves skepticism and examination of evidence?

critical thinking

The outer ear funnels sound directly to which structure?

the eardrum

Researchers historically agreed on four primary taste qualities: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter.

true

Psychophysicists studied absolute thresholds and established them based on a when individuals in their tests detected a stimulus which percentage of the time?

50 percent

What is the correct sequence of brain waves we would experience at bedtime as we make our way from a drowsy sleep state to stage 4?

Alpha, theta, delta

The views of which ancient Greek philosopher fit best with Wilhelm Wundt's structuralism?

Aristotle

Which theory offers a possible explanation for why we dream about memories or problems from our day?

Continuity hypothesis

Dreams are most likely to be vivid during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, whereas images are vaguer and more fleeting during rapid eye movement sleep (REM) sleep.

False

Over the last decade, research has shown an increase in the number of adolescents who smoke cigarettes.

False

Which of the following is one of the features of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that interests psychologists?

GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that may help calm anxiety reactions.

The phrase, "You cannot see the forest for the trees" most exemplifies which psychological perspective?

Gestalt psychologists

Which substance was once used as a cure for addiction to morphine?

Heroin

Stephanos smokes heavily and has a nicotine use disorder. Due to excessive cigarette smoking, he has developed lung cancer. In this scenario, which of the following chemical compounds is likely to have caused lung cancer?

Hydrocarbons

Individuals are highly suggestible and behave as though they are in a trance in which altered state of consciousness?

Hypnosis

Which of the following statements is true of the absolute threshold?

It is determined by exposing individuals to progressively stronger stimuli until the minimum stimuli the person can detect is found.

During which of the following are you most likely to experience hypnagogic hallucinations?

Non-rapid eye movement sleep

Which of the following statements is true of the scientific method?

Psychologists are guided by principles of critical thinking as they try to draw conclusions from research evidence collected through the scientific method.

When cocaine is used, which neural process is debated as causes neurotransmitters to remain in the synaptic cleft longer?

Reuptake

In the context of altering consciousness through drugs, which disorder is characterized by loss of control over consumption, social impairment, risky use, and tolerance and withdrawal symptoms?

Substance use disorder

Which of the following statements is true of the signal-detection theory?

The intensity of a signal is one factor that determines whether people will perceive sensory stimuli or a difference between signals.

According to the American Psychological Association's Handbooks of Ethics in Psychology, which of the following criteria must be met for psychologists to use deception in their experiments?

The participants are debriefed afterward.

Robin wears glasses to correct their farsightedness. They forgot their glasses at home which made school difficult. What would they be experiences visually without their glasses?

Their lenses would focus images behind of the retina.

Which of the following statements is true of clinical psychologists?

They evaluate problems such as anxiety and depression through interviews and psychological tests.

Which of the following statements is true of stimulants?

They increase the activity of the nervous system.

Identify a true statement about social-cognitive theorists.

They note that people engage in intentional learning by observing others.

Individuals with a college degree are less likely to smoke than those who did not earn a high school diploma.

True

Kinesthesis is about motion and perception. In kinesthesis, sensory information is fed back to the brain from sensory organs in the joints, tendons, and muscles.

True

People with frequent nightmares are more likely than others to have anxiety, depression, and other psychological problems.

True

Who of the following would be most hostile to the idea that learning is not merely mechanical and responsive?

Watson

Kennedy is a fabric specialist. Recently, they were invited to an exhibition of Persian silks. Being an expert on fabrics, Kennedy continuously moved their hand along the surfaces of different pieces of fabric to get the feel of them. This action is referred to as ________.

active touching

What treatment appears to be effective with pain because it stimulates nerves connected to the hypothalamus which may cause a release of endorphins?

acupuncture

Your friend Adelina tells you that she is red-green color blind. This means that she sees things in ________.

all colors except either red or green

Qin smashed his foot against a coffee table while talking through his apartment in the dark. His big toe was stubbed and his second toe was broken, but the pain signal was the same strength at first due to which principle?

all-or-none

As Dagwood is chomping on a huge sandwich, he thinks about how glad he is that he does not have to consciously control his digestion because that function is handled by his ________.

autonomic nervous system

Shayma has just listened to a political speech, but she still wants to evaluate the evidence for the claims made in the speech for herself. Which aspect of critical thinking is Shayma displaying?

be skeptical

How do pigments gain their colors?

by absorbing light from certain segments of the spectrum and reflecting the rest

The brain and the spinal cord make up which of these parts of the nervous system?

central nervous system

Raphael fainted and hit the back of his head, and now he walks unsteadily. Which part of his brain was most likely injured in the fall?

cerebellum

The prefrontal part of which brain structure is the center of executive decision making?

cerebrum

Peter went out cycling one morning. He was not wearing a helmet. He fell off a ridge and fell into a steep valley. Apart from fracturing his arm and acquiring several bruises, Peter severely injured his head. The doctor noticed a swelling on the right side of his head and suspected that it was a blood clot. Which of the following did the doctor use to obtain a three-dimensional image of Peter's brain for further investigation?

computerized axial tomography

As Donna is answering this very question, she is aware of her environment. This awareness is referred to as:

consciousness.

Kojo wants to figure out if playing violent video games causes people to choose violent behaviors. Since an experiment to prove causation would likely be unethical, what kind of conclusion would Kojo find using appropriate research methods?

correlation

Someone is having trouble adjusting to the new students in their classroom. This individual does not have any serious psychological disorders but has trouble making new friends. What kind of psychologist would most likely be consulted to help the person?

counseling

Which of the following are different from clinical psychologists in that their clients typically have adjustment problems, such as trouble making academic or vocational decisions or making friends in college, but not serious psychological disorders?

counseling psychologists

Olive took part in an experiment to determine at what point a person would intervene to stop a bully. After the experiment, researchers explained their methods to Olive as part of ________.

debriefing him

In every experiment, what the researcher is trying to determine has changed or not is called the ________.

dependent variable

The electroencephalograph is a method of ________.

detecting brain waves by means of measuring the current between electrodes placed on the scalp

Ijeoma hurt her knee when she fell while learning a new snowboarding trick. She is already starting to feel better before taking pain killing medication due to her body releasing which morphine-like neurotransmitter?

endorphins

The construction of a factory near Valley Mont Elementary School adversely affected the concentration of the students in the school. In order to help the students cope with this problem, the principal of the school invited a psychologist who was experienced in dealing with humans and their interactions with their surroundings. Which field would this psychologist most likely study?

environmental psychology

Dre is working on a thesis on the changes in social behavior in the context of finding partners. An important part of his study concerns the various practices followed by males and females over the course of generations and how they have gradually transformed into our current social norms. Dre can be called a(n) ________ psychologist.

evolutionary

A sample consists of multiple populations.

false

According to Weber's Law, the absolute threshold for all senses is the same for everyone.

false

According to structuralists, maladaptive behavior patterns tend to drop out, and only the fittest behavior patterns survive.

false

Correlations allow us to determine causality.

false

In a study conducted to test the effect of a medicine, one group of participants is given the medicine while another group is not. The latter would be considered an experimental group.

false

In terms of the just noticeable difference, with auditory stimulation, people are more sensitive to changes in loudness.

false

Jalen wondered how many blueberries are necessary for the perfect-tasting pancake. In this example, changing the number of blueberries would be considered the dependent variable.

false

Sociocultural psychologists study those things we refer to as the mind.

false

The neural impulses that travel along a neuron are purely chemical in nature.

false

The organ of Corti is a membrane that lies coiled within the cochlea.

false

Whenever we receive really painful cuts or bruises, neurons located in that area of our body transmit very large and intense impulses.

false

Mindfulness meditation (MM) provides clients with techniques they can use to

focus on the present.

Famous neoanalysts such as Karen Horney and Erik Erikson differ from earlier psychodynamic practitioners in that they ________.

focused less on unconscious processes and more on conscious choice and self-direction

Jane is a practicing psychologist who assesses the mental status of people charged with crimes and shares her findings with the courts. Jane is most likely a(n) ________.

forensic psychologist

Which of the following psychologists might treat psychologically ill offenders, consult with attorneys on matters such as picking a jury, and analyze offenders' behavior and mental processes?

forensic psychologists

Which of the following is the first step in the scientific method?

formulating a research question

Dr. Kennett is a neurologist who is conducting research using brain scans. She wants to study pictures of her subjects' brains while they are speaking or using a language. These pictures will help Dr. Kennett understand the parts of the brain that are being used to speak and the other processes that occur simultaneously in the brain. Based on the nature of study, it would be most suitable for Dr. Kennett to use ________.

functional magnetic resonance imaging

Winnie is doing research to determine whether depression may have value as an adaptation. To which school of thought does Winnie subscribe?

functionalism

In psychology class students are learning about afterimages. Dakota's teacher is having them stare at a red square on the board. What color will the afterimage be that Dakota and their classmates will perceive?

green

Caroline is a psychologist who studies how stress induces ailments such as heart problems and headaches. Some of her clients are smokers, and she is helping them quit smoking. She also suggests lifestyle changes to her clients to help them reduce and cope with stress. Caroline can best be described as a(n) ________.

health psychologist

Erica is part of a research group that is studying a group of software executives. She is trying to determine the relationship between workplace stress and cancer. As part of the same study, she also advises her subjects on ways to counter workplace stress. Erica is most likely a ________.

health psychologist

Dr. Wu lets volunteers for his experiment know about possible side effects of the vaccine candidate. In doing so, he is gaining his participants' ________.

informed consent

Alex uses his podcast to spread his conspiracy theory that chimpanzees set wildfires as revenge for being subject to experimentation. If Tempie demands proof, what aspect of critical thinking are they using?

insist on evidence

Which of the following plays a significant role in sleeping, sneezing, and coughing?

medulla

Which of these is best defined as a sudden variation in an inheritable characteristic, as distinguished from a variation that results from generations of gradual selection?

mutation

Which of these minimizes leakage of the electrical current being carried along the axon, thereby allowing messages to be conducted more efficiently?

myelin sheath

Lim, a 26-year-old man, often falls asleep suddenly. During these sleep attacks, he falls asleep for around 15 minutes and wakes up feeling refreshed. He also hallucinates that a person is sitting on his chest. In this scenario, Lim is likely suffering from __________.

narcolepsy

You have always wanted to know how your friend performs so well on her college exams. To find out how she studies, you decide to study with her for your next exam. This approach is most similar to ________.

naturalistic observation

When Hyrum first started working in the poultry plant, he found the smell from the chickens to be overwhelming. However, he gradually became accustomed to the smell, and now it no longer bothers him. This scenario illustrates an instance of ________.

negative adaptation

Karen Horney and Erik Erikson are two examples of psychologists who put their own spin on Freud's methods, and call themselves ________.

neoanalysts

Jordan and Avery were awakened in the middle of the night while camping by noises they thought were a bear investigating their campsite. Avery quietly peeked out of the tent to discover it was a family of raccoons. What division of their nervous systems will calm Jordan and Avery back down after their scare?

parasympathetic

Allen was adopted at an early age by a Japanese American couple. As a result, he grew up speaking both Japanese and English fluently. In terms of genetics, this manifestation of Allen's ability to speak is an example of a(n) ________.

phenotype

Alex is trying to overcome their shyness. The therapist asks to talk about their childhood, looking for unconscious conflicts. Alex's therapist is most likely following which school of thought?

psychoanalytic

Dr. Van Nostrand is trying to understand how messages are sent between the nervous system and endocrine system. He has no practical application in mind. What type of work is he doing?

pure research

Which hue has the longest wavelength?

red

According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, what are the three types of color photoreceptors we have?

red, blue, and green

Sofia does not like eating vegetables. To ensure that she eats vegetables, her mother offers her an extra helping of dessert every time Sofia finishes her vegetables. In the context of behaviorism, this is known as ________.

reinforcement

Dheng fell off his skateboard and hit his head, falling into a coma. Which part of his brain was most likely injured?

reticular formation

One night when Denzel was four years old he was sleeping soundly in his bed when he started screaming and thrashing about. His parents rushed to his side but could never fully wake him up. The next day he had no recollection of the event. Denzel most likely experienced a(n) _____.

sleep terror

Ray often wakes up at night talking loudly and incoherently. During this time, his heart rate increases, and he recalls vague images of someone pressing on his chest. However, he is never fully awake and returns to sleep. In the context of sleep disorders, Ray is exhibiting symptoms of _____.

sleep terrors

Labib has been having severe epileptic seizures since a very young age. His seizures have become less frequent since he underwent an operation. However, he has problems expressing what he feels. When he feels happy, his facial expressions often show anger. Labib has most likely undergone a(n) ________ operation.

split-brain

Veronica wants the people in her study to reflect the proportionate demographics of her country. Which type of sample should she seek?

stratified

Which two early approaches are no longer followed by psychologists today?

structuralism and functionalism

Kahlil observed a quick succession of cars moving together on the road. His first thought was that they were all a part of a convoy of some sort. Which law of perceptual organization best explains Kahlil's assumption?

the law of common fate.

Which of the following forms a fringe around the cerebrum, and is only fully evolved in mammals?

the limbic system

As discussed in your text, the Literary Digest incorrectly predicted Alf Landon to win the 1936 presidential election over Franklin D. Roosevelt. What is believed to be the primary source of their error?

the sample

Julie's research work requires her to interview a sample of 200 people within two months. She needs to gather data about the sample group's attitude toward certain situations through a questionnaire, but she has limited time to gather the information. Which of the following methods should Julie use to gather the required information?

the survey method

When people are not aware of the cues that signal day or night,

they roughly have a 25-hour day.

In positron emission tomography, to track the metabolism of glucose, a radioactive compound is mixed with glucose and injected into the bloodstream. What is this compound called?

tracer

Elly attends weekly sessions to improve her spirituality. During these sessions, she concentrates on specific sounds or words known as "mantras." She claims that these sessions reduce her anxiety and help her relax. In this scenario, Elly is most likely practicing __________.

transcendental meditation

Active touching means continuously moving your hand along the surface of an object so that you continue to receive sensory input from the object.

true

Dasha and her family moved to a new home near the airport. At first, when the planes took off throughout the day Dasha could hear each one. She thought it would drive her crazy. But after a few weeks, she didn't notice them at all. Dasha had become desensitized to the stimulation of the sound of the planes.

true

Many case studies are clinical; that is, they are descriptions of a person's psychological problems and how a psychologist treated them.

true

Pitch and loudness are two psychological dimensions of sound. The pitch of a sound is determined by its frequency, or the number of cycles per second as expressed in the unit hertz (Hz). The loudness of a sound is expressed in decibels (dB).

true

Sacs called synaptic vesicles in the axon terminals contain neurotransmitters.

true

When children reared by adoptive parents are more similar to their natural parents in a particular trait, strong evidence exists for a genetic role in the development of that trait.

true

Your friends had to tell what the painting meant because all you could see was a bunch of random dots on the canvas. You are most likely using bottom-up processing.

true

Which of the following is a basic taste used to describe savory foods?

umami

The part of the electromagnetic spectrum that stimulates the eye and produces visual sensations is known as ________.

visible light

An error in research reflecting the prospect that people who offer to participate in research studies differ systematically from people who do not is known as ________.

volunteer bias

What usually results from damage to the structures of the inner ear, most often the loss of hair cells?

sensorineural deafness

Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in emotional arousal and sleep?

serotonin

You approach the closed door of the classroom. As you open the door, the shape the door casts on your retina changes due to you viewing the door from a different angle. You know the door did not actually change from a rectangle to a trapezoid figure. This is because of ________.

shape constancy

Dr. Han is investigating whether eating chocolate improves scores on memory tests among people 75 years or older. Which element of his planned experiment is the independent variable?

the amount of chocolate comsumed

In which of the following conditions do receptors for warmth fire?

When skin temperature increases.

Leonard was assaulted and he can no longer make new memories. Which part of his brain is damaged?

hippocampus

Who was among the first to show that intelligence tests are culturally biased?

Jorge Sanchez

Duc is at the doctor for his annual physical checkup. When the doctor strikes his knee, which part of Duc's nervous system responds with a reflex?

gray matter in his spinal cord

Norepinephrine is manufactured exclusively by the adrenal glands.

False

The surface of the cerebrum—the cerebral cortex—is wrinkled, or convoluted, with ridges and valleys. These valleys are known as ________.

Fissures

Which of the following statements is true of hue?

It is determined by the wavelength of visible light.

Which of the following best describes psychokinesis?

It refers to the ability to mentally manipulate or move objects.

Which of the following is a typical characteristic of biologically-oriented psychologists?

They study the role of heredity in behavior and mental processes such as psychological disorders, criminal behavior, and thinking.

Who was a founder of the school of functionalism?

William James

The ________ refers to the smallest possible stimulus that can be detected half the time, or the minimum level of stimuli that we can detect.

difference threshold

Why do the two lines in the Müller-Lyer illusion appear to be of different lengths even though they are the same length?

due to the principles of perceptual organization

Which one of these form a fatty substance called myelin?

glial cells

In which part of the eye are photoreceptors found?

retina

The thin, light sensitive membrane that lies at the back of the eye and contains the sensory receptors for light is the ________.

retina

A source of bias that may occur in research findings when participants are allowed to choose for themselves a certain treatment in a scientific study is called a ________.

selection factor

Visual stimuli can be flashed too briefly, below our absolute threshold for conscious perception, to enable us to process them. This is an example of ________.

subliminal stimulation

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during when you are scared?

sympathetic division

Which of the following is contained in the middle ear?

the eardrum